American International Journal of Available online at http://www.iasir.net Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences ISSN (Print): 2328-3734, ISSN (Online): 2328-3696, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3688

AIJRHASS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)

Analysis of Urban Land Use Changes: A Case Study of City in , Dr. Sneh Sangwan1 Balwan Singh2 Mahima3 Kuldeep Singh Suhag4 1Associate Professor, Department of Geography, BPS Institute of Higher Learning, Khanpur Kalan (Sonipat), Haryana, India 2Asst. Prof., Department of Geography, Govt. College, Matak Majri, Haryana, India 3Asst. Prof., Department of Geography, Jat College, , Haryana, India 4Asst. Prof., Department of Geography, Govt. College, Gharaunda, Haryana. India

Abstract: Analysis of land use/land cover change of Sonipat city within the last 20 years is observed in the present study which represents the staged change in land use pattern. The change was based on satellite imagery of Town Directory map 1991, LANDSAT TM Image 1989 and Google Earth Image 2002 and 2011, toposheet at a scale of 1:50000. A number of factors such as socio-economic and political are responsible for the economic development and land use changes. Study reveals that that city has experienced rapid changes in land use, particularly in terms of unplanned residential area and agricultural land. Key Words: Land Use/Land Cover, HUDA and Google Earth Image.

I. Introduction The land use/land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio-economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure (Sundara, 2012). Land use change is one of the most important fields of human induced environmental transformation, with an extensive history dating back to antiquity (Wolman and Fournier; 1987). Urbanization is the causes of land use changes. Urbanization is a gift to the human society if it is con- trolled, coordinated and planed. However, unplanned urbanization is a curse. In 2008 more than half of the world’s population was urban dwellers and the urban population is expected to reach 81% by 2030 (UNPF; 2007). Due to the acceleration of the global urbanization in both intensity and area, there is a growing interest in understanding its implications with respect to a broad set of environmental factors including loss of agricultural and arable land decline in natural vegetation cover and climate at local, regional, and global level. The conversion of rural areas into urban areas through development is currently occurring at an unprecedented rate in recent human history and is having a marked effect on the natural functioning of ecosystems (Turner; 1994). Since ecosystems in urban areas are strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities, considerably more attention is currently being directed towards monitoring changes in urban land use/ land cover (Stow and Chen; 2002). Land Use/land Cover change due to human activities is currently proceeding more quickly in developing countries than in the developed world. Present time, changes in land use, especially in developing countries, has involved a decrease in the area of rural land use and an increase in the area of urban land use through urbanization (Dewan and Yamaguchi 2009). Geographic Information Systems within remote sensing have been useful as powerful and cost-effective tools for detecting and analyzing the spatio-temporal dynamics of processes and patterns of urban growth and land use/land cover change at local, regional, and global scales.

II. Data Source and Methodology The study is mainly based on secondary data. Erdas9.0 and Arc GIS 9.3 software have been used for the preparation of different thematic layer at second level. High resolution satellite image is best appropriate for mapping urban land use/land cover information on explanation of high geometric reliability, clearness of objects, features in their true shape and size, better appropriate clarity within close proximity to the real world (NUIS, 2008). Table: 1 Land Use Classification of Sonipat, Municipal Corporation . No. Level I Level- II

1 Built-up Area Unplanned Residential Area Planned Residential Area

Public & Semi-Public Area

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Recreational Area

Commercial Area

Industrial Area

Plotted Area

2 Non Built-up Area Open/Vacant Land Plantation Area

Agricultural Land

Waste/Scrub land

Water Body

Source: Modified from NUIS Manual, 2008

Hence, town directory map of Sonipat city 1991 and satellite data has been used in this study which has been downloaded from Google Earth, Pro, 2002 and 2011. Other spatial and non-spatial data also have been used for present study which includes; Topographic sheet No. H43Q16, H43R4, H43W13 and H43X1 at scale of 1:50,000 (Survey of India, Dehradun) 2005-2006, Municipal Corporation map of Sonipat city 2011. The geo- referenced municipal corporation boundary (2011) overlaid on the satellite data communicates the spatial extent of the Sonipat city. Two level land use classification has been used in this study modified from NUIS manual, 2008 (Table 1). Google map was used for better analysis of visual interpretation and GPS survey was conduct of doubtful points and accuracy evaluation.

