Linear Cryptanalysis Combined Attack on Cryptographic Security System
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Integral Cryptanalysis on Full MISTY1⋆
Integral Cryptanalysis on Full MISTY1? Yosuke Todo NTT Secure Platform Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] Abstract. MISTY1 is a block cipher designed by Matsui in 1997. It was well evaluated and standardized by projects, such as CRYPTREC, ISO/IEC, and NESSIE. In this paper, we propose a key recovery attack on the full MISTY1, i.e., we show that 8-round MISTY1 with 5 FL layers does not have 128-bit security. Many attacks against MISTY1 have been proposed, but there is no attack against the full MISTY1. Therefore, our attack is the first cryptanalysis against the full MISTY1. We construct a new integral characteristic by using the propagation characteristic of the division property, which was proposed in 2015. We first improve the division property by optimizing a public S-box and then construct a 6-round integral characteristic on MISTY1. Finally, we recover the secret key of the full MISTY1 with 263:58 chosen plaintexts and 2121 time complexity. Moreover, if we can use 263:994 chosen plaintexts, the time complexity for our attack is reduced to 2107:9. Note that our cryptanalysis is a theoretical attack. Therefore, the practical use of MISTY1 will not be affected by our attack. Keywords: MISTY1, Integral attack, Division property 1 Introduction MISTY [Mat97] is a block cipher designed by Matsui in 1997 and is based on the theory of provable security [Nyb94,NK95] against differential attack [BS90] and linear attack [Mat93]. MISTY has a recursive structure, and the component function has a unique structure, the so-called MISTY structure [Mat96]. -
Related-Key Cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES,CAST, DES-X, Newdes, RC2, and TEA
Related-Key Cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES,CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA John Kelsey Bruce Schneier David Wagner Counterpane Systems U.C. Berkeley kelsey,schneier @counterpane.com [email protected] f g Abstract. We present new related-key attacks on the block ciphers 3- WAY, Biham-DES, CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA. Differen- tial related-key attacks allow both keys and plaintexts to be chosen with specific differences [KSW96]. Our attacks build on the original work, showing how to adapt the general attack to deal with the difficulties of the individual algorithms. We also give specific design principles to protect against these attacks. 1 Introduction Related-key cryptanalysis assumes that the attacker learns the encryption of certain plaintexts not only under the original (unknown) key K, but also under some derived keys K0 = f(K). In a chosen-related-key attack, the attacker specifies how the key is to be changed; known-related-key attacks are those where the key difference is known, but cannot be chosen by the attacker. We emphasize that the attacker knows or chooses the relationship between keys, not the actual key values. These techniques have been developed in [Knu93b, Bih94, KSW96]. Related-key cryptanalysis is a practical attack on key-exchange protocols that do not guarantee key-integrity|an attacker may be able to flip bits in the key without knowing the key|and key-update protocols that update keys using a known function: e.g., K, K + 1, K + 2, etc. Related-key attacks were also used against rotor machines: operators sometimes set rotors incorrectly. -
Report on the AES Candidates
Rep ort on the AES Candidates 1 2 1 3 Olivier Baudron , Henri Gilb ert , Louis Granb oulan , Helena Handschuh , 4 1 5 1 Antoine Joux , Phong Nguyen ,Fabrice Noilhan ,David Pointcheval , 1 1 1 1 Thomas Pornin , Guillaume Poupard , Jacques Stern , and Serge Vaudenay 1 Ecole Normale Sup erieure { CNRS 2 France Telecom 3 Gemplus { ENST 4 SCSSI 5 Universit e d'Orsay { LRI Contact e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This do cument rep orts the activities of the AES working group organized at the Ecole Normale Sup erieure. Several candidates are evaluated. In particular we outline some weaknesses in the designs of some candidates. We mainly discuss selection criteria b etween the can- didates, and make case-by-case comments. We nally recommend the selection of Mars, RC6, Serp ent, ... and DFC. As the rep ort is b eing nalized, we also added some new preliminary cryptanalysis on RC6 and Crypton in the App endix which are not considered in the main b o dy of the rep ort. Designing the encryption standard of the rst twentyyears of the twenty rst century is a challenging task: we need to predict p ossible future technologies, and wehavetotake unknown future attacks in account. Following the AES pro cess initiated by NIST, we organized an op en working group at the Ecole Normale Sup erieure. This group met two hours a week to review the AES candidates. The present do cument rep orts its results. Another task of this group was to up date the DFC candidate submitted by CNRS [16, 17] and to answer questions which had b een omitted in previous 1 rep orts on DFC. -
Cryptanalysis of a Reduced Version of the Block Cipher E2
