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From Wounded Knee to Syria: a Century of U.S. Military

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From Wounded Knee to Syria: a Century of U.S. Military FROM WOUNDED KNEE TO SYRIA: A CENTURY OF U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS by Dr. Zoltan Grossman The following is a partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2014. Below the list is a Briefing on the History of U.S. Military Interventions. The list and briefing are also available as a powerpoint presentation. This guide does not include: mobilizations of the National Guard offshore shows of naval strength reinforcements of embassy personnel the use of non-Defense Department personnel (such as the Drug Enforcement Administration) military exercises non-combat mobilizations (such as replacing postal strikers) the permanent stationing of armed forces covert actions where the U.S. did not play a command and control role the use of small hostage rescue units most uses of proxy troops U.S. piloting of foreign warplanes foreign or domestic disaster assistance military training and advisory programs not involving direct combat civic action programs and many other military activities. Among sources used, beside news reports, are the Congressional Record (23 June 1969), 180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corp History Division, Ege & Makhijani in Counterspy (July-Aug, 1982), "Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993" by Ellen C. Collier of the Library of Congress Congressional Research Service, and Ellsberg in Protest & Survive. Versions of this list have been published on Zmag.org, Neravt.com, and numerous other websites. Translations of list: Spanish French Turkish Italian Chinese Greek Russian Czech Tamil Portuguese Quotes in Christian Science Monitor and The Independent Turkish newspaper urges that the United States be listed in Guinness Book of World Records as the Country with the Most Foreign Interventions. COUNTRY OR Dates of Forces Comments STATE intervention SOUTH 300 Lakota Indians massacred at 1890 (-?) Troops DAKOTA Wounded Knee. ARGENTINA 1890 Troops Buenos Aires interests protected. CHILE 1891 Troops Marines clash with nationalist rebels. HAITI 1891 Troops Black revolt on Navassa defeated. Army suppresses silver miners' IDAHO 1892 Troops strike. Independent kingdom overthrown, HAWAII 1893 (-?) Naval, troops annexed. CHICAGO 1894 Troops Breaking of rail strike, 34 killed. NICARAGUA 1894 Troops Month-long occupation of Bluefields. CHINA 1894-95 Naval, troops Marines land in Sino-Japanese War KOREA 1894-96 Troops Marines kept in Seoul during war. PANAMA 1895 Troops, naval Marines land in Colombian province. NICARAGUA 1896 Troops Marines land in port of Corinto. Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign CHINA 1898-1900 Troops armies. 1898-1910 Seized from Spain, killed 600,000 PHILIPPINES Naval, troops (-?) Filipinos 1898-1902 Seized from Spain, still hold Navy CUBA Naval, troops (-?) base. Seized from Spain, occupation PUERTO RICO 1898 (-?) Naval, troops continues. GUAM 1898 (-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still use as base. Army battles Chippewa at Leech MINNESOTA 1898 (-?) Troops Lake. Marines land at port of San Juan del NICARAGUA 1898 Troops Sur. SAMOA 1899 (-?) Troops Battle over succession to throne. NICARAGUA 1899 Troops Marines land at port of Bluefields. Army occupies Coeur d'Alene mining IDAHO 1899-1901 Troops region. OKLAHOMA 1901 Troops Army battles Creek Indian revolt. Broke off from Colombia 1903, PANAMA 1901-14 Naval, troops annexed Canal Zone; Opened canal 1914. HONDURAS 1903 Troops Marines intervene in revolution. DOMINICAN U.S. interests protected in 1903-04 Troops REPUBLIC Revolution. Marines land in Russo-Japanese KOREA 1904-05 Troops War. CUBA 1906-09 Troops Marines land in democratic election. "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set NICARAGUA 1907 Troops up. Marines land during war with HONDURAS 1907 Troops Nicaragua PANAMA 1908 Troops Marines intervene in election contest. Marines land in Bluefields and NICARAGUA 1910 Troops Corinto. HONDURAS 1911 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war. Continuous occupation with flare- CHINA 1911-41 Naval, troops ups. CUBA 1912 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war. PANAMA 1912 Troops Marines land during heated election. Marines protect U.S. economic HONDURAS 1912 Troops interests. Troops, NICARAGUA 1912-33 10-year occupation, fought guerillas bombing Americans evacuated during MEXICO 1913 Naval revolution. DOMINICAN Fight with rebels over Santo 1914 Naval REPUBLIC Domingo. COLORADO 1914 Troops Breaking of miners' strike by Army. Series of interventions against MEXICO 1914-18 Naval, troops nationalists. Troops, HAITI 1914-34 19-year occupation after revolts. bombing Federal soldiers crush "Plan of San TEXAS 1915 Troops Diego" Mexican-American rebellion DOMINICAN 1916-24 Troops 8-year Marine occupation. REPUBLIC Military occupation, economic CUBA 1917-33 Troops protectorate. Ships sunk, fought Germany for 1 1/2 WORLD WAR I 1917-18 Naval, troops years. RUSSIA 1918-22 Naval, troops Five landings to fight Bolsheviks "Police duty" during unrest after PANAMA 1918-20 Troops elections. Marines land during election HONDURAS 1919 Troops campaign. intervene for Italy against Serbs in YUGOSLAVIA 1919 Troops/Marines Dalmatia. 