III. Study Area Sonipat city came in the light as a District Headquarter in 1972 comprising the tehsils of Sonipat, and . Sonipat town is linked with , Uttar-Pradesh and Haryana with Rail and

Figure: 1 Location Map of Study Area

Road Links.The name of the Sonipat town was formed of the name of Raja Soni or a town called Swaran Prastha during Mahabharta time. This city is conveniently linked with Delhi and by rail but the interiors of Haryana by roads only. Sonipat town is located at a distance of 52 kilometers by road and 44 kilometers by rail from delhi. National Highway No.1 lies 8 kilometers away in the east from the main city. The

AIJRHASS 14-193; © 2014, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 219 Sneh Sangwan et al., American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 5(2), December 2013-February 2014, pp. 218-223 city is well linked with the National and State Capital by road and rail links. The city has also well connectivity with the interior of the State as well as the neighboring state of Utter Pradesh Objectives:  To analysis the land use change during 1991 -2011.  To identify the direction of urban growth. Analyses of land use/land cover 1991 The total area of Sonipat city has been divided in twelve categories depending up to prevalent type of land uses (Table: 1).The broad categorization into two types; built up and non built up has further been subdivided. In the non built up categories agriculture, plantation, vacant, water bodies and waste/scrub land has been included. In 1991, agricultural land was a dominant land use i.e. 66.08 percent of the total study area followed by public semipublic, industrial, planned residential, unplanned residential i.e. 5.13, 3.65, 1.27 and 20.47 percent respectively. Water bodies have been recorded 0.31 percent on the form of ponds and water works. Commercial area has been observed 1.35 percent followed by recreational area, waste/scrub land and plantation i.e. 0.21, 1.44 and 0.11 percent respectively (Figure 2 and Table 2). Figure: 2 Land Use/Land Cover 1991

Source: Based on Town Directory Map 1991 and TM Image 1989 Table: 2 Areas under Different Land Use/ Land Cover in 1991

Sr. No. Land Use Categories 1991 Area in Sq. m. Area in Percent 1 Public and Semi Public Area 1692803.63 5.13 2 Industrial Area 1203824.32 3.65 3 Planned Residence Area 418547.26 1.27 4 Un Planned Residence Area 6760551.09 20.47 5 Water bodies 101117.66 0.31 6 Agricultural Land 21820417.99 66.08 7 Open/Vacant Land ------8 Plotted Land ------9 Commercial Area 444786.43 1.35 10 Recreational area 69644.42 0.21 11 Waste/Scrub Land 475856.38 1.44 12 Plantation 35811.9 0.11

Total 33023361.08 100 Source: Calculate from Town Directory Map 1991 and TM Image 1989

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Analysis of Land use/Land Cover in 2002: The land use/land cover map of 2002 shows major change which occur in the city during the period of 1991 to 2002. The significant change has observed and spread from central part towards the peripheral part of the city. In 2002, agricultural land was recorded 39.05 percent of the study area. It was reduced 27.02 percent. It was shifted agricultural to planned residential, unplanned residential, industrial area and public and semipublic utilities during 1991 to 2002. Public and semipublic area has been recorded 6.04 percent whereas it was 5.13 percent in 1991. It was increased 0.91 percent during these periods. Industrial area has been observed 4.45 percent of total study area whereas it was 3.65 percent in 1991. It was increased 0.80 percent during 1991 to 2002. Planned residential area and unplanned residential area also increased 4.28 and 12.28 percent during 1991 to 2002. It was the impact of economic development and population pressure. Water bodies have been observed 0.25 percent in 2002 whereas it was 0.31 percent in 1991. It was reduced 0.6 percent. Open land and plotted land has been recorded 0.02 and 7.44 percent of the total study area. Commercial area has been observed 1.78 percent while it was 1.35 percent in 1991. It was increased 0.43 percent within transport network. Recreational area also increased 0.21 to 0.85 percent during these eleven years. Waste and scrub land increased due to industrial activities i.e. 0.17 percent of the total area. Plantation has been observed 0.15 percent in 2002 whereas it was 0.11 percent in 1991. It was increased due to planned development by Haryana Urban Development Authority (Figure 3 and Table 3). Figure: 2 Land Use/Land Cover 2002

