tiding over TSUNAMI Part-2

State Relief Commissioner, Revenue Administration, Disaster Management and Mitigation Department, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005 Phone: 044-28414550, 28523299, 28528745, 28588989 Government of Tamilnadu Fax: 044-28546624, 28411654 october 2008 Email: [email protected] Website: www.tn.gov.in/tsunami ‘Tiding Over Tsunami’ (December 2005) provided a succinct account of the damage caused by the tsunami and its far-reaching impact on the lives and livelihoods of people in coastal Tamil Nadu. The book also documented the speedy decisions and the concerted rescue and relief measures taken by Government of Tamil Nadu and partners. ‘Tiding Over Tsunami part – 2’ is an update on the resilient restoration and reconstruction action by GoTN and its unfailing partners.

This publication has been brought out by a team consisting of: Shaktikanta Das, IAS., State Relief Commissioner C.V. Sankar, IAS., Officer on Special Duty (Relief & Rehabilitation) R. Venkatesan, IAS., Joint Commissioner (Relief & Rehabilitation) Tmt. Reeta Harish Thakkar, IAS., Joint Commissioner (Relief & Rehabilitation) K. Baskaran, District Revenue Officer (Relief & Rehabilitation) M.P. Anbuchozhan, Public Relations Officer (Relief & Rehabilitation) A. John Louis, Assistance Commissioner (Documentation and Media Relation) A. Sundaralingam, Project Co-ordinator (Externally Aided Projects) Photographs: S. Jayaraj, R. Vaidyanathan & Office of the State Relief Commissioner Design: Ramu Aravindan Research, text, layout and production: New Concept Information Systems tiding over TSUNAMI Part-2

Government of Tamilnadu october 2008 message from HONOURABLE CHIEF MINISTER OF TAMIL NADU

I am happy to learn about the release of the book ‘Tiding over the Tsunami - Part II’ by the Revenue Department of Government of Tamil Nadu giving the details regarding rehabilitation and reconstruction programmes under­taken by the Government of Tamil Nadu to revive coastal communities affected by the Tsunami. The information in this publication will be useful to both local as well as foreign audiences.

Tamil Nadu was the worst affected State by Tsunami in the year 2004. Keeping this in view, the Central Government, World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have funded several rehabilitation programmes at a cost of Rs.5000 crore approximately. These programmes are being implemented speedily through the concerted efforts of several Government departments co-ordinated by the Revenue Department.

After this Government came to power in May 2006, a conference of Collectors of coastal districts was organised on 24.6.2006. Several orders were passed in that very conference and the reconstruction work was speeded up. As a result, 27, 444 houses were built within 2 years.

Apart from these efforts, the fact that out of 6,019 houses planned for the upliftment of underprivileged Scheduled Tribes, agricultural coolie workers, and other such poor communities who were not affected by the Tsunami, 5,580 houses in Cuddalore and Kanyakumari have been given is an example of this Government’s far-sighted vision.

It would not be an exaggeration to say that the building of 55,293 new houses for vulnerable groups in coastal areas who live in mud huts, those living in houses that were built with government funds over ten years ago, and the residents of Indira Awas Yojana houses in order to protect them from future natural disasters is a historic achievement of this Government.

This Government implements several programmes on a daily basis with the sincere goal that people from all communities should benefit from its efforts. From this perspective, I heartily wish that the publication brought forth by the Project Management Unit of the Revenue Department is beneficial not only to other Indian states but also to other countries.

22.8.2008 (M. KARUNANIDHI)

FOREWORD

The Tsunami of 2004 was one of the worst disasters faced by the people of Tamil Nadu. Much has been written about the suddenness and scale of destruction left in its wake. With the active support and timely assistance of Government of India, Union Planning Commission, United Nations, World Bank, Asian Development Bank and National and International Non-governmental organizations/civil society organizations, the Government of Tamil Nadu rolled out a plethora of schemes and packages to assist each and every affected family. A very high level of transparency and coordination was established with the active support of all the stakeholders especially the community. The lessons learnt from earlier major disasters of the country like Orissa super cyclone of 1999 and the Bhuj Earthquake of 2001 were analysed and suitably adopted in keeping with the culture and ethos of the people of Tamil Nadu. The Government of Tamil Nadu documented its initial activities in the publication titled ‘TIDING OVER TSUNAMI’ in December 2005. Along with UN Tsunami Recovery Support (UNTRS) based in Chennai, a comprehensive Take Stock exercise was done in September 2006 to guide further reconstruction efforts. The present publication, ‘TIDING OVER TSUNAMI 2’ is being brought out by us to capture the sector-wise changes that have been brought about by the overarching Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme. Any major disaster opens up many facets of human life, it exposes the fragile nature of existence and teaches invaluable lessons for posterity. Thanks to the extensive reach of media, funding for rehabilitation is the least of the problems. Consequently, what is done with the money and the process of implementation are the keys to long term resilience of the affected communities. With a view to reduce the vulnerability of the people to future calamities, the following specific measures were taken in Tamil Nadu. • The houses being built have disaster resistant features to face any calamity including earthquake. • These houses are insured for 10 years against 14 hazards. • Shelter belt and mangrove plantations have been restored and improved throughout the coast. • Considerable emphasis has been given for strengthening coastal roads, bridges, health care facilities and water supply which can prove to be life saving in times of emergencies. • Apart from rebuilding hundreds of schools, scholarship assistance is being given for ten years so as to keep the focus on education. • A large number of self-help groups have been formed and assisted so as to broad base livelihoods and increase incomes. • GoTN has continued the focus on the UNDP supported Disaster Risk Management Program which will update village level disaster management plans and train communities to be prepared. It is hoped that the publication would be useful in understanding the processes that have gone into the implementation of this massive program and in appreciating the positive role played by all the key stakeholders.

SHAKTHIKANTA DAS, I.A.S.,

Sp e c i a l Co m m i ss i o n e r An d Dated: 11.08.2008 Co m m i ss i o n e r Of Re v e n u e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n contents

Page No. List of tables x Abbreviations xi Section I Introduction 1 Section II Shelter and infrastructure 5 Section III Health, welfare and social safety 20 Section IV Livelihoods 33 Section V Disaster risk management 49

The way forward 57 Annex 1 Multilateral project activities 59 Annex 2 Guidelines for construction of temporary shelters 68 Survey schedule prior to development of state housing reconstruction Annex 3 78 policy Annex 4 MoU between GoTN and NGOs 81 Annex 5 Types of sanitation 85 Annex 6 Environmental checklist 87 Annex 7 Baseline analysis report 89

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / ix list of tables

Table Table Name No. 1 Acquisition of lands for construction of houses in the tsunami affected areas as on 30.06.2008 7

2 Budget sanctioned for the housing project in the districts 9

3 Houses proposed for construction, completed *Phase - I as on 30.06.2008 10

4 Construction of additional houses - Phase-I as on 30-06-2008 10

5 District wise number of vulnerable houses proposed for reconstruction as on 30.06.2008 11

6 Rajiv Gandhi Package: Details of construction of Vulnerable houses in Phase - II (0-200 Mt) as on 30-06-2008 14

7 Details of construction of vulnerable houses in Phase - II (0-200 mt) World Bank Package as on 30.06.2008 14

8 Construction of public utility buildings initiated by state government departments. 15

9 Roads, bridges and public buildings completed so far 16

10 Habitations provided with public taps 17

11 Places where NGO’s initiated sanitation schemes. 18

12 Insurance coverage by United Insurance Company as on 31.07.2008 21

13 Interventions to restore and build health care services 22

14 Interventions towards child care and support 27

15 Summary of assistance to children 29

16 School going children benefited under various schemes as on 31.07.2008 30

17 Details of work on fish-landing centres 34

18 Details of work on fishing harbours 35

19 Re-registration of mechanised boats & country crafts as on 01.07.2008 36

20 Assets provision to fishermen - boats, nets and engines 37

21 Assets provision to fishermen - fishing aids and other equipments 37

22 Impact on salt pan sector and provision of funds for restoration 42

23 Wage increase to workers 42

24 Salt production 43

25 Assistance for SHGs as on 30.06.2008 44

26 Progress on implementation of ETRP plantations as on 30.07.2008 53

27 Progress on implementation of NCRMP converted to ETRP plantations as on 30.06.2008 54

28 Department-wise Financial Statement as on 30.06.2008 58

29 Abstract for the funds sanctioned under Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund as on 31.07.2008 59

30 Component-wise funding under Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction 62

31 Subprojects approved and fund sanctioned under the alternative livelihood activities component 62

32 Four major subprojects approved under JFPR funding by Project Steering Committee 62

33 Contributions from MPLAD Funds 65

34 Activities completed with the MPLAD funds 66

x / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 abbreviations

Abbreviaton Expansion AD Auto Disable ADB Asian Development Bank AFHS Adolescent Friendly Health Centre AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome AIE Alternative & Innovative Education ARI Acute Respiratory-track Infection BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological Oxygen Demand BPR Bottom Pressure Recorder CBOs Community Based Organizations CDD Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination CEOs Chief Educational Officers CFCs Common facilities centers CLWs Community Level Workers CPUE Catch per unit effort CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone CSO’s Civil Society Organizations CZMA Coastal Zone Management Authority CZR Coastal Zone Regulation DEWATS Decentralized Waste Water Treatment Systems DOFTN Department of Fisheries Tamil Nadu DRM Disaster Risk Management DSWOs District Social Welfare Officers DTERT Directorate of Teacher Education, Research and Training EGAs Employment Generation Activities EGS Education Guarantee Scheme EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EmOC Emergency Obstetric Care ESHGs Elder SHGs ETRP Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project EWS Early warning system FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCRI Fisheries College and Research Institute

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / xi Abbreviaton Expansion AD Auto Disable ADB Asian Development Bank AFHS Adolescent Friendly Health Centre AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome AIE Alternative & Innovative Education ARI Acute Respiratory-track Infection BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological Oxygen Demand BPR Bottom Pressure Recorder CBOs Community Based Organizations CDD Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination CEOs Chief Educational Officers CFCs Common facilities centers CLWs Community Level Workers CPUE Catch per unit effort CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone CSO’s Civil Society Organizations CZMA Coastal Zone Management Authority CZR Coastal Zone Regulation DEWATS Decentralized Waste Water Treatment Systems DOFTN Department of Fisheries Tamil Nadu DRM Disaster Risk Management DSWOs District Social Welfare Officers DTERT Directorate of Teacher Education, Research and Training EGAs Employment Generation Activities EGS Education Guarantee Scheme EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EmOC Emergency Obstetric Care ESHGs Elder SHGs ETRP Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project EWS Early warning system FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCRI Fisheries College and Research Institute FIMSUL Fisheries Management for Sustainable Livelihood

FLC Fish Landing Center

FRP Fibre Reinforced Plastic

GH General Hospital

xii / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 GOI Government of India

GOs Government Orders

GoTN Government of Tamil Nadu

GPS Global Positioning System

GSO General Services Organization

HDPE High Density Polythethylene

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HMDI Health Manpower Development Institute

HRD Human Resources Development

HSCs Health Sub – Centres

HTL High Tide Line

IAP Indian Academy of Paediatrics

ICCW Indian Council of Child Welfare

ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme

ICZMP Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IFAD International Fund of Agricultural Development

IGCAR Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

IMNCI Integrated Management of Newborn & Childhood Illnesses

INGOs International Non Governmental Organizations

KRRC Kanyakumari Rehabilitation Resource Centre

LIC Life Insurance Corporation of India

LPCD Liters Per Capita Daily

MBBR Moving Bed Biological Reactor

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests

MOs Medical Officers

MOUs Memorandum of Understanding

MPEDA Marine Products Export Development Authority

MPLADS Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme

MPs Members of Parliament

Msl Mean Sea Level

NCRC NGO Coordination and Resource Centre

NCRMP National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project

NDTV New Delhi Television

NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NGOs Non Governmental Organizations

NICD National Institute of Communicable Diseases

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / xiii NIE National Institute of Epidemiology

NIHMANS National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences

NYK Nehru Yuva Kendra

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OGSSI Obstetrics and Gynaecological Society of South India

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine

ORS Oral Rehydration Solution

P.V.C Polyvinyl Chloride

PHCs Primary Health Centres

PIU Project Implementation Units

PLFs Panchayat level federations

PLHA Persons Living with HIV/AIDS

PMCA Participatory Market Chain Analysis

PMCAS Prime Minister’s Child Assistance Scheme

PMNRF Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund

PMSTAC PM’s Scholarship for Tsunami Affected Children

PMU Project Management Unit

PSS Psycho Social Support

PTSD Post – Traumatic Stress Disorder

PWDs Persons with Disability

RGP Rajiv Gandhi Package

RTIs Reproductive Tract Infections

SCARF Schizophrenia Research Foundation

SCs Scheduled Caste

SGSY Swaranajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana

SHGs Self Help Groups

SHN Sector Health Nurse

SIFFS South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies

SNEHA Social Need Education and Human Awareness

SPISF Single Pass Intermittent Sand Filter

SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health

SSA Sarva Siksha Abhiyan

STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections

STP Sewerage Treatment Plant

STs Scheduled Tribes

TAFCOFED Tamilnadu State Apex Fisheries Co-operative Federation

TEAP Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project

xiv / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 TERT Technical Emergency Response Training Course

TFSHGs Tsunami Farmers SHGs

TN Tamil Nadu

TNSCB Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board

TNTRC Tamil Nadu Tsunami Resource Centre

TTRCRF TT Ranganathan Clinical Research Foundation

TWAD Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities

UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Education Fund

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UPVC Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride

USAID United States Agency for International Development

VCCTCs Voluntary Counselling and Confidential Testing Centres

VCT Village Information and Communication Technology

VHF Very High Frequency

VHNs Village Health Nurses

VIMHANS Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health and Neuro - Sciences

VLWDC Village Level Watch Dog Committees

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

WLW Women’s Leadership Workshop

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / xv Impact of Tsunami at a glance 13 districts affected 238 villages and 418 hamlets affected 7997 lives lost 241 children orphaned 1513 children who lost one of their parents 846 missing persons 3625 injured persons 118000 houses damaged 0.49 million people evacuated 1.078 population affected 16082 cattle-loss 51078 fishing vessels damaged / lost 0.3 million number of families whose immediate livelihood was affected US $880 million assessment of damages to infrastructure, including housing 8844.35 agricultural and horticultural lands damaged in Ha 775 kms roads damaged 608 kms power lines damaged 14 damaged ports / fish landing centers Mission Statement To provide immediate relief and long term rehabilitation; to convert the traumatic challenge into an opportunity and create environment friendly and safe habitations; to provide livelihood options with specific focus on the empowerment of the vulnerable sections of the society especially women; to enhance the effectiveness of the community to face disasters in the future and to obtain sustainable and lasting outcomes by forging strong public private partnerships.

Government of Tamil Nadu: Strategic Intent Reconstruct damaged and vulnerable houses using disaster-resistant features Undertake vulnerability-mapping to locate new habitations in safer locations Create new sustainable livelihood options in harmony with environment Form SHGs, especially for the weaker sections to empower them Build capacity of coastal communities to cope more effectively with disasters Restore coastal ecology Provide better physical infrastructure Address psychological trauma and educational needs of children for an improved future Response of the Government of India In view of the devastation and substantial damage caused to the state by the tsunami, the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) sought the help of the Government of India (GOI) for relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes valued at approximately Rs. 4,800 crore along with 54,000 mt of food grain, through a memorandum in the first week of January 2005. Besides offering the required assistance, the GOI also set up a Core Group Committee and an Inter-Ministerial Central Team, besides a Joint Assessment Mission with the participation of funding agencies such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations and Commonwealth Agencies, to facilitate assessment, development, implementation and monitoring of the immediate, short- and long-term programmes and to provide the necessary guidance/approvals. The Central government established a National Early Warning System for Tsunami and Storm Surges in the Indian Ocean at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad since September 2007. The Interim Tsunami Warning Centre was operational at INCOIS as early as July 2005. As a special gesture, Central government exempted steel and cement for housing reconstruction from excise duty.

xvi / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Introduction: The Reconstruction Process

n the first year after the tsunami, restoration. Coordination and information-sharing efforts glimmerings of hope shone through the successfully crystallized early on, during the rescue and darkness of utter devastation and misery. relief stages. All coastal schools and churches were used Panic-stricken minds, flooded with as emergency centres, managed by government officials repeated thoughts of that fateful day, under the supervision of Deputy Collectors. Revenue found hope in the quick and proactive and uniformed officials executed rescue operations relief efforts, aided by the constant ferrying the affected to relief centres for first aid. A total counseling of volunteers and professionals. Restoration of 0.3 million people were evacuated and attended to in Iand reconstruction progressed on a steady and definite the relief centers. schedule – some housing projects in Kanyakumari and l Village Level and Taluk Level Coordination Committees Cuddalore districts were even completed in record time. were formed to monitor and help the rescue, relief and After urgent attention was given to the primary needs of rehabilitation activities health, psychosocial support, child protection, shelter, water l NGO Coordinating and Resource centres conducted and sanitation, and education, the focus of administration periodic meetings with NGOs to coordinate shifted to permanent reconstruction measures. These, in rehabilitation activities turn, boosted livelihood-support activities. With these l Collectors conducted coordination meetings with efforts, communities in coastal and adjoining villages NGOs involved in the construction of permanent were able to augment earning-capacity and improve their houses and other infrastructure with the departmental quality of life. The resultant economic prosperity since had officials. a ripple effect. Steps were also taken for averting a future tragedy, such as the one the December 26, 2004 tsunami l A District Coastal Zone Management Authority left in its wake. Bio-shield projects, shifting residences Committee was convened to regulate CRZ clearances away from vulnerable zones, improving communication wherever required. and warning mechanisms in coastal villages are being l District and village-level committees were formed to implemented. monitor the disbursement of relief materials, additional Working towards these achievements meant working relief fishing implements etc. towards restoration and rebuilding many aspects of l Comments and suggestions received from the individual and socioeconomic life in the affected community and NGO’s /CSO’s relating to rehabilitation communities. Different segments of society across all work were heard and grievances redressed at taluk and religions, castes, occupations and age groups needed district level. attention. Fishing and non-fishing communities are not l Village Information and Communication Technology homogeneous groups, and the elderly, scheduled castes (VCT) centres were started for the benefit of the (SC), scheduled tribes (ST), physically-challenged persons, tsunami-hit people. women and children have their own special needs. All l Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority organized agencies responded creditably, complementing the state Lok Adalats to hear claims from the tsunami-affected government’s efforts and initiatives. Coordination and l Petitions related to school tuition-fee exemption were information-sharing were the first overarching strategies announced for school and college students, relief adopted by GoTN and partners. declared for loss of assets, and necessary benefits Coordination and Information-sharing canalized for all genuine applications. l The Government of Tamil Nadu maintains a very Various personal and institutional communication detailed website www.tn.gov.in/tsunami which gives channels facilitated multi-sectoral and multi-agency constant updates on the program. All government efforts towards assessment of damage, recovery and orders issued so far, the envirnomental and social

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 1 framework adopted for the extremely wided projects and provides links for other departments and NGO’s. Damage was assessed in consultation with the community by: l the Revenue Department: houses, infrastructure, livelihood; l the Rural Department (if rural), by the Municipal Adminsitration Town Panchayat (if urban): roads, water facilities and sanitation requirement; l the Agriculture and Horticulture Departments: agriculture, crop damage, etc.; l the Fisheries Department: damage to boats, nets etc.; l the Forest Department and UNDP: ecological damage, Reverse Osmosis plant @Tirumullaivasal vulnerability mapping etc.; l WHO: damage to health-care facilities; l UNICEF: separated and orphaned children and management of hospital waste advocated in the newly- trafficking; built housing colonies furthered the ecological cause in tsunami-affected areas. De-silting and dredging works were l the Highways Department: damaged roads, bridges etc; and carried out at the estuaries, agricultural fields desalinated, and ground water sources restored to restore livelihoods l TWAD board: damage to the water-supply system and of fishermen and agriculturists respectively. Cultivation sewage lines. of shelterbelts along the coast meant protection from l TNEB: power lines and street lights. the sea in any future incidence of high waves. In certain This resulted in increased and fruitful interaction places, these plantations in the memory of lost lives also between the community and district administrations. comforted the survivors. Various coordinating agencies such as NGO Coordination and Resource Centre (NCRC), Ecological considerations stopped certain agricultural lands being Kanyakumari Rehabilitation Resource Centre (KRRC), Tamil Nadu Tsunami Resource Centre used for shelter projects. (TNTRC) and district information resource- centres helped by regularly disseminating government policies, programmes and orders achieving a two-way flow of information from district Ensuring Social Equity to state and from state to district. These resource-centres The GoTN, and a host of other agencies had the task of have provided a neutral platform for discussion, debate, simultaneously carrying out rehabilitation in different learning and capacity-building. They have networked with sectors, with the needs in every sector more urgent than government, NGOs, community, donors and research those in every other sector. Though the impact of the institutions to create systems for provision of reliable, tsunami was more visible on the fishing community, relevant and timely information. It is possible that some there are innumerable supporting livelihood activities of the committees and agencies functioning in the state tied to the fishing economy that were as much affected. will eventually be disbanded when the rehabilitation The tsunami rendered sections of the coastal community process is complete. However, the process of transparent that were already marginalized and socio-economically information-sharing and grievance-redressal seen in the disadvantaged, more vulnerable. Issues pertaining to people tsunami rehabilitation programme has set a trend for other engaged in non-fishing occupations (sea shell collectors, government programmes. backwater fishers, inland fishers, fishing-related allied and support activities, landless labourers, salt-pan labourers, Ecological Considerations etc), socially disadvantaged communities (SC, ST such Ecological considerations and eco-restoration was the as Irulas, most backward communities location-specific second overarching strategy that underlined the entire minorities such as Muslim habitations in Cuddalore process of infrastructure-development and shelter- district), and individuals such as women (single women, construction. Detailed guidelines and checklists for widows, women deserted post-tsunami, young orphan construction focused on the rational use of natural widows, women who became sole bread winners, etc), resources, causing minimum damage to the ecosystem persons with disability (PWDs) including those suffering and protection of the inhabitants. Compliance to CRZ post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the elderly, was made mandatory in principle in the government’s gained sharp focus as the recovery and reconstruction housing reconstruction policy, though in some pockets programmes proceeded. it met with some resistance. Restoration of ground water The GoTN placed social equity firmly on its agenda had implications on provision of quality drinking water as as a cross-cutting theme in the recovery process. This well as on availability of irrigation for agriculture. Solid- included setting up three special schools, three vocational waste management, waste-water management and also training centres, special identification camps for PWDs,

2 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 three children’s homes, two special service homes for women, and various district administrations’ openness in responding to local equity demands. Though there were no changes in the policies for elders, priority allotment of houses near the relatives/caretakers as preferred by the aged, and better services at old age homes etc., were ensured. Permission was granted to NGOs to construct 52 houses for the poverty-stricken Adi Dravidar people at Chidambaram; SHGs were formed and promoted to improve the economic status of women in the affected areas. Permanent houses were provided by various district administrations to 372 families belonging to the Irular tribe at six habitations. The Government Special Children Home was built at Cuddalore and handed over to the Social Welfare Department for 63 tsunami orphans. Several NGOs/INGOs and activists brought their expertise to effectively address issues of social equity. Some notable examples include building shelters and giving relief Back to work to SCs and STs; highlighting livelihood losses of groups like sea-shell collectors; identifying and assisting the mentally ill and the affected elderly; devising innovative Reconstruction and Resettlement interventions such as Elder SHGs (ESHGs); giving assets Power and water supply were restored in all the affected to women and SCs; developing tools like the vulnerability areas within 48 hours of the tsunami. Most affected matrix and social equity audit; documenting the impact schools reopened within two weeks. Apart from 33,750 on women; anchoring interventions from a human rights temporary shelters, the state government reconstructed or perspective and, most importantly, involving the affected restored 225 schools, five hospitals, 142-child welfare and in planning and implementing recovery programmes. community centres, 114 cyclone shelters, 2250 hectares Emboldened by measures towards equitable of mangrove and 4800 hectors of shelterbelt plantation. rehabilitation, hitherto oppressed and excluded groups Five high-level bridges, 775 km of roads, two ports, 11 also realized their right to articulate their needs. For fishing harbours, and 10 fish-landing centers are being example, fisherwomen realizing the need to penetrate the constructed. Housing reconstruction for the 53,290 male stronghold of traditional decision-making bodies; houses in the first phase will be completed by September SCs in allied activities voicing their demand for relief and 2009. Till 31.7.08, GoTN has handed over 35,401 houses rehabilitation as ‘primary’ affected people. to beneficiaries. Eligible non-fishing communities were treated on Besides these rehabilitation efforts, the state has par with fishing communities. Special care was taken to prepared vulnerability maps for the entire coast. provide assistance to all eligible non-fishing communities Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP) is especially women and the elderly. The government’s being prepared for the sustainable development of coastal decision to mandate home-ownership in the name of both areas. the husband and wife is also part of the same agenda, in this The much touted slogan “Building Back Better” is a case, with regard to improve the quality of life for women. reality as can be seen from the following. Three orphanages have been opened for children rendered • Post-tsunami health and sanitation was found to be orphans in the districts of Cuddalore, Nagapattinam and improved as per a March 2005 WHO study. Kanyakumari. Orphaned adolescent girls are admitted in service homes run by state besides two new service homes • Schools restarted with minimum break and a greater that have been opened for the purpose. Each orphaned focus on children’s education, with scholarships for 10 child was granted a security deposit of up to Rs. 5,00,000 years from the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund. for further education and self-employment. Unmarried • Orphans were placed, protected in government homes orphaned girls were given technical training to acquire and their future secured with bank deposits. vocational skills. Old-age pension schemes were extended • There was a fresh focus on marginalized communities to cover all those rendered destitute by the calamity. like the Irulas and depressed classes. • Women-centric livelihood activities Women from Rasapettai, an isolated stretch of sand reachable only by increased: more than 600,000 women were waterways, prior to the tsunami had been able to obtain information formed into 61,000 SHGs. about current events and important government programmes from • Risk insurance became part of economic assistance. the television and from their local village leader. They now obtained information about relief and rehabilitation schemes directly from the • Tsunami farmers’ SHGs linked up with scientific institutions to desalinate soils and District Collector by either calling his office or going there in person to restore soil health. claim the entitlements they were promised.

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 3 Brand new settlement at Akkiraipettai, Nagapattinam

• Disaster resistant houses built with increased • There is greater awareness and respect for coastal investment. At the end of Phase I (2009) more than ecology. 53,000 families will be in safer, stronger houses, which • Psycho-social support and social equity have gained are also insured for 10 years. attention. • Amenities like sanitation and water supply are now of • Newer, larger facilities now exist for care of children, a higher standard. physically challenged persons, older citizens and for • Better all-weather roads and bridges have been built in trauma care. vulnerable locations. • Community-based veterinary workers are being trained • Improved ports, harbours and fish-landing centres have in basic animal care as an employment-option linked been built. with provision of services at the doorsteps of users. • Better quality, longer lasting boats and safety equipment The GoTN, with the help of GOI and the World have been procured. Bank, is working on a massive vulnerability-reduction • Coastal communities are better connected with wireless programme by reconstruction of formerly-vulnerable sets/early warning systems and better trained to cope houses up to 1000 meters from the coast, 997 early with disasters through programmes like the Disaster warning systems, 150 evacuation routes, 78 emergency Risk-Management Programme. shelters and other disaster risk-management features. By the year 2009, GoTN aims to build a model disaster- • A massive plantation programme has been taken up to resistant infrastructure with a vibrant, disaster-resilient build an effective coastal buffer. coastal community.

