FROM WOUNDED KNEE TO SYRIA:

A CENTURY OF U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS by Dr. Zoltan Grossman

The following is a partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2014.

Below the list is a Briefing on the History of U.S. Military Interventions.

The list and briefing are also available as a powerpoint presentation.

This guide does not include:

 mobilizations of the National Guard  offshore shows of naval strength  reinforcements of embassy personnel  the use of non-Defense Department personnel (such as the Drug Enforcement Administration)  military exercises  non-combat mobilizations (such as replacing postal strikers)  the permanent stationing of armed forces  covert actions where the U.S. did not play a command and control role  the use of small hostage rescue units  most uses of proxy troops  U.S. piloting of foreign warplanes  foreign or domestic disaster assistance  military training and advisory programs not involving direct combat  civic action programs  and many other military activities.

Among sources used, beside news reports, are the Congressional Record (23 June 1969), 180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corp History Division, Ege & Makhijani in Counterspy (July-Aug, 1982), "Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993" by Ellen C. Collier of the Library of Congress Congressional Research Service, and Ellsberg in Protest & Survive.

Versions of this list have been published on Zmag.org, Neravt.com, and numerous other websites.

Translations of list: Spanish French Turkish Italian Chinese Greek Russian Czech Tamil Portuguese

Quotes in Christian Science Monitor and The Independent

Turkish newspaper urges that the United States be listed in Guinness Book of World Records as the Country with the Most Foreign Interventions.

COUNTRY OR Dates of Forces Comments STATE intervention

SOUTH 300 Lakota Indians massacred at 1890 (-?) Troops DAKOTA Wounded Knee. ARGENTINA 1890 Troops Buenos Aires interests protected.

CHILE 1891 Troops Marines clash with nationalist rebels.

HAITI 1891 Troops Black revolt on Navassa defeated.

Army suppresses silver miners' IDAHO 1892 Troops strike.

Independent kingdom overthrown, HAWAII 1893 (-?) Naval, troops annexed.

CHICAGO 1894 Troops Breaking of rail strike, 34 killed.

NICARAGUA 1894 Troops Month-long occupation of Bluefields.

CHINA 1894-95 Naval, troops Marines land in Sino-Japanese War

KOREA 1894-96 Troops Marines kept in Seoul during war.

PANAMA 1895 Troops, naval Marines land in Colombian province.

NICARAGUA 1896 Troops Marines land in port of Corinto.

Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign CHINA 1898-1900 Troops armies.

1898-1910 Seized from Spain, killed 600,000 PHILIPPINES Naval, troops (-?) Filipinos

1898-1902 Seized from Spain, still hold Navy CUBA Naval, troops (-?) base.

Seized from Spain, occupation PUERTO RICO 1898 (-?) Naval, troops continues. GUAM 1898 (-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still use as base.

Army battles Chippewa at Leech MINNESOTA 1898 (-?) Troops Lake.

Marines land at port of San Juan del NICARAGUA 1898 Troops Sur.

SAMOA 1899 (-?) Troops Battle over succession to throne.

NICARAGUA 1899 Troops Marines land at port of Bluefields.

Army occupies Coeur d'Alene mining IDAHO 1899-1901 Troops region.

OKLAHOMA 1901 Troops Army battles Creek Indian revolt.

Broke off from Colombia 1903, PANAMA 1901-14 Naval, troops annexed Canal Zone; Opened canal 1914.

HONDURAS 1903 Troops Marines intervene in revolution.

DOMINICAN U.S. interests protected in 1903-04 Troops REPUBLIC Revolution.

Marines land in Russo-Japanese KOREA 1904-05 Troops War.

CUBA 1906-09 Troops Marines land in democratic election.

"Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set NICARAGUA 1907 Troops up.

Marines land during war with HONDURAS 1907 Troops Nicaragua PANAMA 1908 Troops Marines intervene in election contest.

Marines land in Bluefields and NICARAGUA 1910 Troops Corinto.

HONDURAS 1911 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war.

Continuous occupation with flare- CHINA 1911-41 Naval, troops ups.