Cryptanalysis of a Reduced Version of the Block Cipher E2 Mitsuru Matsui and Toshio Tokita Information Technology R&D Center Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 5-1-1, Ofuna, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247, Japan [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. This paper deals with truncated differential cryptanalysis of the 128-bit block cipher E2, which is an AES candidate designed and submitted by NTT. Our analysis is based on byte characteristics, where a difference of two bytes is simply encoded into one bit information “0” (the same) or “1” (not the same). Since E2 is a strongly byte-oriented algorithm, this bytewise treatment of characteristics greatly simplifies a description of its probabilistic behavior and noticeably enables us an analysis independent of the structure of its (unique) lookup table. As a result, we show a non-trivial seven round byte characteristic, which leads to a possible attack of E2 reduced to eight rounds without IT and FT by a chosen plaintext scenario. We also show that by a minor modification of the byte order of output of the round function — which does not reduce the complexity of the algorithm nor violates its design criteria at all —, a non-trivial nine round byte characteristic can be established, which results in a possible attack of the modified E2 reduced to ten rounds without IT and FT, and reduced to nine rounds with IT and FT. Our analysis does not have a serious impact on the full E2, since it has twelve rounds with IT and FT; however, our results show that the security level of the modified version against differential cryptanalysis is lower than the designers’ estimation. -
A Proposed SAFER Plus Security Algorithm Using Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform for Bluetooth Technology D.Sharmila 1, R.Neelaveni 2
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009 A Proposed SAFER Plus Security algorithm using Fast Walsh Hadamard transform for Bluetooth Technology D.Sharmila 1, R.Neelaveni 2 1(Research Scholar), Associate Professor, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam. Tamil Nadu-638401. [email protected] 2 Asst.Prof. PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore.Tamil Nadu -638401. [email protected] ABSTRACT realtime two-way voice transfer providing data rates up to 3 Mb/s. It operates at 2.4 GHz frequency in the free ISM-band (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) using frequency hopping In this paper, a modified SAFER plus algorithm is [18]. Bluetooth can be used to connect almost any kind of presented. Additionally, a comparison with various device to another device. Typical range of Bluetooth communication varies from 10 to 100 meters indoors. security algorithms like pipelined AES, Triple DES, Bluetooth technology and associated devices are susceptible Elliptic curve Diffie Hellman and the existing SAFER plus to general wireless networking threats, such as denial of service attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, are done. Performance of the algorithms is evaluated message modification, and resource misappropriation. They based on the data throughput, frequency and security are also threatened by more specific Bluetooth-related attacks that target known vulnerabilities in Bluetooth level. The results show that the modified SAFER plus implementations and specifications. Attacks against algorithm has enhanced security compared to the existing improperly secured Bluetooth implementations can provide attackers with unauthorized access to sensitive information algorithms. and unauthorized usage of Bluetooth devices and other Key words : Secure And Fast Encryption Routine, Triple Data systems or networks to which the devices are connected. -
Cs 255 (Introduction to Cryptography)
CS 255 (INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGRAPHY) DAVID WU Abstract. Notes taken in Professor Boneh’s Introduction to Cryptography course (CS 255) in Winter, 2012. There may be errors! Be warned! Contents 1. 1/11: Introduction and Stream Ciphers 2 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. History of Cryptography 3 1.3. Stream Ciphers 4 1.4. Pseudorandom Generators (PRGs) 5 1.5. Attacks on Stream Ciphers and OTP 6 1.6. Stream Ciphers in Practice 6 2. 1/18: PRGs and Semantic Security 7 2.1. Secure PRGs 7 2.2. Semantic Security 8 2.3. Generating Random Bits in Practice 9 2.4. Block Ciphers 9 3. 1/23: Block Ciphers 9 3.1. Pseudorandom Functions (PRF) 9 3.2. Data Encryption Standard (DES) 10 3.3. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 12 3.4. Exhaustive Search Attacks 12 3.5. More Attacks on Block Ciphers 13 3.6. Block Cipher Modes of Operation 13 4. 1/25: Message Integrity 15 4.1. Message Integrity 15 5. 1/27: Proofs in Cryptography 17 5.1. Time/Space Tradeoff 17 5.2. Proofs in Cryptography 17 6. 1/30: MAC Functions 18 6.1. Message Integrity 18 6.2. MAC Padding 18 6.3. Parallel MAC (PMAC) 19 6.4. One-time MAC 20 6.5. Collision Resistance 21 7. 2/1: Collision Resistance 21 7.1. Collision Resistant Hash Functions 21 7.2. Construction of Collision Resistant Hash Functions 22 7.3. Provably Secure Compression Functions 23 8. 2/6: HMAC And Timing Attacks 23 8.1. HMAC 23 8.2. -
Safer Than You Think! Revising the Transit Safety Narrative 1 September 2021