4 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 section ONE: shelter and infrastructure

n estimated 53,290 homes were still living in temporary shelters at the end of the second destroyed and 11,694 houses year, teams were formed to look after these shelters. damaged in Tamil Nadu. The entire However, space/location and building-material issues physical infrastructure, though cropped up due to the short deadlines and some shelters sparing along the coast, was also were built on fairly unsatisfactory locations. The initial destroyed, including facilities for damage assessment also proved inadequate, as the number fishing and related occupations. The of required shelters increased subsequently. The GoTN damage was estimated at US$ 880 million. Multilateral and partners, in short, needed to provide more than their organizations,A donors, NGOs, religious organizations, estimated number of shelters at a faster pace and with civil societies, and corporations provided phenomenal better quality. logistic, monetary and technical support for housing In consultation with NGOs, UNDP and other experts, reconstruction. GoTN evolved guidelines to ensure that, in future, temporary shelters would be built to better minimum Temporary Shelters standards. The details can be seen in Annexure 1. One of the earliest Government Orders, G.O. Ms No 10 Revenue (NCIII) Department, dated 06-01-2005 was Long-term Rehabilitation and Reconstruction for building of temporary shelters. Living in relief camps Policy was inconvenient and the schools and marriage halls that housed the displaced families, also needed to be emptied. 1. Those living very close to sea shore and wishing to be Temporary, interim shelters had to be made ready but relocated were shifted to safer sites. within a short period of time. 2. The affected were provided not only housing but also a community hall, cyclone shelters, proper roads, Land and Construction: Some Issues Faced sanitation, children’s park, etc. Wherever possible, shelters were built as close to previous 3. Different sewage treatment systems were proposed for habitations as possible. Landowners were approached different locations depending on their size, number of for permission to use land for temporary shelters, until houses, type of soil, gradient, water table etc. permanent shelters were built. 4. Forest Department proposed to create an eco-friendly Additional funds provided for maintenance were used to atmosphere by planting more trees. change damaged roofs, remove stagnated water etc. Officials 5. Certain areas were identified for potential sea-erosion of the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board and Water Supply and and rubble-mound wall-construction was also Drainage Board maintained uninterrupted electricity and proposed. water-supply, and fire service tenders were kept ready at 6. Disaster-resistant houses with built-in basic amenities various points. A fire in a thatched-roofed local school in were proposed. Kumbakonam, earlier in 2004, claimed the lives of 90 young 7. A good communication network would decrease the children. This tragedy was still fresh in everybody’s minds response time to a disaster. and the use of thatched roofs was ruled out in temporary shelters. All the basic amenities were ensured. 8. Awareness would be generated on the do’s and don’ts for different hazards. The state government allotted Rs. 2,000 per shelter for improvements so that they would survive until permanent houses were constructed. GoTN allotted Rs 5.46 crore for Beneficiary Lists this purpose. The administration and NGOs constructed Every district formed verification teams for submitted temporary houses in a combined effort at a cost between Rs. survivor lists, headed by tahsildars. By February-March, 8,000 to 20,000 per house. As a number of families were 2005 the state housing reconstruction policy was finalized

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 5 after a comprehensive survey of more than 2,70,000 Community Participation families. A copy of the questionnaire is in Annexure 2. After Regular meetings were held with people/ SHGs to ascertain rejecting those ineligible, a tentative list of beneficiaries their needs to plan housing and livelihood projects. was prepared and published in public places, temporary Genuine demands were incorporated and unacceptable shelters and at NGO offices. Tentative lists were drawn up ones discarded. For example, initial specifications did and cross-checked by organizations like District Resource not provide for staircases: but after discussions with the Centres and other NGOs through surveys. community these were incorporated to provide an escape The final lists were given to religious leaders who read route in an emergency. them out at churches, as in Kanyakumari; they were put In Kancheepuram, communities came forward up at public places and a list of these places was widely to demolish their houses and hand over the site for re- advertised in newspapers and applications invited for the construction activities. Most communities voluntarily inclusion of names. Applicants had to produce proof in expressed willingness to shift to their newly constructed the form of documents (family ration card, voter identity homes. The NGOs finalized the plans in consultation with card, tsunami relief token etc.). Even after finalising the list the beneficiaries. of beneficiaries, applications for allotment of permanent houses were received. These were also scrutinised and a SIFFS Ensured Community-participation in supplementary list drawn up. Only those who had lost houses were included. In some districts, names of minors Construction had to be included nominating their nearest kin as The South Indian Federation of Fishermen’s Societies their guardian. (SIFFS), formed to primarily tackle marketing, provided Problems were encountered in South Chennai and many benchmarks in the post-tsunami reconstruction some other places when the well-knit fishing communities programmeme. Involved in the construction of 2000 did not allow the teams to conduct enumeration. District houses in the villages of Tharangambadi and Chinnangudi Collectors convened meetings to assure them that they in Nagapattinam the SIFFS’ reconstruction process was would not be evicted and would also get houses near based on local participation. The project design involved the shore. The communites debated every issue very the community right from the selection of the plan and thoroughly, but their fears of eviction overcame their own design of the houses, taking into account the villagers’ promises of cooperation and considerably delayed the choices and aspirations. To manage the construction resettlement process in these areas. processes better by effecting decentralization and to bring about transparency in functioning, SIFFS formed Land Acquisition clusters in the project villages of Tharangambadi (46) and Chinnangudi (13). Each cluster consisted of 20-25 houses The Government allotted Rs. 45.87 crore for the acquisition and had a cluster committee of four to five members, of private patta lands for the construction of permanent at least one of whom was a woman. A paid cluster houses to the Tsunami affected victims. A district-level volunteer was also chosen, as was a cluster engineer (in negotiation committee headed by the District Collector charge of the quality of construction and other technical was empowered to purchase land to build permanent and social inputs for construction activities). Alongside, shelters in the tsunami-affected villages. each potential home owner was expected to monitor Land was acquired from private owners, temples and the construction of his/her home. The cluster volunteer the Wakf Board (Islamic religious trust) at a maximum supervised this participation, and kept track of on-site of 200 per cent of the market value or guideline value, progress of construction activities. He coordinated with whichever was lower. Suitable Government poromboke the cluster engineer who also maintained reports on lands were also utilized for the construction of permanent home-owner and was aided in his work by Community houses. Development Officers. Cluster committee members and the cluster volunteer were trained to assess construction quality and follow construction activities. The cluster engineer underwent frequent training about different phases of construction. SIFFS brought in architects from Kerala and Tamil Nadu and actually built model houses for the community to be able to take an informed decision. Even though most beneficiaries chose a particular model and the actual construction of models took time, the exercise helped in better understanding of the dynamics of house building. Housing was never looked at merely as a construction activity but as a habitation-reconstruction process. The greater the community’s involvement, the higher the satisfaction levels. It did not matter then, even when the process was a bit slow. Satisfaction levels were certainly lower in the case of temporary shelters. People were left to choose between a repaired or a new house. Since some Women’s meeting in Poompuhar

6 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Amount spent spent Amount

40.029 -- 0.100 0.600 0.030 0.349 7.390 29.630 0.190 1.740 0.000 (21) Cost of of Cost sanction Amount acquisition acquisition

(Rs. in Crores) in (Rs.

45.870 -- 1.00 2.00 0.10 1.00 7.67 30.00 0.10 2.00 2.00 (20) No. of locations locations of No.

10 -- 1 6 0 0 1 0 2 0 0

(19) Total

19.700 -- 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.700 0.000 0.000 0.000 (18) Insitu

55.410 -- 0 0 0 0 0 55.410 0 0 0 (17) Temple lands Temple 0 -- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (16)

Balance to be acquired be acquired to Balance Private Lands Private

0.000 -- 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 (15)

lands Govt. Poromboke Poromboke Govt.

0 -- 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 (14) No. of locations of No.

196 -- 3 27 10 19 23 71 10 31 2 (13) Total

630.659 0.000 24.335 16.784 16.450 49.690 40.330 309.005 53.805 117.050 3.210 (12) Insitu

25.255 -- 0 0 0 15.900 0 9.355 0 0 0 (11) Temple lands Temple

57.705 -- 0 0.000 0 4.045 0 53.660 0 0 0 (10) Private Lands Private Already acquired in hectares in hectares acquired Already

441.035 -- 10.645 8.940 2.685 25.14 30.210 217.260 33.605 112.550 0 (9)

lands Govt. Poromboke Poromboke Govt.

106.664 -- 13.690 7.844 13.765 4.605 10.120 28.730 20.200 4.500 3.210 (8) No. of locations of No.

206 -- 4 33 10 19 24 71 12 31 2

(7) Total

650.359 -- 24.335 16.784 16.450 49.690 40.330 328.705 53.805 117.050 3.210 (6) Insitu

80.665 -- 0 0 0 15.900 0 64.765 0 0 0 (5) Temple lands Temple

55.925 -- 0 0.000 0 4.045 0 51.880 0 0 0 (4) Private Lands Private

Extent of Land Required in hectares in hectares Required Land of Extent 426.785 -- 10.645 8.940 2.685 25.14 30.210 203.010 33.605 112.550 0 (3)

Poromboke lands Poromboke Govt. / / Govt.

86.984 -- 13.690 7.844 13.765 4.605 10.120 9.050 20.200 4.500 3.210 (2)

District Name of the the of Name Total Tanjavur Tiruvallur Kanchee puram Kanchee Toothukudi Villupuram Kanniyakumari Nagapattinam Tirunelveli Cuddalore Chennai (1) T able 1: A cquisition of L ands for construction houses in the sunami affected areas as on 30.06.2008

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 7 people later thought that they were missing out on a new The Church especially in Kanyakumari district, played house, a fresh choice on old or new locations was also a constructive role in coordinating with NGOs in the offered. Whenever the district administration was faced district and complemented the administration. Meetings with intra-community or intercommunity conflicts about between the Bishop, Collector and NGO representatives shelter, which were few and far between, they were settled led to many alternative plans of action and the at the local level. SIFFS demonstrated its people-centric administration gained the confidence of the stakeholders social housing model in Poothurai where beneficiaries and beneficiaries. Almost 4000 houses were surveyed, were fully involved as a part of the construction team. and repaired through the church in Kanyakumari alone. Other organisations like Mata Amritanandamayi Math, Role of NGOs in House Construction the Ramakrishna Mission and many Islamic organisations Willing NGOs, already familiar with social welfare also joined hands with District Collectors to ensure speedy activities, were selected and permitted to construct houses construction. in tsunami-affected localities. They signed a Memorandum As mentioned above, many NGOs generously adopted of Understanding (MoU) with the Collector of the district sites to construct new permanent shelters but lacked though a few NGOs constructed houses without signing an capacity and experience in construction. Also some NGOs MoU. With some exceptions, there were different NGOs were not local and that resulted in programmematic for temporary and permanent construction. In a few cases, difficulties. GoTN provided them the necessary support the NGOs replaced and complemented each other. and also effectively facilitated the use of time and resources A copy of the draft MoU is in Annexure 3. While offered by them. Gujarat (after the massive earthquake that hit the state in 2001) followed a simple MoU signed at the state level, Guidelines for Construction Tamil Nadu decided on a detailed MoU. This offered role It is a popular myth that fishermen like to live in huts. clarity and decentralized the actual agreement as District After the tsunami, families opted for concrete houses. Collectors of the nine districts where construction was to Once their opinion was obtained, then the model was take place, were better suited to follow-up with NGOs. placed before District Level Committee for approval. This ensured speedy approvals and better coordination. Environmental guidelines for building the infrastructure were followed. The type and design of the construction were sent to Public Works Department for approval and for certification whether the construction was resistant to earthquake, floods and other natural calamities. The soil test of the site was also made before construction. Local NGOS and the coordination centres especially the Nagapattinam Coordination and Resource Centre played a vital role in ensuring that the guidelines for construction were strictly observed. Widespread adoption of hazard-resistant construction practices throughout the construction programmeme is one of the key achievements of the rebuilding exercise. Whenever there was complaint about the quality, the site was inspected by the Shelter Advisory Group that traveled across the districts and stopped construction. While Gujarat adopted an outside agency for this task, Tamil Nadu government did not go in for this model as the owner driven construction was practically ‘nil’ in Tamil Nadu and the houses were built Meeting with Beneficiaries by only t he NGO’s/Donors and government agencies.

Area specific land specific plans were carried out. In Villupuram district, since 90% of the required lands were obtained as gift, the question of land acquisition did not arise. In Chennai, no private land has been acquired. Land belonging to Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board in the coastal area of South Chennai has been identified for the construction of permanent houses for the Tsunami affected families living in Nochi Kuppam to Srinivasapuram. In North Chennai, M/s Hindustan Lever Ltd graciously donated 4.59 acres of land for housing about 960 families. A GOI institution, All India Radio agreed to part with 34.09 acres of land in Tiruvottiyur for housing 3616 families. In some districts, the NGOs purchased land and donated the same to the District Administration by means of gift settlement. All rules and regulations regarding the land acquisition policy were community-centric. Though the decision making process was slow in most cases people have taken well-informed choices. The well-knit fisher communities debated every issue very thoroughly. Stakeholders examined the Housing Reconstruction policy that came out at the end of March 2005 and were generally appreciative of the people - centric approach of the policy. The policy also outlined GoTN‘s intentions to go by the letter and spirit of the coastal regulatory zone notifications of GoI.

8 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Detailed planning for Rasapettai resettlement, Cuddalore district

Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department in Table 2: Budget sanctioned for the the rural areas and Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board in the urban areas are engaged in building the houses apart government built housing projects from the NGO’s. Each house will have an area of 325 sq.ft. with disaster resistant features and all amenities Districts Amount (Crore) would cost on an average Rs.2.50 lakh (Rs.2.10 lakh for Chennai 277.98 the house and Rs.0.40 lakh for amenities – later raised to Cuddalore 6.594 Rs. 2.78 lakh by GoTN for the year 2007 – 08). The Kancheepuram 11.823 Unit cost of permanent houses built by NGO’s/Donors was in the range of Rs.1.5 lakh to Rs.3 lakh depending Villupuram 9.45 on the place. They are also insured for ten years against Nagapattinam 16.485 14 different hazards for which Rs.1000 per house is Thoothukudi 6.2775 provided. Total 328.6095 Permanent Shelters The number of houses proposed in the first phase was * Rs. 261.85 crore was sanctioned by the World Bank and 53,293. Besides this, 11,694 houses have been repaired in ETRP, and Rs. 20.88 crore under the RGRP programmeme the districts. Apart from the originally proposed number for Chennai. of houses, additional houses are being constructed by NGOs in varying locations for Irulars (Scheduled Tribes), Shelters for the Marginal Population Adidravidars (Scheduled Castes) and people below the GoTN proactively reached out to the poorest and most poverty line. Of these newly constructed houses, 35,401 disadvantaged sections of the community and carried out have been handed over to beneficiaries, 4,291 houses commendable restoration and reconstruction activities are various stages of construction, to be handed over on for the marginal and underprivileged. Houses were completion. The government has also sanctioned Rs. repaired/ reconstructed for Irulas in Cuddalore, SC/ST 88.32 crore for building 3912 houses that were originally in Nagapattinam and other backward castes, for nomadic planned by NGOs that later withdrew from the initiative. tribes moving from place to place selling artefacts, women, Construction of these houses was taken up for families non-fishing support services, and vendors. whose houses were not damaged by tsunami. These In Cuddalore, land acquisition and housing families belong to the most disadvantaged sections of the construction was completed in a record time of an year. In society like Irulas (Scheduled Traibe), agricultural laborers, Devanampattinam, the worst hit village, 647 houses were fish workers and families who are living very close to the completed within an year. Where 2,323 houses were needed sea in Kanyakumari district who face frequent disastrous about 5,000 houses were offered by NGOs. At that stage, situations due to rise of sea level. coverage was widened to include poor fishermen, vendors,

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 593 382 74 74 8577 2641 Total Total 12556 0 0 0 0 0 336 342 9 9 0 8577 2565 12028 Urban Urban Not yet started yet Not Not yet started yet Not 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 40 257 0 528 65 65 Rural Rural - - 0 0 0 0 617 563 224 238 86 tion tion 3111 tion tion - con 4473 No. of of No. under under 279 houss houss 365 struc No. of of No. under under houss houss construc 0 0 0 0 51 51 52 yet yet 42 over over to be to 105 376 693 244 No. of of No. over over 1535 houses houses No. of of No. handed houses houses handed yet to be to yet 676 468 5529 2592 1444 2323 3481 2439 ed 2016 6043 3090 No. of of No. 34725 15788 houses houses handed No. of of No. hand - houses houses 781 844 3523 2592 3141 1444 2323 6736 5580 2439 2068 34725 16032 Grand Grand Total Grand Grand Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 468 6736 7204 Total Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 468 0 0 0 6736 7204 Urban by Govt. by Urban by Govt. by 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rural Rural 0 781 376 3523 2592 1444 2223 2068 Total 16032 29056 No. of houses Completed Completed houses of No. 3141 No. of houses Completed Completed houses of No. 5580 Total 2439 0 0 0 671 142 1175 1597 1661 5046 10292 Urban by NGO by 1773 1192 2885 Urban 0 by NGO by 376 995 639 662 1397 1444 2348 18764 10986 Rural 1327 1368 2695 Rural 3723 2592 1444 2323 1005 3067 4086 15313 19736 53289 Grand Grand Total 3227 2792 6019 Grand Grand Total 0 0 0 775 563 224 3347 2035 15313 22257 Total 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0 0 0 325 892 3033 0 0 0 Urban 15313 19563 by Govt. Govt. by Urban by Govt. Govt. by 0 0 0 0 563 314 450 224 1143 2694 0 0 0 Rural Rural 0 781 376 3523 2592 1444 2323 2292 17701 Total 31032 3227 2792 Total 6019 0 0 0 No. of houses proposed for construction construction for proposed houses of No. 142 850 1175 1597 1661 5998 No. of houses proposed for construction construction for proposed houses of No. 11423 Urban by NGO by 1811 1138 2949 Urban by NGO by 0 376 995 639 662 1444 1442 2348 11703 19609 Rural 1416 1654 3070 Rural Ref: www.tn.gov.in/tsunami www.tn.gov.in/tsunami Ref: 20.09.2006 Department Dated: 625 Revenue vide G.O.Ms.No has sanctioned Rs. 63.00 crore out houses to which Government includes NGO Backed ** It Tamilnadu Tamilnadu Kanniyakumari Tirunelveli Thoothukudi Nagapattinam Cuddalore Villupuram Tamil Nadu Tamil Tiruvallur Kanniya Kanniya kumar Kancheepuram Cuddalore Name of the the Name of District Name of the the Name of District Chennai T able 4: C onstruction of additional houses - Phase- I as on 30-06-2008 T able 3: Houses proposed for construction, completed* Phase- I (as on 30.06.2008)

10 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 coolies living in vulnerable houses, Irula tribespeople and which get easily damaged in case of natural calamities are SC families, who lost their livelihood. By July 2006, all the categorized as vulnerable houses. Disaster resistant houses houses were completed. Entire rehabilitation work will be are built for those living in poorly constructed houses done in three years time. and dilapidated houses in the vulnerable areas of coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. The state Government has issued CRZ Guidelines and Permanent Houses in necessary orders for reconstruction of vulnerable houses Vulnerable Areas lying 200 meters from the HTO and from the backwaters Special emphasis was laid on shifting the entire habitation and IAY and other Government financed houses, which to the new location in order to keep communities together. are lying within 1000 meters from the HTL, under the The sites selected were mostly close to their previous RGRP with assistance from Union Government. homes but preferably beyond 200 meters from high-tide Survey teams were formed to enumerate vulnerable line (HTL) as observed physically on the ground. houses within 1000 meters of the HTL and 200 meters GoTN had to perform a balancing act by shifting from the backwaters. A tahsildar cadre officer and one affected fishing communities to safer places without Deputy Collector-level officer monitored the survey. The distancing them from the coast and the sea, which is their team leader, assistant team leader and the enumerating work place. The importance of relocation was explained staff were given trained to classify houses. In Kanyakumari to them. The government engaged the tsunami-affected people living in vulnerable houses were also enumerated for proactively in the site selection process to attain community relocation or accommodation in houses to be constructed consensus. In Nagapattinam, no construction activities under the Rajiv Gandhi rehabilitation package. were taken up within 200 meters of HTL. Based on the survey conducted by the District Collectors from coastal districts, a total of 55293 houses Vulnerable houses have been identified as vulnerable to natural calamities While implementing the tsunami housing programme, for replacement with disaster resistant houses. To begin the state government realised that many poor families with the state government sanctioned Rs. 552 crore for are living very close to the sea and are vulnerable to the the construction of 22000 houses in-situ at the rate of Rs. damages caused by frequent natural disasters like flood, 2.38 lakh per house, Rs. 40000 per house for providing cyclone etc. These families were not affected by tsunami basic amenities and Rs. 1000 towards insurance under but were highly vulnerable because of the proximity to the RGRP. The houses are constructed by Department of Rural sea and the poor construction of the dwelling units, which Development and Pachayat Raj in rural areas of Tamil exposed their poor income status. The chief minister of Nadu and by Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board in urban Tamil Nadu after a review of the Tsunami programme on areas. The remaining 31565 vulnerable houses are being 24th June 2006, decided to launch a housing programme replaced with disaster resistant houses with the help of to provide disaster resistant houses of higher standards to World Bank. The construction of houses in vulnerable areas all these families. is also complimented by construction of cyclone shelters, Thatched houses, tiled houses with mud walls or dried evacuation routes, early warning systems etc., to protect the bricks and non-engineered, poorly constructed houses, coastal people against any calamity in the future. Table 5: District-wise number of vulnerable houses proposed for reconstruction as on June 30, 2008

Rural Urban IAY Houses Houses 200 Houses Houses 200 Houses to District Grand 1000 m m from back Total 1000 m m from back Total be recon- Total from HTL waters from HTL waters structed Kancheepuram 253 142 395 154 0 154 94 643 Nagapattinam 3133 34 3167 988 111 1099 149 4415 Tiruvallur 776 236 1012 6026 0 6026 335 7373 Tirunelveli 2610 0 2610 Nil Nil Nil 108 2718 Thanjavur 2665 0 2665 Nil Nil Nil 463 3128 Ramanathapuram 10399 0 10399 424 0 424 Nil 10823 Villupuram 4490 0 4490 Nil Nil Nil 302 4792 Cuddalore 695 0 695 911 554 1465 Nil 2160 Kanyakumari 2004 0 2004 2697 0 2697 832 5533 Thoothukudi 2263 0 2263 879 0 879 2192 5334 Pudukkottai 4808 286 5094 Nil Nil Nil 556 5650 Total 34096 698 34794 12079 665 12744 5031 52569

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 11 Housing colony in Chemmancheri, Chennai

Housing colony in Chemmancheri, Chennai

Brand new settlement at Akkiraipettai, Nagapattinam

Honourable Chief Minister handing over the house key

House warming in Cuddalore

12 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 House with extended shop in Villupuram District

A lived-in house in Villupuram

Kitchen of a house in Villupuram

Family in the newly built house, Chinnandikuppam Family in the newly built house, Chinnandikuppam

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 13 Table 6: Details of construction of vulnerable houses in Phase -II (0-200 Mt) Rajiv Gandhi Package -- as on 30.06.2008

Rural Urban IAY and other Govt. Grand Total S. Name of District No. Insti- Reloca- Insti- Reloca- Total Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total tution tion tution tion 1 Kancheepuram 157 0 157 34 0 34 240 0 240 397 34 431 2 Tiruvallur 1237 0 1237 518 82 600 2225 0 2225 3462 600 4062 3 Villupuram 182 0 182 361 0 361 258 53 311 440 414 854 4 Cuddalore 279 197 476 165 1418 1583 1288 0 1288 1764 1583 3347 5 Nagapattinam 14 38 52 63 190 253 35 9 44 87 262 349 6 Pudukottai 1142 0 1142 0 0 0 1201 0 1201 2343 0 2343 7 Thanjavur 364 210 574 0 0 0 720 0 720 1294 0 1294 8 Thoothukudi 54 95 149 0 1656 1656 633 249 882 782 1905 2687 9 Tirunelveli 930 0 930 0 0 0 934 0 934 1864 0 1864 10 Ramanathapuram 2153 698 2851 269 494 763 1350 348 1698 4201 1111 5312 11 Kanniyakumari 880 149 1029 372 249 621 1618 378 1996 2647 999 3646 TOTAL 7392 1387 8779 1782 4089 5871 10502 1037 11539 19281 6908 26189

Table 7: Details of construction of vulnerable houses in Phase -II (0-200 Mt) World Bank Package -- as on 30.06.2008

Rural Urban Grand Total. S. Name of District Insti Reloca Insti Reloca No. Total Total Rural Urban Total tution tion tution tion 1 Kancheepuram 0 4 4 0 0 0 4 0 4 2 Tiruvallur 80 0 80 1972 1276 3248 80 3248 3328 3 Villupuram 1499 503 2002 1076 136 1212 2002 1212 3214 4 Cuddalore 309 16 325 0 0 0 325 0 325 5 Nagapattinam 2766 232 2998 750 78 828 2998 828 3826 6 Pudukottai 1741 660 2401 0 0 0 2401 0 2401 7 Thanjavur 1052 948 2000 0 0 0 2000 0 2000 8 Thoothukudi 1113 424 1537 67 102 169 1537 169 1706 9 Tirunelveli 1422 0 1422 0 0 0 1422 0 1422 10 Ramanathapuram 5067 1745 6812 851 636 1487 6812 1487 8299 11 Kanniyakumari 1221 150 1371 1739 409 2148 1371 2148 3519 TOTAL 16270 4682 20952 6455 2637 9092 20952 9092 30044

Roads, Bridges and Public Buildings providing temporary ‘crossings’ where cross-drainage work Rebuilding infrastructure such as roads, bridges and public had been washed away. Roads near houses were supported utility buildings is cost-intensive and requires specific by WB, and ADB supported link roads between villages/ knowledge, expertise, heavy equipment and machinery towns and in municipal areas. for construction and therefore, was almost completely Importantly, restoration of infrastructure involved undertaken by the state government. Roads, bridges and not just rebuilding damaged structures but also building public buildings are used not just during normal times critical and missing infrastructure. Community halls, but also during disasters for people to escape and take public distribution system (PDS) shops, fishing-related shelter. Restoration of these forms a critical part of the activity centres for use of fisherfolk etc. were constructed. rehabilitation process. Reconstruction of damaged public NGOs willing to work in that sector were asked to develop buildings and roads was quickly completed whereas children’s parks in villages. NGOs also contributed to internal rural roads and bridges were part of the medium- GoTN initiatives to repair and construct orphanage, old term plan. Restoration of roads included clearing debris, age homes and school buildings and to provide equipment repairing damaged surfaces and drainage channels and and educational material for schools.

14 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 The provision of infrastructure by Government related to two important areas; one, where the houses were coming up mostly with the assistance of NGO’s and the other to provide infrastructure in existing villages, towns and municipal areas. GoTN provided basic amenities such as water-supply and streetlights, hand-pumps and public taps to all the newly constructed residential colonies, except in Kanyakumari district, where NGOs covered these aspects of recovery. Rajasthan Government Initiative The Rajasthan Government joined the rehabilitation effort immediately, a team led by Shri.R.K. Meena, Secretary, Disaster Management visited the affected villages, as early as January 2005. The Government of Rajasthan also appointed the Avas Vikas Limited, a Government of Rajasthan undertaking which has considerable experience New bridge at Nagapattinam of reconstruction work in earth quake affected areas to build the structures for the tsunami areas. With the funds of Government of Rajasthan, M/s. Avas costing Rs. 1745.03 lakhs. The works involved construction Vikas Limited have carried out construction works in the of educational institutes and school buildings, hospitals tsunami affected Districts of Kancheepuram, Villupuram and laboratories, fish drawing yards, cyclone shelters and and Cuddalore Districts. They have completed 42 works other public utility buildings.

Table 8: Construction of public utility buildings initiated by State Government Departments

Implementing agency Building / Projects Number Department of Public Works Cyclone shelters 113 Public buildings 5 Memorials 3 Buildings for Department of Veterinary Hospitals 89 Hospitals and Public Health Sub-centres 31 Schools and class rooms 64 Department of Rural Development Public buildings constructed 13 Public buildings work under progress 195 Commissioner of Town Panchayats Public Buildings completed 1 Public Buildings Work in progress 11 Commissioner of Municipal Administration Public Buildings completed 5 Public Buildings Work in progress 2

Old age home set up The first home for the aged for tsunami survivors is opened in Cuddalore district. Moved by the large-scale destruction to life and property by the tsunami, NDTV viewers had contributed generously. In association with HelpAge India, the village has been named after many people who made it possible. Details to be provided by DRO, RR, Cuddalore.

