India - United States of America Relations

Overview

India-US relations have become increasingly broad based covering cooperation in areas such as trade and economic, defence and security, education, science and technology, high-technology, civil nuclear energy, space technology and applications, clean energy, environment and health. People to people interaction provide further vitality and strength to bilateral relationship. There have been regular contacts at political and official levels and wide-ranging dialogue architecture on bilateral, regional and global issues has been put in place.

The visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Washington from 22-26 November, 2009 as the first State Guest of President Barack Obama reaffirmed the global strategic partnership between India and the United States. President Obama’s visit to India from 6-9 November 2010, imparted further momentum to bilateral cooperation and helped establish a long-term framework for India-US global strategic partnership. President Obama characterized India-US relationship as one of the defining partnerships of the 21st century.

Major areas of cooperation

A "Strategic Dialogue" was established in July 2009 during the visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to India with the objective of strengthening bilateral cooperation across diverse sectors. The first round of the Strategic Dialogue was held in Washington DC in June 2010, followed by the second round in New Delhi in July 2011. The Minister of External Affairs led the Indian delegation for the Dialogue; US Secretary of State led the Dialogue from the US side. The third meeting of the Strategic Dialogue will be held in Washington in June 2012.

Trade and Economic Relations

Trade and economic partnership between the US and India has been a key component of the bilateral relationship. A new US Financial and Economic Partnership to strengthen bilateral engagement on macroeconomic, financial, and investment-related issues was launched in New Delhi in April 2010 by the Finance Minister Mr.Pranab Mukherjee and US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. The Second Meeting of India- US Financial and Economic Partnership was held in Washington D.C in June 2011 .

The India-US Trade Policy Forum (TPF) was established in July 2005 to discuss issues related to trade. The last and seventh meeting of the TPF took place in Washington DC from September 21- 22, 2010. An Agreement on Framework for Cooperation on Trade and Investment was signed during the visit of Minister for Commerce & Industry, Mr. Anand Sharma to USA in March 2010. As part of the Economic Dialogue, a separate Commercial Dialogue has been set up to cover (a) Trade Defence Measures (b) Small and Medium Enterprises and (c) capacity building on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs).

For greater involvement of private sector in discussion on issues involving trade and investment the bilateral India-US CEO’s Forum was reconstituted in 2009. The fourth round of the reconstituted CEOs’ Forum to facilitate a structured dialogue between the industry and the government was held on 22 September 2011 at Washington DC. Separately a Private Sector Advisory Group (PSAG) has also been created consisting of prominent Indian and international trade experts to provide strategic recommendations and insights to the US-India Trade Policy Forum. The India-US aviation cooperation program (ACP) was established in 2007 to further cooperation as a public-private partnership between the Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation and US Federal Aviation Administration, the US Trade and Development Agency (USTDA), other US Government agencies and US aviation companies. Bilateral trade has diversified and encompasses a wide range of products, services and technology. An expanding & vibrant architecture of dialogue on commercial, economic and technology related issues has given a fillip to this cooperation. India-US total merchandise trade was US $57.80 billion in 2011. The two way services trade was US $42.50 billion in 2009. The two governments have resumed technical-level negotiations on a bilateral investment treaty. A totalization agreement has also been under discussion for some time. Bilateral Investments

The U.S. is the fourth largest source of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) into India. The Cumulative FDI Equity Inflows from the U.S. during the period April 2000 to January 2012 amounted to about $10.36 billion, constituting 6% of the total FDI into India. During the financial year 2011-2012 (April 2011 to January 2012) the FDI inflows into India from the U.S. were $0.91 billion, contributing 3.48% of the total FDI. In recent years, growing Indian investments into the US, estimated by independent studies to be around US$ 26.5 billion between 2004-2009, has been a novel feature of bilateral ties.

Clean Energy and Climate Change Initiative

An Agreement for Cooperation on Joint Clean Energy Research and Development Center (JCERDC) was signed between India and US in November 2010. The Center aims to help development of critical technologies for renewable energy, energy efficiency, clean coal, including carbon capture and storage, and other areas of clean energy. It has been announced that the two Governments would provide US$ 5 million each annually for next five years towards their share of research cost under the Agreement while an equivalent cost will be borne by the Consortia which will carry out the research. The first joint Funding Opportunity Announcement for the JCERDC was made in May 2011 seeking research projects on consortia mode under PPP model of funding in the initial priority areas of solar energy; second generation biofuels; and energy efficiency of buildings. In response to the first call for proposals, 21 joint proposals from different consortia have been received. Maiden awards are expected to be announced by end of March 2012.