CUBA 1912 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war.

PANAMA 1912 Troops Marines land during heated election.

Marines protect U.S. economic HONDURAS 1912 Troops interests.

Troops, NICARAGUA 1912-33 10-year occupation, fought guerillas bombing

Americans evacuated during MEXICO 1913 Naval revolution.

DOMINICAN Fight with rebels over Santo 1914 Naval REPUBLIC Domingo.

COLORADO 1914 Troops Breaking of miners' strike by Army.

Series of interventions against MEXICO 1914-18 Naval, troops nationalists.

Troops, HAITI 1914-34 19-year occupation after revolts. bombing

Federal soldiers crush "Plan of San TEXAS 1915 Troops Diego" Mexican-American rebellion

DOMINICAN 1916-24 Troops 8-year Marine occupation. REPUBLIC Military occupation, economic CUBA 1917-33 Troops protectorate.

Ships sunk, fought Germany for 1 1/2 WORLD WAR I 1917-18 Naval, troops years.

RUSSIA 1918-22 Naval, troops Five landings to fight Bolsheviks

"Police duty" during unrest after PANAMA 1918-20 Troops elections.

Marines land during election HONDURAS 1919 Troops campaign.

intervene for Italy against Serbs in YUGOSLAVIA 1919 Troops/Marines Dalmatia.

2-week intervention against GUATEMALA 1920 Troops unionists.

WEST Troops, Army intervenes against 1920-21 VIRGINIA bombing mineworkers.

TURKEY 1922 Troops Fought nationalists in Smyrna.

CHINA 1922-27 Naval, troops Deployment during nationalist revolt.

Airpower defends Calles from MEXICO 1923 Bombing rebellion HONDURAS 1924-25 Troops Landed twice during election strife.

PANAMA 1925 Troops Marines suppress general strike.

Marines stationed throughout the CHINA 1927-34 Troops country.

EL SALVADOR 1932 Naval Warships send during Marti revolt. WASHINGTON 1932 Troops Army stops WWI vet bonus protest. DC

Naval, troops, Hawaii bombed, fought Japan, Italy WORLD WAR 1941-45 bombing, and Germay for 3 years; first nuclear II nuclear war.

DETROIT 1943 Troops Army put down Black rebellion.

IRAN 1946 Nuclear threat Soviet troops told to leave north.

Nuclear threat, YUGOSLAVIA 1946 Response to shoot-down of US plane. naval

Bombers deployed as show of URUGUAY 1947 Nuclear threat strength.

Command U.S. directs extreme-right in civil GREECE 1947-49 operation war.

Atomic-capable bombers guard GERMANY 1948 Nuclear Threat Berlin Airlift.

evacuate Americans before CHINA 1948-49 Troops/Marines Communist victory.

Command CIA directs war against Huk PHILIPPINES 1948-54 operation Rebellion.

Command Independence rebellion crushed in PUERTO RICO 1950 operation Ponce.

U.S./So. Korea fights China/No. Troops, naval, Korea to stalemate; A-bomb threat KOREA 1951-53 (-?) bombing , in 1950, and against China in 1953. nuclear threats Still have bases. Command CIA overthrows democracy, installs IRAN 1953 Operation Shah.

French offered bombs to use against VIETNAM 1954 Nuclear threat seige.

Command CIA directs exile invasion after new operation, GUATEMALA 1954 gov't nationalized U.S. company bombing, lands; bombers based in Nicaragua. nuclear threat

Nuclear threat, Soviets told to keep out of Suez crisis; EGYPT 1956 troops Marines evacuate foreigners.

Army & Marine occupation against LEBANON l958 Troops, naval rebels.

Iraq warned against invading IRAQ 1958 Nuclear threat Kuwait.

China told not to move on Taiwan CHINA l958 Nuclear threat isles.

Flag protests erupt into PANAMA 1958 Troops confrontation.

Fought South Vietnam revolt & Troops, naval, North Vietnam; one million killed in VIETNAM l960-75 bombing, longest U.S. war; atomic bomb nuclear threats threats in l968 and l969.