Community centre at Cuddalore

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 15 Table 9: Roads, bridges and public buildings completed so far

Roads Bridges Public Buildings Agency Status Km Rs. in lakh No. Rs. in lakh No. Rs. in lakh Proposed 165.84 2365.63 - - 206 553.55 Rural Development Department Completed 523 6200 8 21.68 13 535.10

Director of Town Proposed 135.35 2216.73 - - 25 55806 Panchayats Completed 134.63 2288 10 9.19 15 297.33

TN Highways Proposed 423.22 114.64 55 109.74 - - Department Completed 433.520 6136.48 2 174.09 - - Proposed 724.41 4697.00 55 221 685.10 Total Completed 959.535 13364.36 20 204.96 579 1261.81

Community Centre at Kanchipuram district

organizations and UNICEF distributed large tanks to store Water-supply water near relief camps and temporary shelters. Tankers The tsunami affected water supplies in five ways. carrying water then filled these tanks. Desalination plants 1. Destruction of the supply and distribution systems. have also been set up to provide potable water. 2. Inundation of surface sources and unprotected wells with sea water, sand, debris and in many cases faecal Water: A Priority Amenity matter from coastal areas where open defecation Immediate provision of shelter and food forms the most was common and sanitation facilities were largely important step in post-disaster management measures. Safe unimproved. drinking water leads the list of amenities to be provided. 3. Sub-surface saline intrusion of protected wells raising Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board lost no their salinity to such high levels so as to render them time in providing water to tsunami victims. Provision unusable. through high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tanks ensured 4. Saline water intrusion due to high water withdrawal uninterrupted supply in a short span of time. The Board rates. also repaired various damaged water supply sourced by fixing/ replacing pumping mains, pump-sets, creating new 5. Dramatic shifts in coastlines that wiped out entire sources, constructing pump rooms and public fountains community sites. within a few days. Bore-wells were dug wherever suitable In the immediate aftermath of the tsunami, survivors conditions were in place and hand-pumps provided. The relied for a short time on some unaffected sources and Board was given Rs. 8.50 crore under the Accelerated Rural bottled water. Various civil society as well as corporate Water Supply Programmeme and Rs. 14.25 crore from the

16 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Calamity Relief Fund for providing these facilities. The above amounts were also utilized to provide water-supply to permanent housing habitations. Of the 235 permanent shelters being constructed by district administrations, water supply has been provided so far to 193; supply to the remaining shelters is scheduled to be completed shortly. International agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) have lauded the role played by the Board in relief operations. The Board is now engaged in ensuring permanent solutions to the coastal areas. 41 projects have been taken up with the assistance of ADB at a cost of Rs 84.37 .crore. So far 30 water supply sub projects in the seven districts and 5 recharge structures in 4 districts are complete. Eight projects are under progress. Drinking water by Desalination in Chandrapadi - Nagerkoil district

Table 10: Habitations provided with public taps

District Corporation Municipality Rural Town Total Habitations Panchayats Though there were fears that the death toll due to disease Chennai 175 175 outbreaks after the tsunami was Cuddalore 88 56 144 likely to be as high as the tsunami Kancheepuram 187 80 267 itself, this did not happen. Quick Kanniyakumari 23 63 60 146 provision of quality drinking Nagapattinam 270 616 74 960 water and wide circulation of Thiruvallur 3 30 33 messages regarding importance Thoothukkudi 3 36 3 42 of water quality and sanitation Tirunelveli - 69 - 69 helped achieve this. Villupuram - 130 83 213

Grand total 2049

Lessons Learnt Sanitation It was learnt that most of the water supply infrastructure The entire disaster recovery effort has been marked by a damaged by the tsunami was located close to the coast. strong commitment to alleviate longer-term vulnerability This especially included bore-wells, open wells, pump- and poverty and improve quality of living. Advocacy rooms and pump-sets. It was decided to locate water- on sanitation and hygiene was part of this underlying supply infrastructure such as bore-wells, open wells and agenda. Unsanitary disposal of human waste results pump rooms etc. well away from the coast so as to avoid in contamination of water-supply sources and spread damage in future. of waterborne diseases. To protect public health and Secondary contamination of water was reported in environment, there is a need to plan appropriate water and some places but this was due to unhygienic handling of sanitation suitable for the community. While drinking water-supply installations such as tanks, public fountains water supply has improved in many rural areas, only a etc., by the local people. The local body needs to conduct third of Indians are reported to have access to sanitation periodic water quality monitoring to ensure supply of with over 64 per cent of houses having no toilets. The potable water to the public. percentage was higher in coastal areas and this was a clear Adequate awareness has to be created among local case of neglect on the part of everyone concerned – local communities with the participation of NGOs and governments, the community and the people. local bodies about the importance of water quality, Sanitation is the most important, but also the most environmental health, water-borne diseases etc. so as to difficult component of the tsunami rehabilitation avoid secondary contamination of water. The NGOs programmeme, with the low-lying nature of the land, operating in the area can collect water samples periodically high groundwater table, soil permeability issues etc. There and test them at the nearest Board laboratory by paying was a need to put up systems that were simple and easy nominal testing charges, with the participation of local to maintain, keeping in mind the costs involved not only body so as to ensure potable water supply. NGOs and in setting up, but also in maintaining the infrastructure. local water supply committee members should be supplied Since there were variants in different areas, there was no with simple water quality testing kits and people must be single solution to the problem. Each area needed to have a trained in their use. custom-made sanitation programmeme.

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 17 The coastal districts in Tamil Nadu provide a unique challenge and therefore relatively new innovative solutions such as DEWATS needed to be considered. Wherever necessary, GoTN has provided sewage treatment plants and made adequate budgetary arrangements for operation and maintenance though effort was made to keep it to the minimum. Experts on the construction of toilets have also held consultations with the stakeholders so that the systems are put to proper use. Raising awareness is crucial for the successful implementation of the sanitation programmeme. The Board shared information on the systems planned for the different areas so that awareness could be created amongst the communities, enabling them to make informed decisions based on ground realities and ensuring proper access to sanitation. Guidelines for sanitation were drawn up in consultation with the implementing agencies, consultants, academics and researchers, NGOs and CBOs involved in designing and implementing water-supply and sanitation projects. Sanitation systems were planned in 200 locations in reconstructed settlement sites in accordance with the guidelines. The main objectives were to ensure zero contamination of groundwater or surface water or surface Eco-friendly sanitation soil; and that the system should be easy to maintain. The guidelines could be broadly classified into engineering, operate and maintain the scheme themselves. The NGOs environment, process and cost considerations. Construction have completed sanitation schemes including estimated of sanitation facilities in coastal areas have seen some schemes as given in the following table: good practices and models that are technically feasible, environmentally compatible and socially acceptable so as to fit into the regular habits of the community. Table 11: Places of NGO Initiated Sanitation The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Sewerage Board is Schemes implementing 70 sanitation schemes with 16 packages to Village District NGO build permanent shelters under ETRP with World Bank assistance at a cost of Rs. 29.37 crore and two schemes at Kodimunai Kanniyakumari SWISS CARITAS Devanampattinam and Samanthampettai under Calamity Relief Fund. The operation and maintenance of the scheme Uppakkam Kanniyakumari CARITAS is to be entrusted to the contractor for one year. The cost required for operation and maintenance for a period of Akkaraipettai Nagapattinam TATO RELIEF COMMITTEE one year will be included in the contract and will be paid on successful maintenance of the scheme. During this Kameswaram Nagapattinam SCOPE period the contractor will train local body personnel to

Samanthanpettai sewage treatment plant

18 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Environmental sanitation interven- tions with community participation Sanitation projects exemplify how a multi-sector, multi-agency coordinated and participatory approach can effectively achieve environmental and welfare goals. Construction of basic sanitation facilities and campaign for hygiene awareness has helped minimize the risk of waterborne diseases. Community-level management and monitoring of water sources and sanitation facilities has helped to improve living conditions. Sanitary latrines have afforded a sense of privacy and security for women living in shelters. The participation of women in training to build latrines, repair hand-pumps, and mobilise neighbours on good hygiene and sanitation practices, has been instrumental in managing shelter conditions, and creating a sense of self-reliance and ownership over the assets that have been installed. • Assessment by a UNICEF-supported team in March 2006 showed that hygiene practices in shelters had deteriorated and were posing a health risk. UNICEF, with other partners, responded by mobilizing communities to keep shelters clean; improving access to water and sanitation facilities; introducing solid and liquid waste disposal systems and hygiene education; initiating community management of key water, sanitation and hygiene activities. • NGOs and CBOs were involved in the interventions through capacity-building, consultation and participation. • Supply and protection of water supply through installation of hand-pumps, regular testing of water, chlorination and other remedial methods. • Designing and building toilets and incinerators for discarded sanitary napkins. • IEC and health education programmes in solid waste management, waste water management, etc, for shelter communities. • Vector control measures undertaken through community-mapping of vulnerable areas and training in spraying. • Health care waste management introduced in some selected hospitals by providing training to more than 11,000 Medical Officers, nurses, paramedics and sanitary workers.

Photographs from top Baffled reactor, Eco-friendly toilet, Biogas settler, Sewage treatment plant

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 19 CHAPTER TWO: HEALTH, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SAFETY

anitation facilities formed a crucial part Health of the amenities with far reaching im- The state has a strong public health and medical services plications on health, environment and infrastructure. The tsunami damaged hospitals and primary welfare of the tsunami-affected people. health centres (PHCs), equipment and medical supplies The affected and vulnerable population and affected health service providers both personally and needed health-care facilities, individual professionally along the coastal belt. The state health service and institutionalized psychosocial sup- and the agencies supporting it not only met the immediate port, protection from trafficking and other risks that in- needs of the affected population and, in the months crease vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and special interventions S following, rebuilt the infrastructure and continued to providing psycho-social support, protection and education provide long-term support; but also took the opportunity to for children on an immediate basis. The Health, Education rebuild better, planning for vastly improved infrastructure and Social Welfare departments of GoTN worked in close and better services in several health-related areas. The partnership with UN organizations and other partners, at government, with full support from UN bodies like WHO the level of assessment, planning and provision of these and UNICEF, as well as a large number of international, facilities.

Government Hospital, Mamallapuram

20 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 ICDS Centre, Puthanthurai, Rajakamangalam Panchayat Union

national and local NGOs, coped with the emergency in an per annum. Insurance amount of Rs. 25,000 will be given exemplary manner. Response was immediate and coverage to the tsunami affected family in case the head of the extensive in the provision of medical services. Health care family dies or is handicapped permanently in an accident. centers were functioning at temporary shelters during the The United Insurance Company has covered 1,49,930 post -tsunami period. All the primary health centers in families in the affected districts so far under this scheme. the coastal areas were provided with adequate medicines. The scheme till 31.3.08 is as follows: GoTN reconstructed and re-equipped five major hospitals that were damaged. Table 12: Insurance coverage by the United Meticulous planning and monitoring of activities was Insurance Company 31.07.2008 the key to successful implementation. The state/district health services and partner agencies deployed administrative Number of beneficiary Districts staff, health officers and monitors providing them with permities clear technical and administrative guidelines. The strategy involved disease surveillance, enhanced services for Chennai 6424 mothers, newborns and children, and proactive outreach Cuddalore 15815 to the adolescents and youth, strengthened knowledge Nagapattinam 61203 and skills of health professionals on ‘Health Action in Crisis/Emergency’. Kancheepuram 7274 Kanniayakumari 45926 Universal Health Insurance Scheme Thoothukudi 1488 With funding from PMNRF, the United India Insurance Tirunelveli 8729 Company Limited has come forward with the scheme of Tiruvallur 8284 Universal Health for tsunami affected people. According to this scheme, a tsunami-affected family is entitled to Villupuram 2684 incur the medical expenditure to the tune of Rs. 30,000 TOTAL 157827

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 21 Table 13: Interventions to restore and build health care services

Target groups / issues Intervention Partners

Disease Surveillance Adverse environmental conditions in Detailed guidelines for early warning, alert, verification and (Department of Health overcrowded shelters and camps response to disease outbreaks were prepared and disseminated and Family Welfare)

Setting up disease surveillance cells in districts

Networking with the National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD), Delhi, the National Institute of Epidemiology (NIE), Chennai, and medical colleges; training of medical officers and health workers; and strengthening of laboratories

Prevention of mortality and morbidity among children under five Relief camps/ women and children Immunization interventions – consisting of one dose of measles (Department of Health vaccine and one dose of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) to all children and Family Welfare) 6-59 months of age – were taken up. A total of 103,629 children GOTN, UNICEF were vaccinated. Auto disable (AD) syringes were introduced for the first time

Vitamin A supplementation for children 6–59 months of age; (Department of Health and Family Provision of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) packets Welfare) Cotrimoxazole for treatment of Acute Respiratory-track Infection (ARI) and gastroenteritis

Three worst affected districts Deployment of 40 teams to share messages on health, UNICEF sanitation, and hygiene; provision of ORS packages, soaps and pamphlets on hygiene and sanitation, emergency cholera kits, insecticide-treated bed-nets and chloroscopes to monitor water quality

Enhancement of services Mothers, newborns and children Repairs to the badly damaged General Hospital (GH), (Public Works Nagapattinam, were undertaken rapidly and completed by the Department) GoTN first week of February

Replacement of lost and damaged supplies and equipment UNICEF

Strengthening system of referral from primary care facilities, WHO, OGSSI, IAP services for mothers, newborns and children at the GH

Regular and frequent visits to mothers and newborns for early Department of Health detection of deficiencies and illnesses and Family Welfare) GoTN, 161 PHCs supplied with equipment for emergency obstetric and UNICEF newborn care

954 Health Sub-centres (HSCs) appropriately equipped.

22 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Target groups / issues Intervention Partners

Antenatal care and emergency obstetric services restored in 595 health facilities with UNICEF support. These formed part of a total of 4,275 facilities which were provided with equipment for such care. 161 Block PHCs will also receive such equipment within a year

Mobile health units, equipped to manage newborn emergencies, established in three districts through joint collaboration of UNFPA, UNICEF and Government of Tamil Nadu

9,500 early child development and nutrition centres equipped. 12,700 doctors, nurses, community workers and volunteers trained. In Nagapattinam alone, 1100 health and nutrition workers have been trained in IMNCI. A majority of them now make three post-natal visits within ten days of delivery

1000 Village Health Nurses (VHNs) in five districts trained in newborn care and supplied with ambu bags for neonatal resuscitation

Prevention of Malnutrition and Re-establishment of ICDS Children covered by the 65 destroyed, Distribution of double rations of the fortified complementary UNICEF and 43 damaged and 243 ICDS centers that food and the mid-day meal of the Integrated Child Development Directorate of Social suffered loss of essential equipment Scheme. Welfare, GoTN

Provision of ICDS services at larger temporary shelter locations.

Training of all workers and volunteers

Establishment of 14 model centres with training of all workers and volunteers, and training of all workers and volunteers

Provision of additional staff and restoration of routine functioning in all 351 ICDS centres and 180 mini-centres set up in temporary shelters in six districts

Training of 1,080 community-based volunteers to support anganwadi workers and identify children not being reached

The success of this ‘two-worker model’ has resulted in UNICEF suggesting that the use of trained volunteers in ICDS centres be converted into a permanent ‘multi-staff model’

All 531 affected centres were provided with equipment including furniture, weighing scales, plastic mats, water storage tanks, kitchen utensils and play material by UNICEF

Adaptation of infant and young child feeding guidelines in WHO emergencies, and developed appropriate training modules. iodine deficiency disease campaign; monitoring system for iron folic acid and Vitamin A; coverage evaluation survey on Vitamin A and impact analysis on nutrition status

Adolescent health

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 23 Target groups / issues Intervention Partners

Risk of anemia, substance abuse, Establishment of an ‘Adolescent Friendly’ health centre at the (Department of Health reproductive and sexual health, unplanned GH, Nagapattinam, staffed with a physician and counsellor and Family Welfare) pregnancies, abortions, RTIs/ STIs/ HIV, trained in AFHS GoTN sexual violence among adolescents A mapping exercise to focus on the most important interventions to achieve good health outcomes among young people

AFHS training of faculty members in the Health Manpower Development Institute (HMDI), Villupuram and 100 medical officers (MOs) and 300 VHN/SHN (Sector Health Nurse) in Nagapattinam district

Knowledge and skills of health professionals on ‘Health Action in Crisis/Emergency’ strengthened Health workers, Paramedics Development and dissemination of many guidelines Sensitization sessions, training and workshops were conducted to strengthen their knowledge and skill.

Training of about 1000 health workers for essential newborn care, especially for newborn resuscitation

School and college Students Adopted villages/shelters near their schools to provide students nursing schools experience of managing health conditions in emergency situations

Module on ‘Reaching Out: Nursing Care in Emergencies’ Indian Nursing produced Council, GoTN

School, college teachers Trained as trainers in Reaching Out Training institutes Strengthening the nursing fraternity in ‘Health Action in Crisis/ Indian Nursing Emergency’ by including the subject in their curriculum Council, WHO

Mainstreaming of nursing care in emergencies through GoTN inclusion in curriculum of diploma and degree programmes

Up-gradation of training facilities in five districts, follow up training and supervisory mobility support

Competency based skill training planned for VHNs and MOs, especially for skilled care during delivery and also for MOs in ‘life saving anaesthetic skills for Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC)

Knowledge creation and documentation Public health care system Documentation of recovery work done by Department of Health, WHO focusing on four of the worst hit districts – Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Kanyakumari and Chennai city

Public health care facilities Upgradation with audio-visual equipment, provided with 13 CDs on Behaviour Change Communication messages for positive health care

Policy makers, researchers Data resource centre at the Directorate of Public Health WHO which works as repository of guidelines, standard operating procedures, reports, studies, surveys and data from the field

24 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Mental and Emotional Health: Psycho-social support Nagercoil: A de-addiction centre was set up at Naduvoorkarai, a tiny GoTN and partners felt that people in the village near Colachel in 1995. Ever since the tsunami struck the coast community could provide the best possible in December 2004, a large number of fisherfolk have started visiting psycho-social support, as they were aware of social behaviour and practices. The UN team for the centre. Initially it was very difficult to convince the fishermen Tsunami Recovery Support (UNFPA, UNICEF, about the evils of alcohol. But these days the fishermen voluntarily UNODC and UNDP) led by the WHO India visit the centre to access treatment. country office developed a community-based sustainable trauma care. The PSS programme was made possible through the active participation individuals) each. They interacted regularly with these of various government departments, UN agencies, private families, provided psychosocial support in the form of lay sector, NGOs and other partners. UNODC supported the counselling, assistance in social needs and referral to the development of training strategy. GoTN’s Department of health system for further care. Social Welfare was designated as the nodal department for A cell with a psychologist, data manager and necessary organizing the programme. infrastructure was established in the Directorate of Social The Department of Social Welfare took the lead in Welfare, Chennai, to coordinate the programme. A cadre the programme along with the Departments of Education of trained CLWs, drawn from various sectors, has been and Health and district-level institutions coordinated made available. District authorities can draw on them for the activity. The preparatory process included extensive various social support programmes. 13,000 workers have consultations and development of a strategy and been trained, 275,000 persons supported, 52,000 provided schedule for training community-level workers (CLWs): additional counselling and 120,000 children reached. identification of master trainers, selection of CLWs from With funding from PMNRF, as a long-term measure, the field and cascade training for 2813 CLWs in 11 trauma-cum-recreation centres are being constructed districts, under the supervision of District Social Welfare at a cost of Rs. 3 lakh each. Construction of the centers Officers (DSWOs). A substantial number of training in the districts of Cuddalore (15), Kanyakumari (8), materials and manuals were developed for various aspects Nagapattinam (28) is complete. In addition ten trauma of PSS. They are now available for wider dissemination. cum recreation centres in Villupuram and two more Among these are a facilitator’s manual, handbooks for centres in Cuddalore district are planned. field workers, pamphlets, a manual for helping children and adolescents, a training manual for prevention and SCARF has introduced telemedicine as an option for management of alcohol abuse. providing expert consultation. There is a dearth of trained mental health professionals, and a wider use of telemedicine Several NGOs and civil society groups were also can provide expert opinion in disaster situations. So far, trained by partner agencies. The trained CLWs were 200 patients have received care through telemedicine. made responsible for 20 families (approximately 100 Trafficking and HIV/AIDS Rural Tamil Nadu, with its high migrant population, is the source from where women and children are drawn to urban centres like Dharmapuri, Tirunelveli, Vellore and Kanyakumari in search of jobs. Chennai, the capital of the state and a major metropolis, is a source, destination and transit point for trafficked women and children. In the wake of tsunami social disruption of families and communities, lack of privacy and unhygienic environs had increased vulnerability of the women and children. Since the trafficked survivors have very little or no bargaining power regarding condom use and are vulnerable to dangerous sexual practices, they are further prone to contracting HIV. In this background the Government and other agencies have taken up several initiatives to reduce the spread of HIV and prevent trafficking through effective interventions The main focus of government and NGO activities was on awareness and capacity building programmes, needs assessments, networking and linkages, distribution and support services. Sensitization and Advocacy Health supervisors, Anganwadi workers, teachers, police, local government representatives, self-help groups (SHGs), Children cared and supported opinion leaders and relief workers, as well as watchdog

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 25 needy HIV+ persons was provided through the district positive networks. Income-generation centres selling condoms, sanitary pads, etc, were set up, contributing to improved understanding of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues and health-seeking behaviour. Efforts were made to coordinate among various agencies involved in construction of shelters to ensure that minimum standards of privacy and facilities were provided to women and children. Facilities for water and light were made available near campsites toilets. Livelihood training and market linkages were provided to women, in order to reduce their vulnerability arising from lack of livelihood opportunities. Children Tsunami has orphaned 241 children and 1513 children lost one of their parents. Education was hampered by The Orphanage at Cuddalore built with assistance from Government of Rajasthan the tsunami for an estimated 269532 children. Tsunami had also sharply exposed the orphaned and abandoned committee members were sensitized on issues such as HIV/ children and children whose parents and guardians AIDS, trafficking, child rights and child labour. ICDS and themselves were in a vulnerable situation, to the risks of other government and non-government agencies, persons child trafficking, child labor, child abuse, violence against living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) networks, TNSACS children and child marriage. Children also stood the counselors, and the anti-vice squad were involved in chance of losing legal rights over land, assets, and property. these programs for creating awareness in the community. Children orphaned and separated, children from damaged Existing TNSACS services and public health systems and destroyed houses and schools had very special needs were very helpful in providing psycho-social support to in terms of psychological and emotional support, socio- affected families. There were no cases reported. The health economic protection and protection from trafficking and department monitored the affected population very other risks and education. The special needs of children cautiously. were identified and appropriate models for child support and protection were developed. Surveillance Care and Support The Department of Social Defense formed special squads to track vulnerable children. On the basis of this finding, GoTN opened three orphanages in Cuddalore, 2240 home study reports have been compiled. Several Nagapattinam and Nagercoil districts for 50 children at NGOs have also mapped vulnerable women and children each centre. Orphaned adolescent girls are also admitted in tsunami-affected areas. The Anti Vice Squad (Police) to the service homes run by the state government. Two networked with various district departments and non- new service homes have been opened in Kanniyakumari governmental agencies to understand and offer an effective and Nagapattinam districts. GoTN has also constructed response to prevent further trafficking, rescue victims and 142 child welfare centers across the coastal districts. GoTN deal with traffickers in the coastal community. Due to the decided very early that the orphaned children will not be increase in police surveillance and interventions, trafficking uprooted from their community and Government would in these areas could be checked to a great extent. not encourage any large scale adoption and relocation. Both governmental and non-governmental agencies, Support made an effort to provide psycho-social care for children Formation of surveillance teams at community level was affected by the tsunami. Timely provision of such care the focus of most interventions. Existing SHGs took contributed to reduction in trauma amongst children. responsibility for protection of women and children. A UNICEF which was the lead agency working in the children’s parliament was organized to empower children children sector involved the Directorate of Teacher with knowledge and information on trafficking and Education, Research and Training (DTERT) and the exploitation. Efforts were made to spread awareness about Nehru Yuva Kendra (NYK) along with other partners. ICCWO help lines and other support services. Voluntary NIMHANS, Bangalore, VIMHANS, New Delhi, SCARF, testing through VCCTCs was encouraged, resulting in an SNEHA and TTRCRF, Chennai provided technical increase in the volume of such testing. Care and support support. UNFPA provided financial support for training services were provided for HIV orphans through home- of health workers and community-level workers through based support. Formation of Network of PLHAs was also NYKs, with special focus on adolescents and youth. Both initiated in certain areas. demand and supply side of psycho-social care was given attention. Frontline staff members of NGOs and social In order to ensure safe sexual and reproductive health workers directly interacting with children were provided practices, condoms and sanitary pads were distributed training and resource material on psycho-social care along with IEC material. Nutritional supplement to for children.

26 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Table 14: Interventions towards child care and support

Agency and Intervention Impact partners 1,300 teachers and 1,300 youth Child-friendly techniques such as puppetry, play therapy, clay modelling and UNICEF and volunteers were trained in cultural expressions, along with one-on-one counselling, were used to draw out partners psycho-social care the children Around 2900 play kits to Approximately 30,000 children benefited from these kits schools and youth clubs.

2,600 resource persons trained Village-level play activities were held in over 250 villages in all the affected Education in the care of children and districts Department and adolescents NYK Children who need special care and protection were identified and trained volunteers spent time with them

The trained volunteers are engaged in village level activities with children and cover both school going and non-school going children.

Counselling and community-level play activities are estimated to have benefited over 20,000

Children directly and another 60,000 children indirectly through schools and through various supplementary programmes

Child Participation Participation of children intensified through organized platforms after the tsunami. Such participatory, often adult-facilitated, platforms provided children with a voice; assisted them to overcome their traumas and fear of the sea; gave them an opportunity to develop leadership skills; facilitated peer learning; enhanced their self-worth; and allowed engagement with issues affecting them and their communities. Examples include children’s club/parliament taking up issues of sanitation, and assisting other children suffering from depression or trauma. Organised participation through such clubs, etc. has exposed children to knowledge and information on various issues. For instance, children have received training in disaster preparedness and first aid. UNICEF and its partner NGOs covered 6,000 children through their life skills programmes. Clubs provided children space for creative and recreational activities. In quite Child care centre in Vasuvan Kuppam, Villupuram district another way, participation through clubs demonstrated children’s resilience to loss and trauma – either suffered or witnessed. protection such as the Juvenile Justice System, Village Child Protection Level Watch Dog Committees (VLWDC), intensive networking between NGOs at all levels and between UNICEF conducted field assessments of separated children NGOs and government and creation of mechanisms such and orphans, including tracking and follow-up of these as Child Protection Committees at the village level. This children. Subsequently, UNICEF supported the ‘State was achieved through the orientation and training on child Consultation on Registration and Tracing of Children’. To rights and child protection issues including trafficking. prevent trafficking UNICEF agreed to support a strategy For instance 1250 VLWDC members were trained as part development and training workshop for police officers on of capacity-building on child protection. The cumulative trafficking, and publication of 5,000 copies of a book in outcome of these initiatives was increased awareness Tamil on trafficking. on child protection issues and sensitization of the Instead of creating new mechanisms, processes were stakeholders to recognize, identify and respond to the initiated to strengthen existing mechanisms of child child protection concerns.

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 27 Enhanced Protection of Children from Abuse, Violence and Exploitation Various steps undertaken by government, UNICEF and INGOs contributed towards better protection of children from potential abuse and exploitation such as trafficking, child labour, and dropping out of school. Such steps include opening orphanages, service homes, financial assistance, provision of free education, banning adoption in the first six months after the tsunami and, most importantly, creation of a database of children (including vulnerable children) affected by the tsunami. The State Department of Social Defence, has completed a home study of 2,240 tsunami-affected children. Creation All ears and eyes of a database is singled out by many as a measure of far reaching consequence because of its potential to assist in an evidence-based approach to programming for child protection in Tamil Nadu. On the issue of orphans, it Restoring Schools should be noted that the government gave primacy to The Department of Education deemed any school that has community-based rehabilitation over institutional care, students from affected habitations as ‘tsunami affected’. thereby, pre-empting numerous risks posed to children in There were 567 such schools across 13 districts of Tamil an institutional setting. All orphaned children are either in Nadu. Within two weeks collective efforts ensured that orphanages or in the custody of relatives who are taking all children were back in school, after quickly assessing care of them as guardians. reconstruction, relocation and repair needs of schools even if it meant studying in temporary shelters. All except the Recognition of Schools and ICDS Centres as four worst affected schools had started functioning within Safe Spaces for Children two weeks. Reconstruction of 76 school and major and When GoTN, UNICEF and INGOs rushed in to establish minor repair works in 195 schools was undertaken in fully normalcy in the lives of children immediately after the or partially damaged government and aided schools. tsunami, their joint focus was on getting schools and Anganwadis back in action. This focus on re-organising Assistance to Students schools, starting Anganwadis, announcement of schemes Within two months following the tsunami, several for continuing schooling and fee waiver sought to GOs were issued to enable supply of free textbooks and simulate a routine which emphasised the importance of notebooks, uniforms and duplicate certificates to replace learning and education. While it had its practical merits those lost in the disaster. Other measures included allowing in as much as it had a positive impact on children and affected children to write their school leaving exams later school drop out rates, its symbolic significance should not than scheduled and ensuring that no affected child paid be discounted. By giving primacy to pre-school centres any kind of fee. Thanks to the concession in tuition and and schools, the inextricable link of schooling as a rite of examination fees they could resume schooling. Besides passage from childhood to adulthood was emphasised. giving Rs.300 per month as scholarship from PMNRF It sought to reinforce the message among communities scholarship schemes for all the students, studying in classes that pre-school centres and schools are safe spaces where I to X, from tsunami affected families. GoTN implemented children belong. various support schemes for children who were orphaned and those whose schooling was discontinued after the tsunami. All CEOs of affected districts were instructed to monitor the implementation of orders. 1,05,264 children received textbooks and notebooks and 96,723 received uniforms from the government, while a large number benefited from additional supplies from UN bodies and NGOs. UNICEF and other partner NGOs played a vital catalytic role in getting education in the affected areas back on the rails. Kits of various kinds, from student kits to water containers and midday meal utensils, school furniture and play material was provided. UNICEF also equipped bridge course centres, which helped out of school children get back into the mainstream. NGOs supported and participated in a number of government and UNICEF-initiated activities. Resumption of schooling activities played an important

Computer lab, Kanchipuram district role in improving the mental wellbeing of affected children.

