European Journal of Turkish Studies, 14 | 2012 Between Integration, Autonomization and Radicalization
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Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey's Kurdish Opening
Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli SILK ROAD PAPER October 2010 Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodav. 2, Stockholm-Nacka 13130, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey’s Kurdish Opening” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, and ad- dresses topical and timely subjects. The Joint Center is a transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. It has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Stockholm-based Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse commu- nity of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. The Joint Center is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development in the region. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lec- tures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public dis- cussion regarding the region. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this study are those of the authors only, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Joint Center or its sponsors. -
Who's Who in Politics in Turkey
WHO’S WHO IN POLITICS IN TURKEY Sarıdemir Mah. Ragıp Gümüşpala Cad. No: 10 34134 Eminönü/İstanbul Tel: (0212) 522 02 02 - Faks: (0212) 513 54 00 www.tarihvakfi.org.tr - [email protected] © Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, 2019 WHO’S WHO IN POLITICS IN TURKEY PROJECT Project Coordinators İsmet Akça, Barış Alp Özden Editors İsmet Akça, Barış Alp Özden Authors Süreyya Algül, Aslı Aydemir, Gökhan Demir, Ali Yalçın Göymen, Erhan Keleşoğlu, Canan Özbey, Baran Alp Uncu Translation Bilge Güler Proofreading in English Mark David Wyers Book Design Aşkın Yücel Seçkin Cover Design Aşkın Yücel Seçkin Printing Yıkılmazlar Basın Yayın Prom. ve Kağıt San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Evren Mahallesi, Gülbahar Cd. 62/C, 34212 Bağcılar/İstanbull Tel: (0212) 630 64 73 Registered Publisher: 12102 Registered Printer: 11965 First Edition: İstanbul, 2019 ISBN Who’s Who in Politics in Turkey Project has been carried out with the coordination by the History Foundation and the contribution of Heinrich Böll Foundation Turkey Representation. WHO’S WHO IN POLITICS IN TURKEY —EDITORS İSMET AKÇA - BARIŞ ALP ÖZDEN AUTHORS SÜREYYA ALGÜL - ASLI AYDEMİR - GÖKHAN DEMİR ALİ YALÇIN GÖYMEN - ERHAN KELEŞOĞLU CANAN ÖZBEY - BARAN ALP UNCU TARİH VAKFI YAYINLARI Table of Contents i Foreword 1 Abdi İpekçi 3 Abdülkadir Aksu 6 Abdullah Çatlı 8 Abdullah Gül 11 Abdullah Öcalan 14 Abdüllatif Şener 16 Adnan Menderes 19 Ahmet Altan 21 Ahmet Davutoğlu 24 Ahmet Necdet Sezer 26 Ahmet Şık 28 Ahmet Taner Kışlalı 30 Ahmet Türk 32 Akın Birdal 34 Alaattin Çakıcı 36 Ali Babacan 38 Alparslan Türkeş 41 Arzu Çerkezoğlu -
Ihfr00p28-488
Turkey IHF FOCUS: Freedom of expression and Freedom of Expression and the media; freedom of association and the Media peaceful assembly; judicial system, the in- dependence of the judiciary and fair trial; Freedom of Expression torture, ill-treatment and misconduct by law enforcement officials; conditions in There was a general awareness on behalf prisons and detentions facilities; death of the government that legislation and penalty; protection of ethnic minorities; practice both restricted the expression of human rights defenders. opinions or criticism that was seen as of- fending certain state policies. Public de- bate – particularly on issues touching The human rights situation in Turkey saw upon the Kurdish minority, Islam or the se- no major changes in 1999. Freedom of ex- curity forces – was suppressed as “terrorist pression was seriously restricted, and it re- propaganda” or as an attempt to “insult mained dangerous to write on issues such and weaken the state organs” (article 159 as the situation of the Kurdish minority, the of the penal code). Criticism of the gov- armed forces and Islam. Journalists were ernment’s policies on the Kurds or other harassed and prosecuted on dubious minorities was not officially acknowl- charges. Freedom of association was limit- edged, and teaching and publishing in the ed, although the spectrum of NGOs and minority languages, or writing on Islam or political parties was diverse. any other religion, was deemed to “incite hatred among people” (article 312 of the There continued to be violations of the penal code), or more directly, to “dissemi- right to a fair trial. The State Security nate separatist propaganda” (article 8 of Courts continued to operate and hand the anti-terror law).1 down heavy sentences for questionable “crimes.” Torture and ill-treatment re- A ruling by the General Penal Board of the mained amongst the most serious human Supreme Court of Appeal in May 1999 in- rights problems. -
