FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Natrix Maura Global Invasive Species Database

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Natrix Maura Global Invasive Species Database

FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Natrix maura Natrix maura System: Freshwater_terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Common name viperine snake (English), Culebra viperina (Spanish), Couleuvre vipérine (French) Synonym Similar species Summary view this species on IUCN Red List Principal source: Compiler: IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group Review: Pubblication date: 2012-01-22 ALIEN RANGE [1] SPAIN Red List assessed species 1: VU = 1; Alytes muletensis VU BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 references found for Natrix maura Managment information General information Guicking, Daniela; Griffiths, Richard A.; Moore, Robin D.; Joger, Ulrich; Wink, Michael, 2006. Introduced alien or persecuted native? Resolving the origin of the viperine snake (Natrix maura) on Mallorca. Biodiversity & Conservation. 15(9). AUG 2006. 3045-3054. Integrated Taxonomic Information Facility (ITIS), 2012. Natrix maura (Linnaeus, 1758) Summary: Available from: http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=700797 [Accessed 27 March 2012] Joan Mayol Serra, Richard Griffiths, Jaime Bosch, Trevor Beebee, Benedikt Schmidt, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, I?igo Mart?nez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario Garc?a-Par?s, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Jan Willem Arntzen 2009. Alytes muletensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Summary: Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/977/0 [Accessed 15 Januray 2012) Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species profile Natrix maura. Available Pag. 1 from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1857 [Accessed 03 October 2021] FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Natrix maura Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Marc Cheylan, M. Sa?d Nouira, Ulrich Joger, Paulo S?-Sousa, Valentin P?rez-Mellado, Benedikt Schmidt, Andreas Meyer, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, I?igo Mart?nez-Solano 2009. Natrix maura. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List o Summary: Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/61538/0 [Accessed 27 March 2012] Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species profile Natrix maura. Available Pag. 2 from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1857 [Accessed 03 October 2021].

Copy Link

Recommended publications

A Review of the Taxonomy of the European Colubrid Snake Genera Natrix and Coronella, with the Creation of Three New Monotypic Genera (Serpentes:Colubridae)
58 Australasian Journal of Herpetology Australasian Journal of Herpetology 12:58-62. ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) ISSN 1836-5779 (Online) Published 30 April 2012. A review of the taxonomy of the European Colubrid snake genera Natrix and Coronella, with the creation of three new monotypic genera (Serpentes:Colubridae). RAYMOND T. HOSER 488 Park Road, Park Orchards, Victoria, 3134, Australia. Phone: +61 3 9812 3322 Fax: 9812 3355 E-mail: [email protected] Received 2 March 2012, Accepted 8 April 2012, Published 30 April 2012. ABSTRACT There have been several phylogenetic studies involving the Keeled Snakes of genus Natrix and Smooth Snakes of genus Coronella as recognized at start 2012. The exact status of each genus in terms of species composition has been the subject of argument among taxonomists, including whether or not well-recognized species such as N. tessellata, N. natrix and C. girondica are actually composites of several similar species. Within the last decade, several studies have shown the divergence between the three members of the genus Natrix to be from 12 to 27 million years ago (Guicking et. al. 2006), and probably further back for the three extant members of the genus Coronella (see comparative results in Pyron et. al. 2011). As a result each genus is subdivided three ways. Natrix natrix remains as the sole taxon in that genus. N. maura is placed within a new genus Jackyhosernatrix gen. nov. and N. tessellata is placed in the new genus Guystebbinsus gen. nov. Coronella austriaca remains as the sole taxon in that genus, while C. brachyura is placed in the genus Wallophis Werner, 1929, and C.
[Show full text]
Marine Reptiles Arne R
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Study of Biological Complexity Publications Center for the Study of Biological Complexity 2011 Marine Reptiles Arne R. Rasmessen The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts John D. Murphy Field Museum of Natural History Medy Ompi Sam Ratulangi University J. Whitfield iG bbons University of Georgia Peter Uetz Virginia Commonwealth University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/csbc_pubs Part of the Life Sciences Commons Copyright: © 2011 Rasmussen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Downloaded from http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/csbc_pubs/20 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for the Study of Biological Complexity at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Study of Biological Complexity Publications by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Review Marine Reptiles Arne Redsted Rasmussen1, John C. Murphy2, Medy Ompi3, J. Whitfield Gibbons4, Peter Uetz5* 1 School of Conservation, The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 3 Marine Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 4 Savannah River Ecology Lab, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, United States of America, 5 Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America Of the more than 12,000 species and subspecies of extant Caribbean, although some species occasionally travel as far north reptiles, about 100 have re-entered the ocean.
