A Similaridade De Estrutura Narrativa Nos Filmes Sobre Acidentes Aéreos Reais Através Da Análise Das Obras Que Relatam O Acidente Nas Cordilheiras Dos Andes, Em 1972

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A Similaridade De Estrutura Narrativa Nos Filmes Sobre Acidentes Aéreos Reais Através Da Análise Das Obras Que Relatam O Acidente Nas Cordilheiras Dos Andes, Em 1972 UNIVERSIDADE ANHEMBI MORUMBI AMANDIO LUÍS BARBOSA FURTADO PÁSSAROS DE FERRO CAÍDOS: A similaridade de estrutura narrativa nos filmes sobre acidentes aéreos reais através da análise das obras que relatam o acidente nas Cordilheiras dos Andes, em 1972 SÃO PAULO 2017 AMANDIO LUÍS BARBOSA FURTADO PÁSSAROS DE FERRO CAÍDOS: A similaridade de estrutura narrativa nos filmes sobre acidentes aéreos reais através da análise das obras que relatam o acidente nas Cordilheiras dos Andes, em 1972 Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Banca Examinadora, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação, área de concentração em Comunicação Audiovisual, da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, sob a orientação do Professor Doutor Luiz Antonio Vadico. SÃO PAULO 2017 AMANDIO LUÍS BARBOSA FURTADO PÁSSAROS DE FERRO CAÍDOS: A similaridade de estrutura narrativa nos filmes sobre acidentes aéreos reais através da análise das obras que relatam o acidente nas Cordilheiras dos Andes, em 1972 Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Banca Examinadora, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre, do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação, área de concentração em Comunicação Audiovisual, da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, sob a orientação do Professor Doutor. Luiz Antonio Vadico. Aprovado em: 12/04/2017 _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luiz Antonio Vadico _____________________________________ Prof.a Dra. Sheila Schvarzman _____________________________________ Prof.a Dra. Barbara Heller AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer a Deus em primeiro lugar, pela minha saúde e de minha família, e pelas oportunidades que Ele coloca em minhas mãos. Agradeço, em especial à minha mulher, Otameiry, e a minha filha, Jéssica, pela paciência e compreensão pelos longos períodos ausentes nos momentos de lazer e diversão. Ao meu mestre orientador, Professor Doutor Luiz Vadico, por acreditar que eu poderia conquistar mais uma batalha. Minha gratidão também a todos os professores do Mestrado, em especial aos mestres Professor Doutor Gelson Santana, Professora Doutora Laura Cánepa, Professor Doutor Rogério Ferraraz e Professora Doutora Sheila Schvarzman, que com muito carinho, persistência e conhecimento pleno de suas condições de motivadores, souberam mostrar o caminho ao longo dessa árdua missão. O meu muito obrigado a todos. RESUMO Este trabalho de pesquisa procura refletir a respeito da existência de uma similaridade no que se refere a estrutura narrativa dos filmes sobre acidentes aéreos reais. Para encontrar essa similaridade, pesquisamos, primeiramente, 130 obras de produções audiovisuais, na sua maioria, nas Américas do Norte, Sul e parte da Europa, contemplando os diversos meios: cinema, televisão e DVDs. As produções analisadas versaram acerca de acidentes aéreos reais, e algumas obras fictícias. Constatamos que a grande maioria das obras possuem blocos narrativos similares na apresentação dos eventos, que denominamos momentos, mesmo que tenham sido criadas para mídias distintas. O universo de filmes encontrados, em todos os meios de veiculação relacionados ao tema, apresentou uma amostra significativa para realizar uma análise consistente por meio de um formulário com as proposições de estrutura narrativa sugeridas nas obras. A pesquisa organizou as produções em uma classificação clara, mas não definitiva. Tal decisão tornou mais fácil a comparação entre as obras selecionadas. Por fim, procedemos à análise dos filmes Sobreviventes dos Andes (1976), de René Cardona, Vivos (1993), de Frank Marshall, A Sociedade da Neve (2007), de Gonzalo Arijón, e I Am Alive: Sobrevivi al acidente aéreo de los Andes (TV filme, 2010), de Brad Osborne, que abordaram o acidente aéreo na Cordilheira dos Andes, em outubro de 1972, com 16 sobreviventes que recorreram ao canibalismo para sobreviver. Palavras-chave: Cinema. Acidentes. Avião. Andes. Narrativa. Comunicação. ABSTRACT This research seeks to reflect about the existence of a similarity in regards of the narrative structure of films about real air crashes. To shine a light in said similarity, we started out by analyzing 130 – its majority North and South American, as well as some European – works of audiovisual productions, from a range of distribution vehicles, such as cinema, television, and DVDs. The examined productions depicted real air crashes, as well as some fictional works concerning the topic. We observed that the great majority of these works possess similar narrative blocks regarding the sequence of events, which we denominate moments, even if created