Forced Evacuations and Destruction of Villages in Dersim (Tunceli), and Western Bingöl, Turkish Kurdistan September-November 1994
FORCED EVACUATIONS AND DESTRUCTION OF VILLAGES IN DERSIM (TUNCELI), AND WESTERN BINGÖL, TURKISH KURDISTAN SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1994 INTRODUCTION This report details the wave of village evacuations and demolitions, as well as the forest fires that swept across the Dersim region in Turkey, i.e., the province of Tunceli and neighbouring districts, during the autumn of 1994.1 Over a period of two months, around a third of the villages in that province (but in some subdistricts as many as 80 to 100 percent) were evacuated under severe military pressure, and many of them were destroyed and burned down by the army. Thousands of families lost their houses. Moreover large stretches of forest, that only recently had been designated as a nature reserve, were deliberately burnt down. The rationale for all this destruction was the presence of guerrillas of the PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party), believed to be hiding out in the forests of this province. The inhabitants of the destroyed villages were suspected of giving food and shelter to these guerrillas. Tunceli was not the first province to fall victim to large-scale village evacuations orchestrated by Turkish security forces. The first instances of forced village evacuations in recent years took place in the 1980s, and since 1992 evacuations followed by demolition have been standard practice in sensitive zones of Turkey's Kurdish-inhabited provinces. The Human Rights Associations of Turkey have repeatedly published lists of villages that had been evacuated and destroyed, adding up to well over 2000 names of villages and hamlets. The present report concentrates on the events in Tunceli. -
20 Years of Struggle for Freedom to Publish In
20 YEARS OF STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM TO PUBLISH IN TURKEY 1994- 2014 20 YEARS OF STRUGGLE 20 YEARS OF STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM TO PUBLISH IN TURKEY Freedom of Thought and Expression Awards and Freedom to Publish Reports FOR FREEDOM TO PUBLISH 1994 - 2014 IN TURKEY 1. EDITION İSTANBUL, SEPTEMBER 2014 ISBN 978-975-365-017-5 Freedom of Thought and Expression Awards All rights reserved. @TURKIYE YAYINCILAR VE YAYIN DAGITIMCILARI BIRLIGI DERNEGI and Freedom to Publish Reports Inonu Caddesi Opera Palas Apt. No: 55 D:2 34437 Gumussuyu, Beyoglu / ISTANBUL 1994 - 2014 T: 0 212 512 56 02 F: 0 212 511 77 94 E: [email protected] TRANSLATION Ali Ottoman, Funda Soysal, Deniz İnal EDITING Yonca Cingöz PROOF READING Sara Whyatt GRAPHIC DESIGN Elif Rifat TYPESETTING Nevruz Kıran Öksüz PRINTED AND BOUND IN Umut Matbaası 3 CONTENTS Foreword.........................................................................................................................................5 FOREWORD Freedom to Publish Report 1994.....................................................................................................8 Every year since 1995, the Turkish Publishers Association prepares Freedom Freedom of Thought and Expression Awards 1995........................................................................16 to Publish Report and hands out an award to a writer, a publisher and a booksell- er. This year the writer’s award goes to Tonguç Ok, an exceptionally productive Freedom of Thought and Expression Awards 1996........................................................................18 -
The Case of Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK
Deconstructing Ethnic Conflict and Sovereignty in Explanatory International Relations: The Case of Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK Submitted by Johannes Černy to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Ethno-Political Studies in September 2014 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: _____Johannes Cerny_____________________ 1 2 Abstract: This study is essentially a critique of how the three dominant paradigms of explanatory international relations theory – (neo-)realism, liberalism, and systemic constructivism – conceive of, analytically deal with, and explain ethnic conflict and sovereignty. By deconstructing their approaches to ethnic identity formation in general and ethnic conflict in particular it argues that all three paradigms, in their epistemologies, ontologies and methodologies through reification and by analytically equating ethnic groups with states, tend to essentialise and substantialise the ethnic lines of division and strategic essentialisms of ethnic and ethno-nationalist elites they set out to describe, and, all too often, even write them into existence. Particular attention, both at the theoretical and empirical level, will be given to the three explanatory frameworks explanatory IR has contributed to the study of ethnic conflict: the ‘ethnic security dilemma’, the ‘ethnic alliance model’, and, drawing on other disciplines, instrumentalist approaches. -