[Show full text]
Indigenous Reptiles
Reptiles Sylvain Ursenbacher info fauna & NLU, Universität Basel pdf can be found: www.ursenbacher.com/teaching/Reptilien_UNIBE_2020.pdf Reptilia: Crocodiles Reptilia: Tuataras Reptilia: turtles Rep2lia: Squamata: snakes Rep2lia: Squamata: amphisbaenians Rep2lia: Squamata: lizards Phylogeny Tetrapoda Synapsida Amniota Lepidosauria Squamata Sauropsida Anapsida Archosauria H4 Phylogeny H5 Chiari et al. BMC Biology 2012, 10:65 Amphibians – reptiles - differences Amphibians Reptiles numerous glands, generally wet, without or with limited number skin without scales of glands, dry, with scales most of them in water, no links with water, reproduction larval stage without a larval stage most of them in water, packed in not in water, hard shell eggs tranparent jelly (leathery or with calk) passive transmission of venom, some species with active venom venom toxic skin as passive protection injection Generally in humide and shady Generally dry and warm habitats areas, nearby or directly in habitats, away from aquatic aquatic habitats habitats no or limited seasonal large seasonal movements migration movements, limited traffic inducing big traffic problems problems H6 First reptiles • first reptiles: about 320-310 millions years ago • embryo is protected against dehydration • ≈ 305 millions years ago: a dryer period ➜ new habitats for reptiles • Mesozoic (252-66 mya): “Age of Reptiles” • large disparition of species: ≈ 252 and 65 millions years ago H7 Mesozoic Quick systematic overview total species CH species (oct 2017) Order Crocodylia (crocodiles)
[Show full text]
Cleaning the Linnean Stable of Names for Grass Snakes (Natrix Astreptophora, N
70 (4): 621– 665 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2020. 2020 The Fifth Labour of Heracles: Cleaning the Linnean stable of names for grass snakes (Natrix astreptophora, N. helvetica, N. natrix sensu stricto) Uwe Fritz 1 & Josef Friedrich Schmidtler 2 1 Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Dresden, A. B. Meyer Building, 01109 Dresden, Germany; [email protected] — 2 Liebenstein- straße 9A, 81243 Munchen, Germany; [email protected] Submitted July 29, 2020. Accepted October 29, 2020. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/vertebrate-zoology on November 12, 2020. Published in print Q4/2020. Editor in charge: Ralf Britz Abstract We scrutinize scientifc names erected for or referred to Natrix astreptophora (Seoane, 1884), Natrix helvetica (Lacepède, 1789), and Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758). As far as possible, we provide synonymies for the individual subspecies of each species, identify each name with one of the mtDNA lineages or nuclear genomic clusters within these taxa, and clarify the whereabouts of type material. In addi tion, we feature homonyms and names erroneously identifed with grass snakes. For Natrix astreptophora (Seoane, 1884), we recognize a second subspecies from North Africa under the name Natrix astreptophora algerica (Hecht, 1930). The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the European part of the distribution range (Iberian Peninsula, adjacent France). Within Natrix helvetica (Lacepède, 1789), we recognize four subspecies. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the northern distribution range, Natrix helvetica sicula (Cuvier, 1829) in Sicily, mainland Italy and adjacent regions, Natrix helvetica cetti Gené, 1839 on Sardinia, and Natrix helvetica corsa (Hecht, 1930) on Corsica. However, the validity of the latter subspecies is questionable.