for distinct medias. All found films, in every distribution vehicles, that fitted in this chosen theme and categorization, provided a significant sample. It thus enabled a consistent analysis to be made by completing a cinematographic evaluation form, containing the propositions of narratives structures suggested in the surveyed works, for each film. This research organized the productions in a clear, but not definitive, classification. Said decision made it easier to compare the selected cinematographic works, concluding with an analysis of the movies Survive! (1976), by René Cardona; Alive (1993), by Frank Marshall; Stranded: I’ve come from a plane that crashed on the mountains (2007), by Gonzalo Arijón; and I Am Alive: Surviving the Andes Plane Crash (TV Film, 2010), by Brad Osborne, that depicted the 1972 plane crash in the Andes, that left 16 survivors to practice cannibalism to stay alive. Keywords: Cinema. Accidents. Plane. Andes. Narrative. Communication. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Cartaz original do filme The Hindenburg ................................................... 32 Figura 2 - Capa do livro Zeppelin, de Michael Mooney ............................................. 34 Figura 3 - Cena de uma filmagem do período anterior à II Grande Guerra ............... 35 Figura 4 - Cena da explosão no interior do Hindenburg ............................................ 37 Figura 5 - Capa do livro de Clay Blair Jr. ................................................................... 40 Figura 6 - Cartaz do filme nos EUA ........................................................................... 41 Figura 7 - Cartaz do filme no México ......................................................................... 41 Figura 8 - Cartaz do filme na Argentina ..................................................................... 42 Figura 9 - Cartaz de lançamento do filme na Espanha ............................................. 43 Figura 10 - Cartaz do filme Alive (1993) .................................................................... 44 Figura 11 - Canadian Rockies, Parque Nacional Banff, Canadá ............................... 45 Figura 12 - Capa do livro Os sobreviventes, de Piers Read ...................................... 46 Figura 13 Cartaz original do filme Whisky Romeu Zulu ............................................. 47 Figura 14 - Cartaz original do filme Voo United 93 .................................................... 50 Figura 15 - Foto panorâmica do United 93 Flight Memorial ...................................... 51 Figura 16 - Cena do início da resistência dos passageiros contra os terroristas....... 55 Figura 17 - Cena de segundos antes da queda da aeronave ................................... 56 Figura 18 - Cartaz original do filme Stranded ............................................................ 58 Figura 19 - Cartaz do filme Sully (EUA) .................................................................... 63 Figura 20 - Capa dos livros de Sullemberger ............................................................ 64 Figura 21 - Percurso do voo 1549 da US Airways ..................................................... 65 Figura 22 - Aeronave no Rio Hudson logo após o pouso .......................................... 65 Figura 23 - Cena do início do filme com os corredores escuros do aeroporto .......... 67 Figura 24 - Cena final do embarque dos passageiros no avião ................................ 68 Figura 25 - Cenas da decolagem de um avião Fairchild FH-227 .............................. 69 Figura 26 - Diálogo do Comissário de bordo com a Sra. Graziela Mariani ................ 70 Figura 27 - Diálogo entre Carlito Páez e Rafael Echavarren ..................................... 71 Figura 28 - Diálogo entre a Sra. Graziela e o jovem German Canno ........................ 73 Figura 29 - Plano de Voo do avião que caiu nos Andes ............................................ 74 Figura 30 – Sequência da queda do avião nos Andes .............................................. 75 Figura 31 - Retirada da barra de alumínio com parte do intestino à mostra .............. 77 Figura 32 - Cena posterior ao acidente ..................................................................... 78 Figura 33 - Sobreviventes dentro da carcaça do avião nos Andes ........................... 79 Figura 34 - Sobrevivente brincando com o fato de derreterem gelo com dinheiro .... 80 Figura 35 - O jovem Canessa confrontando todos com a única forma de vida ......... 81 Figura 36 - Reunião dos familiares no gabinete do comando das F. A. Uruguaias ... 81 Figura 37 - Cena que demonstra a preocupação do comando do resgate ............... 82 Figura 38 - Montagem do dispositivo para derreter gelo ........................................... 83 Figura 39 -Sobrevivente confeccionando óculos de neve ......................................... 83 Figura 40 - Sobrevivente pensando em como caminhar na neve ............................. 84 Figura
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