The Case of Turkey-Pkk Conflict
WHY DO PEACE PROCESSES FAIL: THE CASE OF TURKEY-PKK CONFLICT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES OF İSTANBUL ŞEHİR UNIVERSITY BY HACER SOLAK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AUGUST 2019 ABSTRACT WHY DO PEACE PROCESSES FAIL: THE CASE OF TURKEY Solak, Hacer MA in Political Science and International Relations Thesis Advisor: Assist. Prof. Hüseyin Alptekin July 2019, 101 Pages The conflict between Turkey and the Kurdistan Worker’s Party(PKK) has been the long-running problem in the Turkish history. Turkey experienced a Resolution Process at the end of 2012 in order to end this bloody conflict but it came to the end soon, and a new round in the conflict began in 2015. This thesis aims to explain failure of the peace process in Turkey with the actor-oriented perspective and discusses how spoilers pose threat to peace processes in the case of Turkey. First, I make an analysis of Spoiler Theory in the Peace literature by referring the questions that ask what are the factors that motivate spoilers to destroy peace? What are the tactics used by spoilers to destroy peace processes? Second, I focus on the Turkish case between 2012 and 2015, with the aim of examining how spoilers play a key role in the collapse of peace process in Turkey. I support my arguments with a content analysis of the PKK leaders’ discourse used during the peace talks in Turkey. Finally, I offer inferences in terms of if the concept of spoiler can be applied to the Turkey-PKK case in addition to recommendations for peace processes involving spoiler threat. -
Issn: 2278-6236 Twenty-First Century Progress
International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-6236 Management and Social Sciences Impact Factor: 4.400 TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY PROGRESS – THE NATIONALISTIC MOVEMENTS OF THE KURDS TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE Mahnaz Deihim* Abstract: Ethno-nationalism is nationalism connected to ethnicity. Nationalism can be based on geographical boundaries, or a community. An ethno-nationalism is based on connecting a community to their common origins as one ethnic group, and includes a common language, race, faith and cultural inheritance. Ethnicity combines tribe, occupation, ideology, class and region. An inclination towards tribal supremacy is a classic feature of ethno-nationalism. Twenty-first century nationalisms and ethno-nationalisms are present in many continents. One political movement in the Middle East is Kurdish nationalism, a nation deserving of a sovereign homeland and the largest ethnic stateless group. This could be why though many Kurdish national parties’ agenda is bringing forth a land of Kurds - Kurdistan - tribal thinking, and internal squabbles are limiting factors. This article explores political aspects of Kurds for autonomy in the twenty-first century. *Research Scholar, DOS in Political Science University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore Vol. 3 | No. 7 | July 2014 www.garph.co.uk IJARMSS | 248 International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-6236 Management and Social Sciences Impact Factor: 4.400 INTRODUCTION The name ‘Kurd’ dates back to the seventh century AD and ‘Kurdistan’, means ‘land of the Kurds’. Kurd territory is located in the geographic heart of the Middle East, and, covers parts of Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Azerbaijan. Kurd territory has been at the cusp of regional political and economic interests. -
The Process of the Politicization of the Kurdish Identity in Turkey: the Kurds and the Turkish Labor Party (1961-1971)