[Show full text]
Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Morocco: a Taxonomic Update and Standard Arabic Names
Herpetology Notes, volume 14: 1-14 (2021) (published online on 08 January 2021) Checklist of amphibians and reptiles of Morocco: A taxonomic update and standard Arabic names Abdellah Bouazza1,*, El Hassan El Mouden2, and Abdeslam Rihane3,4 Abstract. Morocco has one of the highest levels of biodiversity and endemism in the Western Palaearctic, which is mainly attributable to the country’s complex topographic and climatic patterns that favoured allopatric speciation. Taxonomic studies of Moroccan amphibians and reptiles have increased noticeably during the last few decades, including the recognition of new species and the revision of other taxa. In this study, we provide a taxonomically updated checklist and notes on nomenclatural changes based on studies published before April 2020. The updated checklist includes 130 extant species (i.e., 14 amphibians and 116 reptiles, including six sea turtles), increasing considerably the number of species compared to previous recent assessments. Arabic names of the species are also provided as a response to the demands of many Moroccan naturalists. Keywords. North Africa, Morocco, Herpetofauna, Species list, Nomenclature Introduction mya) led to a major faunal exchange (e.g., Blain et al., 2013; Mendes et al., 2017) and the climatic events that Morocco has one of the most varied herpetofauna occurred since Miocene and during Plio-Pleistocene in the Western Palearctic and the highest diversities (i.e., shift from tropical to arid environments) promoted of endemism and European relict species among allopatric speciation (e.g., Escoriza et al., 2006; Salvi North African reptiles (Bons and Geniez, 1996; et al., 2018). Pleguezuelos et al., 2010; del Mármol et al., 2019).
[Show full text]
Natrix Maura (Viperine Snake) Marine Foraging
NATURAL HISTORY NOTE The Herpetological Bulletin 134, 2015: 31-32 Natrix maura (viperine snake) marine foraging. MIGUEL ANGEL FUENTES1 & DANIEL ESCORIZA2* 1Institut Català d’Ornitologia. Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona. Passeig Picasso s/n, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 2Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona. Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] The viperine snake Natrix maura is native to south- western Europe and north-western Africa (Sindaco et al., 2013) where it is primarily an aquatic species that preys upon fish and amphibians (Braña, 1998; Rugiero et al., 2000). This species typically inhabits lentic and lotic freshwater habitats, but also tolerates waters with high salt concentration, in marshes and coastal pools (Steward, 1971; Schleich et al., 1996). However its presence in marine habitats is exceptional and has only been reported in a few cases, in Italy (Lanza, 1983), in southern Spain (Cabo & Olea, 1978) and in the Cies islands (western Spain; Galán, 2012). The populations of the Cies islands are adapted to the marine environment, feeding exclusively on marine fishes (e.g. Lipophrys pholis; Galán, 2012). In September 2012, at the coordinates 41.41ºN, 2.23ºE (Sant Adrià del Besós, on the seashore in north-eastern Spain) we observed a N. maura on a rock feeding on an adult eel (Anguilla anguilla) (Fig. 1). The site of the observation is an artificial stone structure adjacent to the mouth of the River Besós but oriented to the open sea. This area is a fully saline environment, with little or no Figure 1. N. maura in the process of consuming an adult eel freshwater influence (because Besós is a small irregular (A.
[Show full text]
The Herpetological Journal
Volume 8, Number 3 July 1998 ISSN 0268-0130 THE HERPETOLOGICAL JOURNAL Published by the Indexed in BRITISH HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Current Contents Th e Herpetological Jo urnal is published quarterly by the British Herpetological Society and is issued freeto members. Articles are listed in Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, Current Contents, Science Citation Index and Zoological Record. Applications to purchase copies and/or for details of membership should be made to the Hon. Secretary, British Herpetological Society, The Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NWl 4RY, UK. Instructions to authors are printed inside the back cover. All contributions should be addressed to the Editor (address below). Editor: Richard A. Griffiths, The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK Associate Editor: Leigh Gillett Editorial Board: Pim Arntzen (Oporto) Donald Broadley (Zimbabwe) John Cooper (Wellingborough) John Davenport (Millport) Andrew Gardner (Oman) Tim Halliday (Milton Keynes) Michael Klemens (New York) Colin McCarthy (London) Andrew Milner (London) Henk Strijbosch (Nijmegen) Richard Tinsley (Bristol) BRITISH HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Copyright It is a fundamental condition that submitted manuscripts have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright for their article is transferred to the publisher if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints and photographic reproductions. Permission for any such activities must be sought in advance from the Editor. ADVERTISEMENTS The Herpetological Journal accepts advertisements subject to approval of contents by the Editor, to whom enquiries should be addressed.
