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Birth Control: Contraceptive Drugs/Pills and Methods in the Last Decades

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Birth Control: Contraceptive Drugs/Pills and Methods in the Last Decades Review Article Birth control: Contraceptive drugs/pills and methods in the last decades Buhari Aliyu, Chinedu Onwuchekwa Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria ABSTRACT Man had always tried to regulate births through various means involving the use of one or more actions such as medications, agents, sexual practices, or surgical procedures to prevent conception or pregnancy. The existing birth control methods include traditional and modern. The traditional methods are celibacy or sexual abstinence and withdrawal or coitus interruptus while the modern methods include male and female condoms, spermicide, contraceptives, sponge, diaphragm, pills, and vasectomy. Research has shown that hormonal approach to male contraception may be effective, reversible, and even safe. Efforts are ongoing to develop newer male contraceptives that will allow men to become full partners in the prevention of unintended pregnancy. This work reviews existing methods of birth control including current researches in birth control especially in the male. Key words: Birth control; contraceptive; hormonal; pregnancy; sexual practices. Introduction as reduced maternal mortality and infant mortality[5,6] but also improvements in schooling and economic outcomes, Birth control involves one or more actions, devices, sexual especially for girls and women.[7] Contraceptives are also practices, or medications to intentionally prevent or prescribed for reasons unrelated to sexual activity such [1,2] reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth. While as in the treatment of acne or in regulating menstrual contraception is the use of various devices, drugs, agents, periods.[8] At present, contraception methods available to sexual practices, or surgical procedures to prevent conception men include condoms, withdrawal, spermicides, periodic or pregnancy. In this present age, contraceptive use helps abstinence (or rhythm) and vasectomy.[1,9] Efforts are couples and individuals realize their basic right to decide also ongoing to develop newer male contraceptives to [2,3] freely and responsibly if and when they want to have a baby. allow men to become full partners in the prevention of When considering the global impact, a staggeringly large unintended pregnancy. This work reviewed the existing [4] percentage of global pregnancies (40%) are unintended. methods of contraception and the current status of This is in part due to the worldwide variation of access to research into the development of novel approaches to healthcare and contraception, as well as the differing needs male fertility control. for contraceptives that are not met by the current market. Address for correspondence: Dr. Buhari Aliyu, The growing use of contraceptive methods has resulted in Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, not only improvements in health-related outcomes such Sokoto, Nigeria. E‑mail: [email protected] Access this article online This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Quick Response Code Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, Website: tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and www.tjogonline.com the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. For reprints contact: [email protected] DOI: How to cite this article: Aliyu B, Onwuchekwa C. Birth control: 10.4103/TJOG.TJOG_11_18 Contraceptive drugs/pills and methods in the last decades. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol 2018;35:233‑40. © 2019 Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 233 Aliyu and Onwuchekwa: Contraception and methods Types of Contraception hormones. The “Patch” is worn each week for 3 consecutive weeks, generally on the lower abdomen Traditional control methods involve the following or buttocks. The fourth week is patch-free. Moreover, a. Celibacy or sexual abstinence-This means avoiding it has been shown to be as effective as a combined oral penis-in-vagina intercourse to prevent pregnancy contraceptive pill b. Withdrawal (coitus interruptus)-When the man is about i. Contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing) – It is the to have an orgasm, he pulls his penis out of the vagina. trade name for a combined hormonal contraceptive The ejaculation occurs outside the vagina. The idea vaginal ring manufactured by Organon. It’s a flexible behind this method is that no sperm will be deposited plastic (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer) ring that in the vagina. This method is about 90% effective if used releases a low dose of a progestin and an estrogen correctly. However, about one-third of the couples that over 3 weeks. The NuvaRing is inserted into the vagina uses this method experiences an accidental pregnancy for a 3-week period, and then removed for one week, [2] within 12 months. during which a menstrual period will be experienced[12] j. Contraceptive injection (The Shot) – The brand Modern birth control methods name is Depo-Provera. Depot medroxyprogesterone This involves birth control methods used in the female and acetate (DMPA) is a progestin-only long-acting reversible male. hormonal contraceptive birth control drug injected every 3 months.