Counter-terrorism Cooperation

Cooperation in counter terrorism has seen considerable progress over the last few years. A new India-US Counter-Terrorism Cooperation Initiative was signed in 2010 to expand collaboration on counter-terrorism, information sharing and capacity building. Separately functional level cooperation on counter-terrorism is being pursued through a Joint Working Group (JWG) on Counter Terrorism that was established in January 2000. The 12th meeting of the JWG was held in New Delhi in March 2011. A new Homeland Security Dialogue was also announced during President Obama’s visit to India in November 2010 to further deepen operational cooperation, counter-terrorism technology transfers and capacity building. The US Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano visited India in May 2011 to hold the first round of this dialogue with Home Minister Mr. P. Chidambaram. The next meeting of this Dialogue will be held in the US in 2012.

Defence Cooperation

The ‘New Framework for India-US Defence Relationship’ was signed between the two sides on June 28, 2005. Both sides have agreed to pursue mutually beneficial defence cooperation through the existing security dialogue, service level exchanges, defence exercises and defence trade and technology transfer and collaboration. India’s defence orders from U.S. companies have reached a cumulative value of over USD 8.0 billion in the last decade. Defense Secretary Robert Gates visited India in January 2009. Raksha Mantri Shri A.K. Antony visited Washington in September 2010. Apart from the Ministerial level exchange, there are exchanges between each of the Services, with regular joint exercises.

Civil Nuclear Initiative

The bilateral civil nuclear cooperation agreement was finalized in July 2007 and signed in October 2008 by EAM and then Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. During the visit of President Obama to India in November 2010, the two Governments announced completion of all steps to begin implementation of the Civil Nuclear Agreement. Indian and US companies are now working towards early commencement of commercial cooperation in this area.

This initiative has been strengthened by the regular meeting of the Indo-US Civil Nuclear Working Group (CNWG). The 4th joint CNWG Meeting was held at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in July 2011. Department of Atomic Energy and US Department of Energy have last year signed an Implementing Agreement on ‘Discovery Science’ that provides the framework for cooperation in accelerator and particle detector research and development with Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and Brookhaven National Laboratory. Under the agreement, a project on "US and Indian Institutions Collaboration on Neutrino Physics, Related Experiments and Detector Development" is getting implemented by Delhi University and Fermilab.

Space Cooperation

The two sides have had long history of cooperation in Civil Space arena. A bilateral Joint Working Group on Civil Space Cooperation has been established as a forum for discussions on joint activities in space. The Group had its 3rd meet at Bangalore from 13-14 July 2011. Both the sides have agreed to continue and expand their joint activities in the area of civil space cooperation. Major areas include: (i) exchange of scientists; (ii) OCM2, INSAT3D collaboration; (iii) future mission definition workshops; (iv) nanosatellites; (v) carbon /ecosystem monitoring and modelling; (vi) feasibility of collaboration in radio occultation: (vii) CSLA: (viii) international space station; (ix) global navigation satellite systems; (x) formation flying; (xi) space exploration cooperation; (xii) space debris mediation.

Education sector

As per current estimates more than 100,000 Indian origin students are pursuing their higher education in the US universities. The two governments have committed to pursue greater collaboration in the areas of education, research, and innovation. To achieve this objective several initiatives have been taken in recent years. The “Singh- Obama 21st Century Knowledge Initiative” was launched during the visit of Prime Minister to the US in November 2009. Under this initiative two sides have provided funding of US$ 5 million to increase university linkages and junior faculty development exchanges between US and Indian universities. The first awards under the initiative will be announced by summer 2012. India and the US have signed a new bilateral Fulbright Agreement that supersedes the Fulbright Agreement operating since 1950 with US funding. Under the Agreement, the Government of India and the United States will implement the scholarship programme as full partners. The amount has been increased to US $7.06 million (from US $ 5 million) from the financial year 2010-11. For the year 2010-11, 180 US Nehru-Fulbright Scholars have been selected, while 102 scholars have been selected from India. In the 2010-11 academic year, 104,000 students from India were studying in the US. The First India-US Higher Education Summit was held in Washington D.C. on 13 October 2011. 2011. The Summit was jointly hosted by the Government of India and the Government of the United States and was attended by government officials as well as individuals from the private sector involved in higher education sector. It was inaugurated by Hon’ble Minister of Human Resources Development Shri Kapil Sibal and the US Secretary of State Ms Hillary Clinton. The summit highlighted the importance of education as a pillar of the India -U.S Strategic Dialogue. A joint statement was issued at the end of the Summit where the two sides have agreed to: i. Promote strategic institutional partnerships for further strengthening and expanding collaboration in the priority areas of higher education; ii. Encourage expansion and deepened collaboration in research and development; iii. Foster partnerships in the areas of vocational education and skills enhancement; iv. Further strengthening programmes for student and faculty enrichment and exchange; and v. welcome involvement of the private sector in the two countries to support and deepen such collaboration.

