wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯^iƒc 147 148 gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol. 2 No.4 August 2009 Avlvp 1393, wÎsk el©; 122)| Rxeb I Kg© Dfq w`K †_‡KB `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Page: 147-159, Published on August 2010 by the Registrar, Dhaka hvuiv Abb¨, Aw÷ªqvi jy¨WwfM wfU‡Mb÷vBb Zvu‡`i Ab¨Zg| mgvR, cwi‡ek ev University ISSN-2075-3098 fv‡M¨i cÖwZK’jZvi g‡a¨I `k©‡bi cÖwZ AvgiY Abyiv‡Mi w`K †_‡K Zvui Zzjbv n‡Z cv‡i m‡µwUm Avi w¯ú‡bvRvi m‡½ ( Ave`yj gwZb; 2003, 11) fvlv`k©b Av‡jvPbvq wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi f~wgKv ZvB Awemsevw`Z| Warnock G cÖm‡½ wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯^iƒc wj‡L‡Qb : There can be no serious doubt that the most powerful and pervasive influence upon the practice of philosophy in this country today has been that of Ludwig Wittgenstein.(CWK Mundle, gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb1 1979:158) wfU‡Mb÷vBb fvlvi m¤¢vebv I mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© e¯‘wbô w`K wb‡`©kbv `vb 1. mnKvix Aa¨vcK, fvlvweÁvb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq| K‡ib| eûgyLx cÖwZfvai G e¨w³‡Z¡i Av‡jvPbvq fvlvi mv‡_ `k©‡bi m¤úK© I Email : [email protected] mgm¨vejx dz‡U D‡V‡Q| fvlvwe‡k−l‡Y weÁv‡bi bvbvw`K I Zuvi Av‡jvPbvq A½xf~Z| A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q wfU‡Mb÷vBb ZvB ÔweÁvb-`k©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖe³vÕ Abstract (G.†K.Gg mvjvn DwÏb, 1999:78)| Ludwig Wittgenstein is one of the influential philosophers of iv‡mj I †d«‡Mi A_©-we‡k−l‡Yi gZv`k©MZ w`K cwinvi K‡i wZwb aviYv I A- the nineteenth century. His philosophical reputation is based aviYvi g‡a¨ mxgvbv wb‡`©k K‡ib ( gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb, 2006: 208)| on his studies of the analytical philosophy especially the philosophical study of logic, language, mathematics and wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi cÖKvwkZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡”Q Tractatus Logico- metaphysics. He made great contribution in the arena of Philosophicus, Notebooks 1914-16 Ges Philosophical Investigations. analytical philosophy mainly on the philosophy of language. He stated his own concept and ideas in his revolutionary book Gi g‡a¨ UªvK‡UUvm `k©‡bi RM‡Z AZ¨š— cÖfvekvjx| UªvK‡UUvm `k©b welqK the `Tractatus Logico Philosophicus.’ He discussed picture MÖš’; GLv‡b fvlv Abyl½ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q myPvi“iƒ‡c| G Av‡jvPbvi mvie¯‘ theory, the notion of name, logical atomism etc in this book. n‡”Q, mvaviYZ `k©‡b †h me ‡gŠwjK †hŠw³K mgm¨v PP©v Kiv n‡q _v‡K Zvi This article deals with his important works and the limitation mgvavb cvIqv †M‡j Ab¨vb¨ me mgm¨v Avcbv-Avcwb mgvavb n‡q hvq A_ev of these. mgm¨v¸wj cwiMwYZ nq QÙ mgm¨v wn‡m‡e| Kv‡RB wfU‡Mb÷vBb H me †gŠwjK Key words: Picture theory of language, Names, Private, Public, Proposition, Metaphysics. †hŠw³K mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡ib Zuvi UªvK‡UUv‡m Ges wZwb Dcjwã K‡ib †h, Gme †gŠwjK †hŠw³K mgm¨vi P~ovš— mgvavb wZwb †c‡q †M‡Qb| (AvdRvjyj evmvi (m¤úv) 2003; 92)| 1. f~wgKv 1953 mv‡j Ôwd‡jvmwdKvm Bb‡fw÷‡MkÝÕ bv‡g †h MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nq ‡mLv‡b we‡k−lYx fvlv`k©‡bi cw_K…r I kZvãxi Ab¨Zg †kªô `vk©wbK wfU‡Mb÷vBb wZwb fvlvq e¨eüZ k‡ãi A_© Ges fvlvi †gŠwjK wfwË Kx Kx KvVv‡gvi Dci (jy¨WwfM †Rv‡md †Rvnvb wfU‡Mb÷vBb, 1989-1951) mvaviY fvlvwe‡k−l‡Yi cÖwZwôZ Zv wba©viY K‡ib| Z‡e fvlv`k©b welqK Zvui cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix MÖ‡š’i bvg †¶‡Î hyMvš—Kvix cwieZ©b mvab K‡ib (Avwbmy¾vgvb, 2003; 27)| cÖPwjZ UªvK‡UUvm jwR‡Kv-wd‡jvmwdKvm| Avgvi eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq nj fvlvi wewfbœ w`K, eûwea e¨envi, Ges M~p Zvrch©‡K wZwb Zuvi e¨wZµgx ÔwfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯^iƒc we‡k−lY; e¶¨gvY cÖe‡Ü cÖZ¨¶ev` I be¨ we‡k−lYx c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ g~Z© K‡i †Zv‡jb (Avey ‡nbv †gv¯—dv Kvgvj (m¤úvw`Z), cÖZ¨¶ev‡`i Av‡jv‡K wZwb fvlv`k©‡b †h Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb †m m¤^‡Ü e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡j−L¨ †h, G Av‡jvPbvq g~jZ wfU‡Mb÷vBb iwPZ UªvK‡UUvm jwR‡Kv- The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi fvlv`k©‡bi ¯^iƒc 149 150 gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb wd‡jvmwdKvmÕ MÖ‡š’i we‡k−lY I Gi mxgve×Zv Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e PovB DrivB‡qi ga¨ w`‡q G MÖš’wU wfU‡Mb÷vBb iPbv K‡ib| Z_¨ DcvË I wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi Philosophical Investigations MÖ‡š’i †gŠwjK w`K I GLv‡b BwZnvm †_‡K Rvbv hvq, cÖ‡KŠkj we`¨vi QvÎ wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi `k©‡bi iv‡R¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖe‡Ü ‡gvUvgywU wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv †M‡Q †h, cÖ‡ek Dcb¨v‡mi NUbvi gZ we¯§qKi| `vk©wbK hyw³we`¨vi RbK MUje †d«‡Mi wfU‡Mb÷vBb wb‡R †d«‡Mi gZ GKRb K…wÎg fvlvi Avwe®‹viK bb, Z‡e wZwb m‡½ wZwb Zvui fwel¨r cwiKíbv wb‡q Avjvc K‡ib Ges Zuvi civg‡k© †Kgweª‡R Aek¨B †hŠw³K, MvwYwZK cÖv‡qvwMK I A_©c~Y© fvlvi mªóv| Av‡mb iv‡m‡ji Kv‡Q covïbv Ki‡Z| iv‡m‡ji GK weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq, GKw`b wfU‡Mb÷vBb Zuvi wbKU G‡m e‡jb : ÔAvcbvi wK g‡b nq Avwg GKUv 2. Rb¥ I cov‡jLv Av¯— BwWqU ? Avwg ejjvg, ‡Kb Rvb‡Z Pvb ? wZwb DËi w`‡jb, ÒKviY Avwg jy¨WwfM wfU‡Mb÷vBb 1889 m‡bi 26 GwcÖj Aw÷ªqvi wf‡qbvq Rb¥ MÖnY BwWqU n‡j Avgvi cÖ‡KŠkjx nIqvB DwPZ Avi Zv bv n‡j Avwg `vk©wbK n‡Z K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb wf‡qbvi Ab¨Zg