www.vtpi.org [email protected] 250-508-5150 Safer Than You Think! Revising the Transit Safety Narrative 1 September 2021 Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute Abstract Public transportation is overall a relatively safe (low crash risk) and secure (low crime risk) mode of transport. Transit travel has about a tenth the traffic casualty (death or injury) rate as automobile travel, and transit-oriented neighborhood residents have about a fifth the per capita crash casualty rate as in automobile-oriented areas. Transit also tends to have lower overall crime rates than automobile travel, and many transit service improvements can further increase security by improving surveillance and economic opportunities for at-risk populations. Despite its relative safety and security, many people consider public transit dangerous, and so are reluctant to use it or support service expansions in their communities. Various factors contribute to this excessive fear, including the nature of public transit travel, heavy media coverage of transit- related crashes and crimes, and conventional traffic safety messages which emphasize danger rather than safety. Transit agencies can help create a new safety narrative by better measuring and communicating transit’s overall safety and security impacts, and providing better guidance concerning how users and communities can enhance transit safety and security. A summary version of this report was published as, “A New Transit Safety Narrative” Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2014, pp.121-142; at www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/JPT17.4_Litman.pdf. It was also published as, The Hidden Traffic Safety Solution: Public Transportation, American Public Transportation Association (www.apta.com); at www.apta.com/mediacenter/pressreleases/2016/Pages/Hidden-Traffic-Safety-Solution.aspx Todd Litman 2013-2021 You are welcome and encouraged to copy, distribute, share and excerpt this document and its ideas, provided the author is given attribution. -
Division Property: Efficient Method to Estimate Upper Bound of Algebraic Degree
Division Property: Efficient Method to Estimate Upper Bound of Algebraic Degree Yosuke Todo1;2 1 NTT Secure Platform Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] 2 Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Abstract. We proposed the division property, which is a new method to find integral characteristics, at EUROCRYPT 2015. In this paper, we expound the division property, its effectiveness, and follow-up results. Higher-Order Differential and Integral Cryptanalyses. After the pro- posal of the differential cryptanalysis [1], many extended cryptanalyses have been proposed. The higher-order differential cryptanalysis is one of such extensions. The concept was first introduced by Lai [6] and the advantage over the classical differential cryptanalysis was studied by Knudsen [4]. Assuming the algebraic degree of the target block cipher Ek is upper-bounded by d for any k, the dth order differential is always constant. Then, we can distinguish the target cipher Ek as ideal block ciphers because it is unlikely that ideal block ciphers have such property, and we call this property the higher-order differential characteristics in this paper. The similar technique to the higher-order differential cryptanalysis was used as the dedicated attack against the block cipher Square [3], and the dedicated attack was later referred to the square attack. In 2002, Knudsen and Wagner formalized the square attack as the integral cryptanalysis [5]. In the integral cryptanalysis, attackers first prepare N chosen plaintexts. If the XOR of all cor- responding ciphertexts is 0, we say that the cipher has an integral characteristic with N chosen plaintexts. The integral characteristic is found by evaluating the propagation of four integral properties: A, C, B, and U. -
Miss in the Middle Attacks on IDEA and Khufu
Miss in the Middle Attacks on IDEA and Khufu Eli Biham? Alex Biryukov?? Adi Shamir??? Abstract. In a recent paper we developed a new cryptanalytic techni- que based on impossible differentials, and used it to attack the Skipjack encryption algorithm reduced from 32 to 31 rounds. In this paper we describe the application of this technique to the block ciphers IDEA and Khufu. In both cases the new attacks cover more rounds than the best currently known attacks. This demonstrates the power of the new cryptanalytic technique, shows that it is applicable to a larger class of cryptosystems, and develops new technical tools for applying it in new situations. 1 Introduction In [5,17] a new cryptanalytic technique based on impossible differentials was proposed, and its application to Skipjack [28] and DEAL [17] was described. In this paper we apply this technique to the IDEA and Khufu cryptosystems. Our new attacks are much more efficient and cover more rounds than the best previously known attacks on these ciphers. The main idea behind these new attacks is a bit counter-intuitive. Unlike tra- ditional differential and linear cryptanalysis which predict and detect statistical events of highest possible probability, our new approach is to search for events that never happen. Such impossible events are then used to distinguish the ci- pher from a random permutation, or to perform key elimination (a candidate key is obviously wrong if it leads to an impossible event). The fact that impossible events can be useful in cryptanalysis is an old idea (for example, some of the attacks on Enigma were based on the observation that letters can not be encrypted to themselves). -
Comparative Analysis of Advanced Encryption Standard, Blowfish and Rivest Cipher 4 Algorithms
