Compile Your Own Linux Kernel Introduction
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Linux Boot Loaders Compared
Linux Boot Loaders Compared L.C. Benschop May 29, 2003 Copyright c 2002, 2003, L.C. Benschop, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Per- mission is granted to make verbatim copies of this document. This is version 1.1 which has some minor corrections. Contents 1 introduction 2 2 How Boot Loaders Work 3 2.1 What BIOS does for us . 3 2.2 Parts of a boot loader . 6 2.2.1 boot sector program . 6 2.2.2 second stage of boot loader . 7 2.2.3 Boot loader installer . 8 2.3 Loading the operating system . 8 2.3.1 Loading the Linux kernel . 8 2.3.2 Chain loading . 10 2.4 Configuring the boot loader . 10 3 Example Installations 11 3.1 Example root file system and kernel . 11 3.2 Linux Boot Sector . 11 3.3 LILO . 14 3.4 GNU GRUB . 15 3.5 SYSLINUX . 18 3.6 LOADLIN . 19 3.7 Where Can Boot Loaders Live . 21 1 4 RAM Disks 22 4.1 Living without a RAM disk . 22 4.2 RAM disk devices . 23 4.3 Loading a RAM disk at boot time . 24 4.4 The initial RAM disk . 24 5 Making Diskette Images without Diskettes 25 6 Hard Disk Installation 26 7 CD-ROM Installation 29 8 Conclusions 31 1 introduction If you use Linux on a production system, you will only see it a few times a year. If you are a hobbyist who compiles many kernels or who uses many operating systems, you may see it several times per day. -
User's Manual L Tqmx80uc UM 0102 L © 2020, TQ-Systems Gmbh Page I
User's Manual l TQMx80UC UM 0102 l © 2020, TQ-Systems GmbH Page i TQMx80UC User's Manual TQMx80UC UM 0102 2020-02-04 User's Manual l TQMx80UC UM 0102 l © 2020, TQ-Systems GmbH Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABOUT THIS MANUAL......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Copyright and License Expenses .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Registered Trademarks ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Imprint ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.5 Service and Support ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.6 Tips on Safety ....................................................................................................................................................................................... -
21APPN003 E1 Appnote 003 Application Note
21APPN003 E1 - 2002-12-18 Using P1/P501 Graphics on MEN 824x/ALI boards under ELinOS Application Note Embedded Solutions Board-Level Computers for Industrial Applications ® About this Document About this Document This document describes how to configure P1/P501 graphics mezzanines under ELinOS 2.1 on MEN’s 824x/ALI series PowerPC boards (F1N, B11, A12, D3, SC13). When you have followed these instructions, you'll be able to: • use a VGA monitor as a Linux text console. • access the graphics memory from an application program through /dev/fb0. • run QT/embedded programs. • run X-Window system server (on a frame buffer basis). History Edition Description Technical Content Date of Issue E1 First edition Klaus Popp 2002-12-18 Conventions This sign marks important notes or warnings concerning proper functionality of the ! product described in this document. You should read them in any case. italics Folder, file and function names are printed in italics. bold Bold type is used for emphasis. monospace A monospaced font type is used for listings, C function descriptions or wherever appropriate. hyperlink Hyperlinks are printed in blue color. The globe will show you where hyperlinks lead directly to the Internet, so you can look for the latest information online. MEN Mikro Elektronik GmbH 2 21APPN003 E1 - 2002-12-18 About this Document Copyright Information MEN reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. MEN makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does MEN assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. -
The Linux Startup Process
The Linux startup process Jerry Feldman <[email protected]> The Linux Expertise Center Hewlett-Packard Company Document produced via OpenOffice.org Overview ● The Linux boot process – GRUB. This is the default for X86/Linux – LILO – Other boot loaders ● The Linux Operating modes – Single-user mode – Multi-user mode. ● Run Levels – What are run levels – What are the Linux standard run levels – How Linux manages run levels 2 The Linux Boot process ● The PC boot process is a 3-stage boot process that begins with the BIOS executing a short program that is stored in the Master Boot Record (MBR) of the first physical drive. Since this stage 1 boot loader needs to fit in the MBR, it is limited to 512 bytes and is normally written in assembly language. There are a number of boot loaders that can load Linux. ● GRUB and LILO are the most commonly used ones on X86 hardware. ® ® ● EFI is used on the Intel Itanium family. 3 The GRand Unified Bootloader The GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) is default boot loader on most distributions today. It has the capability to load a number of different operating systems. 1.The stage 1 boot resides in the MBR and contains the sector number of the stage 2 boot that is usually located in the /boot/grub directory on Linux. 2.The stage 2 boot loader presents a boot menu to the user based on /boot/grub/grub.conf or menu.lst. This contains a boot script. It is the stage2 loader actually loads the Linux kernel or 4 other OS. -
Linux Booting Procedure How Linux Boot?