Command CUBA l961 CIA-directed exile invasion fails. operation

GERMANY l961 Nuclear threat Alert during Berlin Wall crisis.

Command Military buildup during guerrilla LAOS 1962 operation war. Nuclear threat, Blockade during missile crisis; near- CUBA l962 naval war with Soviet Union.

CIA organizes coup that killed president, brings Ba'ath Party to Command IRAQ 1963 power, and Saddam Hussein back operation from exile to be head of the secret service.

Panamanians shot for urging canal's PANAMA l964 Troops return.

Command Million killed in CIA-assisted army INDONESIA l965 operation coup.

DOMINICAN Troops, Army & Marines land during 1965-66 REPUBLIC bombing election campaign.

Command Green Berets intervene against GUATEMALA l966-67 operation rebels.

Army battles African Americans, 43 DETROIT l967 Troops killed.

UNITED After King is shot; over 21,000 l968 Troops STATES soldiers in cities.

Up to 2 million killed in decade of Bombing, CAMBODIA l969-75 bombing, starvation, and political troops, naval chaos.

Command OMAN l970 U.S. directs Iranian marine invasion. operation

Command U.S. directs South Vietnamese LAOS l971-73 operation, invasion; "carpet-bombs" bombing countryside.

SOUTH Command Army directs Wounded Knee siege of l973 DAKOTA operation Lakotas. World-wide alert during Mideast MIDEAST 1973 Nuclear threat War.

Command CIA-backed coup ousts elected CHILE 1973 operation marxist president.

Troops, Gassing of captured ship Mayagüez, CAMBODIA l975 bombing 28 troops die when copter shot down.

Command CIA assists South African-backed ANGOLA l976-92 operation rebels.

Raid to rescue Embassy hostages; 8 Troops, nuclear troops die in copter-plane crash. IRAN l980 threat, aborted Soviets warned not to get involved in bombing revolution.

Two Libyan jets shot down in LIBYA l981 Naval jets maneuvers.

Command Advisors, overflights aid anti-rebel EL SALVADOR l981-92 operation, war, soldiers briefly involved in troops hostage clash.

Command CIA directs exile (Contra) invasions, NICARAGUA l981-90 operation, plants harbor mines against naval revolution.

Marines expel PLO and back Naval, Phalangists, Navy bombs and shells LEBANON l982-84 bombing, Muslim positions. 241 Marines killed troops when Shi'a rebel bombs barracks.

Troops, GRENADA l983-84 Invasion four years after revolution. bombing

Maneuvers help build bases near HONDURAS l983-89 Troops borders. Two Iranian jets shot down over IRAN l984 Jets Persian Gulf.

LIBYA l986 Bombing, naval Air strikes to topple Qaddafi gov't.

BOLIVIA 1986 Troops Army assists raids on cocaine region.

US intervenes on side of Iraq in war, IRAN l987-88 Naval, bombing defending reflagged tankers and shooting down civilian jet.

LIBYA 1989 Naval jets Two Libyan jets shot down.

VIRGIN 1989 Troops St. Croix Black unrest after storm. ISLANDS

Air cover provided for government PHILIPPINES 1989 Jets against coup.

Nationalist government ousted by Troops, PANAMA 1989 (-?) 27,000 soldiers, leaders arrested, bombing 2000+ killed.

Foreigners evacuated during civil LIBERIA 1990 Troops war.

Iraq countered after invading Kuwait. 540,000 troops also stationed SAUDI ARABIA 1990-91 Troops, jets in Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Israel.

Blockade of Iraqi and Jordanian Bombing, ports, air strikes; 200,000+ killed in IRAQ 1990-91 troops, naval invasion of Iraq and Kuwait; large- scale destruction of Iraqi military. Naval, Kuwait royal family returned to KUWAIT 1991 bombing, throne. troops

No-fly zone over Kurdish north, IRAQ 1991-2003 Bombing, naval Shiite south; constant air strikes and naval-enforced economic sanctions

Army, Marines deployed against LOS ANGELES 1992 Troops anti-police uprising.