abx wkícwZ cwiev‡ii mš—vb | PvB| ÒAvwg Zv‡K ejjvg, wcÖq eÜz, Avcwb GKUv Av¯— BwWqU wKbv Zv Avwg Rvwb bv| Z‡e AvMvgx QzwUi g‡a¨ Avcbvi fvj jv‡M `k©‡bi Ggb †h †Kvb 1908 wLª÷vã ch©š— wZwb Rvg©vwb‡Z cÖ‡KŠkj wel‡q covïbv K‡ib| Gici wZwb wel‡qi Dci GKwU cÖeÜ hw` wj‡L wb‡q Av‡mb Zvn‡j †mwU covi ci Avwg GKB wel‡q covïbvi Rb¨ Bsj¨v‡Ûi g¨vb‡P÷vi wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nb (Avwgbyj Avcbv‡K ej‡Z cvie| wZwb ZvB K‡iwQ‡jb Ges cieZ©x Uv‡g©i ïi“‡ZB GKwU Bmjvg, 2001; 292)| cÖeÜ wZwb Avgv‡K co‡Z w`‡jb| cÖe‡Üi cÖ_g evK¨wU covi m‡½ m‡½ Avgvi G mgqB Zvui gb cÖ‡KŠkj we`¨v †_‡K weï× MwYZ Ges MwYZ †_‡K MwY‡Zi cÖZ¨q nq †h wZwb GKRb cÖwZfvai e¨w³ Ges Zv‡K †evSvjvg †h †Kvb µ‡gB `vk©wbK wfwËi w`‡K A_©vr we`¨vi cÖv‡qvwMK KvÊ I kvLv-cÖkvLv †_‡K Zvi g~‡ji Zvui cÖ‡KŠkjx nIqv DwPr bq (nvi“b, 2003: 23)| Gfv‡eB cÖ‡KŠkjwe`¨vi QvÎ w`‡K m‡i Avm‡Z _v‡K| iv‡m‡ji Principles of Mathematics c‡o wZwb wfU‡Mb÷vBb `k©‡bi iv‡R¨ cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb| 1914 m‡bi wKQz mgq ch©š— wZwb `vi“Yfv‡e DrmvwnZ nb Ges Zvui civg‡k© †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nb Ges †Kgweª‡R covïbv K‡ib Ges Zvici GKB eQ‡i cÖ_g wek¦hy× Avi¤¢ n‡j wZwb `k©‡bi RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib| 1914 m‡bi wKQz mgq ch©š— wZwb †Kgweª‡R covïbv †hvM ‡`b Aw÷ªqvi †mbvevwnbx‡Z| wKš‘ ˆmwbK Rxe‡bi e¨¯—Zv I m¼UgqZvi K‡ib Ges cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïi“ n‡j Aw÷ªqvi †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM †`b| cÖ_g †fZ‡iI wZwb Zuvi `vk©wbK wPš—v-a¨vb Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb Ges †bvUey‡K †m¸‡jv wek¦hy× †kl nIqvi ciI wfU‡Mb÷vBb †Kgweª‡R †M‡jb bv; 1920-1926 mb wj‡L ivL‡Zb| GiB dj Zvui ÔUªvK‡UUvm jwR‡Kv-wd‡jvmwdKvmÕ ms‡¶‡c ch©š— wZwb `w¶Y Aw÷ªqvi MÖvgv‡j ¯‹zj-wk¶K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| 1929 m‡b UªvK‡UUvm (Tractatus) MÖš’wU | Rvg©vb fvlvq †jLv MÖš’wUi g~j bvg Logisch wZwb †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡q wd‡i Av‡mb Ges 1947 ch©š— `k©‡bi Aa¨vcK Philosophische Abhandlung| MÖš’wUi iPbvKvj 1918, Avi cÖKvkKvj wn‡m‡e ‡mLv‡b Kg©iZ _v‡Kb| wfU‡Mb÷vBb `k©b QvovI fvlvZË¡, mvwnZ¨ZË¡ 1921| 1922 mv‡j MÖš’wUi Bs‡iwR Abyev` cÖKvwkZ nq ‘Tractatus Logico BZ¨vw` bvbv ÁvbkvLvq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| wPiKzgvi jy¨WwfM Philosophicus’ bv‡g jÛb †_‡K| G bvgwU cÖ¯—ve K‡ib wR, B gy¨i Ges iv‡mj wfU‡Mb÷vBb 1951 m‡bi 29 GwcÖj †Kgweª‡R Zvui wPwKrm‡Ki evwo‡Z K¨vÝv‡i MÖš’wUi GKwU m~`xN© f~wgKv wj‡L †`b| MÖš’wU cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci wfU‡Mb÷vBb Avµvš— n‡q g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| GK Rb Av‡jvP¨ e¨w³‡Z cwiYZ nb| UªvK‡UUvm Mª‡š’ wfU‡Mb÷vBb fvlvi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Abycy•¶ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| 3.