28 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 A number of activities such as special tuition centres and Reimbursement of Tuition fees/Special fees recreation centres are continuing with an aim to reorient all GoTN exempted tsunami-affected students from paying affected children to their normal studies. Separate public tuition fees/special fees for the period from January 1, exams were conducted for the children from the tsunami 2005 to till the end of academic year 2005-2006. GoTN affected families and the pass percentage was higher than paid the amount payable by the students. This concession the regular exams. was extended for the academic year 2006-07 from the month June 2006. The tuition-fee waiver from GoTN Financial Assistance covers classes from LKG to XII and higher studies in The Government has sanctioned financial assistance to Polytechnics, Engineering colleges, Medicine, Nursing children/girls who have lost both parents or one parent courses etc. So far a sum of Rs. 14.50 crore was sanctioned to the tsunami and the other parent prior to the tsunami for the academic year 2005-06 for 33127 students and Rs. and deposited the amount in the name of beneficiaries. 12.36 crore was sanctioned for the year 2006-2007 for Besides that in an effort to support schooling, the 25187 students. following financial packages from the PMNRF were given To ensure that students get all the benefits offered to students affected by the tsunami. to them by the state government, necessary orders have been issued by the Education Department to all the Child Assistance Scheme concerned educational institutions and individuals. The Children who lost one parent in the tsunami and were District Collectors also sent letters to all the Educational less than 18 years of age on the day of tsunami are eligible Institutions concerned, to send claims for reimbursement to get this assistance. A sum of Rs. 51,000 is deposited of Special Fees and Tuition Fees payable by the tsunami in fixed deposits in Nationalized Banks and the respective affected students. Care was taken that no eligible person is banks have been paying the monthly interest to the deprived of the benefits of these schemes. surviving parent. The deposit will be made available, when the child attains the age of 18 for their further studies or self-employment. With similar arrangements with the nationalized banks, Rs. 3 lakhs each given to orphaned children above 18 years and Rs. 5 lakhs each given to orphaned children from 0-18 years. Table 15: Summary of assistance to children Scholarship for Tsunami- affected Children Children whose families were affected by the tsunami Total Age (years) & Category Assistance through loss of life, or livelihood and who are studying beneficiaries from I to X standard are eligible to get this assistance. Under this scheme, a sum of Rs. 300/- per month will be Children who has one given to the children to defray school going expenses. This Rs. 51000 1513 parent assistance will be made available directly to the children through their parents/guardians through individual bank accounts, till they complete X standard. In Nagapattinam 0-14 orphaned children Rs. 5 lakh 132 alone 25,770 children were benefited under PMSTAC and 1037 under PMCA scheme for the year 2005-06. 14-18 orphaned Rs. 5 lakh 52 adolescent girls

Above 18 years orphaned unmarried Rs. 3 lakh 57 girls

Scholarship to students Rs. 300 per 129975 from affected families month

Reimbursement of tuition fees for students 26.86 crores 58314 from affected families

School books to students from affected Books 105264 families

School uniforms to students from affected Uniforms 96723 families Prime Minister’s Scholarship scheme for children

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 29 Prime Minister’s Scholarship scheme for children

Table 16: Progress of Expenditure on the Prime Minister’s Child Assistance Scheme as on 31.07.2008

Sl. No. District No. of beneficiaries Amount released Amount spent Balance

1 Chennai 48 2448000 2346000 102000

2 Cuddalore 214 10914000 10455000 459000

3 Kancheepuram 24 1224000 1224000 0

4 Kanyakumari 137 6987000 6987000 0

5 Nagapattinam 1037 52887000 52887000 0

6 Thiruvallur 8 408000 408000 0

7 Tiruvarur 24 1224000 1224000 0

8 Tirunelveli 2 102000 102000 0

9 Thanjavur 1 51000 0 51000

10 Villupuram 18 918000 918000 0

TOTAL 1513 77163000 76551000 612000

30 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Steps towards quality education UNICEF has been a major player in the Joint UN Initiative and has contributed towards bringing a change in the traditional scenario of rural schooling. Essential school supplies have reached over 76,000 children and 1875 teachers. 281 schools have been equipped with blackboards, furniture, bags and recreation kits. Quality Education Package has reached over 1300 schools and is making a difference to the school environment, teacher training, teaching-learning materials and community involvement. 31 bridge schools with well-equipped classrooms and learning materials are helping to mainstream 620 out-of-school children. So far, 40 have been sent to regular schools. A campaign towards getting all affected girls in the school is initiated in Cuddalore and Nagapattinam. Many NGOs, big and small, have not only contributed to constructing and repairing schools, replacing lost school-supplies, etc, but also mobilized communities through awareness campaigns, enrolment drives, bridge courses for dropouts, etc. Organisations like Round Table India focused on restoration and reconstruction of damaged classrooms. According to SSA, 90 per cent of out-of-school children in the affected districts of Cuddalore and Nagapattinam were brought to their bridge courses and about 60 per cent mainstreamed during 2005-06. The role of village panchayats and particularly headmasters in the revival of some schools has been an inspiring lesson for replication. The Panchayat Union Elementary School, Akkaraipettai, Nagapattinam is a case in point.

School building renovated by intel at Arkattuthurai, Nagapattinam District

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 31 Four years of carrying the baton CII (The Confederation of Indian Industries) members’ response during tsunami was spontaneous and timely. CII secretariats in Nagapattinam, Kanyakumari, Cuddalore and Karaikal coordinated collection of food, shelter, clothing and medicines and their distribution in Killai and MGR Thittu hamlet in Chidambaram block, Cuddalore and Poompuhar, Nagapattinam township and Velankanni in Nagapattinam district. The first level rehabilitation involved the removal of crop stubble, silt, sand etc. from the affected farmlands, followed by application of lime and green manure. Restoration of water sources and irrigation infrastructure was also undertaken in Tamil Nadu besides other states. ‘Katcha’ roads were laid using the reclaimed soil. Sand, cast on the seashore, was used to build sand dunes to provide natural protection from future ingress of seawater. It helped farmers from Poigainallur and Vedaranyam in Nagapattinam district regaining their stability and livelihood. When the resources were restored, CII initiatives focused on infrastructure building and skill development of the affected communities. CII in partnership with the industry partners have set up 5 citizen information centers, 2 primary health centers, 1 trauma care center, 3 community centers, 2 schools, 4 fish auction centers, 3 desalination plants and 3 deep bore wells with agricultural equipment. CII also provided vocational training to 1200 youth in Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Kanyakumari and Kancheepuram. Micro Finance and SHG Micro Enterprise Activities, empowering the affected community to embark on their own new business ventures, complemented the capacity building initiatives. Resilience demonstrated by the communities reinforced the CII efforts helping them to get on with their lives as quickly as possible. It has been four rigorous and fruitful years creating a sustainable environment that is conducive to the growth of industry in India. During the catastrophic times the organization brought about a paradigm shift in terms of implementation of advanced techniques for fishing redefining fishing practices, in the areas where CII intervened.

32 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 SECTION THREE: LIVELIHOOD

he tsunami caused severe damage to instance, represents a multi-caste and multi-religious 238 fishing villages and 418 hamlets social combine. in Tamil Nadu, and the shoreline regressed up to 3000m along the Tangible Components coast. Sediments deposited in creeks • Restoration of natural resources in order to complement and river mouths damaged estuaries. restoration activities in the agriculture, aquaculture, Huge quantities of silt affected the free inland and marine fisheries sector, and inland activities movement of fishing boats causing great hardship to fish- pertaining to saltpans etc. Termen venturing out to sea. Beach ridges and dunes were flattened along the entire coast. An increase in the con- • Building infrastructure for complementing the above centration of phosphate, nitrite and silicate was noticed in occupations. coastal waters with concurrent variation in primary pro- • Provision of assets such as boats and nets, agricultural ductivity. Shrimp hatcheries also suffered serious damage. lands, pump sets, petty shops and loans, revolving Marine fisheries suffered massive losses in infrastructure, funds etc. craft and gear and 51,078 fishing vessels were damaged or lost. Approximately 0.3 million families lost or suffered Intangible Component moderate to severe damage to their sources of livelihood. • Livelihood-related training, formation of SHGs, With the main economic activities being fishing and legal support and social support for equitable work agriculture, a myriad number of allied activities exist opportunities to women, and other vulnerable sections in the coastal areas. For every fisherman, it is estimated like physically challenged persons. that at least six people have supporting livelihoods – as Restoration of natural resources that supported traders, transporters, credit-providers, manufacturers livelihoods was the priority concern. The GoTN has drawn and suppliers of ice and storage facilities, processors and environmental information from vulnerability maps retailers. All of them suffered livelihood damage to varying and engineering solutions offered by site-specific studies extents. Alongside, the livelihood of 60,000 agriculturists by national and regional institutions. The Department and agricultural workers also disappeared as the tsunami of Environment in collaboration with assistance from destroyed standing crops, washed away livestock, saline World Bank is also carrying out independent mapping land and ground-water sources. It further delivered a exercises. Several mangrove and forest-restoration plans are significant income shock to the inhabitants of these 234 underway. De-silting and dredging works at the estuaries coastal panchayats and 50 town panchayats through loss of have been carried out, fields desalinated, and ground water life and personal injuries, destruction of homes, properties, sources restored. assets and essential transport and infrastructure. District-level studies on livelihoods through impact The need for a deeper understanding of the coastal and needs assessment revealed many interesting statistics population, their economy, and ecology as one that which have been incorporated into planning strategy. For goes beyond fishing and is built around the broader instance, Chennai, an urban center where occupations concept of ‘coastal communities’, has never been more unrelated to fishing should also thrive, two-thirds of the imperative than now. This has been the major lesson in affected population depended on fishing. While the main the wake of the tsunami and the steady process of inclusive occupation was fishing and allied occupations; others were rehabilitation of the affected communities has begun. engaged in masonry, carpentry, rickshaw driving, hawkers, Livelihood interventions and support therefore had to coolies and small traders in Chennai. actually address a vibrant system of inherently different Considering the overwhelming expectations of the groups held together by geo-economic links, rather than fishermen, careful strategies were planned. Overenthusiastic a homogenous unit. The fishing community alone, for inputs of relief material (e.g. boats and nets) were checked

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 33 Chinnamuttam Fishing Harbour, Kanyakumari district

to prevent an adverse effect on their occupation in the long- Fisheries term. The restoration and rehabilitation initiatives included As is expected, the fisheries sector had the highest number funds to 16 state government departments through three of those affected. However, fishermen were able to sources: the Rajiv Gandhi package, Government of India bounce back to a productive work life earlier than their Calamity Relief and National Calamity Contingency Fund counterparts in other tsunami-affected countries thanks to World Bank and Asian Development Bank. the swift flow of assistance, timely introduction of policy and guidelines for compensation of asset loss and equally swift restoration of fisheries-related ecology as well as infrastructure.

Table 17: Details of work on Fish-landing centres

Value (Rs. Description No. Locations Schedule crores)

Restoration works under National 5 Mudasalodai Work Completed 0.12 Calamity Contingency Fund Nagapattinam 0.435 Kottaipattinam 0.55 Punnakayal 0.13

Repair works under Asian 5 Mudasalodai Work Completed 0.047 Development Bank-assisted Tsunami Sethubavachatram 0.134 Emergency Assistance Project Kottaipattinam 0.220 Punnakayal Jegathapattinam 0.138 0.091

Construction of new fish-landing 2 Portonovo- Study is in progress. Final DPR is 2.30 centres under World Bank-aided Annankoil expected by February ‘ 08. Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project Nagore Transfer of land applied for, for the project. Civil works to be 2.30 completed by 18 months

Dredging of fish-landing centres 5 Mudasalodai, FLC Feasibility studies completed. 0.84 under Asian Development Bank Sethubhavachatram, FLC To be financed with an additional 0.63 -assisted Tsunami Emergency Kottaipattinam, FLC loan from ADB 0.57 Assistance Project Fishing Harbours Jegathapattinam, FLC 0.88 Punnakayal, FLC 0.613 1.445 1.93

34 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Table 18: Details of work on Fishing Harbours

Value (Rs. Description No. Locations Schedule crores)

Restoration sanctioned under 5 Chennai January 2008 2.505 National Calamity Contingency Fund Pazhayar February 2008 3.00 Mallipattinam Work Completed 0.55 Thoothukkudi 0.0435 Chinnamuttom 0.72

Repair works under Asian 1 Cuddalore Work Completed 0.134 Development Bank-assisted Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project

Modernization and reconstruction 4 Mallipattinam M/s. SMEC Pvt.Ltd. furnished 9.00 of existing fishing harbours under Nagapattinam final report on 26.11.07. 3.75 World Bank-aided Emergency Pazhayar Implementation period: 10.28 Tsunami Reconstruction Project Chinnamuttom 18 months. 12.45

Permanent structures in river bar 4 Pulicat Study completed. 4.90 mouths under World Bank-aided Portonovo- Tender process on 4.90 Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Annankoil 4.90 Project Tirumullaivasal 4.90 Punnakayal 4.90

Dredging of fish-landing centres 2 Pazhayar September 2008 1.445 under Asian Development Bank- Chinnamuttom 1.93 assisted Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project

Construction of new fish landing 10 Annamalaicherry Consultancy firm to give report by 50.00 centres in Tamil Nadu under Tsunami Periyamangodu August ‘ 08. (Rs. 5 Cr. Per Rehabilitation Programme Ennore centre) Mugathwarakuppam Cuddalore Periyakuppam Eggiyarkuppam R. Pudupattinam Keezhakarai Uvari Periyathalai Threspuram

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 35 Infrastructure 4) Relief amount for partially damaged boats was provided As the thousands of affected families living across the directly to fishermen. coastal areas of Tamil Nadu were being resettled in the 5) In case of fully damaged boats, joint accounts in newly-built housing complexes, they also expressed the the name of Assistant Director Fisheries and the need for support in their traditional occupation. Major beneficiaries were opened and compensation cheques infrastructure reconstruction was accordingly planned. deposited. The Bank gave loans at an interest rate of Ten fish-landing centers, four harbours at Pazhayar, 7% as compared to the 12% mark and a moratorium Nagapattinam, Mallipattinam and Chinnamuttam and of 18 months was given for repayment. Beneficiaries opening of four bar mouths were part of this master plan. had to produce their new assets to the officials The approach roads to fish-landing centers were repaired. 6) Beneficiaries produced these new assets to Asset Massive de-silting and dredging works were carried out Verification Teams and received approval. at the estuaries in coastal villages in Tamil Nadu within a 7) Further loan and subsidy amounts to get businesses short time. Rivers were dredged and ports, cargo buildings going were then released to the beneficiaries. and breakwaters reconstructed and strengthened. Fish markets, cold storages, fish crates, fish drying yards, solar District administrations through the Fisheries fish driers, seafood processing units and units producing Department disbursed funds for gillnets for vallams for artefacts such as jute bags, handmade paper etc. were built repair and rebuilding of vallams, for repair of wooden in the vicinity of the new settlements. catamarans and FRP catamarans, and also for partially only damaged mechanized boats, on the basis of asset Assets verification done. Prompt efforts by the Revenue and Fisheries departments, ensured that fishing across the coast Once resources were reasonably restored and the minimum of Tamil Nadu resumed in record time. necessary infrastructure in place, the state directed its focus towards assisting individuals and families in their The NGO contribution to this sector has also been efforts to gather their scattered tools and equipment. For overwhelming. This was aided by conscious efforts to assessment of damaged fishing boats and implements and prevent duplication of relief by Government and NGOs. compensation to fishermen, the following procedure was Compensation was paid only to the eligible after detailed followed. enquiry and verification. Listed owners of new boats from every village were published on websites. NGOs were 1) Applications were received from affected fishermen for asked not to give relief to those listed there. When boats the damaged fishing boats and other assets. were given to groups of fishermen, widows were also made 2) A team from the Fisheries and Revenue departments partners. For repair of bigger boats, fishermen tie-ups with verified the damage and valued it. banks were arranged. Those fishermen who claimed to 3) Damage verification reports that categorized assets as have lost their fishing nets alone were provided relief in partially damaged / fully damaged etc. were prepared. the form of cash compensation.

Table 19: RE-REGISTRATION OF MECHANISED BOATS & COUNTRY CRAFTS AS ON 01.07.2008

District Mechanised Wooden Vallam FRP Vallams Wooden FRP Catamarans Fishing Boat Catamaran Re-Registered Thiruvallur 0 0 0 297 1999 Chennai 671 0 3 352 781 Kancheepuram 8 0 0 1722 2281 Cuddalore 605 0 0 5538 1111 Villupuram 26 0 0 1689 1509 Nagapattinam 1064 0 3974 2465 0 Thanjavur 213 173 0 0 735 Pudukottai 443 902 520 136 0 Ramanathapuram 315 2594 0 18 0 Rameswaram 1114 1555 0 758 0 Mandapam 271 248 2 0 0 Thoothukudi 331 1880 1000 900 0 Tirunelveli 0 0 1115 536 36 Kanniyakumar East 369 0 649 1864 570 Collachel 410 176 1084 4343 2329 5840 7528 8347 20618 11351

36 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 The number of fishing crafts has increased andthe Department of Fisheries has registered 53684 boats in various categories, estimating the increase in the number of boats.

Table 20: Assets provision to fishermen - Boats, Nets and Engines

Total No. of Fishing Categories of damaged Fishing Total No. of initial implements for which Total amount disbursed S. No. Implements assessment relief assistance (Rs. in crore) disbursed

1. Catamarans of all types 35530 25380 54.102

2. Vallams of all types 11118 4628 8.982

3. Mechanised Boats 4430 2419 49.460

Total 51078 32427 112.544

4. Nets (M.T.) 2200.07 39316 fisher men 37.279

5. Engines 1560 3030 1.515

151.338

Table 21: Assets provision to fishermen - Fishing Aids and Other Equipments

Total amount Equipment Quantum Unit Cost No. of beneficiaries sanctioned (in Cr)

Additional nets 1100 Mt - 42000 44.00

Rechargeable Lanterns 42000 1330 42000 5.04

Insulated Ice Boxes (50 lts, 70 lts 42000 6650 42000 36.12 and 100 lts)

Heavy Duty Bicycles 42000 2860 42000 8.40

Life jackets 168000 920 42000 16.80

First Aid Boxes 42000 2000 42000 9.40

Sports Materials 591 sets 10000 591 villages 0.591

An NCRC study of a sample village in Nagapattinam Much care and effort was taken to ensure that fishermen indicated a 65 per cent increase in FRP vallams. However went back to the sea at the earliest. It took some convincing statewide it is seen that, catamarans have been replaced by by spiritual leaders, government officials and importantly FRP boats and the overall number of boats is increased only some perceptive women to make the fishermen understand marginally. There are new owners and joint ownerships. that the sea was a saviour as much as a destroyer. Most Traditional fishing community panchayats have helped fishermen have resumed fishing. Only a few have requested in the prudent distribution of boats among the affected assistance to start alternative occupations. In cases where in the community. They prepared lists of beneficiaries, the family has lost the sole earning member, the remaining collected all the boats within their jurisdiction. These family members, particularly women, used the money to were sold to those who could buy them and the money start other occupations. distributed among other community members. Unsold or The increase in FRPs has resulted in an increase in extra boats were either sold in other places, or remained in boat owners and finding labourers to work with fishing the panchayat’s custody to be rented out when needed. boats is becoming difficult. The catch was significantly

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 37 help turn out 70 kg of crisp `karuvadu’ (dried and salted fish) within four hours. The ‘build back better’ policy offers new elements such as ornamental fisheries, cage culture, lobster and crab fattening units. Educational assistance and training for alternative livelihoods is also provided to children of fishermen. Some have been offered sea cadet training with an investment of Rs. 50,000 per boy, which will enable them to join the merchant navy after completing class X or XII. Under PMNRF, loan wavers, first-aid boxes and sports equipment have been offered as a psycho-social measure. Women have been benefited by SGSY/ TEAP livelihood-support. Sustainability of social change-inducing interventions as always is a crucial and challenging issue. To address this, alternatives to capture fisheries are being explored.

Bumper Harvest Occupations such as culture fisheries (mariculture, sea weed culture, aquaculture), tourism (boat rides and eco- tourism), handicrafts made from local resources (shell and higher immediately after the tsunami but soon stabilized palm leaf craft), fish processing (including fish pickling, to the earlier averages. Presently, average catch per dry fish), and even training to drive vehicles or run resource boat or fishing unit has decreased, but the total catch centres that provide market prices, fish locations, wave and remains the same. The increase in fish catch by 10 per weather data help maintain ties with the natural resource cent is attributed to the use of the FRP catamaran that base and be dependent on it to a large extent, while easing allows access to waters where sardines, tuna and squid out the phenomenon of over-fishing. Training fishermen thrive in good quantity. The Fisheries Department is in crab fattening, seaweed culture, net mending, engine exploring following ways to control depletion of resources repair, cage culture, pen culture etc has been planned. by: Allied services such as boat repairs, boat building, fish • sea ranching of fin fishes, prawns etc.; transport, distant marketing are other important inputs to the survival of fishing as an economic activity. • provision of artificial reefs to improve fish stock in the sea; Regulations • strictly following of closed fishing seasons; Tamil Nadu fisheries sector, already highly mechanized, was • imposing mesh size restrictions; further mechanized post-tsunami. The FRP replaced many • enforcing different provisions of Tamil Nadu Marine wooden vallams. Despite cautious giving of compensation Fishing Regulation Act 1983 strictly; and and assets, some fishing families received two to three • planning alternative sources of livelihood for engines. Non-registration of sea-going vessels before the fishermen. tsunami made the task of identifying and compensating those who lost their craft more difficult. Marketing and Fishing-related Alternative To address these issues,changes were suggested to the Opportunities Marine Fishing Registration Act – 1983. The suggestions The post harvest fisheries sector was given fresh impetus involve inclusion of specifications on construction of FRPs with assistance towards new marketing support in terms and catamarans, how many people can go in them, how of infrastructure and tools, especially to women who far they can go, etc. are the backbone of the supply chain. Upgradation and Under the new Act, quality check and registration of development of support infrastructure – such as fish- boats has been made mandatory. Registration of fishermen, landing centres, auction halls, net-mending sheds, cold collecting their biometric information, photos of fishermen storages, fish crates, fish-drying yards, solar fish-dryers, and their boats is going on in villages. Seventy per cent community centres – undertaken by NGOs has facilitated of the boats have been registered so far and 100 per cent post-fishing activities a great deal. registration will be achieved soon. The production of nets Fisherfolk were advised to go in for value-addition of and meshes will also soon be regulated to protect the marine products to ensure attractive additional revenue. juvenile fish population from getting ensnared as catching Auto-rickshaws were provided to some coastal hamlets to juvenile fishes is banned in Tamil Nadu. Considering the enable fisherwomen to quickly reach the nearest market. potential for tuna fishing beyond 50-meter depth, the Men, who earlier sold fish by carrying loaded baskets on requirements have been amended. Purse seine though their heads, were provided cycles, plastic fish boxes, and banned in Tamil Nadu is still practiced in some places [a weighing scales. In Tuticorin, a training programme for purse seine is a large wall of netting that encircles a school fishermen in `value-added fishery products’ was organised of fish. Fishermen pull the bottom of the netting closed by the Fisheries College and Research Institute (FCRI). like a drawstring purse]. The law is coming down heavily Likewise, solar driers provided to groups of women now on such practices now.

38 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Insurance and mutual fund cannot be made mandatory. the first time on the west coast of Tamil Nadu. The closest Incentives such as subsidies on diesel etc. are being used to spot for fishermen there was a fish-landing centre in the attract fishermen to get their boats insured. In tandem, neighbouring state of Kerala. Eight per cent of the catch disaster-mitigation efforts are being emphasized more value had to be paid as fees for landing there. GoTN than ever. Self-regulation is being advocated especially is making every effort to complement the infrastructure with regard to wandering into international waters. With with adequate and efficient management with a long- the Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system in place, term rehabilitation perspective. All stakeholders such fishermen who accidentally go fishing in international DOFTN, FAO, MPEDA experts and consultants, waters can be easily spotted. Seamless communication NGO representatives are involved in the formation of systems are being proposed for use in these and other a framework for management of fishing harbours, that distress situations. International norms are being followed includes site selection, user fee collection, landing centre in the implementation of all restoration projects. etc. A series of visioning exercises, stakeholder consultation and policy review are being conducted for development Safety on the Sea of a new policy framework for Fisheries Management for A new focus on safety for fishermen includes the following Sustainable Livelihood (FIMSUL). As part of FIMSUL, strategies: the Department of Fisheries is undergoing a capacity- building exercise to bring about attitudinal change. The • creation of quality assets: boats, FRP catamarans and ‘user charge’ concept has been introduced in harbour FRP vallams that can withstand the vagaries of the management to encourage fishermen to take more sea; responsibility for the facilities they use. • use of life jackets by fishermen who traditionally do not wear them; • emphasis on use of better communication systems such as the GPS; • fishermen advised to build their new houses beyond the CRZ; and • registration of fishing boats, procuring license for fishing etc. New initiatives In a bid to virtually double the value that can be earned from the catch MPEDA is: • encouraging tuna-fishing for exports to Japan; • encouraging the following of SEA standards of meat catch-to-table • providing fish storage facilities to curb wastage. • Post-harvest facilities will also be enhanced. MPEDA is giving a subsidy for packaging converted raw meat. Boats are being converted to enable processing and packaging on board. The value that can be earned from the catch will virtually be doubled by these efforts. Giving fishermen FRP boats alone is not sufficient to make fishing profitable. Thanks to SIFFS’ efforts cooperatives are building fish-landing centres so as to get a good value for their catch. In Nagore, an effort is being made to conduct internal auctioning of the catch to avoid distress sale by fishermen. Fishermen who were indebted to sell their catch to some traders are now debt free and have better bargaining power. Traditionally, the fishing community regulates the fishing trade. A fisheries co- management programme has been initiated with traditional community leadership. Through SIFFS’ initiatives backed by the government, a self-regulatory mechanism has been instituted in 56 villages in Nagapattinam. An 18-member committee headed by the Assistant Director of Fisheries is working towards rules and regulations for sustainable fisheries management. A fishing harbour at Colachel and a fish-landing centre at Inayam Puthur Thurai will be constructed for Sports materials from PMNRF (top) and additional relief materials to fishermen (bottom)

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 39 • 478 Tsunami Farmers SHGs (TFSHGs) formed to provide relief. • Soil sample analysis (25531) to assess the level of salinity. • List of affected farmers prepared and displayed on notice board for public scrutiny and awareness. • Scraping of land and levelling done through TFSHGs. • Gypsum made available free of cost to affected farmers based on soil test. • Seed of green manure (sesbania, sunhemp) distributed to farmers • More than 13000 farmers trained for land reclamation. • Seeds of salt tolerant varieties of different crops

Land restored distributed among farmers. The restoration process paved the way for scientific development of affected land through introduction of Agriculture proper drainage of excess water, revitalization of small water canals, de-sitting of irrigation canals, adoption of Damages to the agriculture sector were assessed by organic farming technique and experimentation with new Department of Agriculture. Preliminary analysis of soil salt-relerant paddy crops and oil seeds. samples was conducted. The agricultural engineering department undertook soil reclamation. Government provided gypsum for use in coastal areas. Both farmers and Relief for Loss of Livestock non-farmers have been trained to carry out conservation The Commissioner and Director of Veterinary Services activities. All salinated agricultural land has been restored. has reported that 1653 caltle, 12547 sheep and goat and Treatment of ground water contamination, salt leaching 2183 poultry were lost in the tsunami. As per G.O.Ms.39 through rainfall or irrigation, and building sea walls to Revenue N.C.III Department dated 25.1.2005 have stop soil erosion were some other conservation techniques sanctioned a sum of Rs.2,80,11,150/- to grant relief of deployed consequently. Farm ponds were dug, P.V.C. pipes Rs.10000/- per caltle (cow and buffalo), Rs.5000/- per laid, shallow bore-wells drilled, electric motors provided, calf and draught animal and Rs.1000/- per goat, ram, and irrigation channels reconstructed to aid agricultural sheep and Rs.50/- per poultry without any ceiling up to activities. Agriculturists were provided with manure, seeds, the actual loss. and access to irrigation. Compensation was provided to those who lost their cattle. Small-scale salt pan holdings and salt workers Besides the fishing and agriculture the third important Compensation Packages occupation severely affected was salt pan sector. Most Relief for Crop Loss of the people with marginal and small holdings which constitute 85.38% of the holdings work as wage labourers Asper G.O.Ms.No.30 Revenue (NCIII) Department in other saltpans had lost their livelihood. A study among dated 17.1.2005, the Government have accord sanction the salt pan holders and workers was conducted to assess to incur expenditure of Rs.1,80,13,930/- to grant relief to the impact and its magnitude. the affected farmers. The relief at the rate of Rs.1000/- per hectare for rain fed areas and Rs.2500/- per hectare for The major findings derived after the discussions and assured irrigation areas to the Small and Marginal farmers, field visits Rs.1000/- per hectare subject to a limit of 2 hectare per • The affected families are poor and deprived due to farmer for both rain fed and assured irrigation areas to the seasonal income due to 4-5 months of monsoons when large farmers and Rs.4000/- per hectare to Perennial Crops no work is possible. Their annual incomes counts to (Coconut trees, Palmyra trees and Tamarind trees) less than Rs.12,000 per annum • All 2500 acres of saltpan area has been affected by the Relief to Sand Cast and Saline Lands tsunami and was not restored by the owners of the As per G.O Ms No 124, Revenue (NCIII) Department, pan. dated 23-02-2005 a sum of Rs.1696.16 lakh was sanctioned • A total of 915 families were directly affected and about to incur expenditure at the rate of Rs.12500 to take up the 5000 salt workers were deprived of their livelihood. relief works for the lands affected by tsunami. Necessary • Majority of the saltpan bunds were eroded and internal training programmes for SHG members were conducted feeding channels from the main channel were silted due to facilitate them to participate in the reclamation process to tsunami resulted desertification of several hundred effectively. acres of saltpans. Ultimately many of the saltpan Major activities initiated to restore affected areas in holders have become indebted and not able to restore Tamil Nadu include the following. the pans and channels on their own.