THE PROCESS OF THE POLITICIZATION OF THE KURDISH IDENTITY IN TURKEY: THE KURDS AND THE TURKISH LABOR PARTY (1961-1971) by Ahmet Alı ş Submitted to the Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts BO ĞAZ ĐÇĐ UNIVERSITY 2009 “The Process of the Politicization of the Kurdish Identity in Turkey: the Kurds and the Turkish Labor Party (1961–1971)”a thesis prepared by Ahmet Alış in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree at the Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History of Bo ğaziçi University. This thesis has been approved Assoc. Prof. Duygu Köksal ____________________________ (Thesis Advisor) Prof. Ay şe Bu ğra ____________________________ Assoc. Prof. M. Asım Karaömerlio ğlu ____________________________ by the Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History at Bo ğaziçi University on 1 September 2009 ii An abstract of the Thesis of Ahmet Alı ş for the degree of Master of Arts from the Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History of Bo ğaziçi University to be taken in September 2009 Title: The Process of the Politicization of the Kurdish Identity in Turkey: the Kurds and the Turkish Labor Party (1961–1971) This thesis examines a much-misunderstood period of mobilization and politicization of Kurds in Turkey, a period that has often been assumed to have been an era of revival for Kurdish nationalism. It rejects the idea of revival of Kurdish nationalism during the 1960s. It postulates that what happened during this period can be seen only as formative years for the next generation of Kurdish nationalist who inherited so much from the interaction between Kurdish ethnicity and socialist terminology of those years. -
Whose Kurdistan? Class Politics and Kurdish Nationalism in the Middle East, 1918-2018
LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Whose Kurdistan? Class Politics and Kurdish Nationalism in the Middle East, 1918-2018 Nicola Degli Esposti A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, 13 September 2020 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 98,640 words. 2 Abstract This thesis is a study of the different trajectories of Kurdish nationalism in the Middle East. In the late 2010s – years of momentous advance for Kurdish forces in Turkey, Iraq, and Syria – Kurdish politics was deeply divided into competing movements pursuing irreconcilable projects for the future of the Kurdish nation. By investigating nationalism as embedded in social conflicts, this thesis identifies in the class basis of Kurdish movements and parties the main reason for their political differentiation and the development of competing national projects. After the defeat of the early Kurdish revolts in the 1920s and 1930s, Kurdish nationalism in Iraq and Turkey diverged along ideological lines due to the different social actors that led the respective national movements. -
Towson University College of Graduate Studies and Research
TOWSON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH THE KURDISH MOVEMENT IN TURKEY FROM 1921 UNTIL THE PRESENT by Leman Diyar Akar A thesis Presented to the faculty of Towson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Social Science May, 2011 Towson University Towson, Maryland 21252 ii ACKNOWLEGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Jeremy Tasch for his supervision, patience and support in addition to his valuable insight and criticism throughout this research. I wish to thank Dr. Carolyn Hill and Dr. Charles Schmitz for their useful suggestions and comments. I also would like to thank my dear friend Nikolaos Konstantinos Koumouris for always being there for me. I dedicate this study to my mother, Funda Akar and to my father, Ilyas Akar. I could have never made it so far without your faith in me… iii ABSTRACT THE KURDISH MOVEMENT IN TURKEY FROM 1921 UNTIL THE PRESENT Diyar Akar In my thesis I have conducted a historical research that focuses on the Kurdish ethno- nationalist movement in Turkey starting from 1921 until the present. I focus on the varied reactions of the Kurdish citizens of Turkey to the changing socio-political circumstances, the policies of the government, and its ideology concerning the minority groups and their rights. I have analyzed the causes of the ethnic conflict following a historical pattern. The responses of the Kurdish citizens of Turkey to the government‟s policies and ideology have varied from political involvement to mass violence. I propose possible solutions to the problem. -
Kurdish Diaspora Politics, 1990-2004
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Transnational migrant politics in the Netherlands : historical structures and current events Nell, L.M. Publication date 2008 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Nell, L. M. (2008). Transnational migrant politics in the Netherlands : historical structures and current events. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 7. KURDISH DIASPORA POLITICS, 1990-2004 The Turkish case in the previous chapter showed how specific political opportunities in Turkey affected migrant organisation-building in the Netherlands. It also illustrated how third country transnational ties and the use of supranational opportunity structures have been especially relevant for groups excluded from political participation in their homelands. This chapter continues this line of analysis for (self- identifying) Kurds living in the Netherlands.