[Show full text]
Eleutherodactylus Ridens (Pygmy Rainfrog) Predation Tobias Eisenberg
Sacred Heart University DigitalCommons@SHU Biology Faculty Publications Biology 9-2007 Eleutherodactylus ridens (Pygmy Rainfrog) Predation Tobias Eisenberg Twan Leenders Sacred Heart University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/bio_fac Part of the Population Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Eisenberg, T. & Leenders, T. (2007). Eleutherodactylus ridens (Pygmy Rainfrog) predation. Herpetological Review, 38(3), 323. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at DigitalCommons@SHU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@SHU. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. SSAR Officers (2007) HERPETOLOGICAL REVIEW President The Quarterly News-Journal of the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles ROY MCDIARMID USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Editor Managing Editor National Museum of Natural History ROBERT W. HANSEN THOMAS F. TYNING Washington, DC 20560, USA 16333 Deer Path Lane Berkshire Community College Clovis, California 93619-9735, USA 1350 West Street President-elect [email protected] Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201, USA BRIAN CROTHER [email protected] Department of Biological Sciences Southeastern Louisiana University Associate Editors Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA ROBERT E. ESPINOZA CHRISTOPHER A. PHILLIPS DEANNA H. OLSON California State University, Northridge Illinois Natural History Survey USDA Forestry Science Lab Secretary MARION R. PREEST ROBERT N. REED MICHAEL S. GRACE R. BRENT THOMAS Joint Science Department USGS Fort Collins Science Center Florida Institute of Technology Emporia State University The Claremont Colleges Claremont, California 91711, USA EMILY N. TAYLOR GUNTHER KÖHLER MEREDITH J. MAHONEY California Polytechnic State University Forschungsinstitut und Illinois State Museum Naturmuseum Senckenberg Treasurer KIRSTEN E.
[Show full text]
Life-History and Diet of Two Populations of Natrix Maura (Reptilia, Colubridae) from Contrasted Habitats in Sardinia
Miscel.lania Zoologica 23.1 (2000) 41 - Life-history and diet of two populations of Natrix maura (Reptilia, Colubridae) from contrasted habitats in Sardinia L. Rugiero, M. Capula, D. Persichetti, L. Luiselli & F. M. Angelici l Rugiero, L., Capula, M., Persichetti, D., Luiselli, L. & Angelici, F. M., 2000. Life-history and diet of two populations of Natrix maura (Reptilia, Colubridae) from contrasted habitats in Sardinia. Misc. Zool., 23.1: 41-51. Life-history and diet of two populations of Natrix maura (Reptilia, Colubridae) from contrasted habitats in Sardinia.- Aspects of general ecology and population biology of two populations of free- living viperine snakes (Natrix maura) were studied in Mediterranean localities of the island of Sardinia (Thyrrenian Sea, Italy). The apparent adult sex-ratio was not significantly different from equality, but males were slightly more numerous than females. The diet consisted mainly of arnphibians, both adults and tadpoles (area A) or fish (area B). Females were significantly longer than males. Reproduction was yearly, and clutch size and female total length were positively correlated. A hundred and seven live offsprings were obtained from 135 eggs (79.2% of successful incubation rates). The proportion of unsuccessful incubation was not significantly correlated with either female total length or clutch size. There was no evidence of a trade-off between clutch size and offspring size, as hatchlings were no smaller in clutches that were unusually large in relation to maternal body size. Oviposition date was correlated with neither maternal length nor clutch size. lncubation period was significantly correlated with mean hatchling size, but not with either clutch size or maternal length.