[1] It stops the woman from releasing an egg In the female and provides other contraceptive effects a. Female condom – It is made up of polyurethane having k. Implants – Implanon (made by Organon International) a flexible ring at each end. One end is secured behind is a rod with a core of progestin (etonogestrel) inserted the pubic bone to hold the condom in place, while the under the skin of the upper arm of a woman.[13] The [2,3] other ring stays outside the vagina progestin is released slowly and is effective for 3 years b. Spermicides – This is placed in the vagina before l. Emergency contraception (emergency postcoital [1,10] intercourse to create a chemical barrier. It may be contraception) – This refers to contraceptive measures used alone or in combination with a physical barrier that, if taken after sex, may prevent pregnancy. They c. Contraceptive sponge – The contraceptive sponge has are referred to as emergency contraceptives or the a depression to hold it in place over the cervix. Foam is morning-after pill. These drugs prevent ovulation or placed into the vagina using an applicator. The sponge fertilization and possible postfertilization implantation acts as a barrier which stops the sperm from reaching of a blastocyst (embryo). As an emergency contraceptive [3] the egg and also acts as a spermicide pill, it is different from medical abortion methods[10,13] d. Diaphragm – It is a rubber dome-shaped device placed m. Intrauterine devices (IUD) – Also known as a coil. It over the cervix and fits into place behind the woman’s is a small, flexible T-shaped device that is placed in pubic bone with a firm flexible ring that presses it against the uterus by a physician. It stays in place throughout [10] the vaginal walls. The diaphragm is a very effective the time pregnancy is not desired and is used as a contraceptive device when combined with a spermicide primary contraception method but may be used as e. Cervical cap – The cervical cap is a thimble-shaped latex emergency contraception.[11,15] An IUD can last from 5 rubber barrier device fitted over the cervix and blocks to 10 years depending on the type. As an emergency sperm from entering the uterus through the external contraception, it is intended for occasional use when [1] orifice of the uterus, called the os. The cap stays in primary contraception means fails and acts before place by suction implantation.[10] However, as the egg may have already f. The Lea contraceptive – Is a soft pliable cup-shaped bowl been fertilized, some see this as a potential abortifacient with a loop inserted into the vagina before intercourse i.e., a substance that induces abortion[13] and it prevents sperm from entering the cervix. For n. Tubal ligation – Is a permanent form of female effectiveness, it must be used with a spermicide and left sterilization. The fallopian tubes are severed and in place for 8 h[3] sealed (pinched shut) to prevent fertilization.[13] g. The pill – Is a combined contraceptive pills having two hormones – an estrogen and progestin that stops the Male contraception release of egg (ovulation), and also make the lining of Given the nature of sperm production, a male contraceptive the uterus thinner[12] can work in any of the two ways, the hormonal methods (sperm h. Contraceptive patch – Is a transdermal patch applied to production) or nonhormonal means such as physical the skin that releases synthetic estrogen and progestin barriers (preventing sperm from reaching the egg). 234 Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Volume 35 / Issue 3 / September‑December 2018 Aliyu and Onwuchekwa: Contraception and methods Nonhormonal Means Such as Physical Barriers reversible, the likelihood of an abundance of abnormal sperm is high, resulting in lower fertility. The higher rates Male condom of aneuploidy and diploidy in the sperm cells may increase This device is a mechanical barrier that looks like long, thin the rate of birth defects.[14] deflated balloons made of polyurethane or latex. It is placed over the penis before sexual intercourse begins and is used Intra vas device to prevent pregnancy by stopping sperm from entering the The intra vas device (IVD) is a set of tiny implants that block [14] vagina. Apart from preventing pregnancy, they are also the flow of sperm. There are two IVD designs in clinical useful in protecting sexual partners from sexually transmitted trials. One is a pair of soft, silicone plugs made by the [14] infections including human immunodeficiency virus. Shepherd Medical Company in the United States. The other Since 1920, most condoms have been made of latex rubber is a urethane tube lined with a tiny nylon sieve made by the and are mostly free from adverse side effects.
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