Linux Booting Procedure How Linux boot? 2 What is “boot”? • boot (n.) [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot 4 Brief etymology[2] • Phrase “pull oneself up by one’s bootstraps” • Misattributed (at latest in 1901!) to “The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen” (1781, Rudolf Erich Raspe) : The baron pulls himself out of a swamp by his hair (pigtail). • The use of this phrase is found in 1834 in the U.S. • “[S]omeone is attempting or has claimed some ludicrously far-fetched or impossible task” • In the 20th century, the “possible bootstrap[3] task” meaning has appeared • “To begin an enterprise or recover from a setback without any outside help; to succeed only on one's own effort or abilities” 5 [2] http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pull_oneself_up_by_one%27s_bootstraps [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping Bootstrapping (in Computer) • The process of loading the basic software (typically, operating systems) into the main memory from persistent memory (HDD, flash ROM, etc.) • “Boot” is an abbreviation for “bootstrap(ping)” Boostrapping Code 6 System startup Booting sequence 1. Tern on 2. CPU jump to address of BIOS (0xFFFF0) 3. BIOS runs POST (Power-On Self Test) 4. Find bootale devices 5. Loads and execute boot sector form MBR 6. Load OS 5 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) BIOS refers to the software code run by a computer when first powered on The primary function of BIOS is code program embedded on a chip that recognises and controls various devices that make up the computer. BIOS on board BIOS on screen 6 How computer startup? Booting is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system A boot sequence is the set of operations the computer performs when it is switched on that load an operating system 4 Boot loader MBR (Master Boot Record) OS is booted from a hard disk, where the Master Boot Record (MBR) contains the primary boot loader The MBR is a 512-byte sector, located in the first sector on the disk (sector 1 of cylinder 0, head 0) After the MBR is loaded into RAM, the BIOS yields control to it. -
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide July 31, 2021 Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004 – 2021 the Debian Installer team This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Please refer to the license in Appendix F. Build version of this manual: 20210730. i Contents 1 Welcome to Debian 1 1.1 What is Debian? . 1 1.2 What is GNU/Linux? . 1 1.3 What is Debian GNU/Linux? . 2 1.4 What is the Debian Installer? . 3 1.5 Getting Debian . 3 1.6 Getting the Newest Version of This Document . 3 1.7 Organization of This Document . 3 1.8 About Copyrights and Software Licenses . 4 2 System Requirements 5 2.1 Supported Hardware . 5 2.1.1 Supported Architectures . 5 2.1.2 CPU, Main Boards, and Video Support . 6 2.1.2.1 CPU . 6 2.1.2.2 I/O Bus . 6 2.1.3 Laptops . 6 2.1.4 Multiple Processors . 6 2.1.5 Graphics Hardware Support . 6 2.1.6 Network Connectivity Hardware . 7 2.1.6.1 Wireless Network Cards . 7 2.1.7 Braille Displays . 7 2.1.8 Hardware Speech Synthesis . 7 2.1.9 Peripherals and Other Hardware . 7 2.2 Devices Requiring Firmware . 7 2.3 Purchasing Hardware Specifically for GNU/Linux . 8 2.3.1 Avoid Proprietary or Closed Hardware . 8 2.4 Installation Media . 8 2.4.1 CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROM . 9 2.4.2 USB Memory Stick . -
Installing Fedora the Installation • Choosing How to Install Fedora
CHAPTER 3 IN THIS CHAPTER • Before You Begin Installing Fedora the Installation • Choosing How to Install Fedora This chapter shows you how to get a basic installation of • Step-by-Step Installation Fedora up and running. You will learn how to start installa- tion, as well as specify certain configuration options during • Logging In and Shutting the install. Before you even insert the disc, we will take a Down look at some considerations you need to think about that • Reference will affect how you install Fedora. It is impossible to take you through every single variation of the install, but you will get a step-by-step guide of a typical installation, includ- ing how to log in to your new system and shut down or reboot the system. Before You Begin the Installation Installing a new operating system is a major event and you should make sure that you have properly thought through what is going to take place. The first thing you should consider is how the hardware will be affected by the soft- ware that you propose to install. Although Fedora runs well on an extremely wide variety of hardware, it is worthwhile checking out your hardware components because there may be a banana peel waiting for you to slip up on. The following sections provide some areas for you to investigate and think about, and may even save you hours of frustra- tion when something goes wrong. The sections are designed to complement the ideas and checklists presented in Chapter 2, “Preparing to Install Fedora.” You start by researching and documenting your hardware. -
