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Home , Logical atomism, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Max Black

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The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol. 2 No.4 August 2009 Avlvp 1393, wÎsk el©; 122)| Rxeb I Kg© Dfq w`K †_‡KB `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Page: 147-159, Published on August 2010 by the Registrar, Dhaka hvuiv Abb¨, Aw÷ªqvi jy¨WwfM wfU‡Mb÷vBb Zvu‡ì Ab¨Zg| mgvR, cwi‡ek ev University ISSN-2075-3098 fv‡Mï cÖwZK’jZvi g‡aÏ `k©‡bi cÖwZ AvgiY Abyiv‡Mi w`K †_‡K Zvui Zzjbv n‡Z cv‡i m‡µwUm Avi w¯ú‡bvRvi m‡½ ( Ave`yj gwZb; 2003, 11) fvlv`k©b Av‡jvPbvq wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi f~wgKv ZvB Awemsevw`Z| Warnock G cÖm‡½ wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯îƒc wj‡L‡Qb : There can be no serious doubt that the most powerful and pervasive influence upon the practice of philosophy in this country 1 today has been that of Ludwig Wittgenstein.(CWK Mundle, gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb 1979:158)

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A½xf~Z| A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q wfU‡Mb÷vBb ZvB ÔweÁvb-`k©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖe³vÕ Abstract (G.†K.Gg mvjvn DwÏb, 1999:78)|

Ludwig Wittgenstein is one of the influential philosophers of iv‡mj I †d«‡Mi A_©-we‡k−l‡Yi gZv`k©MZ w`K cwinvi K‡i wZwb aviYv I A- the nineteenth century. His philosophical reputation is based aviYvi g‡a¨ mxgvbv wb‡`©k K‡ib ( gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb, 2006: 208)| on his studies of the analytical philosophy especially the philosophical study of logic, language, mathematics and wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi cÖKvwkZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡”Q Tractatus Logico- metaphysics. He made great contribution in the arena of Philosophicus, Notebooks 1914-16 Ges Philosophical Investigations. analytical philosophy mainly on the philosophy of language. He stated his own concept and ideas in his revolutionary book Gi g‡a¨ UªvK‡UUvm `k©‡bi RM‡Z AZ¨š— cÖfvekvjx| UªvK‡UUvm `k©b welqK the `Tractatus Logico Philosophicus.’ He discussed picture MÖš’; GLv‡b fvlv Abyl½ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q myPvi“iƒ‡c| G Av‡jvPbvi mvie¯‘ theory, the notion of name, logical atomism etc in this book. n‡”Q, mvaviYZ `k©‡b †h me ‡gŠwjK †hŠw³K mgm¨v PP©v Kiv n‡q _v‡K Zvi This article deals with his important works and the limitation mgvavb cvIqv †M‡j Ab¨vb¨ me mgm¨v Avcbv-Avcwb mgvavb n‡q hvq A_ev of these. mgm¨v¸wj cwiMwYZ nq QÙ mgm¨v wn‡m‡e| Kv‡RB wfU‡Mb÷vBb H me †gŠwjK Key words: Picture theory of language, Names, Private, Public, Proposition, Metaphysics. †hŠw³K mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡ib Zuvi UªvK‡UUv‡m Ges wZwb Dcjwã K‡ib †h, Gme †gŠwjK †hŠw³K mgm¨vi P~ovš— mgvavb wZwb †c‡q †M‡Qb| (AvdRvjyj evmvi (m¤úv) 2003; 92)| 1. f~wgKv 1953 mv‡j Ôwd‡jvmwdKvm Bb‡fw÷‡MkÝÕ bv‡g †h MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nq ‡mLv‡b we‡k−lYx fvlv`k©‡bi cw_K…r I kZvãxi Ab¨Zg †kªô `vk©wbK wfU‡Mb÷vBb wZwb fvlvq eëüZ k‡ãi A_© Ges fvlvi †gŠwjK wfwË Kx Kx KvVv‡gvi Dci (jy¨WwfM †Rv‡md †Rvnvb wfU‡Mb÷vBb, 1989-1951) mvaviY fvlvwe‡k−l‡Yi cÖwZwôZ Zv wba©viY K‡ib| Z‡e fvlv`k©b welqK Zvui cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix MÖ‡š’i bvg †¶‡Î hyMvš—Kvix cwieZ©b mvab K‡ib (Avwbmy¾vgvb, 2003; 27)| cÖPwjZ UªvK‡UUvm jwR‡Kv-wd‡jvmwdKvm| Avgvi eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq nj fvlvi wewfbœ w`K, eûwea eënvi, Ges M~p Zvrch©‡K wZwb Zuvi e¨wZµgx ÔwfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯îƒc we‡k−lY; e¶¨gvY cÖe‡Ü cÖZ¨¶ev` I be¨ we‡k−lYx c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ g~Z© K‡i †Zv‡jb (Avey ‡nbv †gv¯—dv Kvgvj (m¤úvw`Z), cÖZ¨¶ev‡ì Av‡jv‡K wZwb fvlv`k©‡b †h Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb †m m¤^‡Ü e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡j−L¨ †h, G Av‡jvPbvq g~jZ wfU‡Mb÷vBb iwPZ UªvK‡UUvm jwR‡Kv- The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯îƒc 149 150 gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb

wd‡jvmwdKvmÕ MÖ‡š’i we‡k−lY I Gi mxgve×Zv Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e PovB DrivB‡qi ga¨ w`‡q G MÖš’wU wfU‡Mb÷vBb iPbv K‡ib| Z_¨ DcvË I wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi Philosophical Investigations MÖ‡š’i †gŠwjK w`K I GLv‡b BwZnvm †_‡K Rvbv hvq, cÖ‡KŠkj we`¨vi QvÎ wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi `k©‡bi iv‡R¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖe‡Ü ‡gvUvgywU wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv †M‡Q †h, cÖ‡ek Dcb¨v‡mi NUbvi gZ we¯§qKi| `vk©wbK hyw³we`¨vi RbK MUje †d«‡Mi wfU‡Mb÷vBb wb‡R †d«‡Mi gZ GKRb K…wÎg fvlvi Avwe®‹viK bb, Z‡e wZwb m‡½ wZwb Zvui fwel¨r cwiKíbv wb‡q Avjvc K‡ib Ges Zuvi civg‡k© †Kgweª‡R Aek¨B †hŠw³K, MvwYwZK cÖv‡qvwMK I A_©c~Y© fvlvi mªóv| Av‡mb iv‡m‡ji Kv‡Q covïbv Ki‡Z| iv‡m‡ji GK weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq, GKw`b wfU‡Mb÷vBb Zuvi wbKU G‡m e‡jb : ÔAvcbvi wK g‡b nq Avwg GKUv 2. Rb¥ I cov‡jLv Av¯— BwWqU ? Avwg ejjvg, ‡Kb Rvb‡Z Pvb ? wZwb DËi w`‡jb, ÒKviY Avwg jy¨WwfM wfU‡Mb÷vBb 1889 m‡bi 26 GwcÖj Aw÷ªqvi wf‡qbvq Rb¥ MÖnY BwWqU n‡j Avgvi cÖ‡KŠkjx nIqvB DwPZ Avi Zv bv n‡j Avwg `vk©wbK n‡Z K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb wf‡qbvi Ab¨Zg abx wkícwZ cwiev‡ii mš—vb | PvB| ÒAvwg Zv‡K ejjvg, wcÖq eÜz, Avcwb GKUv Av¯— BwWqU wKbv Zv Avwg Rvwb bv| Z‡e AvMvgx QzwUi g‡a¨ Avcbvi fvj jv‡M `k©‡bi Ggb †h †Kvb 1908 wLª÷vã ch©š— wZwb Rvg©vwb‡Z cÖ‡KŠkj wel‡q covïbv K‡ib| Gici wZwb wel‡qi Dci GKwU cÖeÜ hw` wj‡L wb‡q Av‡mb Zvn‡j †mwU covi ci Avwg GKB wel‡q covïbvi Rb¨ Bsj¨v‡Ûi g¨vb‡P÷vi wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nb (Avwgbyj Avcbv‡K ej‡Z cvie| wZwb ZvB K‡iwQ‡jb Ges cieZ©x Uv‡g©i ïi“‡ZB GKwU Bmjvg, 2001; 292)| cÖeÜ wZwb Avgv‡K co‡Z w`‡jb| cÖe‡Üi cÖ_g evK¨wU covi m‡½ m‡½ Avgvi G mgqB Zvui gb cÖ‡KŠkj we`¨v †_‡K weï× MwYZ Ges MwYZ †_‡K MwY‡Zi cÖZ¨q nq †h wZwb GKRb cÖwZfvai e¨w³ Ges Zv‡K †evSvjvg †h †Kvb µ‡gB `vk©wbK wfwËi w`‡K A_©vr we`¨vi cÖv‡qvwMK KvÊ I kvLv-cÖkvLv †_‡K Zvi g~‡ji Zvui cÖ‡KŠkjx nIqv DwPr bq (nvi“b, 2003: 23)| Gfv‡eB cÖ‡KŠkjwe`¨vi QvÎ w`‡K m‡i Avm‡Z _v‡K| iv‡m‡ji Principles of Mathematics c‡o wZwb wfU‡Mb÷vBb `k©‡bi iv‡R¨ cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb| 1914 m‡bi wKQz mgq ch©š— wZwb `vi“Yfv‡e DrmvwnZ nb Ges Zvui civg‡k© †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nb Ges †Kgweª‡R covïbv K‡ib Ges Zvici GKB eQ‡i cÖ_g wek¦hy× Avi¤¢ n‡j wZwb `k©‡bi RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib| 1914 m‡bi wKQz mgq ch©š— wZwb †Kgweª‡R covïbv †hvM ‡`b Aw÷ªqvi †mbvevwnbx‡Z| wKš‘ ˆmwbK Rxe‡bi e¨¯—Zv I m¼UgqZvi K‡ib Ges cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïi“ n‡j Aw÷ªqvi †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM †`b| cÖ_g †fZ‡iI wZwb Zuvi `vk©wbK wPš—v-a¨vb Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb Ges †bvUey‡K †m¸‡jv wek¦hy× †kl nIqvi ciI wfU‡Mb÷vBb †Kgweª‡R †M‡jb bv; 1920-1926 mb wj‡L ivL‡Zb| GiB dj Zvui ÔUªvK‡UUvm jwR‡Kv-wd‡jvmwdKvmÕ ms‡¶‡c ch©š— wZwb `w¶Y Aw÷ªqvi MÖvgvÂ‡j ¯‹zj-wk¶K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| 1929 m‡b UªvK‡UUvm (Tractatus) MÖš’wU | Rvg©vb fvlvq †jLv MÖš’wUi g~j bvg Logisch wZwb †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡q wd‡i Av‡mb Ges 1947 ch©š— `k©‡bi Aa¨vcK Philosophische Abhandlung| MÖš’wUi iPbvKvj 1918, Avi cÖKvkKvj wn‡m‡e ‡mLv‡b Kg©iZ _v‡Kb| wfU‡Mb÷vBb `k©b QvovI fvlvZË¡, mvwnZ¨ZË¡ 1921| 1922 mv‡j MÖš’wUi Bs‡iwR Abyev` cÖKvwkZ nq ‘Tractatus Logico BZ¨vw` bvbv ÁvbkvLvq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| wPiKzgvi jy¨WwfM Philosophicus’ bv‡g jÛb †_‡K| G bvgwU cÖ¯—ve K‡ib wR, B gyï Ges iv‡mj wfU‡Mb÷vBb 1951 m‡bi 29 GwcÖj †Kgweª‡R Zvui wPwKrm‡Ki evwo‡Z K¨vÝv‡i MÖš’wUi GKwU m~`xN© f~wgKv wj‡L †`b| MÖš’wU cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci wfU‡Mb÷vBb Avµvš— n‡q g„ZzëiY K‡ib| GK Rb Av‡jvP¨ e¨w³‡Z cwiYZ nb| UªvK‡UUvm Mª‡š’ wfU‡Mb÷vBb fvlvi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Abycy•¶ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| 3. UªvK‡UUvm MÖ‡š’i g~j e³e¨ `vk©wbK mgm¨vi Aš—iv‡j fvlvi MwÊe× eënvi‡K gy³ KivB wQj Zuvi `k©b PP©vi †hŠw³K we‡k−lYx `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖfvekvjx `vk©wbK n‡jb jy¨WwfM g~j cÖwZcv`¨| `k©b n‡”Q fvlvi †hŠw³K we‡k−lY Ges kã I aviYvi A_© wfU‡Mb÷vBb | Zvui UÖvK‡UUvm jwR‡Kv wd‡jvmwdKvm (Tractatus Logico- cwi®‹iY| wfU‡Mb÷vBb Gi g‡Z, `k©‡bi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q fvlv I wPš—vi Philosophicus) MÖš’wU †hŠw³K we‡k−lYx Av‡›`vj‡bi AMÖMwZi c‡¶ GK g¯—eo †hŠw³K we‡k−lY I e¨vL¨v| wZwb UªvKUUvm MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb, Ôhv ejv hvq Zv Aby‡cÖiYv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| MÖš’wU ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b K_vevZ©vi ewn©KvVv‡gvi Aš— cwi®‹vifv‡e ejv hvq; Avi †h wel‡q †KD cwi®‹vi ej‡Z cv‡ib bv, †m wel‡q

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The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯^iƒc 151 152 gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb

G MÖ‡š’ wZwb †`Lvb †h, `k©b †Kvb gZev` bq, eis GKUv wµqv Ges `k©b g~jZ m¤¢e nq| fvlvq hLb †Kvb e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq, Zv nq g~jZ fvlv we‡k−lY K‡i| A_©vr †Kvb wel‡q e¨vcK ZË¡ ev bxwZ cÖ`vb `k©‡bi KvR kãwbf©i| G‡¶‡Î e¯‘ bq eis kãwU †Kvb A‡_© eëüZ n‡”Q †mwUB †ewk bq| †Kvb kã hLb fvlvq eëüZ nq ZLb Zv †Kvb A‡_© eëüZ nq Ges Ab¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y©; d‡j †Kvb e³‡eï e³e¨ ev †mwUi Qvqv bq, eis †mwUi eënviB kã mv_©Kfv‡e eënv‡ii Dcvq msewjZ aviYv cÖ`vbB `k©‡bi g~j KvR| A_©vr n‡jv Zvrch©c~Y©| gvbwmK NUbv GKvš—B e¨w³MZ (Private) wKš‘ k‡ãi eënviI fvlvi ga¨Kvi Ø¨_©KZv I A¯úóZv‡K †hŠw³K we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g `~ixf~Z K‡i Gi A_© n‡jv mvaviY (Public)| wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi g‡Z, fvlv n‡jv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlvi A_©MZ ï×Zv I ¯úóZv `vbB `k©‡bi KvR| gva¨g| fvlvq eëüZ kã, AvZ¥MZ Abyf~wZ A_ev aviYv BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î k‡ãi A_© cÖKvwkZ nq| Z‡e AwaKvsk †¶‡Î G me wel‡qi A_© m¤ú‡K© Avgiv m‡PZb UªvK‡UUvm MÖ‡š’i Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq cÖwZ”QweZË¡ (picture theory of bB| Avgv‡ì wbZ¨ w`‡bi fvlvq G‡ì eënvi AwaK weavq G e¨vcv‡i Avgiv language) cÖwZ”QweZË¡ Abyhvqx fvlvi KvR n‡”Q RM‡Zi †Kvb bv †Kvb w`K †Zgb ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Kwi bv| G K_v ¯^xKvh© †h, eënv‡ii gva¨‡g G¸‡jvi A_© Zz‡j aiv| G m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb, fvlv †h‡nZz RM‡Zi cÖwZwe¤^ I cÖwZ”Qwe¯îƒc ¯úó nq| wfU‡b÷vBb G cÖm‡½ e‡jb k‡ãi eënvi wbf©i K‡i Zvi eënv‡ii myZivs fvlvi cÖKv‡ki g‡a¨ RM‡Zi †miƒc cÖKvwkZ n‡Z n‡e| fvlv hw` RM‡Zi Dci (Philosophical Investication, 1978:sec 531)| Giƒc‡K AcwiewZ©Z, ¯úó I mwVKfv‡e Zz‡j ai‡Z e¨_© nq, Zvn‡j †m fvlv n‡e wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, ev‡Kï A_© †evSvB n‡jv fvlv‡K †evSv| ev‡Kï A_© †evSv ev Î“wUc~Y©| wPš—v I fvlvi wbqgvejx we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g fvlv I RM‡Zi g‡a¨ wZwb †evaMg¨ nIqvi m‡½ gvbwmK cÖwµqvi m¤úK© †bB| A_©vr gvbwmK cÖwµqv GKwU Avewk¨K I cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi cÖqvm cvb| Zuvi G gš—‡eï g~j I †evaMg¨Zv GK bq| Z‡e gvbwmK cÖwµqv n‡jv †evaMg¨Zvi êwkó¨ K_v n‡jv AwfÁZv ev Bw›`ªqR welq¸‡jv cÖ_‡g †Kvb ARvbv welq wb‡q MwVZ| hv GKvš—B e¨w³MZ| †hgb: †Kvb e¨w³i †`‡n ‡e`bvi Abyf~wZ| wfU‡Mb÷vBb G¸‡jv gvby‡li Kv‡Q ïay mÁvi gva¨‡g aiv c‡o| G K_vi A_© nj AwfÁZvRvZ G ai‡bi e¨w³MZ fvlvi wei“‡× hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| e¨w³MZ fvlvi welq¸‡jv Zv‡ì bv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ aiv c‡o| GKRb gvby‡li (welqxi) wPš—vfvebv m¤¢ve¨Zvi