40 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 • Silted internal channels prevented the irrigation of In the light of the above, a comprehensive project was seawater lead to production of low quality salt produced developed to improve the livelihoods of the saltpan holdings through pumped water by some the pan holdings and and workers of Vedaranyam salt swamp in Vedaranyam ultimately profit became very low. Municipality with the community contribution. • As the brine could not be irrigated directly, some of Restoration of infrastructure and establishing additional the salt producers irrigated pumped water through infrastructure was also conceived under this project to bore well, which made huge expenditure on diesel and enable introduction of additional avenues for sustaining maintenance of motors. But they could not produce existing income generation activities and to improve quality salt due to non-availability of brine water from the quality of life of the affected families engaged in the the sea and eventually the price for the salt was very project. less. The project was conceived after several discussions • Other important infrastructures required by the with directly affected population like marginal, small scale stakeholders were restoring the brine storage ponds for salt pan holdings, salt workers, and indirectly affected the marginal and small holdings, salt storage platforms, population like labourers involved in packing, transporting iodization and pulverizing plants for the women and marketing and in-depth field visits and sample workers, and transport vehicle (tractor with trailer), studies. Based on the discussions and visits, meetings dark glasses for the workers and packing machines with were organized with all stakeholders including Small Scale generators. Salt Manufactures’ Federation about the magnitude of the damage, intensity of loss of livelihoods of the salt pan • Marketing linkages with government and private holdings and salt workers. agencies were also desired Commissioner of Municipal Administration sanctioned • A few families were migrating to the nearby towns the “Enhancement of livelihood of salt workers under in search of jobs and occupational mobility was also ADB-TEAP Project. Health Environment Agriculture and started among the community. Village Education Network, (HEAVEN) an NGO and • It was realized that the restoration of saltpans and brine Vedaranyam Small Scale Salt Manufacturers’ Federation channels would really enhance the livelihoods of the in coordination with Vedaranyam Municipality partnered salt workers besides saltpan holdings. in this project • The NGO understood that the Federation would be right body to do the follow up and monitoring activities after the completion of the project.

Salt Pan Workers

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 41 Table 22: Impact on salt pan sector and • Beneficiaries’ contribution towards desilting in terms provision of funds for restoration of manpower obtained. • The Quality of the salt has been increased resulting less Families affected 915 moisture content, color changes to white from brown • Three salt pulverizing cum iodization plant were Salt pan workers affected About 5000 purchased and the SHG members were trained to Marginal salt pan holdings 85.38 % of the total holdings operate and maintain the machines and the activities would be monitored by the Federation. Total salt pan holdings 916 • Beneficiaries’ contribution towards desiltation, covered operation and maintenance is outstanding by Total area affected 2500 acres protecting bunds from erosion with thatches, sand bags and regulating excess brine from the sea, main and ADB grant Rs. 11,621,040 internal channels. Contribution by Community Rs. 4,415,960 • Federation has opened a bank account and started and NGOs collecting cess from the small-scale pan holdings for Total budget for rehabilitation Rs. 16,027,000 operation and maintenance of infrastructures restored. • The production of edible salt was 120 - 140 tons/ month/acre tones after tsunami and 240 – 280 tons/ Key features acre/month after desiltation. Production of industrial • Extensive consultations with the salt pan holdings and salt production was 100-125 tones after tsunami and affected families were held and periodically. was increased to 200 – 250 tones/acre/month -after • The project activities are demand based and have the desiltation through project. full support of the community and the workers. • Discussions were made by HEAVEN and Federation • Linkage with the market merchants with Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation for marketing the • Linkages with resources available in the neighborhood/ iodized powder salt in Cuddalore and Tiruchirapalli adjoining areas Districts on pilot basis and would be scaled up to other districts through PDS. During the next production • Consultation with members for establishment of period starting from February 2008, the marketing tie- cooperative and ancillary units for backward integration up would be completed. of production to brand the products produced in the area. • Child labour in the salt production activities is eradicated Key project activities and benefits • Debts of the small holdings and workers are reduced to a large extent and it is assured that all of their debts • Desiltation of all internal brine feeding channels have would be cleared in the next season. been completed • Regular work for the salt workers is achieved and • All pans have been irrigated with raw brine water from migration of workers was also curtailed. the sea, which was not before because of the silt. • Desiltation of channels enabled them to harvest high Table 23: Wage increase to the workers quality salt because of the high degree brine water directly from the sea. • Salt production increased to two to three times Wage After tsunami After Rehabilitation (Rs. per day) (Rs. per day) comparing previous years Details • The production and harvesting period has been increased from six months to nine months a year. Male Female Male Female • Desiltation of internal brine channels allowed brine Pan 75 50 150 100 into channels one month before to the normal time. preparation The beneficiaries wait for the high velocity wind Salt Sweeping 80 50 150 100 (Visaham wind) during the month of April – May to get the brine into channels, but after desiltation a slow wind from the sea did irrigate all the pan area. Salt lifting 80 50 150 80 • Absence of proper channels and bunds, brine water usually intrude all the roads and pan area for another one month and require one more month to recover Salt Production the pans for cultivation. Now the present project To sustain the productivity and the livelihoods prevented from flooding of sea water into the pan and of the salt and to increase the labour man days in the saved about two months for the beneficiaries. saltpans, Commissioner of Municipal Administration • Approximately an additional of 250 – 300 acres of has sanctioned a project to HEAVEN NGO for desilting fallow land have been recovered for salt production the brine wells of the marginal and medium saltpan after restoration of brine channels holdings.

42 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Table 24: Salt Production livelihood was not desirable. Alternate occupations would also take away dependence on natural resources, be it sea or land. In order to start new businesses the communities Salt production quantity needed financial and technical support and training. (tons/acre/month) Marketing was a major area of concern since products Type of salt Market from small SHGs or individual enterprises had to compete After with the mainstream producing concerns. The need of the After tsunami desiltation hour was to design appropriate strategies for providing market support and market linkages. Importantly, building Edible 120 - 140 240 - 280 Tamil Nadu, capacities for quality entrepreneurship among the doomed A.P. and and demoralized population was most critical. Restoring Karnataka livelihoods for non-fishing communities was a huge task. Industrial 100 - 125 200 - 220 Tamil Nadu, GoTN has made a great deal of effort to incorporate these A.P. and concerns. Karnataka GoTN Initiatives towards Supporting Alternative Livelihoods Alternate Livelihoods State Departments of Town Panchayats, Rural With the main economic activities being fishing and Development and Municipal Administration as well as the agriculture, a myriad number of allied activities exist Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board were responsible for the in the coastal areas. For every fisherman, it is estimated execution of alternative livelihoods support programmes. that at least six people have supporting livelihoods – as SHGs were formed and supported by providing resources, traders, transporters, credit-providers, manufacturers and infrastructure and the assets as well as soft support in the suppliers of ice and storage facilities, processors, retailers form of training and linkages. The strategies adopted and so on. These livelihoods were also severely destroyed include support to various livelihood activities beginning by the tsunami. Besides, fisheries is a traditionally seasonal from formation of SHGs, to training for animators and and high-risk occupation that has also become more and SHG representatives , exposure visits, skills training, unattractive to some because of the increase in the number entrepreneur development programme, revolving fund, of boats and consequent lower CPUE (catch per unit insurance, legal support, economic assistance and training effort). Unless alternate sources of livelihood are provided, on marketing. Market surveys were conducted in affected these vulnerable populations, already often at subsistence areas to identify viable income-generating activities. The levels, are likely to get further enmeshed in poverty. beneficiaries themselves identified alternate livelihood Moreover, many of those affected did not have a regular options and were provided the wherewithal to start work job or a business. In cases where the earning member from in an area of their choice. a fisherman’s family was lost to the tsunami, the surviving Formation of SHGS: 61995 Self Help Groups were members wanted to use the relief money to venture into formed with the help of NGOs. Each group has about 15 a safer occupation. There were labourers who worked on members, most of them women. SHGs are formed with land and saltpan workers who had very low paying or no the assistance of panchayat-level federations or reputed work available. They had no savings and were indebted NGOs that are already involved with the Mahalir Thittam to moneylenders and were accumulating heavy interests and any other reputed NGOs recommended by the to pay off on loans. In some districts like Pudukottai District Level Committee. migrants from Andaman were keen to find their feet in Basic orientation training: Initial training pertaining the state. There were people like petty traders who lost to savings, maintenance of registers, rules and regulations their livelihood because the whole communities resettled of SHGs, working capital, accounts, basics of market somewhere else. Many agriculturists needed alternatives survey and market concepts and risk-mitigation was since agriculture did not look feasible to them. imparted to them. The animators, representatives and Many women were forced to look at other options SHG members were trained by NGOs. Training was because of the death, or disability of the earning member in adequately monitored and supervised by the implementing their families. The close knit fishing communities generally department executives in coordination with the respective take care of their women. However, during the initial District Collectors. stages, the livelihoods of women did not receive adequate Skill training: Technical and managerial skill training support. Often, women did not have access to relief and for successfully running an enterprise livelihood activities rehabilitation packages based on the lists furnished by was given to 153000 members of SHGs, including men, the men in the village. Women were also at the risk of women and disabled persons. Entrusted to NGOs, sexual exploitation because of loss of income and inability the training included upgradation of SHGs through to access cash. Proper economic counseling and guidance exposure to latest tools, technology, value-addition and was required to avoid situations where relatives tried to diversification of projects, entrepreneur development, dominate in an effort to divert money to them. marketing skills, packaging, branding, labelling and other Suitable and sufficient work had to be generated by related aspects. Possessing a desired level of skills is a the state to support all sections. Considering the seasonal necessary precondition for providing economic assistance nature of many occupations, dependency on one form of and disbursement is done only after successful completion

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 43 of skill-development training. A four-week training course, Revolving funds: Revolving funds were made available run by NGOs, or specialized agencies costs a maximum of to SHGs from the government or ADB resources to cover Rs. 5000 per trainee. immediate expenses and home needs. The savings pooled Skill-development training has been given for from members in a SHG are generally very small and mud crab fattening, seaweed cultivation, solar cooker inadequate to meet loan requirements. A revolving fund making, mushroom cultivation, sanitary napkin making, of Rs. 30,000 by way of a grant and Rs. 15,000 as a bank compressed mud block manufacturing, lace embroidery, loan augments resources helping the group undertake turkey and rabbit rearing, screen printing, fish pickles, sea micro-finance activities. Bank loans come with an interest shell craft, coconut copra making etc. subsidy. (Previously the SHGs were given the revolving fund at the rate of Rs 25,000 each, with a subsidy Training beyond four weeks is given through reputed component of Rs 10,000). institutions where employment is guaranteed and approved by the Project Implementation Unit. Livelihood Economic assistance: Economic assistance is extended opportunities training for youths has been given by Dr. to SHGs based on their felt need, their actual requirement, Reddy’s Foundation, Hyderabad for activities such as age and performance. The quantum of economic assistance IT-enabled services, customer-related services, hospitality is 50 per cent subsidy and 50 per cent bank loan for the total project cost. The state government has enhanced services and automobile maintenance. monetary assistance in coastal areas to strengthen SHGs Participatory approach: Viable Employment further. This enables tsunami-affected persons to start self- Generations Activities are chosen by SHGs themselves by help ventures. adopting a PRA exercise after a needs-assessment survey Economic assistance to individuals: Economic has been conducted in each village. Groups can choose assistance (subsidy Rs. 7,500 and loan Rs. 7,500 per one or more activities. individual) for taking up micro-enterprises is also SHG grading: The four stages in the evolution of extended to individuals who are not members of any SHG. SHGs are group formation, group stabilization, micro Preference is given to poor, physically challenged persons credit and micro-enterprise development. All SHGs that with a disability certificate. A subsidy of Rs. 10,000 and are more than six months old are eligible for first grading. a loan of Rs. 5,000 together with four per cent interest SHGs that have completed a minimum period of six subsidy are given to disabled persons. Application forms months from the receipt of the revolving fund, and SHGs in the format prescribed by the Project Implementation more than a year old are eligible for second grading. The Unit, Tsunami Project Implementation Unit, were printed object of second grading is to asses whether the group in sufficient number and distributed to NGOs. Steps have has completed the micro credit stage successfully and is been taken to cover physically challenged persons at district worth financing under the micro-enterprise development level. The District Disabled Rehabilitation Officer co- stage. ordinates this programme. A total of Rs. 3,573 lakh have

Table 25: Assistance to SHGs and individuals as on 30.06.2008 Rs. in Crore

Department

Components Municipal Rural Department Town Panchayats TNSCB Total Administration

No. of SHGs assisted with 33551 2378 1648 634 38217 revolving fund (Rs. 88.83) (Rs. 7.04) (Rs. 4.64) (Rs. 4.64) (Rs. 102.41)

Economic assistance 2472 246 347 810 3875 (Rs. 39.77) (Rs. 31.59) (Rs. 1.70) (Rs. 5.05) (Rs. 1.43)

No. of beneficiaries trained 110525 6120 36486 613 153744 (Rs. 6.35) (Rs. 1.09) (Rs. 4.27) (Rs. 0.14) (Rs. 11.85)

No. of disabled persons 34637 225 870 - 35732 given assistance (Rs. 34.63) (Rs. 0.23) (Rs. 0.87) (Rs. 35.73)

* Under livelihood programmes, so far GoTN has assisted 10,68,564 people including those indirectly affected. # SHGs formed by Rural Development Department includes SHGs formed in the entire coastal block.

44 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 been sanctioned to 35,725 disabled persons. At the Block level, steps are taken to verify assets and maintain the register at the panchayat level. Deserted women and widows were given a subsidy of Rs. 10,000 and bank loan of Rs. 5,000 on priority basis. Cluster activities: The cluster development approach is among the most effective instruments to enable small scale-enterprises withstand challenges thrown up by competition and globalisation. Development of cluster activities is focused around a few selected activities, rather than a variety of activities. The choice of activity is considered most important for successful running of the micro-enterprise. The cluster approach facilitates establishment of all forward and backward linkages SHG grading in progress effectively. It enhances the collective bargaining power of SHGs/ Federations and improves the profitability of Government executives and community organizers enterprises, ensuring sustainability. Choice of activities is jointly monitor loan disbursement and oversee asset- based on local resources, aptitude, as well as the skill-base creation. Any delays or grievances are redressed through and potential market. the interactions with the District Collectors and Banks. Market support: Marketing support was provided in Government provides support of every kind till the SHGs the form of linkages to potential buyers, industrial units attain sustainability. and service providers. SHGs and PLFs are arranging For those who have traditionally practiced fishing local market tie-ups with inputs from executive officers. over a long period of time, it is interesting to note that Common infrastructure is provided for production, increasingly it has been the women who have been opting processing, quality testing, transport, storage and towards alternate livelihoods. Women were instrumental marketing. in not only encouraging the fishermen to go fishing rather District Collectors are involving all stakeholders than wait for the relief, but also took a lead in getting through workshops for devising respective marketing things started on the non-fishing front. Self-help groups strategies. SHG products need to be user-friendly, were a great source of assistance in providing relief and consistent in quality, consumer-sensitive, aesthetically rehabilitation measures in the tsunami-hit areas. satisfying and as far as possible eco-friendly. However SHG groups lack knowledge in design development and Restoration of livelihoods has become an important other issues. Hence the Town Panchayats Department has part of the agenda for rehabilitating communities affected, entered into an MoU with National Institute of Fashion directly as well as indirectly. Multilateral agencies at the Technology for the following activities. international level are all focusing on livelihood restoration in tsunami affected areas. In Tamil Nadu alone, the • Design development and workshops of SHG products. livelihood component from the World Bank, • Procurement and installation of machinery and equipment Asian Development Bank and the International Fund for setting up three production-cum-training centres. for Agricultural Development comes to US$ 116 million. • Providing training to 120 trainees from SHGs. • Assistance in trial production, branding, packaging printing, product launching and project documentation.

The above activities will ultimately help to increase SHG income by attracting more customers, establishing the product in the market and increasing the market share to enable a sustained production level. A few With experience and greater understanding of ground realities, private organizations are also providing marketing many innovative schemes were chalked out to help women. An support for SHG products. example is registration of houses for the tsunami-hit in the name of Monitoring and evaluation: Progress of both husband and wife. The low-income households organized into SHG activities is continuously monitored with Self Help Groups recognized by the state government as affected following objectives. by tsunami. So far 38195 SHGs are assisted with revolving fund of • To learn whether the assets are in order and Rs. 102.36 crore to restore livelihood. These groups were mostly are managed properly. women. Even in the relief packages, it was resolved to hand over the • To ascertain whether the projected income is relief only to the women of the household. 4320 women were given being generated. economic assistance of Rs. 39.55 crore. 155420 beneficiaries were • To remove the difficulties, if any, faced by SHGs in running the unit successfully. given training and establishment support at a cost of Rs. 6.45 crore to revive their livelihood. 35725 physically challenged persons were • To ensure timely repayment of interest and principal. given assistance to the tune of Rs. 35.73 crore

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 45 46 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Workings and the wares New livelihood initiatives by SHGs and individuals

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 47 Fingerprints of self-help group members being taken using biometric technology at a camp in Tiruvottiyur on Saturday

Special initiatives Biometric identification: In order to ensure effective implementation, monitoring, follow-up and evaluation of the livelihood programme, ensuring a fool-proof identification of SHG members is quite essential. It has been planned to identify them by biometric technology. Initially it was decided to identify members of SHGs that have availed a revolving fund or economic assistance. The process shall facilitate the avoidance of multipurpose funding and consequently help the deserving to obtain funds under TEAP. Camps for recording fingerprints and facial images of the SHG members are in progress. Insurance coverage: The insurance policy proposed to be taken with Life Insurance Corporation of India under its Social Security Insurance Scheme called Jana Shree Bhima Yojana, a Central Government Scheme for members of 3387 SHGs consisting of 60,966 members at the cost of Rs. 60.97 lakhs with a matching contribution from LIC of India. Under this scheme, all those involved in 44 occupations specified by LIC and members of SHGs, and those who are between 18 to 60 years of age are eligible to be beneficiaries of the scheme. In case of natural death, Rs. 30,000; or in case of accidental death or permanent disability Rs. 75,000; or in case of partial disability Rs. 37,500 could be given under the scheme. Apart from the above compensation, two children of the beneficiary studying between classes IXth and XIIth are eligible for Rs. 1200 per year per child as stipend. Craft village in Villipuram is another effort to restore and rejuvenate existing community assets that support the livelihood of 466 craftsmen of six villages in the district. Handloom export promotion zone in Kanyakumari district serves to improve and rehabilitate the traditional livelihood of 1000 very poor weavers of tsunami-affected areas through financial and technical assistance. The project that costs Rs. 404.67 lakhs has the following main features. • Upgradation of 250 traditional looms with simple equipment and machinery to increase production income and improve health condition of weavers by reducing strain. • Supply of 750 new frame looms for production of terry-towel that has good export potential. • Upgradation of four existing common loom sheds. • Construction of nine new common facilities centers (CFCs). • Provision of skill development training to 1000 weavers on upgraded looms. Exhibition-cum-marketing complex to display and sell SHG products near Valluvar Kottam in Chennai benefits approximately 30,000 members of 2,500 SHGs at the cost of Rs. 900 lakhs. The complex has a basement for parking vehicles, ground floor with modular framework to accommodate temporary stalls, two well-equipped training halls and dormitory facilities for visiting SHG members. Swift assistance has brought livelihoods in the fisheries as well as non-fisheries sectors in Tamil Nadu back on track faster in comparison with other countries. Restoration of resources for economic activities was possible because of adequate flow of materials and expertise, as well as timely introduction of policy and guidelines for compensation of asset-loss, implementation of the same by all the stakeholders on the field.

48 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 SECTION four: DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

he tsunami not only affected the live- Task Forces are formed at the state-level by TNTRC and lihoods of the fishing community in at the district level by district resource centers, notably the particular, and coastal communities Nagapattinam and Kanyakumari resource centers. in general, but also to some extent exposed their preexisting vulnerability Safety measures in GoI strategy document from pre-tsunami times. GoTN has The Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI, in its strategy paper past experience in dealing with ca- on preventive and mitigation of risk indicates that the lamities like frequent cyclones. In an effort to address the key factors to reduce potential losses due to a tsunami are vulnerabilities and devastation presented by the tsunami, T AWARENESS and PREPAREDNESS. Specific measures the state has also made administration better-equipped for safety from tsunamis/storm surges are suggested in the to deal with natural disasters. GoTN is also making ef- strategy document. forts to reduce the risks and vulnerabilities of fishermen. The overall strategy is to ensure that the disaster would provide an opportunity to improve the existing situation Structural measures with a participatory and coordinated approach. Disaster 1) Construction of cyclone shelters. preparedness and risk-reduction components have been 2) Plantation of mangroves and forests along the coast. integrated across different sectors such as livelihood, shel- 3) Development of a network of local knowledge centers ter and environment. (rural/urban) along the coast, to provide necessary Tamil Nadu government rehabilitation and training and emergency communication during a reconstruction initiatives are transitioning into overall crisis. development of the affected region. Keeping the above 4) Construction of location-specific sea walls and coral overall strategy in view, the activities include vulnerability reefs in consultation with experts. mapping, processes to reduce vulnerability and greater preparedness in the face of potential hazards that are seen 5) Development of breakwaters along the coast to to occur in coastal areas such as earthquakes, cyclonic provide a necessary cushion against cyclone and wind, storm surge in cyclones, flooding by incessant tsunami hazards. rain and tsunami. A multi-hazard vulnerability map is 6) Development of tsunami detection, forecasting and planned under the Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction warning dissemination centers. Project for the entire stretch of the coast. This exercise 7) Development of a “bio-shield” – a narrow strip of is essentially participatory in nature so as to make all land along the coastline. Permanent structures should information available in the public domain. The project come up in this zone with strict implementation of aims to establish participatory ecological and community suggested norms. A bio-shield can be developed as a monitoring systems, to critically analyze developmental coastal zone disaster-management sanctuary, which policy with respect to the coast and develop management must have thick plantation and public spaces for models for key sites along the coast. public awareness, dissemination and demonstration. A District Disaster Management Plan is prepared every 8) Identification of vulnerable structures and appropriate year spelling out rescue, relief and rehabilitation activities retrofitting for tsunami/cyclone resistance of all such to be undertaken. District-level coordination committee buildings as well as appropriate planning, designing, meetings are conducted twice a year. Districts not affected construction of new facilities like: by the tsunami are also covered by disaster management plans. Current disaster management and mitigation • critical infrastructure e.g. power stations, activities are however focused on coastal districts. warehouses, oil and other storage tanks etc. Contingency plans have been formulated listing vulnerable located along the coastline; areas. Preventive and precautionary measures in case of • all other infrastructure facilities located in coastal any disasters are chalked out. Disaster Risk Management areas;

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 49 • public buildings and private houses; • all marine structures; and • construction and maintenance of national and state highways and other coastal roads Non-Structural Measures: Strict implementation of the CZR (within 500m of the high tide line with elevation of less than 10 m above msl). Tsunami Early Warning System Immediately after the tsunami, it was decided to set up an early warning system to mitigate such potential losses. In the vicinity of India, there are two tsunamigenic zones, Andaman-Sumatra trench and the Makran Coast. Establishment of National Early Warning System for Tsunami and Storm Surges in the Indian Ocean was approved by the Government of India in October 2005 at a cost of Rs. 125 crore with the Ministry of Earth Sciences as the nodal ministry. An Interim Tsunami Warning Centre, following the Standard Operational Procedure, was made operational round the clock as early as July 2005. This centre receives earthquake information from India Meteorological Department and other Global Networks. Tsunami Advisories are also received from Early Warning System the Japan Meteorological Agency and Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre. Data from BPR’s (Bottom Pressure Recorders) established by the National Institute of Ocean September 2007. The National Early Warning System is Technology and the Tide Gauges established by the Survey made operational from September 2007 after necessary of India are also received at the early warning centre and testing and simulations. The system is set up at the are used to conform the generation of tsunami. Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad. Seismic Network India is ‘official’ Regional Tsunami Warning Centre for As a part of strengthening seismic network for near countries in the Indian Ocean Region. INCOIS would real time monitoring of the potential tsunamigenic monitor, analyse and disseminate all information regarding earthquakes, 17 interconnected broadband seismic stations tsunami, earthquake and the intensity of the possible are installed that communicate data in real time to Central inundation to all the countries under the Indian Ocean Receiving Stations of India Meteorological Department at rim. To begin with, all information about earthquakes in New Delhi and to the Parallel Central Receiving Stations the Indian Ocean region, will be collected. INCOIS has at INCOIS, Hyderabad. The strengthened network of the capability to detect tremors well in advance and can earthquake monitoring has been made operational in confirm whether they are tsunamigenic.

Early disaster warning system in place Hundreds of villagers in Thazhnguda in Cuddalore district ran to safety as soon as the siren warning of impending disaster was triggered on Friday morning December 1st. Volunteers and members of various committees formed under the village-level disaster management teams guided women and children to safety and carried away the handicapped and those injured to nearby shelters. The alert medical teams attended the injured and within a few minutes all the villagers flocked to recently constructed shelters. The exercise was part of a mock drill for the villagers of Thazhnguda following the installation of the country’s first wireless-based radio EWS in the 55 most vulnerable village panchayats in the district, to enable quick flow of information to warn villagers of impending disaster. The system was installed under the Disaster Risk Management Program launched by the state government in association with United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The system enables an almost instantaneous flow of information to the vulnerable community and prevents villagers being caught unawares in the event of a disaster like the tsunami, cyclone and floods. The system comprises a high-featured VHF radio integrated with a public system, connected to the main network of the district. The District Collector using his mobile radio can call village heads individually or collectively and disseminate information in case of emergency. The wireless communication system is foolproof, protected from unauthorized access or reception as a security measure.

50 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 The INCOIS scientiests can also predict the travel time and intensity of the earthquake. Depending upon the data supplies by the countries about their topographies, quakes thread bare can be analysed. In the second phase INCOIS can also predict minute abnormalities in the ocean behaviour. With this information like inundation due to the tsunami attacks can be predicted accurately. INCOIS will provide routine details about the ocean behaviour and other prameters to countries in the Indian Ocean rim based on the bilateral agreement. Sea Level Network Installation of 12 bottom pressure recorders (BPRs) has been planned to monitor and record propagation of tsunami waves in the ocean and consequent sea level changes. 10 systems will be installed in Bay of Bengal and 2 in the

Arabian Sea. BPRs have been procured and integrated with Early warning system indigenous surface buoys systems. Installation of 6 BPRs are deployed in Bay of Bengal. 50 Tide Gauge Stations are planned as part of this network (36 by Survey of India Coastal Vulnerability Modelling and and 14 by NIOT). 12 Tide Gauges have been installed by Inundation Mapping the NIOT along the Indian Coastline including Andaman & Nicobar Islands and data is being received in real time • Inundation model prepared for specific coastal areas i.e., by INCOIS. The critical locations from the point of view Nagapattinam and Cuddalore belt on the basis of existing of validating the tsunami by monitoring sea level changes topographic and bathymetric (water depth) data have been covered. The effectiveness of these sensors has • Inundation along the entire coast for various earthquake been proved in deterministically concluding that there scenarios (magnitude, hypocenter location, rupture was no tsunami subsequent to last two high magnitude orientation etc.,) is being generated by ICMAM Project undersea earthquakes in the Indian Ocean Region in the Directorate for integration with the warning system. years 2005 (March 2005) and 2007 (September 2007). Modelling has been completed for 16 selected locations Five Coastal Observing Radars and two Current Meter representing the States of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Moorings would also be installed towards monitoring Orissa, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Kerala and Gujarat storm surges and understanding physical behaviour of and UT of Andaman and Nicobar. oceans. HF radar, that is already installed by NIOT has • For the purpose of operational early warning, a large been successfully used to detect and measure the strength database of open ocean propagation scenarios is being of the advancing waves. generated by INCOIS.