www.ijird.com November, 2014 Vol 3 Issue 11 ISSN 2278 – 0211 (Online) Comparative Analysis of Advanced Encryption Standard, Blowfish and Rivest Cipher 4 Algorithms Adolf Fenyi Researcher, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Knust, Ghana Joseph G. Davis Lecturer, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Knust, Ghana Dr. Kwabena Riverson Head of Programme CSIR Institute of Industrial Research Accra, Ghana Abstract: Cryptography is one of the main categories of computer security that converts information from its normal form into an unreadable form. The two main characteristics that identify and differentiate one encryption algorithm from another are its ability to secure the protected data against attacks and its speed and efficiency in doing so.Cryptography is required to transmit confidential information over the network. It is also demanding in wide range of applications which includes mobile and networking applications. Cryptographic algorithms play a vital role in providing the data security against malicious attacks. But on the other hand, they consume significant amount of computing resources like CPU time, memory, encryption time etc. Normally, symmetric key algorithms are preferred over asymmetric key algorithms as they are very fast in nature. Symmetric algorithms are classified as block cipher and stream ciphers algorithms. In this research project, I comparedthe AES and Blowfish algorithms with different modes of operation (ECB, CBC, and CFB) and RC4 algorithm (stream cipher) in terms encryption time, decryption time, memory utilization and throughput at different settings likevariable key size and variable data packet size.A stimulation program is developed using PHP and JavaScript scripting languages. The program encrypts and decrypts different file sizes ranging from 1MB to 50MB. -
AES, Blowfish and Twofish for Security of Wireless Networks
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 06 | June 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Comparison of Encryption Algorithms: AES, Blowfish and Twofish for Security of Wireless Networks Archisman Ghosh Department of Computer Science & Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India --------------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Encryption is the process of encoding data to A secure WiFi system uses algorithms such as DES, RSA, prevent unauthorized access. Cyber security is the need of AES, Blowfish and Twofish to secure the communication the hour which ensures transfer of data across the internet over seemingly unsecured Internet channels. In addition, with confidentiality and integrity, and provides protection the existing cryptographic algorithm is based on an against malicious attacks. In this research paper, encryption model designed by Horst Feistel of IBM [4]. comparison between the encryption algorithms, viz. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), Blowfish, and Twofish is In this paper, a comparative study of the cryptographic done in terms of time of encryption and decryption, and algorithms: AES, Blowfish and Twofish has been done and their throughput, and the results are analysed indicating the the results have been analysed in order to find the superiority of Twofish over AES and Blowfish as a viable algorithm most suitable for encrypting data in wireless algorithm for data encryption in wireless networks. networks. Keywords: Cryptography, Network security, AES, 2. Overview of the algorithms Blowfish, Twofish, Secure communication. 2.1 AES 1. Introduction The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a Owing to the advancement in internet accessibility and cryptographic algorithm for encryption of electronic data networking, most of the security sensitive stuff like established by the U.S. -
Performance Analysis of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) S-Boxes
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-9, Issue-1, May 2020 Performance Analysis of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) S-boxes Eslam w. afify, Abeer T. Khalil, Wageda I. El sobky, Reda Abo Alez Abstract : The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm The fundamental genuine data square length for AES is 128 is available in a wide scope of encryption packages and is the bits that as it might; the key length for AES possibly 128, single straightforwardly accessible cipher insisted by the 192, or 256 bits [2, 3]. The conversation is focused on National Security Agency (NSA), The Rijndael S-box is a Rijndael S-Box yet a huge amount of the trade can in like substitution box S-Box assumes a significant job in the AES manner be associated with the ideal security of block cipher algorithm security. The quality of S-Box relies upon the plan and mathematical developments. Our paper gives an outline of AES and the objective of the cryptanalysis. As follows the paper S-Box investigation, the paper finds that algebraic attack is the is sorted out: Section II gives a detailed analysis of the most security gap of AES S-Box, likewise give a thought structure of the AES. Section III scope in the cryptanalysis regarding distinctive past research to improve the static S- study of algebraic techniques against block ciphers, gives a confines that has been utilized AES, to upgrade the quality of detailed analysis of S-Box algebraic structure and AES Performance by shocking the best S-box.