wei“‡× Zuvi hyw³ AZ¨š— kw³kvjx e‡j `vk©wbK‡ì wbKU cÖwZfvZ n‡jv ev¯—e NUbvi wbwðZ cÖwZ”Qwe | A_©vr fvlvi cÖK…wZ we‡k−lY †_‡K RM‡Zi n‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZ Abyaveb; Avevi RM‡Zi cÖK…wZ Dcjwä †_‡K fvlvq cÖZ¨veZ©b- †gvUvgywU GUvB n‡”Q Zvi cÖ_g c‡e©i fvlv-`k©‡bi g~j †K›`ªwe›`y (Avwbmy¾vgvb, 1980; wek¦RMr I B”Qvi g‡a¨ †Kvb iKg †hŠw³K m¤ú‡K©i K_v wfU‡Mb÷vBb A¯^xKvi 33)| K‡ib| Zvui g‡Z †Kej e¯‘ bq, Z_¨ I NUbvq mw¾Z e¯‘i mgev‡q RMr MwVZ| fvlvq eëüZ k‡ãi A_© I †mwUi eënvi we‡k−l‡Yi †¶‡Î wfU‡Mb÷vBb D‡j−L Gme Z_¨ ci¯úi ci¯úi †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ I ¯^vaxb| wewfbœ e¨vcvi (state of K‡ib †h, hLb †Kvb e¨w³ g„ZzëiY K‡i g„Zzï m‡½ m‡½ Zvi Kg©Kv‡Êi mewKQz affairs) Ges Z_¨ ev fact ej‡Z wZwb GKwU e¨vcv‡ii cÖK…Z msMVb‡K A_©nxb nq bv, Zvi RxeÏkvq †m †h me Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i‡Q †m¸wji A_© I eywS‡q‡Qb| Z_¨vw` Kxfv‡e g~Z©iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i G e¨vcv‡i wZwb Aek¨ †Kvb ¯úó eënvi gvbe mgv‡R wµqvkxj _v‡K| G welqwU‡K wfU‡Mb÷vBb Zuvi fvlv‡Ljv e¨vL¨v †`bwb| eis wZwb e‡jb, †h †Kvb Z_¨ Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q AÁvZ _vK‡Z (Language games) gZev‡ì m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| fvlvq eëüZ wewfbœ kã, cv‡i| Aek¨ wZwb G Avfvm †`b †h, me Z_¨ GKwU RvwZi Aš—M©Z Ges Gw`K †mwUi A_© I eënvi KLbI wejyß nq bv eis G¸wji wbR¯^ A_© hZw`b RM‡Z †_‡K Giv GKB ch©vqfy³ | we`¨gvb _vK‡e, ZZw`b Zv eëüZ n‡e| †hgb, Avgiv hLb m‡µwUm, Gwi÷Uj ev †c−‡Uvi bvg ewj ZLb m‡½ m‡½ †m bv‡gi Zvrch© Abyave‡b m¶g nB| wfU‡Mb÷vBb `k©‡bi iv‡R¨ Xy‡K‡Qb hyw³we`¨vi c_ a‡i Ges †gŠj †hŠw³K Aš— GgbwK Avgiv hLb Dcnvm”Q‡j †Kvb e¨w³i bvg ¯§iY Kwi ZLbI Gi e¨wZµg `„©wói nvwZqvi wb‡q| wZwb cieZ©xKv‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, Tractatus MÖ‡š’i g~j nq bv| G‡¶‡Î k‡ãi ev bv‡gi eënviB n‡jv Zvrch©c~Y© welq| j¶¨ wQj fvlvi †gŠj cÖK…wZ (essence) Z_v fvlvi MVb I KvR wb‡q ch©v‡jvPbv wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlvq, me©‡¶‡Î bv n‡jI, A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Avgiv hLb †Kvb k‡ã Kiv | Zuvi aviYv, MZvbyMwZK `vk©wbK mgm¨v¸wji mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡j †`Lv A_© Av‡ivc Kwi ZLb †mwU cÖKvk Kwi Gfv‡e fvlvi k‡ãi A_© n‡jv Zvi hv‡e, Dci KvVv‡gvi mgm¨v¸‡jv nq Avcbv Avcwb mgvavb n‡q †M‡Q, bqZ eënvi| fvlvq eëüZ kã GKwU wbw`©ó wbqg AbymiY Kivq †mwUi A_© †evSv †m¸wj wbQK QÙ mgm¨v e‡j ewR©Z n‡q‡Q| `k©‡bi †h mgm¨vi K_vB Avgiv ewj

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯^iƒc 153 154 gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb

bv †Kb, Avgiv RMr m¤^‡Ü wPš—v Kwi Ges wPš—v Ki‡Z wM‡q evK¨ ev ePb `yR‡bB e¨v_vq AwZ wPrKvi K‡i D‡V| Zviv GKBfv‡e e¨_vi eY©bv †`q Ges (Sentence or Proposition) eënvi Kwi| G Kvi‡Y wZwb c„w_ex I fvlvi e¨_vi wbw`©ó ¯’vb‡KI Df‡q GKBfv‡e †`wL‡q †`q| G D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ mgiƒc eënvi‡KB †hŠw³K c` ev evK¨ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib | wfU‡Mb÷vBb †`Lvb †h `yR‡bi GKB e¨_v, GgbwK e¨_vi ¯’vbI GKB n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_g †h, D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wZwb GKB †e`bvi mgfvMx wn‡m‡e hg‡Ri 4. UªvK‡UUvm MÖ‡š’i mxgve×Zv K_v D‡j−L K‡ib, †mUv wbZvš—B GKUv A¯^vfvweK NUbv gvÎ| G‡K ¯^vfvweK jy¨WwfM wfU‡Mb÷vBb iwPZ UªvK‡UUvm jwR‡Kv wdjmwdKvmÕ MÖš’wU we‡k−lYx gvby‡li mij I GKvš— AwfÁZvi †¶‡Î eënvi K‡i wecixZ wm×v‡š— DcbxZ fvlv`k©‡bi Ab¨Zg MÖš’ e‡j we‡ewPZ| ZeyI G MÖ‡š’i wewfbœ gZ wb‡q wb‡gœv³ nIqvi cÖ‡Póv cÖm‡½i A‡bKUv evB‡i P‡j hvq| wØZxqZ, †h hyw³ wZwb w`‡q‡Qb mgv‡jvPbv DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q: Zvi Øviv GKB ai‡bi ms‡e`‡bi AwfÁZv cÖgvwYZ nq e‡U, wKš‘ Awfbœ (K) fvlv-wP‡Îi aviYv: UªvK‡UUvm MÖ‡š’ wfU‡Mb÷vBb e‡jb, k‡ãi g~j KvR ms‡e`‡b Ask`vwiZ¡ cÖgvwYZ nq bv| ¯’vb- Kvj †f‡` Ges e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z n‡”Q †Kvb wKQz‡K wPwÎZ wKsev eY©bv Kiv| fvlv-mËvi wPÎwe‡kl| A_©vr fvlv‡K †e`bv Dcjwãi gvÎvq †h cv_©K¨ nq Zv