2-week intervention against GUATEMALA 1920 Troops unionists. WEST Troops, Army intervenes against 1920-21 VIRGINIA bombing mineworkers. TURKEY 1922 Troops Fought nationalists in Smyrna. CHINA 1922-27 Naval, troops Deployment during nationalist revolt. Airpower defends Calles from MEXICO 1923 Bombing rebellion HONDURAS 1924-25 Troops Landed twice during election strife. PANAMA 1925 Troops Marines suppress general strike. Marines stationed throughout the CHINA 1927-34 Troops country. EL SALVADOR 1932 Naval Warships send during Marti revolt. WASHINGTON 1932 Troops Army stops WWI vet bonus protest. DC Naval, troops, Hawaii bombed, fought Japan, Italy WORLD WAR 1941-45 bombing, and Germay for 3 years; first nuclear II nuclear war. DETROIT 1943 Troops Army put down Black rebellion. IRAN 1946 Nuclear threat Soviet troops told to leave north. Nuclear threat, YUGOSLAVIA 1946 Response to shoot-down of US plane. naval Bombers deployed as show of URUGUAY 1947 Nuclear threat strength. Command U.S. directs extreme-right in civil GREECE 1947-49 operation war. Atomic-capable bombers guard GERMANY 1948 Nuclear Threat Berlin Airlift. evacuate Americans before CHINA 1948-49 Troops/Marines Communist victory. Command CIA directs war against Huk PHILIPPINES 1948-54 operation Rebellion. Command Independence rebellion crushed in PUERTO RICO 1950 operation Ponce. U.S./So. Korea fights China/No. Troops, naval, Korea to stalemate; A-bomb threat KOREA 1951-53 (-?) bombing , in 1950, and against China in 1953. nuclear threats Still have bases. Command CIA overthrows democracy, installs IRAN 1953 Operation Shah. French offered bombs to use against VIETNAM 1954 Nuclear threat seige. Command CIA directs exile invasion after new operation, GUATEMALA 1954 gov't nationalized U.S. company bombing, lands; bombers based in Nicaragua. nuclear threat Nuclear threat, Soviets told to keep out of Suez crisis; EGYPT 1956 troops Marines evacuate foreigners. Army & Marine occupation against LEBANON l958 Troops, naval rebels. Iraq warned against invading IRAQ 1958 Nuclear threat Kuwait. China told not to move on Taiwan CHINA l958 Nuclear threat isles. Flag protests erupt into PANAMA 1958 Troops confrontation. Fought South Vietnam revolt & Troops, naval, North Vietnam; one million killed in VIETNAM l960-75 bombing, longest U.S. war; atomic bomb nuclear threats threats in l968 and l969. Command CUBA l961 CIA-directed exile invasion fails. operation GERMANY l961 Nuclear threat Alert during Berlin Wall crisis. Command Military buildup during guerrilla LAOS 1962 operation war. Nuclear threat, Blockade during missile crisis; near- CUBA l962 naval war with Soviet Union. CIA organizes coup that killed president, brings Ba'ath Party to Command IRAQ 1963 power, and Saddam Hussein back operation from exile to be head of the secret service. Panamanians shot for urging canal's PANAMA l964 Troops return. Command Million killed in CIA-assisted army INDONESIA l965 operation coup. DOMINICAN Troops, Army & Marines land during 1965-66 REPUBLIC bombing election campaign. Command Green Berets intervene against GUATEMALA l966-67 operation rebels. Army battles African Americans, 43 DETROIT l967 Troops killed. UNITED After King is shot; over 21,000 l968 Troops STATES soldiers in cities. Up to 2 million killed in decade of Bombing, CAMBODIA l969-75 bombing, starvation, and political troops, naval chaos. Command OMAN l970 U.S. directs Iranian marine invasion. operation Command U.S. directs South Vietnamese LAOS l971-73 operation, invasion; "carpet-bombs" bombing countryside. SOUTH Command Army directs Wounded Knee siege of l973 DAKOTA operation Lakotas. World-wide alert during Mideast MIDEAST 1973 Nuclear threat War. Command CIA-backed coup ousts elected CHILE 1973 operation marxist president. Troops, Gassing of captured ship Mayagüez, CAMBODIA l975 bombing 28 troops die when copter shot down. Command CIA assists South African-backed ANGOLA l976-92 operation rebels. Raid to rescue Embassy hostages; 8 Troops, nuclear troops die in copter-plane crash. IRAN l980 threat, aborted Soviets warned not to get involved in bombing revolution. Two Libyan jets shot down in LIBYA l981 Naval jets maneuvers. Command Advisors, overflights aid anti-rebel EL SALVADOR l981-92 operation, war, soldiers briefly involved in troops hostage clash. Command CIA directs exile (Contra) invasions, NICARAGUA l981-90 operation, plants harbor mines against naval revolution. Marines expel PLO and back Naval, Phalangists,
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