U.S.-led United Nations occupation Troops, naval, SOMALIA 1992-94 during civil war; raids against one bombing Mogadishu faction.

NATO blockade of Serbia and YUGOSLAVIA 1992-94 Naval Montenegro.

No-fly zone patrolled in civil war; BOSNIA 1993-? Jets, bombing downed jets, bombed Serbs.

Blockade against military government; troops restore President HAITI 1994 Troops, naval Aristide to office three years after coup.

Troops at Rwandan Hutu refugee ZAIRE 1996-97 Troops camps, in area where Congo (CONGO) revolution begins.

Soldiers under fire during evacuation LIBERIA 1997 Troops of foreigners.

Soldiers under fire during evacuation ALBANIA 1997 Troops of foreigners.

Attack on pharmaceutical plant SUDAN 1998 Missiles alleged to be "terrorist" nerve gas plant. Attack on former CIA training camps used by Islamic AFGHANISTAN 1998 Missiles fundamentalist groups alleged to have attacked embassies.

Four days of intensive air strikes Bombing, IRAQ 1998 after weapons inspectors allege Iraqi Missiles obstructions.

Heavy NATO air strikes after Serbia Bombing, YUGOSLAVIA 1999 declines to withdraw from Kosovo. Missiles NATO occupation of Kosovo.

YEMEN 2000 Naval USS Cole, docked in Aden, bombed.

NATO forces deployed to move and MACEDONIA 2001 Troops disarm Albanian rebels.

UNITED Reaction to hijacker attacks on New 2001 Jets, naval STATES York, DC

Massive U.S. mobilization to overthrow Taliban, hunt Al Qaeda Troops, fighters, install Karzai regime, and AFGHANISTAN 2001-? bombing, battle Taliban insurgency. More than missiles 30,000 U.S. troops and numerous private security contractors carry our occupation.

Predator drone missile attack on Al YEMEN 2002 Missiles Qaeda, including a US citizen. Training mission for Philippine military fighting Abu Sayyaf rebels PHILIPPINES 2002-? Troops, naval evolves into combat missions in Sulu Archipelago, west of Mindanao.

US special forces sent to rebel zone to COLOMBIA 2003-? Troops back up Colombian military protecting oil pipeline.

Saddam regime toppled in Baghdad. More than 250,000 U.S. personnel participate in invasion. US and UK Troops, naval, forces occupy country and battle IRAQ 2003-11 bombing, Sunni and Shi'ite insurgencies. More missiles than 160,000 troops and numerous private contractors carry out occupation and build large permanent bases.

Brief involvement in peacekeeping LIBERIA 2003 Troops force as rebels drove out leader.

Marines & Army land after right- wing rebels oust elected President HAITI 2004-05 Troops, naval Aristide, who was advised to leave by Washington.

CIA missile and air strikes and Missiles, Special Forces raids on alleged Al bombing, PAKISTAN 2005-? Qaeda and Taliban refuge villages covert kill multiple civilians. Drone attacks operation also on Pakistani Mehsud network.

Special Forces advise Ethiopian invasion that topples Islamist Missiles, naval, government; AC-130 strikes, Cruise troops, SOMALIA 2006-? missile attacks and helicopter raids command against Islamist rebels; naval operation blockade against "pirates" and insurgents.

Special Forces in helicopter raid 5 SYRIA 2008 Troops miles from Iraq kill 8 Syrian civilians Missiles, Cruise missile attack on Al Qaeda YEMEN 2009-? command kills 49 civilians; Yemeni military operation assaults on rebels

NATO coordinates air strikes and Bombing, missile attacks against Qaddafi missiles, troops, LIBYA 2011-? government during uprising by rebel command army. Periodic Special Forces raids operation against Islamist insurgents.

Bombing, missiles, Air strikes and Special Forces intervene IRAQ 2014-? troops, against Islamic State insurgents; training command Iraqi and Kurdish troops. operation

Bombing, missiles, Air strikes and Special Forces intervene SYRIA 2014-? troops, against Islamic State insurgents; training command other Syrian insurgents. operation