Towards a Trustworthy Thin Terminal for Securing Enterprise Networks By
Towards a Trustworthy Thin Terminal for Securing Enterprise Networks by Evan J. Frenn A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Computer Science May 2013 APPROVED: Dr. Craig A. Shue, Major Advisor Dr. Krishna K. Venkatasubramanian, Reader Dr. Craig E. Wills, Head of Department Abstract Organizations have many employees that lack the technical knowledge to securely operate their machines. These users may open malicious email attachments/links or install unverified software such as P2P programs. These actions introduce significant risk to an organizations network since they allow attackers to exploit the trust and access given to a client ma- chine. However, system administrators currently lack the control of client machines needed to prevent these security risks. A possible solution to address this issue lies in attestation. With respect to computer science, attestation is the ability of a machine to prove its current state. This capability can be used by client machines to remotely attest to their state, which can be used by other machines in the network when making trust decisions. Previous research in this area has focused on the use of a static root of trust (RoT), requiring the use of a chain of trust over the entire software stack. We would argue this approach is limited in feasibility, because it requires an understanding and evaluation of all the previous states of a machine. With the use of late launch, a dynamic root of trust introduced in the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) v1.2 specification, the required chain of trust is drastically shortened, minimizing the previous states of a machine that must be evaluated. -
1.106.1 Boot the System Weight 3
1. Context 1.106.1 2 9 License Of This Document 5 1.106.1 1 Context Boot the system Topic 106 Boot, Initialization, Shutdown and Runlevels [6] Weight 3 1.106.1 Boot the system [3] 1.106.2 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system [3] Linux Professional Institute Certification — 102 Angus Lees [email protected] 2 Objective [email protected] Description of Objective Nick Urbanik Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process. This in- This document Licensed under GPL—see section 9 cludes giving commands to the boot loader and giving options to the kernel at boot time, and checking the events in the log files. 2005 July Key files, terms, and utilities include: Outline dmesg — command to show kernel message ring buffer /var/log/messages — main syslog file Contents /etc/conf.modules or /etc/modules.conf — modprobe configuration file 1 Context 2 LILO — older bootloader system, less used now 2 Objective 2 GRUB — newer, more flexible bootloader system 3 Boot Process 2 • Note that with Red Hat systems, 2.6 kernels use the file /etc/modprobe.conf, not /etc/modules.conf 4 How BIOS finds boot loader 3 • The name /etc/conf.modules has been out of favour for some years 5 Boot Loaders 3 5.1 LILO . 3 5.2 GRUB . 4 3 Boot Process 5.3 Other boot loaders . 4 Booting 6 Chaining Boot Loaders 4 • Machine powers up, BIOS POST, spin up SCSI drives, etc 7 dmesg 5 • BIOS boots boot loader 8 /etc/modules.conf 5 • (Boot loader may load its “second stage” from somewhere else) 4. -
Le Loadlin+Win95 Mini-HOWTO
Version fran¸caise, Eric Maisonobe [email protected] Le Loadlin+Win95 mini-HOWTO v1.4.3, 9 Novembre 1998 Ce document d´ecrit comment utiliser Loadlin avec Windows 95 pour lancer Linux. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Copyright ............................................... 2 1.2 Nouvelles versions de ce document ................................. 2 1.3 R´eactions ............................................... 2 1.4 D´en´egation .............................................. 2 2 IMPORTANT: Information Pr´eliminaire et Setup 2 2.1 ATTENTION! pour les utilisateurs de Windows95 OSR2 (version 4.00.950b): ......... 2 2.2 Nous consid´ereronscomme acquis: ................................. 