Wireless communication In Nagapattinam district, a wireless communication network using Kenwood two-way radios and repeater stations was installed. This enables the district administration to connect with all 11 Panchayat Unions and 19 coastal panchayats to communicate and advise the communities in case of emergency situations in the face of natural calamities. This system also enables officials from all departments of the district administration to communicate among themselves. The two-way communication system works independently without the help of any existing networks of various service providers. Past experience indicates that existing land line and mobile telephone services do not meet the stringent demands of communication during calamities like floods, cyclones and failed to function during the tsunami of 2004, partly because of electricity failure for long periods of time. The two-way radio is built on self-powered stand-alone batteries and consumes lesser power, enabling uninterrupted communication for longer periods. These batteries can be charged by solar systems or can be even replaced by 12v batteries used in automobiles in case of electricity failure. Strategic repeaters are placed in north and south areas in Mayiladuthurai and Thalainayar to give the best coverage to most of the district. All district authorities are provided with both base and mobile communication radios in their offices and cars. This equipment is time-tested and has been working near perfectly during calamities. The maintenance schedule is also fairly simple. The costs of deploying these networks are also comparatively low which makes them handy not just during emergencies but also for efficient day-to-day functioning of the district administration

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 51 • National Remote Sensing Agency is taking up topographic Mangroves, Shelterbelt Plantation and mapping of 15000 sq.km area (for 7500 km line km and Seawalls 2 km inland for the coastline) with airborne LIDAR and Digital Camera data in conjunction with GPS control Reviewing sand dunes restoration and shelterbelt plantation survey using photogram metric techniques. is considered critically important, irrespective of how close one is to the sea, as seaside erosion needs to be controlled. Early Warning Centre Nalu Vedapathy in Nagapattinam district has been mentioned in Guinness book of records for shelter plantation A state-of-the-art early warning centre is being established in the memory of the lost children. Besides contributing to at INCOIS with all the necessary computational and the eco-restoration initiatives, this has also doubled up as a communication infrastructure that enables reception of real- psycho–social tool against depression. time data from all the sensors, analysis of the data, generation and dissemination of warnings following a standard Various options such as sea walls, mangroves, hook operating procedure. An end to end communication plan jetties and groynes are being considered by different districts. has been worked out in collaboration with the Indian Space Restoration works in Cuddalore include, dredging the 1400 Research Organisation that envisages use of INSAT DRT meters-long operable portion of Uppanar River to a depth and INSAT MSS. INCOIS has set up reliable connectivity of four meters, diaphragm walls and natural stones provided facilities to the Ministry of Home Affairs for dissemination for breakwaters. The options change based on geographical of warnings. position. Groynes, RM walls, current-breaking system were constructed in addition to planting casuarina saplings along Tsunami Warning Centers at Six Places the coastline. Shelterbelt plantations are being raised by the forest department. The state government is also planning Recognizing the inherent vulnerabilities of the state, the to develop mangrove forests along the coastal line of Tamil GoTN, in partnership with UNDP, has been implementing Nadu to prevent damage due to the tsunami. The General a DRM program in six multi-hazard prone districts since Services Organization (GSO), a unit of the Department of 2003. This programme aims at institutionalizing disaster Atomic Energy, has put up a reinforced cement concrete management concepts into development works and building wall to protect the township of the Indira Gandhi Centre for the capacity of communities in disaster-risk mitigation and Atomic Research (IGCAR) at Kalpakkam from any future preparedness. It addresses disaster management at state, disaster. Sand dunes, boulders and plantations would be put district and village levels providing scope for participation up between the RCC wall and the beach, at an estimated of CBOs, NGOs and private sectors. cost of Rs.15 crore. A larger project for a shelterbelt along Steps are being taken to establish tsunami-warning the coast, with technical planning involving the Forest centers at six places along the Tamil Nadu coast. The centers Department, has been undertaken. would be set up at Chennai, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Tuticorin, Rameswaram and Kanyakumari. Similarly, Importance of Coastal Plantations earthquake measuring equipment has been installed at Kavanur (Vellore district) and Tirupathur (Vellore • Cyclones and tsunamis mostly originate from the sea and district), Rasipuram (Namakkal district) and Denkanikotta move towards the land. The wind generated is reduced, (Krishnagiri district) since some parts of Tamil Nadu fall reflected, deflected and dissipated, when it passes under seismic zones two and three. The meteorological through obstacles such as coastal forest, mangroves, department had set up such equipment in Chennai, Salem offshore islands, coral reefs, head lands, sea cliffs, sand and Kodaikanal in the past. The IGCAR also set up a pits, mud flats, sand dunes, creeks etc. tsunami warning system: sirens were installed in 13 strategic • Other than the above natural features, man-made locations along a five to six km length along the Kalpakkam structures along the coastline such as offshore platforms, coast and would be activated to warn of a tsunami sea wall constructions, harbour and plantations also help attack. An earthquake notification system has also been set in energy dissipation. up to detect quakes that could lead to tsunamis. • Wave-induced effects of tsunamis, hurricanes and The district administration has been actively participating cyclones lead to death and property loss. These violent in developing the early warning system (EWS) in the pilot storms and tsunamis born at sea strike the coast with district of Cuddalore. Vulnerable villages are identified wind speeds up to 900 km per hour and create waves of and viable EWSs options are being explored. A team of heights of about 10 to 20 meters. personnel drawn from different government departments • Coastal habitats such as mangroves and other wetlands, such as Public Works, Agriculture, Health and Rural coral reefs, coastal barrier islands and lagoons are often Development are provided training on EWS. The personnel recognized by experts as the best defences against wind, serve as master trainers in the state and the district equipping waves and erosion by deflecting and absorbing much of other stakeholders. Emphasis was laid on building the the energy of winds. capacities of women to be part of the early warning team. • Therefore, it is important to maintain these natural This enabled them to actively participate in the decision- habitats for shore protection as well as for environmental making process during emergencies. Community-based conservation. Creating a shelterbelt of trees and other organizations (CBOs) have been actively involved in the vegetation along the coast would act as a first line of process of planning EWS in the respective villages. The defence against the effect of frequent cyclonic storms planning considered the safety of all sections that included and heavy winds. children, elderly and the disabled.

52 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 • Mangrove roots, which grow on tidal coasts in marshy • To ensure livelihood, ecological and economic security lands, collect sediments in their roots. This absorbs the of people in the coastal areas. energy of waves and tidal surges, thereby acting as a shield for the land behind. The tidal inflow also brings Achievements in a lot of debris and soil particles. • Raised 2000 ha of shelterbelt and 700 ha of mangrove • Thousands of lives could have been saved in the super plantations during 2005-06 in the coastal areas of Tamil cyclone of Orissa if mangrove plantations had not been Nadu. destroyed for commercial reasons (The New Scientist. • Raised 2778.1 ha of shelterbelt and 1462 ha of mangrove Mr. Tom Spencer of the Cambridge Coastal Research plantations during 2006-07 in the coastal areas of Tamil Unit at Cambridge). Nadu. Objectives • Created awareness about natural calamities and the importance of tree-growing activities in combating such • Repair and reconstruction of tsunami-damaged/ prone calamities. areas and to control/ reduce damage in future. • Improvement of livelihood. • To stabilize sand dunes in coastal areas and conserve • Employment-generation through peoples’ participation. moisture for long-term benefits including agriculture and water supply. • Strengthening conservation of the fragile mangrove and coastal ecosystem. • To conserve the wetland ecosystem by planting mangroves.

Table 26: Progress on implementation of ETRP plantations as on 30.07.2008

Mangrove Plantations Shelterbelt plantations Other works Total Circle Division Phy Fin Phy Fin Achie Achie Achie Achie Achie Achie Target Target Target Target Target Target

Chengalpattu Chennai 0 0 0.00 0.00 450 450 121.50 121.50 19.70 17.27 141.20 138.77 SF

Tiruvallur 0 0 0.00 0.00 150 150 40.50 40.50 6.59 5.78 47.09 46.28

Villupuram Villupuram 200 200 50.00 50.00 220 220 59.40 59.40 16.46 16.47 125.86 125.87

Nagapattinam 150 150 37.50 37.50 75 75 20.25 20.25 8.78 7.55 66.53 65.30 WL

Trichy Thanjavur 25 25 6.25 6.25 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.84 7.22 7.09 Trichy SF 25 25 6.25 6.25 100 100 27.00 27.00 4.81 4.17 38.06 37.42

Pudukottai 150 150 37.50 22.98 60 60 16.20 13.29 8.16 5.93 61.86 42.20

Ramnad SF 50 50 12.50 12.50 265 265 71.55 71.55 12.91 11.23 96.96 95.28

Virudhunagar WLW, Ramnad 50 50 12.50 12.50 40 40 10.80 10.67 3.63 3.16 26.93 26.33

Sivaganga 50 50 12.50 12.50 325 325 87.75 87.75 16.12 14.11 116.37 114.36

Tirunelveli SF 0 0 0.00 0.00 65 65 17.55 17.55 2.91 2.56 20.46 20.11 Tirunelveli Tuticorin 0 0 0.00 0.00 250 250 67.50 66.38 10.86 9.50 78.36 75.88

Research 0 0.00 0 0.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00

ETRP Cell CF, HRD 0 0.00 0 0.00 13.70 0.00 13.70 0.00

Total 700 700 175.00 160.48 2000 2000 540.00 535.84 142.60 115.57 857.60 811.89

Physical Target: 2700 ha Achievement : 2700 ha Financial Target: 857.60 lakhs Achievement : 811.89 lakhs

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 53 Table 27: Progress on implementation of NCRMP converted to ETRP plantations as on 30.06.2008

Mangrove Plantations Shelterbelt plantations Other works Total Phy Fin Phy Fin Circle Division Achie Achie Achie Achie Achie Achie Target Target Target Target Target Target

Chennai Chengalpattu SF 0 0 0.00 0.00 100 100 27.00 27.00 3.62 3.08 30.62 30.08

Villupuram Villupuram 250 250 62.50 62.50 200 200 54.00 54.00 15.99 16.00 132.49 132.50 Nagapattinam Trichy 350 350 87.50 87.50 120 100 32.40 27.00 16.59 13.58 136.49 128.08 WL Ramnad SF 50 50 12.50 12.50 100 100 27.00 27.00 5.37 4.59 44.87 44.09 Virudhunagar Sivaganga 50 50 12.50 12.50 100 100 27.00 27.00 5.37 4.59 44.87 44.09

Tirunelveli SF 50 12 12.50 2.78 100 78.06 27.00 20.46 5.37 0.00 44.87 23.24 Tirunelveli Tuticorin 50 50 12.50 12.50 130 100 35.10 26.52 6.46 4.59 54.06 43.61

Research 0 0.00 0 0.00 15.00 0.00 15.00 0.00

Total 800 762 200.00 190.28 850 778.1 229.50 208.98 73.77 46.43 503.27 445.69

Physical Target: 1650 ha Achievement : 1540.06 ha Financial Target: 503.27 lakhs Achievement : 445.69 lakhs

Building the best defence flood etc. These buildings could be used as community halls Man-made sea walls are often perceived as the best line of during non-emergency periods. Large-scale improvements defence because of the visible sense of security they give. are underway in public utility buildings too. Full-form The impact of tsunami was greater in exposed coastal areas (TERT) has taken up 49 multi hazards shelters. An adjacent to the sea walls. Sea walls also block fishermen’s unparalleled flagship programme has been initiated in 500 access to the sea. A combination of groynes, seawalls Panchayats providing them with an annual budget of Rs. and shelterbelt plantations is therefore being explored in 20 lakh for five years to undertake infrastructure work in many places. The scientific reasons were explained to the villages. communities and they were encouraged to make informed choices. Sea wall construction is being done scientifically Protection of Boats and Fishing Gear i.e. three times over since there is natural sinking. Shifting To protect boats and fishing gear during natural calamities the first two or three rows of houses from the high tide such as a tsunami, the state government has decided to line, constant strengthening of sea walls, and filling construct groynes (hook-shaped jetties) in four coastal gaps with groynes and plantations have greatly reduced hamlets in Tirunelveli district and earmarked Rs. 21 crore. the risk. However people needed a lot of convincing to The groynes will be constructed at Idinthakarai, Perumanal, keep away from the 500 m CRZ line. However, GoTN Kooththankuzhi and Periyathaazhai in Tirunelveli district, recognized that new construction of sea wall on gronyes which were most affected. Once construction is completed, will only aggravate the effect of natural forces else where. boats anchored inside will be protected as the tall and Every decision has to be made after considerable study and broad granite walls around the vessels will neutralize the observation. impact of the tides.

Multi-hazard shelters Sea Safety Cyclone shelters built in Cuddalore and other coastal A boat/sea safety project by the European Commission districts have been renovated and 114 cyclone shelters are for Humanitarian Aid, the United Nations Development being reconstructed across coastal districts. The cyclone Programme (UNDP) and the South Indian Federation of shelters were put into use during floods in 2005. Had they Fishermen Societies (SIFFS) is getting underway in the been maintained earlier the tsunami victims could have districts most affected by the tsunami: Nagapattinam and used it. Multi-hazard shelters will be coming up at four Cuddalore. It seeks to train and increase awareness among places in Nagapattinam at a cost of Rs.1.51 crore for use fisher communities on all aspects of boat safety. during emergencies. Rajiv Gandhi National Relief Fund Highlights include training/awareness workshops financed construction of these shelters which can house for fishermen on sea safety, thematic street-theatre 500 to 600 people during emergencies such as tsunami, performances in affected villages and the distribution of an

54 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 Low-cost Distress Alert Transmitters handed over to fishermen Officials of the Indian Coastal Guard handed over Distress Alert Transmitters (DAT) to fishermen the new DAT systems makes it easier for the Indian Coast Guard to locate and rescue fishermen who are in distress while out in the sea. Fishermen face several problems at sea including natural disasters, physical illness and the threat of being kidnapped by LTTE militants. Wish these systems, we would be able to minimize such incidents and provide timely help for the fishermen. The new device that had been developed jointly by the ISRO and the Indian Coast guard would help them in locating the exact position of the fishing boats that need help and significantly reduce the time taken for rescue operations. The product will later be available at a reasonable cost for any fishing boat owner who ventures into the high seas. All the components of the device had been indigeneously developed while keeping the cost factor in mind. It is a relatively simple device and we hope that it will help in saving several lives in future.

Hon’ble Minister K.P.P. Sami handing over Distress Alert Transmitter to a boat owner illustrated handbook and posters in Tamil, on the issue of periods of darkness and during bad weather. It includes a boat/sea safety. Fishermen are given hands-on training in the safety equipment checklist. The project addresses the ‘last use of GPS navigators and VHF radio during workshops. mile’ in sea safety – from beach to the fishing ground. They are being taught distress signalling methods and However it is up to the fishermen to decide what equipment conduct during emergencies at sea. They will also be exposed to carry while the role of the government and NGOs is to to state of the art life saving and safety equipment and their educate them on the available safety equipment. Sea safety uses. The street theatre performances will highlight the is an integral component of livelihood. importance of safe working practices among fishermen with Efforts are being made through advocacy and an emphasis on the role of women in boat/sea safety. The orientation to get people to view disaster-mitigation as illustrated handbook will detail the precautions to be taken everybody’s business. Flooding that plagues Tamil Nadu before going out to sea, while at anchor, while fishing in year after year every monsoon is seen more as a man-made

Fishermen with new boat

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 55 disaster than a natural one and calls for a drill culture. On bound projects addressing the felt needs and priorities in March 28, 2005 when a tsunami warning was issued the a concrete manner, DRM has to be a continuous process coastal villages of Tamil Nadu went through the course and sustainability is crucial to the programs. People need of action expected in such situations. People moved to to be continuously oriented and alerted on what they need safer buildings that are identified in every village in the to do. District administrations plan to conduct the rescue district. There is greater awareness among people. Task drill during every low-intensity disaster. forces swung into action. Tamil Nadu has one of the System preparedness for disaster management is critical better stand-in task forces for risk management. Linkages as was demonstrated in Cuddalore district, which coped are being established among all stakeholders for assigning very well with the 2005 floods because of the tsunami responsibility. Unlike in other sectors that have time- experience and the training that followed.

National Cyclone Risk Management (NCRM) programme is conceived by National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The Cuddalore model has set up communication facility using VHF technology in Cuddalore district to pass on information regarding impending danger from the district headquarters to the last hamlet located on the coastline. The Cuddalore model of last mile connectivity will be adopted as the base model of communication aspect of the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation. (NCRM) A total of 7,516 km of coastline in 84 districts would be covered under the programme. The programme involves following components. • Creation of coastal shelterbelts by planting casuarinas or mangroves • Setting up cyclone shelters • Laying of proper approach roads • Construction of bridges/culverts. • Capacities of the district level officials • Documentation of major natural calamities to assess/study the preceding and post situation of the affected areas following calamity. This would help throw light on the consequences in case if official machinery remains inactive during emergency. It would also help to chalk out preventive measures. • A set of guidelines on how to manage disasters caused due to cyclones would with instructions as well as steps to be adopted during an emergency, natural or otherwise • Technology of aircraft probing of cyclone to determine the exact path in which the cyclone could move and where it would cross the coast.

Mock drill

56 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 the way forward

Managing disasters is no longer a temporary activity with a short span of attention and investment. Disasters visit with greater frequency and ferocity and newer areas are getting affected. Tamilnadu in India is a typical case; not many had an idea of what a tsunami was before 26th December 2004. It is therefore essential that communities and nations constantly review their preparedness to face known disasters and keep their eyes and ears open for potential risks. One clear message is that every effort must be taken to protect the environment and reduce the impact of human activity on nature. While communities appreciate difficult measures when a disaster actually strikes, it requires considerable effort to convince people of disaster mitigation measures in normal times. This requires continuous research by governments, academic institutions and civil society organizations to constantly plan for making communities safer. Funding of disaster mitigation measures is easier said than done because the need for showing immediately benefits results in such activities getting reduced priority. Media has a definite role to play in this regard to keep the focus on the preventive measures. Many lessons have been learnt during the last few years in the response and mitigation efforts. The strategies adopted for coordination, empowerment of local officers, the housing reconstruction policy and the livelihood and social support measures formulated by GoTN have set new trends in rehabilitation. Guidelines for temporary shelters, Technology Demonstration Units for newer building ideas, risk mitigation in the form of insurance etc are some improvements brought about by the program. A number of initiatives have been taken in areas like livelihood, better building standards, safety drills for fishermen, special schemes for the vulnerable like the physically challenged, orphaned children etc and in understanding the coastal habitat. The unprecedented attention on the fishing communities has led to far reaching changes in their living standards and facilities available for them in terms of education, health and landing facilities. The efforts have also raised expectations and may have repercussions on future handling of such calamities. The information on what the NGO’s can deliver needs to be consolidated and updated periodically so as to provide a relevant data base in a crisis. The transparency and coordination established with NGO’s can be put to use in the other programs of the Government which require constant interaction with the people. The Hon’ble Prime Minister of India asserted that the tsunami disaster would be used asan opportunity to strengthen the coastal areas and the people and build back better; the establishment of the regional Tsunami Warning Center in Hyderabad, India is a clear step forward. So are the measures taken to provide better infrastructure and assets to the coastal communities. The momentum must be continued and the partnerships forged during the implementation of the program strengthened. The formation of the National Disaster Management Authority and the State Disaster Management Authorities provide the ideal platform to maintain this focus and the Government of Tamilnadu will continue to strive towards being the front runner in providing a safety net for all its people especially the vulnerable; after a review by the Hon’ble Chief Minister in June 2006, it has embarked on an ambitious programme to reconstruct poorly constructed houses in the vulnerable coastal areas with funding from Government of India and the World Bank. Further work on providing evacuation shelters, evacuation routes and early warning systems will be undertaken to comprehensively build safer coastal communities. The models developed will be replicated elsewhere to make disaster risk reduction a central theme in all development initiatives.

C.V. SANKAR, I.A.S.,

Of f i c e r On Sp e c i a l Du t y (Re l i e f An d Rehabilitation ) O/o. Th e Sp e c i a l Co m m i ss i o n e r Dated: 11.08.2008 An d Co m m i ss i o n e r Of Re v e n u e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 57 Hon’ble Chief Minister warmly welcomes Mrs. Isabel M. Guerrero Country Director India, World Bank

Hon’ble Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration made inspecting Government Hospital work at Nagapattinam

Hon’ble Union Minister for Shipping, Road Transport and Highways Gol, Hon’ble Minister for Highways and Minor Ports and Hon’ble Minister for Fisheries of GoTN interact with affected people at Nagapattinam

Review by Hon’ble Union Minister for Home and Hon’ble Minister of State (Home Affairs) Gol, Hon’ble Minister for Revenue of GoTN and officials at Chennai

58 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 annexure one: Bilateral and Multilateral Activities

“ADB attaches great importance to further strengthening its relationship with India and we remain highly committed to partnering with the Government in its development endeavors.” “I am pleased to note the prevailing buoyancy stemming from India’s unprecedented growth and strong economic fundamentals. The increased integration of the global economy has made India a visible economic force.” “While the increasing strength and maturity of India’s economy is indeed commendable, ADB agrees with the Government’s assessment that more needs to be done to make the growth process more inclusive.” “I am pleased with the progress made in infrastructure and livelihood components that ADB is supporting that I have visited. The challenge, however, is to complete the infrastructure work and provide better amenities and facilities to the affected families as quickly as possible. With the kind of efforts that have been initiated and the progress that has already been achieved, we are confident that the Government of Tamil Nadu will achieve its objectives.”

Haruhiko Kuroda President Asian Development Bank

A visit by Mr. Haruhiko Kuroda

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 59 Table 28: Department-wise Financial Statement as on 30.06.2008

Sanctioned Amount Total Expenditure (Rs. in crore) (Rs. in crore) Pecentage of Implementing Departments Expenditure WB ADB RGP Total WB ADB RGP Total

Agricultural Department 12.69 0.00 0.00 12.69 12.69 0.00 0.00 12.69 100.0%

Horticultural Department 1.01 0.00 0.00 1.01 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 99.0%

Public Works Department 20.54 0.00 0.00 20.54 19.10 0.00 0.00 19.10 93.0% (WRO)

Forest Department 26.62 0.00 0.00 26.62 23.99 0.00 0.00 23.99 90.1%

Municipal Administration 14.60 53.39 0.00 67.99 10.88 47.41 0.00 58.29 85.7%

Project Management Unit 12.02 4.57 0.00 16.59 11.07 2.96 0.00 14.03 84.6%

Public Works Department 36.66 0.00 0.00 36.66 30.56 0.00 0.00 30.56 83.4% (Buildings)

Town Panchayats 16.41 61.83 0.00 78.24 9.16 52.13 0.00 61.29 78.3%

Rural Development Department 17.10 307.29 119.50 443.89 12.67 261.40 32.42 306.49 69.0%

Tamil Nadu Maritime Board 0.00 65.67 0.00 65.67 0.00 38.83 0.00 38.83 59.1%

Animal Husbandry 2.69 0.00 0.00 2.69 1.30 0.00 0.00 1.30 48.3%

Tamil Nadu Water Supply and 31.49 84.37 0.00 115.86 3.03 51.52 0.00 54.55 47.1% Drainage Board

Fisheries Department 36.83 1.03 451.02 488.88 6.30 1.03 183.47 190.80 39.0%

Highways Department 0.00 56.09 362.87 418.96 0.00 20.46 140.04 160.50 38.3%

Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance 291.52 4.98 45.10 341.60 62.71 4.11 4.58 71.40 20.9% Board

Environment Department 13.71 0.00 0.00 13.71 2.02 0.00 0.00 2.02 14.7%

Grand Total 533.89 639.22 978.49 2151.60 206.48 479.85 360.51 1046.84 48.7%

60 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 PRIME MINISTER’S NATIONAL RELIEF FUND (PMNRF) Partners: Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu Goal: overall medium and long-term rehabilitation of the coastal communities including children and economically active population in the tsunami-affected areas Locations: all tsunami-affected districts Project Cost: Rs. 88.94 crore

Components: • Prime Minister’s Child Assistance Scheme (PMCAS) • Prime Minister’s scholarship for tsunami-affected children • Support of social infrastructure • Support to fisherman scheme • Universal health insurance scheme

Table 29: Abstract for the funds sanctioned under Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund as on 31.7.2008

Amount Amount Spent Balance Amount released Balance in No. of benefi- Sanctioned by Collectors / with the Scheme by this Office the SB Account ciaries by PM’s Office Departments Collectors / (Rs.) of this office (Rs.) (Rs.) Departments Prime Minister’s 1513 75730297 77163000 (the 76551000 612000 NIL Child Assistance interest amount of Scheme Rs. 14,32,703/-) accurued in the SB A/C has been utilised for the balance amount) Trauma care-cum- 63 centres 19000000 19000000 18230000 770000 NIL recreation centres

First Aid Boxes 47000 94000000 94000000 83001035 NIL 10998965 Prime Minister’s 81264 1015727500 1010993400 469904803 541088597 4734100* Scholarship Scheme students for the year 05-06 129975 students for the year 06-07 127125 students for the year 2007-08

Health Insurance 153294 families 77707000 77707000 76647000 1060000 NIL

Waiver of loan 5635 families 195619000 195619000 195619000 0 NIL extended by TAFCOFED to fishermen Provision of 591 villages 5910000 5910000 5910000 0 NIL sports facilities to fishermen villages. Waiver of principal 2100 fishermen 33600000 33600000 0 33600000 NIL component of the loan amount under Fishermen Rehabilitation Scheme Total 1513929400 1513941400 925862838 577130597

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 61 EMERGENCY TSUNAMI RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT (ETRP)

Partners: World Bank and Government of Tamil Nadu Goal: Repair damaged houses and provide for multi-hazard resistant houses, reclaim agricultural lands, strengthen fisheries infrastructure, strengthen animal husbandry infrastructure, restore damaged public infrastructure, create green shelter belts and undertake scientific studies in the affected coastal areas. Locations: 13 coastal districts of Tamil Nadu Project Cost: Rs.1852.74 crore ($423 million) Project duration: 31.10.2008 - likely to be extended till 31.12.2010 Components: • Housing Reconstruction (US$596.8 million, about 87.5% of total) • Restoration of Livelihoods (US$36.4 million, about 5% of total) • Public Buildings and Public Works (US$19.5 million, about 3% of total) • Technical Assistance and Training (US$11.1 million, about 1.5% of total) • Implementation support (US$19.0 Million, about 3% of total) Programmes and activities: • Provision of transit shelters, repair and reconstruction of existing houses, construction of multi-hazard resistant new houses, and the necessary related services and community infrastructure. • Technical assistance and capacity-building for housing reconstruction. • Restoration and upgrading of damaged public infrastructure like roads, water supply, bridges, schools, health centers, etc. • Restoration of damaged agricultural lands (about 9,300 ha) and horticultural lands (670 ha), farm ponds and dug wells. • Restoration of fisheries infrastructure, such as harbours, patrol boats, clearing bar mouth and estuaries to maintain estuarine habitats, and aquaculture infrastructure. • Reestablishment of safety-at-sea systems/services. • Repair/ reconstruction of damaged infrastructure such as veterinary dispensaries and veterinary extension centres and the upgrading of veterinary care services through training to the community based veterinary workers and farmers in animal husbandry activities; • Restoration of damaged river and drain banks (about 100 km), and plantation/replanting of mangroves and shelter belts in Tamil Nadu. • Create Green Shelter Belt, Preparation of social and environmental management plans. • Conduct scientific studies to understand coastal ecology and plan for suitable disaster management projects. • Community participation efforts to ensure involvement of the affected communities. • Studies to assess coastal water quality, ground water quality, pollution of influenced water bodies in urban areas and capacity-building among various stakeholders and hazard risk management.

62 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 TSUNAMI EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE PROJECT (TEAP)

Partners: Asian Development Bank and Government of Tamil adu Goal: Restoration of: • Livelihoods • Transportation such as roads and bridges, ports and harbours • Rural and municipal infrastructure such as water supply and sanitation, municipal infrastructure, rural infrastructure • Capacity-building and implementation assistance Locations: 13 coastal districts of Tamil Nadu Project Cost: Rs. 629.93 crore ($143.75 million) Project Duration: Expected date of completion is 30.04.2009 Components and activities: Livelihood ($ 49.99 million or Rs. 218.96 crore) 1. Restoration of livelihoods of affected poor and low-income households organised into SHGs and other similar groups recognized by the state government as affected directly or indirectly by the tsunami, through support by way of capacity- building, establishment and enterprise-training. 2. Formation of new SHGs both male and female for affected households not yet organized in community-based groups to restore livelihoods through micro-enterprise, training and establishment support. 3. Replacement of productive assets (I.e. excluding housing) of tsunami-affected households. 4. Skill upgradation. 5. Risk-mitigation through group, life and asset insurance as applicable, of affected households receiving assistance under this component. 6. Reconstruction of tsunami-affected community-based infrastructure. 7. Technical support for implementation, monitoring, and impact assessment of this component. Transportation (US$26.80 million or Rs. 117.39 crore) 8. Roads and bridges (roads sub-sector) 9. Ports and harbours (ports sub-sector) Rural and Municipal Infrastructure 10. Water supply and sanitation (US$ 23 million or Rs. 100.74 crore) 11. Other rural and municipal Infrastructure(US$ 40.75 million or Rs.178.49 crore) Capacity-building and Implementation Assistance ($ 3.21 million or Rs. 14.06 crore) 12. Design and construction, supervision and technical support consultancy Implementation support 13. Quality assurance and audit 14. Project management and evaluation Partners: International Fund of Agricultural Development and Government of Tamil Nadu

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 63 JAPAN FUND FOR POVERTY REDUCTION (JFPR)

Partners: GoTN, JPFR and ADB Goal: Locations: 13 coastal districts of Tamil Nadu Project Cost: Rs.16.704 crore(US$ 3.79 million) Project Duration: 08.03.20011 Components and activities:

Table 30: Component-wise funding under JPFR

(i) Model Village Fish Processing complex Rs.4.853 crore

(ii) Alternative Livelihood Activities Rs.4.355 crore

(iii) Environment friendly fish breeding activities Rs.5.837 crore

(iv) Project Management Rs.1.659 crore

Table 31: Subprojects approved and fund sanctioned under the alternative livelihood activities component

Establishment of Home needs store at Uvari, Tirunelveli District – so (i) Rs.16,46,526/- far sanctioned

(ii) Poultry farming activities at Killai Town Panchayat, Cuddalore District. Rs.20,73,750/-

(iii) Production of Sanitary napkins at Kottakuppam Town Panchayat. Rs. 2,00,000/-

(iv) Seaweed farming activities at Kanniyakumari Town Panchayat. Rs. 7,27,460/-

Table 32: Four major subprojects approved under JFPR funding, by Project Steering Committee

Financial Assistance to 300 tsunami affected poor weavers of (i) Rs.91,92,018/- Kanniyakumari District

Financial Assistance to 3 SHGs of Velankanni Town Panchayat for (ii) Rs.5,03,600/- Korai crafts products

Financial Assistance to SHGs, Kottakuppam Town Panchayat for Rexin (iii) Rs. 1,63,000/- bag and allied products

Financial Assistant to SHGs, Kottakuppam Town Panchayat for korai (iv) Rs. 2,41,000/- craft products

4. Under eco-friendly fish breeding activities component, for mud crab fattening activities at Edaikkazhinadu Town Panchayat, Kancheepuram District, Rs.11,57,263/- have been sanctioned. The Project Steering Committee had on 16.7.2008 approved the sub project namely mud crab rearing and fattening activities through cage farming at Vedaranyam, Nagapattinam District with JFPR funding of Rs.69,63,863/-.