[Show full text]
A Tentative Review of Sexual Behavior and Alternative Reproductive Strategies of the Italian Colubrid Snakes (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae)
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Herpetozoa Jahr/Year: 1997 Band/Volume: 10_3_4 Autor(en)/Author(s): Capula Massimo, Luiselli Luca M. Artikel/Article: A tentative review of sexual behavior and alternative reproductive strategies of the Italian colubrid snakes (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae). 107-119 ©Österreichische Gesellschaft für Herpetologie e.V., Wien, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at HERPETOZOA 10 (3/4): 107 -119 Wien, 30. Dezember 1997 A tentative review of sexual behavior and alternative reproductive strategies of the Italian colubrid snakes (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae) Versuch einer Zusammenschau über das Sexualverhalten und alternative Fortpflanzungsstrategien der Nattern Italiens (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae) MASSIMO CAPULA & LUCA LUISELLI KURZFASSUNG Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über das Fortpflanzungsverhalten der Nattern Italiens unter beson- derer Berücksichtigung von Männchen-Männchen-Kämpfen um den Zugang zu fortpflanzungsfähigen Weibchen sowie von alternativen Fortpflanzungsstrategien. Wir diskutieren (i) die verfügbaren Literaturdaten, stellen (ii) Origi- naldaten über wenig bekannte Arten vor und machen (iii) den Versuch einer vorläufigen Typisierung dieser Kämpfe zwischen männlichen Colubriden Italiens. Danach lassen sich vier Typen von Kämpfen unterscheiden, wobei Beißen nur bei ungiftigen Schlangen vorkommt. Die Kämpfe fuhren in der Regel nicht zur Beschädigung
[Show full text]
Na Trix Maura
LA CER TA VJ VIPARA METABOLISM 185 Bennett, A. F. and Dawson, W. R. (1972). Aerobic and Bennett, A. F. and Dawson, W. R. ( 1976). Metabolism. In anaerobic metabolism during activity in the lizard Biology of the Reptilia (Edited by Gans, C. and Dipsosaurus dorsalis. J. Comp. Physiol. 81, 289-299. Dawson, W. R.) Vol. 5, pp. 127-223. Academic Press, Bennet!, A. F. and Licht, P. (1972). Anaerobic metabolism London. during activity in lizards, J. Comp. Physio/. 81, 277-288. Bennett, A. F. and Gleeson, T. T. ( 1976). Activity metabolism Bennett, A. F. and Licht, P. (1973). Relative contributions in the lizard Sce/oporus occidentalis. Physio/. Zoo/. 49, of anaerobic and aerobic energy production during 65-76. activity in Amphibia . .l. Comp. Physiol. 87, 351-360. Miller, K. and Hutchison, V. H. (1980). Aerobic and Bennett, A. F., Dawson, W. R. and Bartholomew, G. A. anaerobic scope for activity in the Giant Toad, Bufo ( 1975). Effects of activity and temperature on aerobic marinus. Physiol. Zoo/. 53 (2), 170- 175. and anaerobic metabolism in the Galapagos marine Wilson, K. J. ( 1974). The relationship of oxygen supply for iguana. .l. Comp. Physio/. I 00, 317-329. activity to body temperature in four species of lizards. Copeia, 1974, 920-934. HERPETOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Vol. I, pp. 185- 194 (1987) GROWTH, MOVEMENT AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF NA TRIX MA URA IN A DRYlNG RlVER ADRIAN HAILEY* AND P. M. C. DAVIES Zoology Departmeni, University of Noningham NG7 2RD. UK * Presem address: Departmen1 of Physiology, The Mediral College of S1. Banholome11·' s Hospital, Char/erhouse Squar('.
[Show full text]
The Mediterranean Biodiversity: a Hotspot Under Threat
THE MEDITERRANEAN: A BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT UNDER THREAT Annabelle Cuttelod, Nieves García, Dania Abdul Malak, Helen Temple and Vineet Katariya The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ Acknowledgements: This publication is part of The 2008 Review of The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN Red List is compiled and produced by the IUCN Species Programme based on contributions from a network of thousands of scientiﬁ c experts around the world. These include members of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups, Red List Partners (currently Conservation International, BirdLife International, NatureServe and the Zoological Society of London), and many others including experts from universities, museums, research institutes and non-governmental organizations. The long list of people, partners and donors who made this review possible can be found at the following address: www.iucn.org/redlist/ Citation: Cuttelod, A., García, N., Abdul Malak, D., Temple, H. and Katariya, V. 2008. The Mediterranean: a biodiversity hotspot under threat. In: J.-C. Vié, C. Hilton-Taylor and S.N. Stuart (eds). The 2008 Review of The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Gland, Switzerland. Credits: Published by IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Chief Editor: Jean-Christophe Vié Editors: Craig Hilton-Taylor and Simon N. Stuart ISBN (The 2008 Review of The IUCN Red List of Threatened): 978-2-8317-1063-1 Layout: Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain © 2008 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Cover photo: Dalmatian coast (Croatia). © Pedro Regato The Mediterranean: a biodiversity hotspot under threat Annabelle Cuttelod, Nieves García, Dania Abdul Malak, Helen Temple and Vineet Katariya The diverse Mediterranean noted for the diversity of its plants – and 3% of the birds.
[Show full text]