An India-US Education Dialogue was announced by the two Governments in July 2009 during the visit of US Secretary of State to India, and it first meeting is likely to take place in Washington in summer of 2012. Cooperation in Science & Technology

India and the US signed a Science & Technology Agreement in October 2005 that encourages joint research and training, and the establishment of public private partnerships. As a component of this agreement, the first meeting of the Joint Commission was held on 24-25 June 2010 in Washington D.C.

In supporting the vibrant entrepreneurial spirit of both the nations, India and US have established an Endowment Fund of US$ 30 million in July 2009, from equal contribution for Joint Research and Development, Innovation, Entrepreneurial and Commercialization activities in Science and Technology. The first call inviting Letter of Intent under the two priority areas namely, ‘Healthy Individual’ and ‘Empowering Citizens’ was made in May 2011. Out of 32 shortlisted project proposals, 3 projects will be supported by March, 2012.

The Indo-US cooperation in S&T is catalyzed by the bilateral Science and Technology Forum, which has enabled more than 10,000 scientists, technologists and students from the US and India to interact, established 29 virtual joint research centers and organized more than 30 training programmes and numerous bilateral conferences.

Collaboration between the Ministry of Earth Sciences and US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been strengthened by signing of three Implementation Arrangements for collaboration in October 2010 on Tropical Cyclone Research; Tsunami Science - detection, analysis, modeling & forecasting; and INSAT 3D satellite data applications. In November 2010, a ‘Monsoon Desk’ was established in NOAA for enhancing monsoon forecasting. For this purpose, India has committed $480,000 over a period of five years (Rs.2.4 crores approximately), while US has committed $100,000 per annum to take care of any deficit that may not be fully covered. The ‘Monsoon Desk’ is functioning satisfactorily and the models are expected to improve the prediction of 2012 Indian Monsoon. This will also help in building India’s capacity in developing and using a coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling system for strengthening the “National Monsoon Mission”.

Dept. of Science and Technology (DST) and US National Science Foundation (NSF) are collaborating to establish India-US virtual Mathematical Institute. NSF has committed $ 1.75 m for this purpose and DST will contribute matching amount for this purpose. The institute will enable joint research in mathematics through faculty and student exchange between Indian (Indian Statistical Institute, Chennai Mathematical Institute and Madras Institute of Mathematics) and US institutions (Brown University, Duke University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill).

In order to develop the capacity of newly constituted Science and Engineering Research Board, DST is taking part in the NSF led initiative of global standardization of peer reviewing mechanism. For this purpose, DST has organized the first regional meeting for Asia on 2nd December, 2011 and will participate in the next global meeting in May, 2012. Recently, India has become a member of Global Science Forum constituted by the NSF.

Cooperation in the Health Sector

In July 2009, a 'Health Dialogue' was established between the two countries. To date, four working groups have been constituted viz. maternal and child health, non- communicable diseases, infectious diseases and health system strengthening. In order to build up the disease surveillance and epidemiological capacity in India, GDD-India Centre has been established in 2010 vide a MoU between Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Center for Disease Control (NCDC). Department of Biotechnology and the National Institutes of Health have launched new bilateral cooperation on Low Cost Health Diagnostic Tools; Brain Research Collaborative Partnership on neuroscience; and International Cancer Genome Consortium.

Cultural cooperation

There is considerable interest in Indian music, dance, art and literature in the United States. The Indian American community is also active in promoting Indian culture. In March 2011, the Kennedy Centre in collaboration with Indian Council for Cultural Relations and the Embassy hosted a three-week long mega festival “maximum India”, that showcased the work and talents of renowned Indian artists, including Dr. L. Subramaniam, Ustad Zakir Hussain, Malavika Sarukkai, Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi and several others. The Embassy also regularly hosts cultural events, highlighting the work of Indian and Indian-American authors and artists. The Consulates too are active in organizing Indian cultural events, including in collaboration with local cultural institutions.

Indian Press PTI and IANS have their representatives in Washington DC. Several leading dailies [Times of India, Telegraph, Economic Times, The Hindu, Hindustan Times] have correspondents based in Washington DC. The Pioneer, Indian Express and New Indian Express, The Bengal Post, Outlook and The Week are also represented in US. The TV channels represented in the US are AAJ TAK, Headlines Today, Times Now, CNN-IBN and ZEE TV [through a tie-up with VOA]. NDTV has their full-time correspondent based in New York.

People-to-people ties

As per the 2010 census figures of the United States, the Indian American community has grown to 2.84 million and is the second largest Asian community in the country. The Indian American community, which includes a large number of professionals, educationists and entrepreneurs, has been increasing its sphere of influence and gaining in political strength. With two Indian Americans occupying high level posts of Governor, a Congressman and several Representatives of State Legislatures and in the Federal Administration, the Community has thus assimilated into their adopted country and acting as a catalyst to forge closer and stronger ties between India and USA.

March 2012