5. In respect of Model Village Fish Processing Complex Component, Pazhayar at Nagapattinam District has been identified for implementation.

64 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 INTERNATIONAL FUND OF AGRICULTURAL ASSISTED PROJECT (IFAD)

Goal: Medium and long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction of livelihoods of coastal tsunami-affected communities. Locations: Covers six coastal districts of Tamil Nadu: Kancheepuram, Villipuram, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Tiruvallur and Kanyakumari Project cost: Rs 129 crore (US$ 30 million) Project duration: 8 years Components and activities: • Community Resource Management Community resource planning, Safety at sea, Community support. • Community Institutions Support for self-help groups, Formation of fish marketing societies, Support for coastal schools. • Micro and Rural Finance Venture capital fund Micro-credit for SHGs Financial innovation, Risk management and insurance. • Micro-Enterprise Development Micro-enterprise training, Marketing services, Vocational training • Project Management and Coordination Development of a three-tier project management structure consisting of an autonomous not-for-profit Coastal Community Development Society promoted by the state government. District Implementation Office (PIU) at each project district working in close collaboration with the District Collector as Chairperson of the district-level Implementation Advisory Committee.

UNITED NATIONS ASSISTANCE Partners: United Nations and Government of Tamil Nadu Goal: Moving from post-disaster relief to recovery, restoring livelihoods and upgrading infrastructure, prospective risk reduction, policy support and coordination Locations: Coastal areas of Tamil Nadu Project cost: US$ 38.79 Million. Project duration: Up to 31.12.2008 Components and activities: • Moving from post disaster relief to recovery (US $ 8.54 Million) Psychosocial support, social reintegration to address trafficking, Health and nutrition HIV/AIDS prevention and education. • Restoring livelihoods (US$ 10.65 Million) Rebuilding livelihoods, shelter and habitat development, water supply, sanitation and hygiene. • Prospective risk reduction (US$ 16.55 Million) Healthy environment for long-term security and sustainability Capacity-building for disaster risk-management • Coordination and knowledge networking (US$ 3.05 Million)

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 65 MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT AND LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

Partners: 170 MPs and GoTN Goal: Rebuilding infrastructure Components: Fisheries-related infrastructure, roads, bridges, schools, old age homes, hospitals etc. Locations: 12 tsunami-affected districts, Chennai not included Project Cost: Rs. 22.13 crore Programmes and activities:

Table 33: Contributions from MPLAD funds

No. of MPs who contributed Amount Amount Stages of Works No. of Works spent upto District Sanctioned Under taken 30.06.2008 Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha (Rs. in Lakhs) Completed Pending (Rs. in lakhs)

Cuddalore 30 19 706.00 15 14 1 544.13

Kancheepuram 0 2 50.00 2 2 0 47.33

Kanniyakumar 28 17 520.50 12 10 2 400.14

Nagapattinam 20 25 625.00 63 62 1 586.26

Pudukottai 0 1 75.00 15 15 0 75.00

Ramanatha puram 2 2 32.50 8 8 0 32.45

Thanjavur 0 1 75.00 15 15 0 75.00

Thoothukudi 0 1 5.00 1 1 0 5.00

Tirunelveli 0 1 5.00 1 1 0 5.00

Tiruvallur 0 1 5.00 1 1 0 5.00

Tiruvarur 0 1 10.00 2 2 0 10.00

Villupuram 0 19 204.00 45 44 1 192.88

Total 80 90 2313.00 180 175 5 1978.19

6666 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 Achievements and results:

Table 34: activities completed with the assistance of MPLADS

Sl. No. Work Number

1 Orphanages 2

2 Community halls 50

3 Old age homes 3

4 Service homes 3

5 Bridges 4

6 School buildings 15

7 Multi purpose buildings to fisheries 30

8 Restoration of roads 18

9 Women’s sanitary complex 6

10 Bio shield protection in sea shore 7

11 Anganwadi buildings 5

12 Fish landing centers 2

13 Provision of amenities 1

14 Training institutes 4

15 Protective bund 2

16 Jetties 3

17 Cyclone shelters 2

18 Fish drying yards 9

19 Culverts 5

20 Additional facilities to hospitals 4

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 67 ANNEXURE two: Guidelines for construction of temporary shelters

Guidelines for erection of temporary shelters Markets or services for the continuation or development 1.0 Introduction of livelihood support activities should be available. Affected households in any disaster cannot return to the 3.0 Planning site of their original dwellings and they need temporary a) Size shelters. These temporary shelters also known as transit shelters are provided either to individual households or Overall Size: Overall size includes household plot and collectively in large public building structures such as the area necessary for roads, footpath, educational facilities, school buildings, warehouses or large halls. Transit shelters toilets, sanitation, water storage distribution area, markets can be short term or long term depending on the use, and storage facilities. the availability of essential services, social infrastructure Preferred area for the overall habitation is 45 Sq.m per and opportunity available for upgrading and expanding person and the minimum, 35 Sq.m per person the dwellings. Individual unit: The covered area enables safe separation and privacy between the sexes, between different 2.0 Concept age groups and between separate families within a given i) The site selected should be such that the settlements are household as required. located at a safe distance from any such external threats Preferred area 3.5 Sq.m per person and minimum 2.5 like flooding and high winds. Sq.m per person (Approximately 25 Sqft per person) The site should Mass shelters should ensure the free access of the a) be in close proximity to the community but at occupants while enabling adequate supervision by the least 500 m away from the coast satisfying CRZ occupants themselves to minimize any potential security notifications. threat. Steps or changes of level close to exits to collective b) be level ground (preferably) with good soil shelters should be avoided and all stairways and ramps should be provided with handrails. Where possible, c) Not be prone to water logging occupants with walking difficulties or those unable to ii) Land should have user rights for the affected people. walk without assistance should be allocated space on the iii) Water and Sanitation facilities should be provided ground floor, adjacent to exits or along access routes free adequately. from changes of level. All occupants of the building should a) Water Supply: be within an agreed reasonable distance of a minimum of Water storage of 30 liters per person per day for two exits, providing a choice in the direction of escape in drinking and washing purposes can be considered case of fire, and these exits should be clearly visible and adequate. marked. b) Toilets b) TopoRraphy and szround conditions: One toilet unit for 20 persons and out of these, For temporary planned camps, the site gradient should 45% for males, 45% for females and 10% friendly not exceed 6%, unless extensive drainage and erosion to children and physically challenged should be control measures are taken, or be less than 1% to provide provided separately. for adequate drainage. Drainage channels may still be required to minimise flooding or ponding. The lowest Sewerage and garbage disposal and other hygienic point of the site should be not less than 3 metres above needs must be arranged with the help from local the estimated level of the water table in the rainy season. authority. Ground conditions would decide the location of toilets iv) Social Facilities and other facilities and hence the planning of settlements. Schools, healthcare facilities and places of worship Fissured rock may disperse toilet waste widely; fine clays should be made available close by. (Preferably within a provide poor percolation and the early failure of toilet pits; radius of one km) volcanic rock makes the excavation of toilet pits difficult. v) Transportation facilities and other networks Therefore, planning should take care of the existing ground condition. Due consideration should be given for the availability of road facilities and access to the site in order to facilitate c) Climate and context: delivery of relief materials and movement of disabled. The floor to ceiling height is also a key factor, with vi) Markets and livelihood greater height being preferable in hot and humid climates

6868 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 to aid air circulation. A minimum floor height of 2.8 m is supervision of competent engineer to ensure cost effective necessary for adequate thermal comfort. utilization of resources. d) Space provision: f) Building materials The flexible use of the covered space provided could Required materials should be acquired or purchased potentially accommodate different activities at different at cost / economical rates from the market form the times during the day or night. The design of the structure, nearest building outlet or sourced in bulk at bulk rates the location of openings and the opportunities for competitively. alternative internal subdivisions should enable the internal and immediately adjacent external space to accommodate 6.0 Sustainability livelihood support activities where required. a) Sourcing of shelter materials and labour: Livelihood support should be promoted through 4.0 Shelter Design the local procurement of building materials, specialist a) Sourcing of shelter materials and labour: building skills and manual labour. Multiple sources, Livelihood support should be promoted through the alternative materials and production processes, or local procurement of building materials, specialist building the provision of regionally or internationally sourced skills and manual labour. Multiple sources, alternative materials or proprietary shelter systems are required if materials and production processes, or the provision of the local harvesting and supply of materials is likely to regionally or externally sourced materials or proprietary have a significant adverse impact on the local economy shelter systems are required if the local harvesting and or the environment. The reuse of materials salvaged from supply of materials is likely to have a significant adverse damaged buildings should be promoted where feasible, impact on the local economy or the environment. either as primary construction materials (bricks or stone b) Participation of affected households: masonry, roof timber, roof tiles, etc.) or as secondary material (rubble for foundations or leveling roads, etc.). Skills training programmes and apprenticeship Ownership of the rights to such material should be schemes can maximise opportunities for participation identified and agreed. during construction, particularly for individuals lacking the required building skills or experience. b) Participation of affected households: Skills training programmes and apprenticeship 5.0 Construction : schemes can maximise opportunities for participation Standards of good practice should be agreed with during construction, particularly for individuals lacking the relevant authorities to ensure that key safety and the required building skills or experience. Complementary performance requirements are met. contributions from those less able to undertake physically a) Site Preparation Steps or technically demanding tasks can include site monitoring and inventory control, the provision of child care or i. Demarcate the building area of the camp on the temporary accommodation and catering for those engaged ground in construction works and administrative support. ii. Clear the site upto 3m beyond the area c) Disaster prevention and mitigation: iii. Prepare the ground outside the camp to ensure The design should be consistent with known climatic proper disposal of storm water. conditions, be capable of withstanding appropriate wind- b) Foundation loading, and accommodate snow-loading in cold climates. Follow the design and formulation details and fix the Earthquake resistance and ground bearing conditions frames which carry the load. should be assessed. Recommended or actual changes to c) Floor building standards or common building practices as a result of the disaster should be applied in consultation with Floor within the shelter and toilets should be raised at local authorities and the disaster-affected population. least 225 mm above formed ground level. In this ground, sea sand may be used (Un-reinforced floor) as filling d) Upgrading and maintenance: material. Paving bricks or blocks may be used as base As emergency shelter responses typically provide only a course for the floor. Masonry brick jelly out of collapsed minimum level of enclosed space and material assistance, buildings may be used with lime and ‘sand for preparing affected families will need to seek alternative means of the base brick jelly concrete. increasing the extent or quality of the enclosed space Floor can be provided with a rough cement mortar provided. The form of construction and the materials used rendering. should enable individual households to incrementally adapt or upgrade the shelter or aspects of the design to d) Shelters meet their longer-term needs and to undertake repairs The erection of the shelter toilet and water tank should using locally available tools and materials. be made as per the approved design. Cost effective Sintex e) Mitigating long-term environmental impact: or water tank in the form of ferrocement may be used. Where the need to provide shelter for affected e) Quality populations has a significant adverse impact on the The selection of site and erection of the shelters and environment, e.g. through the depletion of local natural other structures should be carried out under the direct resources, efforts should be made to minimise the long-

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 69 term effects through complementary environmental 7.0 References management and rehabilitation activities. 1. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in f) Erosion: Disaster Response, The Sphere Project; http://www. An assessment of typical land usage, the distribution sphereproject.org/ of existing vegetation and surface water drainage patterns 2. Temporary Shelter for Tsunami Victims Center for should be undertaken to assess the impact of any ground Housing Planning and Building. And ITDG South clearance that may be required. The use of agricultural or Asia 2004 grazing land should be planned to minimise any adverse 3. Guidelines for planning in the re-building process - impact on the local natural habitat. Shelter solutions should Resource pack, Intermediate Technology Development be planned to retain existing trees and other vegetation to Group - South Asia 5, Lionel Edirisinghe Mawatha maintain the soil stabilization such growth provides and Kirulapone, Colombo 5 to maximise the opportunities for shade and protection from the climate. Roads, pathways and drainage networks 4. Transitional Settlement - Displaced Population,Tom should be planned to make use of natural contours in order Corsellis and Antonella Vitale, University of Cambridge to minimize erosion and flooding. Where this cannot be shelter project, Oxfam achieved, satisfactory measures to contain any likely erosion 5. Emergency Shelters Built with the support of GTZ/ should be provided, such as the provision of excavated Concept from Partner Aid International (PAI); Aga drainage culverts, piped drainage runs under roadways, or Khan Planning and Building Service, Pakistan planted earth banks to minimise water runoff. 6. Existing Guidelines supporting the Shelter Sector; g) Handover: University of Cambridge shelter project The natural regeneration of the environment in and 7. A guide to the use and logistics of family tents around mass shelters and temporary planned or self- in humanitarian relief; OCHA ref nr.OCHA/ settled camps should be enhanced through appropriate ESB/2004/19; United Nations Publication environmental rehabilitation measures during the life of 8. Technical Assistance on Relief Operations in Tsunami the temporary settlement. The eventual discontinuation affected Areas: Government of Sri Lanka; Housing of any such temporary settlements should be managed to and Land Rights Network- Habitat International ensure the satisfactory removal of all material or waste that Coalition cannot be re-used or that could have an adverse effect on 9. Building homes and hearths; R Revathi Challenges- the environment. The Tsunami Watchwww.indiadisasters.org

7070 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 AN ABSTRACT OF VARIOUS OPTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION

Cost Rate per Sl. Type (or) Total Plinth Estimate (in sq.ft. Type of construction Requirement of material No. Options area Rs.) (in Rs.)

1. Option I 200 sq.ft. 27,000 135 Shelter built with RCC Materials for 200 sq.ft Alternative-I precast slab wall. Roof 40mm HBS Jelly 95 Cft 20mm HBS with Red mud plastic Jelly 106 Cft corrugated sheets 12mm Sand 126 Cft thick and G.I. pipe used as Cement 34 Bags purlins. Steel rod 250Kg (or) 2.50 Qtl 50mm G.I. pipe 32RM Red mud plastic corrugated Roofing sheets 11Nos

Option I 400 sq.ft 54,300 136 Shelter built with RCC Materials for 400 sq.ft Alternative-II (2 dwelling precast slab Wall. Roof 40mm HBS Jelly 175 Cft 20mm HBS units) with Red mud plastic Jelly 250 Cft Sand 470 Cft corrugated sheets 12mm Cement 72 Bags thick and G.I.pipe used as Steel rod 565 Kg (or) purlins. 5.65 Qtl 50mm G.I. pipe 64 RM Red mud plastic corrugated Roofing sheets 12mm thick (2.OOm X 1.OOm) 22Nos

2. Option II 200 sq.ft. 62,700 314 Shelter built with Materials for 200 sq.ft Alternative-I corrugated IronSheet 20G 65mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box painted with coloured 37RM paint Steel Tubular box 32.5mm x 32.5mm steel Tubular used as vertical post, box 155RM purlin, Horizontal ties etc. G.I. corrugated sheet (8’-Ox3’-0”) 20G

Walling: l5 Nos

Roofing: 11 Nos

26Nos Cement 2 Bags 32mm bolts & Nuts with Washer 8O Nos Brick Jelly 127 Cft Lime stone 5O Cft 10mm to 12mm HBS Jelly 18Cft

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 71 Option II 400 sq.ft 1,29,600 324 Shelter built with Materials for 400 sq.ft Alternative-II (2 dwelling corrugated Iron Sheet 20G 65mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box units) painted with coloured 80RM paint Steel Tubular box 32.5mm x 32.5mm steel Tubular used as vertical post, box 219RM purlin, Horizontal ties etc. G.I. corrugated sheet (8’-Ox3’-0”) 20G

Walling : 54Nos Roofing : 22Nos ------76Nos Cement 2 Bags 32mm bolts & Nuts with Washer 200 Nos Brick Jelly 192 Cft Lime stone 72Cft 10mm to 12mm HBS Jelly 32Cft

3. Option III 200 27,538 138 Shelter built in corrugated Materials for 20O sq.ft Alternative-I sheet for wall and Roofing Soil 13/4 Cft flooring with cement Cement 6 1/2 Bags earth mortar and wooden 4”x2” Timber members reapers has been used as 12’0” 5Nos purlin. 10’6” 2Nos 9’6” 4Nos 2”x2” Timber members 290 1”thick Albisiya timber planks for window 28 sq.ft 1’0” Barrel Bolts 2Nos 4”Barrel Bolts 6Nos Hinges 12Nos Available in Ministry 8’0”x3’0”plain GI sheet forridging 1 No 10’0”x3’x0” corrugated GI sheets for roofs 11Nos Available with UNHCR Plastic sheets for wall panels 504 sq.ft

Option III 400 sq.ft. 49,666 124 Shelter built incorrugated Material for 400 sq.ft. Alternative-II (2 dwelling sheet for wall and Soil 3 1/2 Cft units) Roofing, flooring with Cement 12 1/2 Bags cement earth mortar and 4”x2”Timber members wooden reapers has been 12’0” 10Nos used as purlin. 10’6” 3Nos 9’6” 6Nos 2”x2” Timber members 570 1”thick Albisiya timber planks for window 56 sq.ft 1’0” Barrel bolts 4 nos

7272 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 4”Barrel Bolts 12Nos Hinges 24Nos Available in Ministry 8’0”x3’0” plain GI sheetsfor riding 11 /2Nos 10’0”x3’0” corrugated GI sheets for roofs 22Nos Available with UNHCR Plastic sheets for wall panels 828 sq.ft

Option III 800 sq.ft. 95,491 119 Shelter built in corrugated Materials for 800 sq.ft Alternative-III (4 dwelling sheet for wall and Roofing Soil 6 1/2 Cft units) flooring with cement Cement 24 1/4 Bags earth mortar and wooden 4”x2”Timber members reapers has been used as 12’0” 20Nos purlin. 10’6” 5Nos 9’6” 1ONos 2”x2” Timber members 1060 1 “thick Albisiya timber planks for window 112 sq.ft 1’0” Barrel Bolts 8Nos 4”Barrel Bolts 24Nos Hinges 48Nos Available in Ministry 8’0”x3’0” plain GI sheets for ridging 3Nos 10’0”x3’0” corrugated GI sheets for roofs 43Nos Available with UNHCR Plastic sheets for wall panels 1476 sq.ft

4. Option IV 200 35,077 175 Shelter built Materials for 200Sft Alternative I with brick work in Cement 414Kg cement mortar cuddappah Sand 1.24m3 flooring and roof with C.I. 40mm HB Stone 0.37m3 corrugated sheet. Bricks 1389Nos Gypsum panel board 1Omm thick 29.75m2 20mm gauge GI sheet door of size 2.6”x6.0 1Nos Weld mesh jolly ventilator of size 2.0”x2.0” 1 Nos 40mm dia M.S.pipe 19RM 20 gauge G.I Corrugated sheets of size 3.OOx 1.05m 7.875Nos Cuddapah slab 25mm thick 18.625m2 Ridge pieces 3.75 pieces

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 73 TEMPORARY SHELTER For an area of 200 Sft Option-I Alternative-1

Sl. Quantity Description of Work Rate Per Amount No.

1 19m2 Clearing Scrub Jungle or light Jungle 1.38 m2 26.00

2. L.S. Earth work excavation for foundation 60.00 L.S. 60.00

3. 3.00m3 P.CC 1:8:16 for foundation & floorin 959.20 m3 2878.00

4. 2.80m3 Filling the basement with earth and consolidated 9.70 m3 27.00

5 20m2 Plastering the flooring with cm, 43.40 m2 868.00 1:6 12mm thick 6. Providing the doors and windows using country wood a) Door size 0.90 X 2.10 2 Nos b) Window 0.90 X 0.90 2600 Each 5200.00 2 Nos 400.00 Each 800.00

7. 35m2 Centering for RCC precast slab and posts 17.20 m2 602.00

8. 3.32m3 RCC 1:2:4 for precast slab and posts 17.20 m2 6640.00

9. 2.50 Qtl Supplying and Fabrication of Steel rods for precast slab 324.00 Qtl 810.00 and RCC post. 10. 32 Rm Supplying of G.I pipe for Roof Purlin 170 Rm 5440.00

11. 22m2 Red mud plastic corrugated 153 m2 3366.00 Roofing sheets 12mm. 26717.00 Rate / Sft. (or) 27000.00

Rate per square feet = Rs. 135/- Sq.ft.

For an area of 200 Sft Option-I

Materials

40mm HBS Jelly 95 Cft 20mm HBS Je11y106 Cft Sand 126Cft Cement 34 Bags Steel rod 250Kg (or) 2.50 qtl 50mm G.I.pipe 32RM Red mud plastic corrugated Roofing sheets 11Nos

7474 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 TEMPORARY SHELTER For an area of 200 Sft Option-II

Sl. Quantity Description of Work Rate Per Amount No.

1. 19m2 Clearing the site. 1.38 m2 26.00

2. Providing Temporary shelter working corrugated Iron steel sheet of 20G. Coloured with coated paint on either side. Working steel Tubular box of size 65mm x 32.5mm as post and purlin roofed with same sheet in a semi circular shape. (size 20-0 x 10-0) Walling

3. 21 RM Vertical post: 65mm x 32.5mm 37.00 Kg 3256.00 (88 Kg) Size Turbular box

4. 130 RM (397 Kg) Horizontal post:32.5mm x 32.5mm 37.00 Kg 14689.00 Size Turbular box

5. 16 RM Roofing post: 65mm x 32.5mm 37.00 Kg 2368.00 (64 Kg) Size Turbular box

6. 25 RM Roofing : 32.5mm x 32.5mm 37.00 Kg 2812.00 (76 Kg) Turbular box G.I Corrugated sheet 20G

7. 46m2 For Walling coloured G.I. Sheet 500 M2 23000.00 (on either side)

8. 25m2 Roofing coloured G.I sheet (on either side) 500 M2 12500.00

9. 80 Nos 1-1/4”Treaded Bolt & Nuts with Washer 10 Each 800.00

10. 2.80 m3 Flooring with bricer jetlag working line 840 M3 2352.00

11. 20m2 Providing granolithic floor finishing 25mm thick with cc 43.00 M2 860.00 1/2:4(l Omm to 12mm hard broken jelly

62663.00 (or) 62700.00 Rate for 200 Sq.ft. Rate per square feet = Rs. 314/- Sq.ft.

For an area of 200 Sft Option-II Materials required 65mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 37 R.M 32.5mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 155 R.M G.L Corrugated Sheet (8’-0 x 3’-0”) 20G Walling: 15Nos Roofing: 11Nos Cement 2Bags 32mm bolts+ Nuts with Washer 80Nos Brick Jelly 127Cft Lime stone 50Cft 10mm to 12mm HBS Jelly 18Cft

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 75 TEMPORARY SHELTER For an area of 400 Sft Option-II

Sl. Quantity Description of Work Rate Per Amount No.

1. 54m2 Clearing the site. 1.38 m2 75.00

2. Providing Temporary shelter working corrugated Iron steel sheet of 20G. Coloured with coated paint on either side. Working steel Tubular box of size 65mm x 32.5mm as post and purlin roofed with same sheet in a semi circular shape. (size 20-0 x 10-0) Walling

3. 32 RM Vertical post: 65mm x 32.5mm 37.00 Kg 4736.00 (4/128 Kg) Size Turbular box

4. 182 RM (552 Kg) Horizontal post:32.5mm x 32.5mm 37.00 Kg 20424.00 Size Turbular box

5. 48 RM Roofing post: 65mm x 32.5mm 37.00 Kg 7104.00 (192 Kg) Size Turbular box

6. 37 RM Roofing : 32.5mm x 32.5mm 37.00 Kg 4146.00 (112 Kg) Turbular box G.I Corrugated sheet 20G

7. 120m2 For Walling coloured G.I. Sheet 500 M2 60.00 (on either side)

8. 50m2 Roofing coloured G.I sheet (on either side) 500 M2 25.00

9. 200 Nos 1-1/4”Treaded Bolt & Nuts with Washer 10 Each 2000.00

10. 5.40 m3 Flooring with brick jelly working line 840 M3 4536.00

11. 36m2 Providing granolithic floor finishing 25mm thick with 43.00 M2 1548.00 cc1/2:4 (10mm to 12mm hard broken jelly

129569.00 (or) 129600.00 Rate for 400 Sq.ft.

Rate per square feet = Rs. 324/- Sq.ft.

For an area of 400 Sft Option-II Materials required 65mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 80 R.M 32.5mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 219 R.M G.I. Corrugated Sheet (8’-0 x 3’-0”) 20G Walling: 54Nos Roofing: 22Nos 76Nos Cement 2Bags 32mm bolts + Nuts with Washer 200Nos Brick Jelly 192Cft Lime stone 72Cft 10 mm to 12mm HBS Jelly 32Cft

7676 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 TEMPORARY SHELTER For an area of 400 Sft Option-I Alternative - II

Sl. Quantity Description of Work Rate Per Amount No.

1 19m2 Clearing Scrub Jungle or light Jungle 1.38 m2 75.00

2. L.S. Earth work excavation for foundation 60.00 L.S. 60.00

3. 5.46m3 P.CC 1:8:16 for foundation & flooring 959.20 m3 5237.00

4. 6.00m3 Filling the basement with earth and consolidated 9.70 m3 58.00

5 36m2 Plastering the flooring with cm, 43.40 m2 1562.40 1:6 12mm thick

6. Providing the doors and windows using country wood a) Door size 0.90 X 2.10 4 Nos b) Window 0.90 X 0.90 2600 Each 10400.00 4 Nos 400.00 Each 1600.00

7. 63m2 Centering for RCC precast slab and posts 17.20 m2 1084.00

8. 7.54m3 RCC 1:2:4 for precast slab and posts 2000 m2 15080.00

9. 5.65 Qtl Supplying and Fabrication of Steel rods for precast slab 324.00 Qtl 1831.00 and RCC post.

10. 64 Rm Supplying of G.I pipe for Roof Purlin 170 Rm 10880.00

11. 42m2 Red mud plastic corrugated 153 m2 6426.00 Roofing sheets 12mm.

54293.00 (or) Rate / Sft. 54300.00

Rate per square feet = Rs. 136/- Sq.ft.

For an area of 400 Sft Option-I

Materials 40mm HBS Jelly 175 Cft 20mm HBS Jelly 250 Cft Sand 470Cft Cement 72 Bags Steel rod 5.65 qtl (or) 565kg 50mm G.I.pipe 64R.M Red mud plastic corrugated Roofing sheets 12mm thick 22Nos (2.00m X 1.00m)

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 77 ANNEXURE three: Survey schedule prior to development of state housing policy

District: Form No:

GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU Application for the scheme of constructing new houses for replacing the vulnerable houses lying in the coastal areas prone for Natural Calamities

Panchayat/Town Panchayat/Municipality

Photo of the family members (in front of the house) Maxi Size - 4” x 6”

(Strike off the details where necessary)

I. Details of Person staying in the house:

1. Name Initial 2. Age

3. Name of the Father / Husband Initial Most Backward 4. Caste Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Backward Caste Others Caste

Agricultural Fishermen (worker) Agriculture (Land owner) 5. Occupation Fishing (Boat / Labour Catamaran owner) Tenant Small trader others

7878 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 II. Address of the applicant

1. Door No.

2. Street / Village

3. Survey No. Classification *

* Village site, Sea Poromboke, River Poromboke, Tank Poromboke, etc. (Note : porombokes are Government owned lands.)

4. a) Whether the house was in existence on 01.01.2006 Yes No

b) Whether water entered into the house during the tsunami Yes No.

5. a) Location of house from the Within 200 mtrs. Yes / No High Tide Line If yes, whether you are agreeable for construction of houses by the In-situ /relocated Govt. in-situ/ relocated site site

From 200 to 500 mtrs. Yes / No

From 500 to 1000 mtrs. Yes/ No

5. b) Location of Within 100 mtrs. Yes / No house from the Backwaters. If yes, whether you are agreeable for construction of houses by the In-situ / relocated Govt. in-situ/ relocated site site

From 100 to 200 mtrs. Yes / No

6. House Owned / Rented

7. Is there any other land / house in the name of the person residing in the house ? Yes No If yes, details of the house

8. Extent of the house site Cent / Sq. ft. / Ground

Length ft. Breadth ft.

9. Category of the house Thatched house Mud wall Brick with Mud mortar

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 79 Sl. No. Certificates Whether attached?