Ab¯^xKvh©| myZivs ms‡e`b ev gvbwmK wZwb GKwU wbw`©ó MwÊi g‡a¨ Ave× K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ fvlvi eënvi I gvbe g‡bi †Kvb NUbvi KZ©v wn‡m‡e e¨w³we‡kl myweav A¯^xKvi Kivi wei“‡× wPš—v †Kvb MwÊe× welq bq| gy³ AvKv‡ki cvwLi b¨vq G‡ì Aeva wePiY wfU‡MU÷vB‡bi hyw³‡K †Zgb kw³kvjx e‡j g‡b nq bv| me©Î| fvlvi eënvi‡K ZvB †Kvb wbw`©ó RM‡Z ew›`KiY m~‡Î Ave× †Kej (N) Awawe`¨v ev ZË¡we`¨v (Metaphysics or ontology) m¤úwK©Z Ávb: Am¤¢e bq Aevš—iI e‡U| †Kb bv, †Kej Av¶wiK we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv ZË¡we`¨v g~jZ wek¦RM‡Zi g~j Dcv`vb ev mËv m¤úK©xq mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Dw³ ev eP‡bi h_vh_ Zvrch© Dcjwä Kiv hvq bv (Avwgbyj Bmjvg, K‡i| msKxY©© A‡_© ZË¡we`¨v mËvwelqK we`¨v Ges e¨vcK A‡_© ZË¡we`¨v e¯‘i 2001:298-299)| G Zvrch© Dcjwãi Rb¨ wePvi we‡k−l‡Yi cvkvcvwk †h †gŠwjKZ¡ m¤ú‡K© †h †Kvb Abya¨vbg~jK (speculative) AbymÜvb I ZË¡v‡jvPbv- we‡kl cÖm‡½ fvlv eëüZ nq, †mB cÖm‡½i e¨vL¨vI Avek¨K| The existence of the empirical of world as a fundamental reality (L) e¨w³ fvlvi m¤¢ve¨Zv: e¨w³ fvlv m¤ú‡K© wfU‡Mb÷vBb e‡jb, G fvlvq independent of consciouscess can not be logically established. KviY †Kvb ¯^xK…Z wbqg cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv e‡j G fvlvi `vwe AMÖnY‡hvM¨| e¨w³MZ Bw›`ª‡qi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv ïay Roe¯‘‡KB cÖZ¨¶ K‡i _vwK, wKš‘ Gi A_© GB bq fvlvi m¤¢ve¨Zvi w`‡K wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi hyw³ wbtm‡›`‡n AZ¨š— kw³kvjx; wKš‘ †h, ïay Roe¯‘B Aw¯—Z¡kxj (Avwgbyj Bmjvg, 1978:301)| GKRb wbR©b Øxcevmx iwebmb µz‡kv ev Z‡cve‡b emevmiZ †Kvb AvRb¥ wfU‡Mb÷vBb g‡b K‡ib, ïay e¯‘ wb‡q bq Z_¨ I NUbvq mw¾Z e¯‘i mgev‡q mbœ¨vmxi fvlvi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Zuvi we‡k−l‡Y cÖwZdwjZ nqwb| Giƒc GKRb RMr MwVZ| G me Z_¨ ci¯úi †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ I ¯^vaxb| e¯‘ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq, KviY AvRb¥ wew”Qbœ e¨w³ Kxfv‡e Zvi wb‡Ri Ges ewn©RM‡Zi wRwbm m¤^‡Ü Z‡_ï mgev‡q MwVZ Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘i m‡½ Zvi m¤^Ü| wfU‡Mb÷vBb wewfbœ e¯‘i G A_©c~Y©fv‡e K_v ej‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvi kã D”PviY I †mB D”PvwiZ k‡ãi m¤^‡Üi m¤¢vebvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb e¨vcvi (State of affairs) Ges Z_¨ ej‡Z wZwb gva¨‡g wb‡`©kK…Z wRwbm‡K Kxfv‡e e¨vL¨vZ n‡e ZvI wZwb D‡j−L K‡ibwb| ey‡S‡Qb GKwU e¨vcv‡ii cÖK…Z msNUb‡K| Z‡e Z_¨vw` Kxfv‡e g~Z©iƒc cwiMÖn Gw`K w`‡q Zvui G we‡k−l‡Y Ac~Y©Zv i‡q †M‡Q ejv hvq| K‡i, G e¨vcv‡i wZwb †Kvb ¯úó e¨vLv †`bwb| Awawe`¨vi KviYvw` m¤ú‡K©I wZwb (M) DËg cyi“‡li eënvi: wfU‡Mb÷vBb AwfÁZvi KZ©v wn‡m‡e DËg-cyi“‡li †Kvb ¯úó my`„p hyw³ w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| Avevi Awawe`¨vi wVK †Kvb †Kvb wRwbm‡K fvlv m¤úwK©Z Î“wU wb‡`©‡k m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| G ch©v‡q wZwb ÔAvwgB Avgvi e¨_v ‡bwZevPK e‡j g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e, G wel‡qI wZwb †Kvb djcÖmy cÖwµqv wb‡`©k RvwbÕ Ab¨ †KD Avgvi e¨_v eyS‡Z cv‡i bv- G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ Abyf~wZi KZ©v Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb | wn‡m‡e ÔAvwgÕ bvgK e¨vKi‡Yi KZ©vi Ae¯’vb Ges Ávbxq `vwe‡Z (O) †gŠwjK ePb (Elementary Proposition) ZË¡: wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi g‡Z, †h (epistemological claim) Zvi cÖvmw½KZv KZUzKz Zv wePvi K‡ib| welqwU me eP‡bi A_© I mZ¨Zv wbwnZ _v‡K Ab¨vb¨ eP‡bi m‡½ Zv‡ì m¤^‡Üi g‡a¨ ¯úóKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë wZwb _vBj¨v‡Ûi GKwU hg‡Ri K_v D‡j−L K‡ib hviv bq, eis RM‡Zi m‡½ Zv‡ì m¤^‡Üi g‡a¨| †Kb bv ePb g~jZ †Kvb mgv‡Ri Avw½Kfv‡e mshy³| GKwU †gŠgvwQ Zv‡ì ‡`‡ni mshy³ As‡k ûj dzUv‡j Zviv mswewa× wPivPwiZ wbq‡gi wfwË‡Z eëüZ nq| ejv nq ÔLanguage is not a

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯^iƒc 155 156 gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb

matter of marks on the blackboard bearing the expressing relation to (Q) fvlvwe‡k−l‡Y A‡_©i ¸i“Z¡: wfU‡Mb÷vBb Zuvi UªvK‡UUvm MÖ‡š’ wZb ai‡bi abstract entities called ‘propositions’’; language is something that A_©nxbZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ Z…Zxq cÖKv‡ii A_©nxbZv‡K wfU‡Mb÷vBb people do, and do in a highly rule- governed and conventional way eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Mfxi A_©nxbZv wn‡m‡e| bxwZwe`¨v I a‡g© Dwj−wLZ AZxw›`ªq I (William G. Lycan, 2000:91). Zuvi g‡Z, eP‡bi hw` Av‡`Š †Kvb mywbw`©ó giwg Dw³i mgev‡q G A_©nxbZv MwVZ| G me A_©nxb Dw³i K‡qKwU `„óvš—- A_© _v‡K Zvn‡j Aek¨B mij Awe‡k−lY‡hvM¨ ePb _vK‡e| cÖPwjZ I ÔbxwZe`¨v‡K K_vq cÖKvk Kiv hvq bvÕ, ÔCk¦i wb‡R‡K RM‡Z cÖKvk K‡ib bvÕ cigúivMZ AwfÁZv gZvbymv‡i, †Kvb aviYv ev ePb‡K hw` A_©c~Y© n‡Z nq ÔRM‡Zi e¯‘wbPq Kx K‡i Av‡Q, Zv inm¨RbK bq, inR¨RbK n‡jv RMr †h Zvn‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B RM‡Zi AwfÁZv cÖm~Z n‡e| wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi G gZwU‡K Av‡Q ZvB-BÕ cÖf…wZ| wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi Giƒc fvlvwe‡k−lY m¤ú‡K© `vk©wbK evU©vÛ cy‡ivcywi MÖnY Kiv hvq bv: KviY †h wRwbm‡K GKwU ev‡Kï c‡¶ †gŠwjK ePb iv‡mj e‡jb: Wittgenstein’s analysis of language is concerned with cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e K‡i †Zv‡j Zv n‡jv Gi GKwU m¤¢ve¨ e¨vcv‡ii wPÎ nIqv, A_©vr the conditions which would have to be fullfilled by a logically prfect e¯‘i Ggb GKwU m¤¢ve¨ web¨vm nIqv, hv Z_¨ e¯‘i web¨vm wn‡m‡e ePb language .(Max Black, 1949:143). fvlvwe‡k−l‡Y A‡_©i Myi“Z¡ m¤ú‡K© (proposition) †K wPwÎZ K‡i| GKwU ePb mZ¨ nq ZLbB, hLb Zvi wb‡`©wkZ wfU‡Mb÷vBb †h gZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb Zv MZvbyMwZK `k©‡bi mgv‡jvPbvgyLi| e¯‘ Gfv‡e web¨¯— nq| ePb Ges Zv‡ì wPwÎZ e¨vcv‡ii GKwU Awfbœ iƒc i‡q‡Q; wfU‡Mb÷vBb inm¨RbK gZev` (Zvui fvlvq) I Zvui wb‡Ri gZvev` †_‡K wKš‘ G‡K eP‡bi gva¨‡g eY©bv Kiv hvq bv, ïay †`Lv‡bv hvq| MZvbyMwZK `k©‡bi ¯^vZš¿ i¶vq wKQzUv AwZiÄ‡bi Avkªq wb‡q‡Qb e‡j gšÍe¨ (P) fvlvwe‡k−l‡Y cÖm‡½i Myi“Z¡: A_© eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q fvlvweÁvbxiv cwiw¯’wZ ev K‡i‡Qb Avwgbyj Bmjvg (1978:297)| cÖm‡½i (Context) Ici †Rvi †`b| k‡ãi mvaviYZ `ywU A_© _v‡K; AvwfavwbK bvgKiYZË¡ (naming theory) fvlv‡K Ggb GK †hvMv‡hvM mskªq (System) (Lexical) I cÖm½vaxb (Contexual)| k‡ãi A_© cÖKv‡k †cÖ¶vcU LyeB e‡j g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hvi GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q †`¨vZK (Signifier) Av‡iK w`‡K ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, eP‡bi A_© wbY©xZ nq †cÖ¶vcU Abyhvqx; d‡j i‡q‡Q †`¨vwZZ (Signitied)| †c−‡Uv Zvui µvwZjym MÖ‡b’ e‡j‡Qb fvlvi kã n‡”Q ‡cÖ¶vcU Ges A_© A½vAw½fv‡e m¤ú„³ ( gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb, 2006:209)| †`¨vZK, Avi kãwU ev¯—e RM‡Zi †h e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i †mwU †`¨vwZZ| AZGe David Lewis Zuvi Philosophical Papers MÖ‡š’ e‡jb- A context gives us ejv hvq, kã n‡”Q wewfbœ e¯‘i bvg (John Lyons, 1968:403). D`vniY¯îƒc a world, time and speaker that are suitably related: the speaker is Avgiv hLb ewj ÔbRi“j evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKRb Ab¨Zg KweÕ| ZLb G ev‡K¨ presented that time at that world. If we take, world- bound time-slics, eëüZ cÖwZwU kãB ‡gvUvgywU mevi Kv‡Q ¯úó | wKš‘ Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q G the relatedness is automatic. If we take world-time speaker triples, ePbwUi Zvrch© Zvr¶wYKfv‡e ¯úó bvI n‡Z cv‡i Ges †m‡¶‡Î ePbwU‡Z the relatedness is not automatic, but we must nevertheless demand it: eëüZ wewfbœ k‡ãi Zvrch© we‡k−l‡Yi †h cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i Zv A¯^xKvi Kiv without it. Our method for recovering the other features of context hvq bv | GgZve¯’vq bRi“j †K , evsjv mvwnZ¨ Kx, Ab¨Zg Kwe ej‡Z Kx makes no sense. (David Lewis, 1983:230). wfU‡Mb÷vBb Zuvi eySv‡bv n‡”Q, bRi“j evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg Kwe nIqvi †cQ‡b Kx Kx cÖZ¨q Tractatus- G A_© we‡k−l‡Y cÖm½‡K ¸i“Z¡ †`bwb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb- k‡ãi g~j KvR mwµq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q cÖf„wZ kã (bvg), c`, evK¨vsk ev Zvi eënv‡ii n‡”Q †Kvb wKQz‡K wPwÎZ wKsev eY©bv Kiv| fvlvmËvi wPÎ we‡kl| RMr†K wb‡qB we‡kl A_©c~Y© nIqvi cUf~wg e¨vL¨vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| fvlvi wµqv Ges Zvi eëüZ eP‡bi cÖwZwU As‡ki m‡½ RM‡Zi GKUv we‡kl wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi g‡Z we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g Avgiv Aek¨B Ggb GKUv ch©v‡h ev m¤úK© we`¨gvb| A_©vr wZwb Av¶wiK we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g fvlvi A_© we‡k−l‡Y Ae¯’vq DcbxZ n‡Z eva¨ hvi evB‡i Avi we‡k−lY m¤¢e bq| we‡k−l‡Yi G ch©v‡q AMªmi n‡q‡Qb| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †Kej Av¶wiK we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv Dw³ Avgiv GKvš—fv‡e Z_¨, NUbv ev Ae¯’vi gy‡LvgywL nB Ges Ab¨ †Kvb NUbvi ev eP‡bi h_vh_ Zvrch© Dcjwä Kiv hvq bv| Gi Rb¨ wePvi we‡k−lY Acwinvh© gva¨‡g Zv cÖKvk Kwi| wfU‡Mb÷vBb Gfv‡e bvg bvgK Avw` cÖZx‡K DcbxZ nb, e‡U; wKš‘ ïay wePvi we‡k−lYB fvlvi A_© wbY©‡qi GKgvÎ Dcvq bq| wePvi hvi †Kvb msÁv †bB| wZwb e‡j‡Qb A name means an object. Objects are we‡k−l‡Yi cvkcvwk †h we‡kl cÖm‡½ fvlvi eënvi A_©r ÔKb‡U·÷Õ Zvi simple. Gfv‡e bv‡gi A_© ej‡Z wZwb wb‡`©wkZ e¯‘ ev wRwbm‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| e¨vL¨vI Avek¨K| A_©vr bvgvq‡bi aviYvwU wZwb cwi¯‹vifv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Qb|

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wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlvwPš—v LyeB wPËvKl©K| Gi g~j KviY n‡jv G¸wj fvlv wPš—v Av‡jvPbvq wfU‡Mb÷vBb GK Abb¨ cÖwZf~| bvg, ePb I cÖ¯—v‡ei MVb msµvš— bq, `k©b| wZwb fvlvi cj−weZ Ges mxgvbv ewn©f~Z eënvi m¤ú‡K© wbðzc Av‡jvPbvq wZwb K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^v¶i ‡i‡L‡Qb| bvg, ePb, eP‡bi MVb cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î †_‡K‡Qb| Zvi KviY hyw³| hyw³B Zvui Awš^ó; hyw³i gv‡c fvlvi AwaKvi- Max Black I wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi Awfbe‡Z¡i K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb (Language AbwaKvi Zuvi Av‡jvP¨ welq| wKš‘ fvlvi GB KwVb †hŠw³K gvb`Ê mevi wbKU and Philosophy; 1949;153) | MÖnYxq bvI n‡Z cv‡i| hyw³ bxwZkv¯¿ Ges †mŠ›`h©kv¯¿ m¤ú‡K© bxie | KviY G Dcmsnvi me kv¯¿ wel‡q †Kvb w¯’i I P~ovš— wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv hvq bv| †Kvb `vk©wb‡Ki wPš—vB Abo I ¯’wei wKQy bq| L¨vwZgvb `vk©wbK wfU‡Mb÷vBbi wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv `k©b m¤úwKZ© wPš—v-‡PZbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †hŠw³K fvlv`k©b mg‡ÜI G K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| wZwb fvlv I `k©‡bi wKQz †gŠwjK cÖm‡½i `„óev`x weÁvbfvevcbœ GKwU †MŠôxi D™¢e N‡U| Avgiv Av‡MB D‡j−L AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb e‡U Z‡e Zv wb‡q weZK© _vK‡jI G K_v ¯^xKvi Ki‡ZB n‡e K‡iwQ †h, wfU‡Mb÷vBb Zvui weL¨vZ Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus’ †h, `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m we‡kl K‡i fvlv`k©‡bi †¶‡Î wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi Ae`vb MÖ‡š’ e‡jb hv ejv hvq Zv cwi®‹vi fv‡e ejv hvq, Avi †h wel‡q †KD wPi¯§iYxh n‡q _vK‡e| cwi®‹vifv‡e wKQz ej‡Z cv‡i bv †m wel‡q Zvi bxie _vKvB evÃbxq (Malcom, 1966::1). Giƒc aviYvi AbyMvgx n‡q †hŠw³K `„óvev`x‡ì g‡a¨ fvlv`k©b we‡kl Av‡jvob MÖš’cwÄ m„wó K‡i Ges Zuviv fvlvi †hŠw³K we‡k−lY Kivi wewfbœ c×wZ I cÖwµqv Avwe®‹vi evmvi AvdRvjyj, 2003; ÔwfU‡Mb÷vBb: fvlv-`k©b-mvwnZ¨Õ AvdRvjyj evmvi (m¤úv) K‡ib| Zuviv g‡b K‡ib `k©‡bi GK gvÎ KvR mgx¶Y Ges me©cÖKvi mgm¨v I UªvK‡UUvm I wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlvwPš—v, wè¨ cÖKvk, XvKv Zvi mgvavbRwbZ aviYv I cÖ‡Póvi AbymÜvb| wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi gZ ZuvivI `vwe gwZb Ave`yj, 2003; Ô`vk©wbK wfU‡Mb÷vBbÕ, AvdRvjyj evmvi (m¤úvw`Z), c~‡e©v³ K‡ib, `k©‡bi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q