3 2.3 Ce dont vous avez besoin avant de commencer: .......................... 3 3 AVANT DE COMMENCER: 3 3.1 D´eterminez quelle version de Windows 95 vous poss´edez. ..................... 3 3.2 D´eterminez si vous utilisez le syst`eme de fichier FAT32. ..................... 4 3.3 Soyez certain que les extensions de vos fichiers sont visibles dans l’Explorateur Windows. .. 4 3.4 Renommez vos fichiers syst`eme. ................................... 4 3.5 Recommandation Importante. .................................... 4 3.6 Editez vos fichiers syst`eme. ..................................... 5 4 *** Ne consultez cette section QUE si vous utilisez une disquette de boot DOS 6.x. *** 5 4.1 Editez et renommez vos fichiers syst`eme DOS 6.x. ........................ 5 5 Etape finale 6 5.1 Bientˆotla fin ............................................. 6 5.2 Vous avez termin´e! .......................................... 6 5.3 Comment cela fonctionne. ...................................... 6 6 M´ethodes alternatives pour le d´emarrage automatique de Linux, sp´ecialement pour les Utilisateurs ayant un syst`eme de fichier FAT32. 6 6.1 Premi`ereM´ethode. .......................................... 6 6.2 Seconde M´ethode. .......................................... 7 7 Questions fr´equentes: 8 7.1 Ou puis-je trouver plus d’informations sur l’utilisation de Loadlin? .............. -
Vmware Workstation
User’s Manual VMwareTM Workstation Version 3.2 Please note that you will always find the most up-to-date technical docu- mentation on our Web site at http://www.vmware.com/support/. VMware, Inc. The VMware Web site also provides the latest product updates. 3145 Porter Drive Palo Alto, CA 94304 Copyright © 1998–2002 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. U.S. Patent No. 6,397,242 and patents pending. www.vmware.com VMware, the VMware boxes logo, GSX Server and ESX Server are trademarks of VMware, Inc. Microsoft, Windows, and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other marks and names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies. Revision: 20020905 Item: WS-ENG-Q302-405 Table of Contents Introduction and System Requirements __________________________ 11 Welcome to VMware Workstation __________________________________12 Virtualizing Your Computing Resources ___________________________13 Host System Requirements ________________________________________14 Virtual Machine Specifications _____________________________________18 Supported Guest Operating Systems ________________________________21 What’s New in Version 3 __________________________________________23 New in Version 3.2 ____________________________________________23 New in Versions 3.0 and 3.1 _____________________________________23 Technical Support Resources ______________________________________26 The VMware Web Site _________________________________________26 VMware Newsgroups __________________________________________26 -
IBM VGA XGA Technical Refe
Preliminary Draft May 19th 1992 Video Subsystem Preliminary Draft May 19th 1992 2 Preliminary Draft May 19th 1992 Video Subsystem Section 1. Introduction ....................... 1-1 Video Subsystem .......................... 1-2 Section 2. VGA Function ...................... 2-1 VGA Function Introduction ..................... 2-5 Major Components ......................... 2-7 Hardware Considerations ..................... 2-11 Modes of Operation ......................... 2-12 Video Memory Organization .................... 2-24 Registers ............................... 2-41 VGA Programming Considerations ................ 2-97 Video Digital-to-Analog Converter ............... 2-104 VGA Video Extensions ...................... 2-107 Section 3. XGA Function ...................... 3-1 XGA Function Introduction ..................... 3-7 VGA compatibility .......................... 3-16 132-Column Text Mode ....................... 3-16 Extended Graphics Mode ...................... 3-20 XGA Display Controller Registers ................. 3-34 Coprocessor Description ...................... 3-90 Coprocessor Registers ...................... 3-132 XGA System Interface ....................... 3-169 Virtual Memory Description ................... 3-177 | XGA Adapter Identification, Location and XGA Mode Setting 3-192 | VGA Modes ............................. 3-223 | Programming the XGA subsystem ............... 3-230 Section 4. Display Connector ................... 4-1 Display Connector Introduction .................. 4-2 Index .................................