1. Photocopy of house tax receipt Yes / No

2. Photocopy of house patta Yes / No

3. Photocopy of B.Memo@ Yes / No

4. Photocopy of electricity payment receipt Yes / No

5. Photocopy of family card Yes / No

6. Photocopy of voters’ identity card Yes / No

7. Others (Please specify) Yes / No

@ B.memo is the memo given by the Revenue Department for a person occupying Government land.

Note: Attach what is available without insisting on all.

Signature of Head of the family Signature of survey team members

Revenue Inspector Surveyor

Head Surveyor Tahsildar

Supervising Officer (Officer appointed by District Collector not below the rank of Deputy Collector)

8080 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 ANNEXURE four: MoU between GoTN and NGOs

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING between Collector ...... District, Tamil Nadu and Non Governmental Organisation / Voluntary Agency / Private-Public Enterprise / Rehabilitation Organisation / Trust

The Tsunami that struck the Tamil Nadu Coastal Taluk, in District in accordance with the districts on 26th December 2004 has left behind a trail type design and habitat layout of such quality as of devastation, incalculable loss of life and property and approved by the Local Panchayat, and the District has snatched away the livelihood of lakhs of people. There Collector in consultation with the beneficiaries is an urgent need for rehabilitation and reconstruction in especially women based on the overall technical the Tsunami affected area of ...... guidelines for disaster resistant buildings specified ...... district. by the Special Commissioner and Commissioner This MoU is being entered into between the Collector of Revenue Administration. The FIRST PART of ...... district [hereinafter undertakes the responsibility of providing water, referred to as FIRST PART] and ...... power and other utility connections as may be ...... < NGO / Voluntary Agency / Private- found expedient with respect to the site conditions Public Enterprise / Rehabilitation Organisation/Trust upto the periphery of the habitats as per the existing > [hereinafter referred to as SECOND PART], who rules and regulations in force. jointly wish to respond to specific objectives, as per the ENGAGEMENT OF AGENCIES rehabilitation strategy enunciated by the Government of SECOND Tamil Nadu. (2) It shall be the responsibility of the PART to engage only construction agencies ...... < with qualified Engineering Personnel with past NGO / Voluntary Agency / Private-Public Enterprise / experience in construction activities and to build Rehabilitation Organisation /Trust > has identified ..... the permanent houses in accordance with the ...... villages in ...... rules / regulations / guidelines as laid down by ...... taluk where it intends to support the Special Commissioner and Commissioner of rehabilitation and reconstruction initiatives in partnership Revenue Administration and the District Planning with the MOU. Authority and the SECOND PART will undertake Government of Tamil Nadu as per the guidelines the construction of the houses along with the specified by the Government of Tamil Nadu. infrastructure facilities in accordance with the layout or building plan approved by the above Now this memorandum of understanding witnesseth mentioned authorities. as Follows: INVOLVEMENT OF FACILITATING AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE WORK ORGANISATIONS : (1) TheSECOND PART undertakes to construct ...... (3) The SECOND PART shall be at liberty to ...... number of permanent identify and engage such NGOs or voluntary houses and / or associated infrastructura) facilities organizations with proven expertise and track such as Water Supply, Sanitation, Waste Water/ record in ccnstruction activity and / or in socially Solid Waste Management, Rain Water Harvesting productive work with community participation in facilities, other ecological features, Roads, similar projects elsewhere in the State or country Community Centres, School Buildings, Fish and for the purpose of achieving the task as a joint Farm Produce Market Yards, Village Information exercise in a transparent and ‘participative manner. / Communication Centres, etc. as set out more The SECOND PART shall also be at liberty to particularly in the Schedule to this Memorandum involve similar technical support organisations of Understanding to the families of the victims which have developed and proved their expertise affected by tsunami in ...... in livelihood issues and / or in constructing special ...... Villages ...... type of houses or buildings which are earthquake / cycloneresistant and shall also educate the

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 81 potential beneficiaries to undertake such repairs as and agree to abide by all such conditions and may be warranted in course of their occupation of covenants as may be stipulated by the Government the building after the allotment. If any complaints of Tamil Nadu from time to time in the larger are received by the FIRST PART on the role of interest of the welfare of the tsunami victims. these subcontracted agencies in terms of quality of Without prejudice to any other guidelines in this works, schedule not being met, being a cause of regard, the SECOND PART shall involve the local local unrest or distrust with local population, lack beneficiaries in the programme and make use of of coordination, or in being involved in religious locally available materials to the extent feasible. activities or any activities which affect public SEPARATE BANK ACCOUNT AND ACCOUNTS OF THE PROJECT: interest then the SECOND PART agrees to make alternative arrangements to replace such agencies. (8) The SECOND PART shall open a separate The decision of the FIRST PART in this regard bank account and maintain separate statement shall be final. of accounts for funding the above mentioned activities and be subject to audit by a qualified LAND AND OWNERSHIP: Chartered Accountant or by a firm of Chartered (4) The FIRST PART shall provide the land required Accountants. for the purpose of construction of the permanent SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES: houses and / or associated infrastructure free of cost to the SECOND PART to enable them to construct (9) The SECOND PART shall give a “schedule houses for the victims affected by the tsunami in of plan of activities” indicating the time of the the above mentioned location. The ownership of commencement of the work, various time bound the land shall vest with the Government of Tamil and preset milestones of achievement either in the Nadu and the FIRST PART shall reserve the right form of ‘PERT’ chart or in any form of work plan to transfer the ownership of the land to the victims with an undertaking to abide by the target date of in such manner and at such time as it deems fit. completion of the work. The FIRST PART shall have the right to review the schedule of the activities IDENTIFICATION OF THE BENEFICIARIES: or PERT chart so presented by the SECOND (5) The FIRST PART shall identify the beneficiaries PART and modify or vary or alter the schedule in consultation with the SECOND PART and of activities in consultation with the SECOND the decision of the FIRST PART with respect to PART and fix the time of commencement, course the selection of beneficiaries shall be final and the of progress and completion of work/project as may SECOND PART shall not withdraw from the be warranted and the decision of the FIRST PART commitment made on that ground or any other shall be binding on the SECOND PART. ground that militates against the noble purpose of ACCESS TO INSPECTION OF THE WORKS: associating the public spirited bodies with the relief and rehabilitation measures of tsunami victims. The (10) The rebuilding activities of the affected area shall FIRST PART shall take into account the views of be commenced and completed within the time, the local Panchayat or any other local body or the as may be stipulated by the FIRST PART and the committee for supervising relief and rehabilitation FIRST PART shall have a right of inspection of the formed by the District Collector at the Panchayat / progress of the work and quality of the materials Ward level in finalising the list of beneficiaries. The used in the construction either by himself or FIRST PART shall, as far as practicable, identify through any authorised person/persons with or the prospective owners in advance and link them without prior notice to the SECOND PART as with specific sites so that the beneficiaries can also the circumstances may demand and the SECOND participate in the construction activities to the PART is bound to provide all facilities and access extent, possible. to such inspection. EOUAL TREATMENT TO ALL: FACILITIES BY THE DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION: (6) TheSECOND PART shall not insist on providing (11) The SECOND PART will be provided by the permanent houses or infrastructure facilities in the FIRST PART all non-monetary facilities such as selected and allotted areas only to certain class or local body / Government agency clearances for classes of families on ground of caste, community, the purpose of accomplishing the above noble task creed, religion, language etc. and shall be bound to without any violation of the existing rules and undertake the project without any discrimination. regulations with respect to the construction and building activities. FUNDS FOR THE PROJECT: (7) The SECOND PART shall invest the requisite JOINT REVIEW OF PROGRESS: amount to undertake the above house construction (12) The FIRST PART and SECOND PART shall activity and the provision of infrastructure facilities jointly review the progress of work at such in terms of OR work preferably once in a fortnight and in any

8282 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 case the interval between two successive reviews especially such activities that will incite or will have should not be more than a month. The Second the potential to cause hatred or disharmony or Part shall provide all such information as may both in the minds of the residents or beneficiaries be sought for by the First Part in such a format of the area on ground that the SECOND PART as may be prescribed by the First Part either at has invested in the construction of the permanent such interval of time or at any time as may be houses with or without associated infrastructure required by the First Part. The FIRST PART for the benefit of the allotees of the houses. and SECOND PART shall agree to nominate an (16) The SECOND PART shall not be permitted to independent Technical Consultant for the purpose construct any places of worship of any size and of conducting third party auditing and appraisal in any manner or form in the village allotted to of the progress of the works and fulfillment of the SECOND PART for the above mentioned the respective obligations on either part in the purpose. In the event of any violation of this course of the progress of the work and during the condition, the FIRST PART shall immediately currency of the MoU. terminate the work being done by the SECOND INCOMPLETE WORKS AND COST RECOVERY: PART and shall take appropriate action to complete the remaining work without any liability (13) In the unlikely event of the SECOND PART not for the work done. performing the committed obligations such as non-completion of work as per the agreed schedule FURNISHING OF FALSE INFORMATION: under this Memorandum of Understanding (17) If any Information furnished by the SECOND within such time as may be prescribed by the PART is found to be false or incorrect at any time FIRST PART and in such a manner as may be during the course of the implementation of the FIRST PART laid down, it shall be lawful for the above project, the FIRST PART shall have the right “as is to take over the incomplete work under to terminate the Memorandum of Understanding where is” condition sans any liability on the with prior notice not exceeding seven days and in FIRST PART after issue of notice not exceeding the interest of the Rehabilitation measures to step seven days. TheFIRST PART shall also take such in and take over the unfinished work including action as may be deemed fit to debar and blacklist the associated infrastructure facilities without any the SECOND PART from undertaking such legal liability to the FIRST PART and carry on the work in future anywhere in the country and also above noble task from such resources or by such from claiming any tax exemptions, concessions agencies as may be deemed expedient in the given etc, under the provisions of any act in force under circumstances. the State and Central Acts, MATTERS NOT COVERED BY THE MOU: INSPECTION AND TAKING OVER: (18) With respect to all residuary matters not specifically (14) TheSECOND PART shall intimate the completion covered by the MOU, the instructions of the Special of the construction of houses with provision of Commissioner and Commissioner of Revenue infrastructure facilities agreed to be undertaken Administration / State Relief Commissioner shall to the FIRST PART within the time as may be be final and binding on both the parties. laid down by the FIRST PART and shall arrange to remove all the debris and building materials ACTS OF GOD AND SUPERVENING IMPOSSIBILITIES: scattered around the construction area and dispose (19) “Force majeure” clause: Neither party shall be of them at its cost and shall take steps to keep the liable to the other for any loss, delay, or any damage FIRST PART project area clean and neat, The occasioned by or arising out of acts of God such as shall cause inspection of the constructed houses but not restricted to unprecedented flood, volcanic and the infrastructure established and only on eruptions, earth-quake or tsunami or any other being” satisfied of the construction, will arrange convulsion of nature and other acts such as but to take over the building and infrastructure from not restricted to invasion, act of foreign countries, the SECOND PART with the handing / taking hostilities, or warlike operations before or after the over certificate in writing and signed by both the declaration of war, rebellion, military or usurpation parts in the presence of the President of the Village of power which prevents performance under the Panchayat or any other public representative as MoU and which could not have been foreseen or may be decided by the FIRST PART. avoided. MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC PEACE AND COMMUNAL HARMONY: AMENDMENTS TO MOU: (15) TheSECOND PART or any one claiming to possess (20) It shall be lawful for the FIRST PART to amend, due authorization of SECOND PART shall not vary, alter, modify, change, revise and redraw either indulge, either by himself / herself or through any in part or in full any terms and conditions of agencies or organization or bodies of individuals or the MOU, in the interest of the project works, in any mode or form of any organization, in any with the mutual discussion and consent of the kind of religious or political or communal activities, SECOND PART.

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 83 THIRD PARTY ADJUDICATION: PROHIBITION OF CIVIL SUITS: (21) Should there arise any dispute or difference of (22) The SECOND PART shall undertake that he opinion with respect to any issue connected with shall not resort to any civil suit or any legal action the above mentioned activities, it shall be referred to against the FIRST PART with respect to any issues a committee headed by the Special Commissioner connected with the performance and discharge of and Commissioner of Land Administration, any obligation under this MoU. Chennai - 5 comprising a representative from Period of MoU NGOs and a prominent public personality who has a record of social work to be nominated by (23) This MoU is for a period till the activities mentioned the Government for adjudication the decision of in the MoU are carried out. which shall be final and be binding on the both the parts. None of the provisions of Arbitration Act IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have set shall be applicable in case of any disputes. and subscribed their respective hands and seals the day ...... and year ......

8484 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 ANNEXURE Five: TYPES OF SANITATION

On-site Sanitation 2. Per capita water supply rate (including the local 1. Disposing wastewater within the plot sources) 2. Toilet waste to sub-surface dispersion system 3. Open space available within the individual plot 3. Sullage used for watering garden and trees 4. Type of substrata 5. Position of groundwater table Requirements for On-site Sanitation 6. Extent of public land available within the site where 1. Optimum water supply (< 50 Lpcd) the houses are constructed for STP 2. About 10m2 open space within the individual premises 7. Agency responsible for the maintenance (plot) 8. Skill of the maintenance agency 3. Porous substrata 4. Groundwater table at least 1.5 m below ground level TNPCB EFFLUENT STANDARDS BOD 5Days @ 20 °C < 20 mg/l On-site Sanitation Methods pH 5.5 to 9.0 Eco-sanitation for toilet wastes and land disposal for sullage is not feasible, as houses have been already built SS < 30 mg/l with conventional flushing pans. STATUTORY CLEARANCE Two-pit pour flush toilets for human wastes and land • MoEF clearance for Housing projects disposal for sullage is also not feasible thanks to the high • MoEF, Notification, EIA 2004, water table in the coastal areas. Total cost Rs. 50 Crores Leach pits/ Soak pits costing Rs.1000 per facility are also easy to construct in a small area. However they cannot 50, 000 l/d Sewage be used for an area with a high water table, rocky and clay 1, 000 persons areas. • MoEF, EIA (September 14, 2006) Septic tanks with subsoil dispersion arrangement Building and construction projects ≥ 20, 000 m2 and ≤ and land disposal for sullage are not feasible as plot areas 1, 50,000 m2 of built-up area ranging from 1.5 cent to 3.0 cent (plot vacant area) is • Need scientifically designed STP insufficient. Off-site Sanitation Sanitation systems finalized in consultation with the following Institutions/ firms/ and approved by 1. Collecting wastewater through a gravity collection World Bank. system and conveying to STP. 1. NEERI 2. Treating wastewater to remove pollutants in STP and 2. Anna University disposing it on land or into water bodies. 3. National Institute of Rural Development Requirements for Off-site Sanitation 4. USAID 1. Sewage system with 110mm to 160 mm dia upvc pipes 5. UNDP laid at a grade of 1/135 to 1/160 at a depth of 1.0m 6. CDD, Bangalore to 3.0m 7. Mr. R. Panneer Selvam, Consultant. 2. Manhole at 30 m intervals 3. Land for locating sewage treatment plant Suitable sanitation system options recommended for 4. Technically feasible, environmentally compatible, a settlement in coastal areas operationally simple and economically viable STP 1. Septic tank with dispersion trench (for 1-12 houses) 5. Institution with Skilled Personnel for O&M 2. Single Pass Intermittent Sand Filter (SPISF) Guidelines for sanitation 3. Decentralized Waste Water treatment Systems (DEWATS) Factors to be considered in the selection of sanitation system 4. Ecosan system 1. Total population (number of houses) 5. Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR)

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 85 Suitable sanitation system options for a settlement in unavailability of highly skilled operators, chemical inputs coastal areas etc. it also enables reuse of water. Dewats is not defined by any particular element. Thus a biogas digester becomes part Septic Tank of a Dewats system. Auroville had constructed portable Advantages: systems for the tsunami-affected which could initially 1. Septic tanks are recommended only for individual be used in the temporary shelters and later moved to the homes and small communities and institutions whose permanent settlements. The components of Dewats like contributory population does not exceed 300. settler, Baffle reactor and Up flow filter can be constructed 2. For larger communities, septic tanks may be adopted in any public utility with minimum space. Raw sewage with appropriate effluent treatment and disposal can be treated in this system. It is best suited for medium facilities required. communities. Operation and maintenance will be easy. Sludge disposal frequency is only once in two years. Limitations: Limitations 1. It can’t be used for areas with a high-water table, rocky and clayey area. 1. For lesser quantity of sewage flow, collection system will not have adequate self cleaning velocity. For very 2. Septic tank effluent will be malodorous, containing large communities it is uneconomical. sizable portion of dissolved organic content and pathogenic organisms and hence needs to be treated Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR) before its final, safe disposal. Advantages Single Pass Intermittent Sand Filter 1. MBBR consists of collection tank, tube settler, sludge Advantages: digester, sludge drying beds 1. Single Pass Intermittent Sand Filter consists of 2. This system is suitable for higher capacity. granular material, sand, metal and pebbles and will be 3. No sludge re-circulation required, less sludge constructed above ground level. production 2. For disposal of effluent from interceptor tank (like 4. Small foot print area, high loading rates, compact septic tank) to SPISF is required to overcome the high plants. water table. 5. Modular system high treated effluent standards. 3. Space required is minimum. Limitations Limitations: 1. For lesser quantity of sewage flow collection system 1. Handling of larger quantity is difficult. will not have adequate self-cleaning velocity. 2. Frequency of pumping is limited. 2. Manpower required for O& M is more. Dewats or Decentralized Waste Water Treatment Ecosan system System Advantages Advantages: 1. Advocated by UNICEF. Is sparing in the use of Could be executed even in areas with almost no water and also recovers valuable nutrients that would gradient as it involves only the collection of wastewater, otherwise be wasted. A tsunami-hit village Kameswaram Dewats does not compromise with standards. The system near Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu has become the first needs comparatively lower power supply for maintenance in the state to have 50 eco-friendly toilets installed by a minimizing the risk of systems-failure owing to social service organization.

8686 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 ANNEXURE six: Environmental Principles of Reconstruction

This section proposes key principles to be considered in cultural factors must all be taken into account when the design and implementation of an environmentally developing disaster risk-mitigation strategies, and solutions sustainable rehabilitation and reconstruction programme must be anchored in the prevailing circumstances of local for tsunami-affected areas. These principles propose a situations. framework for considering issues, remedial options and opportunities to enhance environmental management and Environmental checklist outcomes associated with man-made and natural systems. Design / Pre-construction Mainstreaming environmental considerations into 1. Prior to deciding on the housing project, it should sectoral interventions: be ensured that the chosen site meets the CRZ requirements. There are environmental dimensions to practically every sector affected by the tsunami. This requires the consideration 2. All housing projects should be in compliance with of environmental issues in all sectoral reconstruction the existing and future development plans of the planning and action, particularly the siting of temporary and area. Clearances/ permissions should be taken from permanent settlements. Actions related to reconstruction the Regional offices of the Directorate of Town and and recovery should seek to ensure that the sustainability Country Planning. of coastal and marine ecosystems is not compromised, and 3. All local regulations, such as obtaining permission from is ideally enhanced as the goods and services they provide the town or village panchayats, should be adhered to. underpin the livelihoods and immediate welfare of large 4. Prior to the selection of the housing site, it should be coastal populations. Wherever possible, ‘soft’ options with clear whether the TN Groundwater Authority regulates fewer adverse environmental impacts should be favoured the abstraction of ground water in the area. Proper over ‘hard’ options that may involve changes to coastal clearances/ permissions must be obtained, if required, hydrology and other natural processes. from this Authority prior to any abstraction of ground Learning lessons from the tsunami event: water. 5. In the design of the proposed individual housing and the Tsunamis occur relatively infrequently in the Indian Ocean. housing layout, the following should be considered: The present situation offers an opportunity to assess and monitor the resilience of natural and modified ecosystems a. adequate provision for sanitation, including to such extreme events, which in turn will help plan drainage and septic tanks; mitigation of the potential impacts of a range of natural b. tree cutting should be avoided to the extent feasible. risks and hazards, which affect coastal areas periodically. Only if it is absolutely necessary, tree cutting should Such monitoring can also help plan against the anticipated be done. Compensatory tree plantation and/ or adverse impacts of climate change. In the short-term, such tree transplantation should be planned; monitoring is key to identifying environmental damage c. the design of individual houses should include and prioritizing environmental restoration maximum provision for natural light; and Need for a comprehensive coastal zone management d. adequate ventilation should be provided in the strategy: individual houses, particularly the kitchen, so as to Such a strategy would reflect the dynamic nature of the avoid indoor air pollution. coastal and marine environment and support multiple-use Construction objectives, without compromising the sustainable supply 6. Contractors need to meet the requirements/standards of environmental goods and services. These objectives pertaining to air, water and noise prescribed in the would reflect livelihood needs, reduce vulnerability to Environmental Protection Act / Rules, Water Control natural hazards, and the conservation of biodiversity and and Prevention of Pollution Act / Rules and Air Control ecological services. and Prevention of Pollution Act / Rules as applicable. Focus on localized site-specific solutions: Any conditions posed under these Acts / Rules should be strictly adhered to.. The extent of damage along the coastline and the fear of a tsunami recurring must not lead to uniform strategies 7. All construction camps (including plant and equipment) being applied across the board without full consideration in areas, which are under the jurisdiction of the town of different variables such as climatic factors, bathymetry or village panchayats, should be established only after and coastal topography associated with vulnerability to obtaining clearance/ permission. This is as per the TN natural hazards. Economic, environmental, social and Panchayats Act.

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 87 8. If the construction activities require a DG power, then 12. Compensatory tree plantation and / or tree it is necessary to have an impermeable platform on transplantation should be done for the trees that are which the DG should be placed. Storage of all fuel and cut to develop housing. oils should also be on such a platform so that there Operation & maintenance is no land contamination. Similar provisions should also be made for used and waste fuels/ oils. Disposal 13. Organisational arrangements such as the formation of of waste oils should be in line with the Environmental a society or trust should be made for the environmental Protection Act / Rules. upkeep of the housing area. This should preferably be done about three months prior to the contractor 9. Contractors should ensure that construction debris handing over the housing to the occupants. is properly segregated and stored on site. Contractors should also ensure that construction debris is finally 14. For six months to one year, the contractor should disposed only in locations agreed with the local continue to maintain the housing premises. This will authorities. It is important not to dispose construction ensure that all teething problems are attended to and debris in exiting ponds and tanks, and other low-lying the environmental upkeep is systematised. areas that were earlier ponds and tanks. 15. Environmental guidelines for operating and 10. To suppress dust emissions generated from construction maintaining the sanitation systems should be developed activities, water sprinkling should be carried out. If and training of the society or trust and its residents necessary, barricading (thatched material) should be should be provided. This will include preventive and placed around the construction area so that there is corrective maintenance of household sanitation, septic minimal disturbance to the surrounding areas. tanks and other sanitation facilities. 11. If labour camps are created, these should be designed, 16. Environmental guidelines on solid waste management constructed and maintained in line with acceptable should also be developed and training of the society norms. In particular, reasonable housing and sanitation or trust and its residents should be provided. This will facilities should be provided in these labour camps, include separating biodegradables from recyclables, and these facilities should be well-maintained and be mechanism for storing and disposing recyclables, hygienic. Local permissions/ clearances, if any, should mechanisms for converting biodegradables to manure also be obtained for these labour camps. / compost and maintenance of dustbins.

8888 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22 ANNEXURE seven: baseline analysis report

Baseline analysis report on Impact of Relief, of loan requirement was met by other informal Rehabilitation Reconstruction Programmes in the sources such as money lenders 23%, friends and Tsunami Devastated Areas of Tamil Nadu relatives 6%, chit fund 4%. To analyse the impact of the tsunami on the livelihoods • A majority of 88% of families surveyed had received of the affected families and to study the changes that are relief aid. The assistance was mainly in the form of taking place in the coastal areas, a baseline survey was supplying new boats and repairing the damaged ones. carried out in the thirteen tsunami-affected districts of Kanniyakumari received maximum help. Tamil Nadu in August 2007 by DHV India Pvt. Ltd., with • Sixty percent of the recipients said that Government the assistance of Asian Development Bank. Quantitative assistance was adequate and timely and 76% data was collected from 24130 directly affected families described the quality of handouts received as very and 2235 families from the indirectly affected population. good. Qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions, interview with officials and case studies. It • A little over 50% had used it for household must be borne in mind that the study was done in year expenses, 31% for repair of boats, 8% for house 2007 when the reconstruction programmes were not repairs, 3% for education and 3% more for improving completed. The salient findings of the study are business and trade. • Average size of the family - 3.81 • Quantum of fish catch has not shown any significant increase among the sample population. However, • The literacy rate - 73%. there are variations in the fish catch depending on the • Eighty percent are Most Backward Castes and quantity of catch. There is an increase of 5% fish catch Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes. This is two times in the category of up to 100 kgs and 2% increase in their proportions in the general population. the category of >500 kgs. There is a decrease of 7% fish • A third of the families (31%) are ‘vulnerable’ (women- catch for fisher folk in the category of 100-500 kgs. headed, SC/ST, orphans and physically challenged). • Nearly 31% of them have insured the boats. • The percentage of squatter houses has declined from • Nearly 23% of the children have received educational 5.30% to 2.83%. The quality of housing has improved scholarship from Prime Ministers National Relief from 25% (Pucca or standard houses) to 54%. The size Fund consisting of 49.05% in Kanniyakumari of the housing plot shrunk in one third of the cases. district, 31.74% in Tirunelveli district, 20.78% in • The number of newly constructed dwellings has Thoothukudi district etc. increased seven-fold. The availability of a separate • The need for additional balwadis was expressed by kitchen has increased from 58% to 72%. Availability 18.16% in all the districts. of electric power has increased from 87 to 90%. • Adequate and nutritious meal was provided in • As many as 45% of all households surveyed have the balwadis, as expressed by 69.97% in all the received new houses and a very small number districts consisting of 99.15% in Cuddalore district, (0.08%) structures for carrying on their business. 95.57% in Chennai district, 94.32% in Pudukottai • Regarding distance of the dwelling from the sea, there district and 86.02% in Kanniyakumari district. has been a 12% decrease in number of dwellings close Inadequacy was reported mainly in Nagapattinam to the sea and an 8% increase in dwellings away from district (73.75 %). the coast. • The availability of water has improved from 81.45% to • In the thirteen districts, the average asset value per 83.01%. family before tsunami was Rs.21528 and after tsunami, • Availability of toilet facility to the sample respondents it is Rs. 24555. This was high in Kancheepuram, has increased from 9549 (39.57%) to (14070) Kanniyakumari and Villupuram. 58.31%. • Major players in the loan provision for the coastal • SHGs discussions revealed that their life style after communities are Government (Tsunami scheme) tsunami was changing towards better and needs 32%, SHG (Tsunami) 19%, SHG (Non-tsunami) continuous support. 6% and co-operative loan 5%. These institutions could meet only 32-40% of business and trade • The fishermen groups stated that fishing equipment related loan requirements of these communities. Loan supplied was in good condition requirement for consumables, medical, educational, • Youth got special attention as part of skill training marriage, household expenditure ranging up to 60% programmes of the NGOs.

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 89 • Construction workers benefited due to increase in income has enhanced and ranged from Rs.1000 to demand for the construction work. The working days Rs.3000 through micro enterprises. have increased from 15 to 25 days. • The revolving fund was shared equally by the members • Tsunami provided additional tools to the disaster who started different kinds of businesses or incurred management skills of the state and district household expenditure and repaid earlier loans. administrations. The collaborative spirit has strengthened • Some of the SHGs in rural areas are paying more than commitment of the Government towards the relief, the stipulated EMI of the loan. rehabilitation and reconstruction programmes. • A majority of the members are not taking any wage Evaluation Report on the Livelihood Assistance for their labour in the group enterprises and used the Provided to Self-Help Groups in the Tsunami Affected same for repaying the loan, working capital and for Areas purchasing raw materials. • Major enterprises initiated by the SHGs are Milch A separate study to gauge the extent to which the project animals, fish sales, provision stores, coconut leaf had benefited the tsunami affected victims in improving knitting, brick kiln, palm leaf products, land purchase, the economic conditions of SHG members was taken up preparation of sanitary napkin, rice sales, vessel hiring, by the Department of Evaluation and Applied Research, tailoring, readymade garments, soap making, handloom GoTN covering 300 randomly selected SHGs from weaving, goat rearing, quarrying, mat weaving, hollow the sample districts formed by Department of Rural blocks, korai products and coir twisting. Development, Commissionerate of Town Panchayats, Commssionerate of Municipal Administration and Tamil • Members of SHGs have more access to financial Nadu Slum Clearance Board. institutions and have become familiar with banking procedures. Major Findings • Training like Animator and Representative Training, • Of 300 SHGs, 92% of them received revolving fund Basic Orientation, Entrepreneur Development, Skill and 69% got economic assistance. Most of the SHG Development and Marketing were provided to the members opined that they were relieved from the SHG members for enhancing the skills and capacities clutches of private money lenders. Their monthly of members.

9090 // TIDINGTIDING OVEROVER TSUNAMITSUNAMI -- PARTPART 22

tiding over TSUNAMI Part-2

State Relief Commissioner, Revenue Administration, Disaster Management and Mitigation Department, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005 Phone: 044-28414550, 28523299, 28528745, 28588989 Government of Tamilnadu Fax: 044-28546624, 28411654 october 2008 Email: [email protected] Website: www.tn.gov.in/tsunami