m¤cÖmviYg~jK Ges fvlv I wPš—vi †hŠw³K Bmjvg Avwgbyj, 1387; mgKvjxb `k©b I fvlvwe‡k−lY, ‡gvnv¤§` gwbi“¾vgvb we‡k−lY I e¨vL¨v| gZ wfbœZv _vK‡jI A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, †hŠw³K `„óev`xiv m¤úw`Z, mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, Î‡qvwesk el, wØZxq msL¨v, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv A_© mgÜxq aviYv cÖ_‡g jvf K‡ib wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi UªvK‡UUvm jwR‡Kv wd‡jvmwdKvm (Tractatus Logico Philosophicus) MÖš’ cÖKv‡ki ci| Avwbmy¾vgvb, 2003; ÔwfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv-`k©bÕ, AvdRvjyj evmvi (m¤úvw`Z), UªvK‡UUvm I wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlvwPš—v, XvKv: wè¨ cÖKvk wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi G MÖš’ wf‡qbvP‡µi Kv‡Q cweÎ MÖš’ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Zv| Avi G Kvi‡YB wfU‡Mb÷vBb‡K wek kZ‡Ki we‡ki `k‡Ki cieZ©x AvaywbK Avwbmy¾vgvb, 1393, ÔwfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv-`k©bÕ, Avey ‡nbv †gv¯—dv Kvgvj `k©‡bi bvqK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| †hxw³K cÖZ¨¶ev`, we‡k−lYx `k©b, Ges (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv GKv‡Wgx cwÎKv, wÎsk el©, 1g msL¨v; XvKv; evsjv GKv‡Wgx mvaviY fvlv`k©b MV‡b Zuvi cÖfve Ab¯^xKvh©| d«‡qW, †mvm¨~i, †RKemb, †bvqvg G †K Gg kvgmyi ingvb, 2000; wfU‡Mb÷vBb: A‡_©i eënvi-ZË¡, b~i“i ingvb Lvb Pgw¯‹, dz‡Kv, †`wi`v cÖgyL fvlv‡K Avkªq K‡i Z_v fvlv KvVv‡gvq RMr I (m¤úvw`Z), XvKv wek¦we`¨viq cwÎKv, msL¨v-67, XvKv Rxe‡bi, gb I mgv‡Ri wewfbœ w`K Abykxjb K‡i MZ kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K wPš—v G. †K.Gg mvjvn DwÏb, 1999; wesk kZvãxi cÖZ¨¶ev‡ì D™¢veb: `k©‡bi GKwU RM‡Z †h †Zvjcvo Zz‡jwQ‡jb ZviB AwfNv‡Z fvlv`k©b, fvlvweÁvb, †`‡evwPZ wPš—vaviv, †di‡`Šm †nv‡mb (m¤úvw`Z), ivRbxwZ Rvb©vj, cÂg msL¨v; g‡bvweÁvb Ges mvwnZ¨wPš—vi GK be iƒ‡ci ùziY N‡U| ejv hvq, wek kZK wQj Rvbyhvix-Ryb, cÖKvk Kvj 2000, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq; ivRbxwZ M‡elYv †K›`ª; fvlvwPš—vi kZK Ges GB fvlvwPš—vi Ab¨Zg Avw` ¸i“ wQ‡jb jy¨WwfM XvKv wfU‡Mb÷vBb| wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi eÜz I wkl¨ gvjKg Zuv‡K Ôone of the greatest G.Gg.nvi“bvi ikx`, 2003; Ôfvlvi mxgvbvq jyWwfM wfU‡Mb÷vBbÕ; AvdRvjyj evmvi and most influential philosophers of our timeÕ (Ludwig Wittgenstein: (m¤úv), c~‡e©v³ A Meoir:1) e‡j D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| George Pitcher e‡j‡Qb, ÔWittgenstein Bmjvg Avwgbyj, 1978, cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi cvðvZ¨ `k©b; evsjv GKv‡Wgx; XvKv is one of the greatest philosophers of the twentieth century. He may Bmjvg Avwgbyj, 2001, mgKvjxb cvðvZ¨ `k©b; gvIjv eªv`vm©; XvKv be the greatestÕ (The Philosophy of Wittgenstein: Preface). fvlv

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Avmv`y¾vgvb gynv¤§`, 2006; fvlv`k©b: wbiš—i wPš—b I PP©vq, G wKD dRjyj Iqvwn` (m¤úvw`Z), `k©b I cÖMwZ, 23k el©. Ryb-wW‡m¤^i, cÖKvk Kvj 2007, †Mvwe›` †`e, `k©b M‡elYv †K›`ª; XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq; XvKv Mundle. CWK, 1979; Acritique of Linguistic Philosophy, London; Oxford University Press Lewis David, 1983; Philosophical Papers, New York: Oxford University Press Lyons John, 1968; Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics, UK, Cambridge Unversity Press Wittgenstein Ludwig, 1922, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, London: Routledge and Kegan Wittgenstein Ludwig, 1978, Philosophical Investigations, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Malcom, 1966; Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir, Oxford: Oxford University Press George Pitcher, 1964; The Philosophy of Wittgenstein, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, preface Black Max, 1949; Language and Philosophy, New York; Cornell University Press, Lycan William G., 2000; Philosophy of Language, London: Routledge

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