Source: Based on Google Earth Image 2002 Table: 3 Areas under Different Land Use/ Land Cover in 2002

2002 Sr. No. Land Use Categories Area in Sq. m. Area in Percent 1 Public and Semi Public Area 1994396.96 6.04 2 Industrial Area 1469467.16 4.45 3 Planned Residence Area 1830463.3 5.54 4 Un Planned Residence Area 10816789.02 32.75 5 Water bodies 82547.29 0.25 6 Agricultural Land 12896779.69 39.05 7 Open/Vacant Land 7438.04 0.02 8 Plotted Land 2458082.19 7.44 9 Commercial Area 586313.92 1.78 10 Recreational area 280132.71 0.85 11 Waste/Scrub Land 551986.15 1.67 12 Plantation 48964.65 0.15

Total 33023361.08 100 Source: Calculate from Google Earth Image 2002

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Analysis of Land use/Land Cover in 2011: In 2011, agricultural land has been recorded 32.55 percent of the total study area whereas it was 66.08 and 39.05 percent in 1991 and 2002. It was decreased due to urbanization and economic development. Unplanned residential area has been emerged as a dominant land use category. It has been recorded 35.62 percent in 2011 whereas it was 20.47 and 32.75 percent in 1991 and 2002. It was the impact of migration of people from adjoining villages to search of employment and good education. Planned residential area has been observed 8.35 percent in 2011 whereas it was 1.27 and 5.54 percent in 1991 and 2002. It was increased due to Haryana Urban Development Authority on the cost of agriculture land. Water bodies have been observed 0.31 percent in 2011 whereas it was 0.25 percent in 2002. It was increased 0.6 percent on the form of water works. In 2011, plotted land has been recorded 5.63 percent followed by commercial area, recreational, waste/scrub land and plantation i.e. 0.94, 2.11 and 0.18 percent respectively.

Figure: 3 Land Use/Land Cover 2011

Table: 4 Areas under Different Land Use/ Land Cover in 2011 2011 Sr. No. Land Use Categories Area in Sq. m. Area in Percent 1 Public and Semi Public Area 2465802.91 7.47 2 Industrial Area 1469467.16 4.45 3 Planned Residence Area 2756068.23 8.35 4 Un Planned Residence Area 11761512.83 35.62 5 Water bodies 101117.66 0.31 6 Agricultural Land 10749814.52 32.55 7 Open/Vacant Land 106725.77 0.32 8 Plotted Land 1860685.67 5.63 9 Commercial Area 682070.36 2.07 10 Recreational area 311567.16 0.94 11 Waste/Scrub Land 698164.62 2.11 12 Plantation 60364.19 0.18 Total 33023361.08 100 Source: Calculate from GeoEye Image 2011

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IV. Conclusion Present study reveals multi-temporal remote sensing image interpretation and GIS spatial analysis to land use/land cover change in Sonipat city during the 1991-2011. The result reveals that city has knowledgeable rapid changes in land use categories, particularly in terms of unplanned residential area and agricultural land. Unplanned residential area which is increased 20.47 to 35.62 percent over the past 20 years, resulting in a large reduction in the area of agricultural land from 66.08 to 32.55 percent during the study period. Due to development of Industries, education institutions, new residential complexes and good quality of transport network has contributed the rapid urban development and land use changes in study area. Productive agricultural land is changed into planned residential, unplanned residential, plotted land, public and semipublic utilities, commercial and industrial uses.

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