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Coccinélidos Como Potenciales Enemigos Naturales De Diaphorina Citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) En Un Huerto De Cítricos En Tuxpan, Veracruz, México

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Coccinélidos Como Potenciales Enemigos Naturales De Diaphorina Citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) En Un Huerto De Cítricos En Tuxpan, Veracruz, México Coccinélidos como potenciales enemigos naturales de Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) en un huerto de cítricos en Tuxpan, Veracruz, México Coccinellids as potential natural enemies of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in a citrus orchard in Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico Julio César GONZÁLEZ CÁRDENAS 1, Ignacio Esteban CASTELLANOS STUREMARK 2 , Leopoldo Jan FUCIKOVSKY ZAC 3, Maritza LÓPEZ HERRERA 2 y Gerardo SÁNCHEZ ROJAS 2 1Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana. Carretera Tuxpan-Tampico. Km 7,5. Tuxpan, Veracruz, México; 2Laboratorio de Interacciones Biológicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo S/N. AP.69-1. Pachuca, Hidalgo, México y 3Colegio de Posgraduados. Carretera México-Texcoco. Km. 35,5. C.P. 56230. Montecillo, Estado de México, México. E-mails: [email protected] e [email protected] Autor para correspondencia Recibido: 22/02/2011 Fin de arbitraje: 01/03/2012 Revisión recibida: 10/10/2012 Aceptado: 08/12/2012 RESUMEN El psílido asiático de los cítricos Diaphorina citri Kuwayama es el principal vector de la enfermedad denominada Huanglongbing o enverdecimiento de los cítricos. El insecto se reportó en México por primera vez en el 2002 en el estado de Campeche, y actualmente se encuentra en todas las regiones citrícolas del país. La enfermedad fue identificada por primera vez en 2009 en el estado de Yucatán y actualmente se encuentra distribuida en los estados de Quintana Roo, Campeche, Jalisco, Nayarit, Colima, Sinaloa, Michoacán, Chiapas, Baja California Sur, Hidalgo, Tabasco, Guerreo y podría llegar a distribuirse en todas las regiones citrícolas del país. Se determinó la abundancia e identificación de coccinélidos en 480 árboles de la variedad valencia temprana (Citrus sinensis L.) en el municipio de Tuxpan, Veracruz, México, y se evaluó su capacidad de consumir ninfas de D. citri. Las especies de coccinélidos encontrados fueron: Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, Cycloneda sanguinea L., Chilocorus stigma S. e Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville. La especie de coccinélido más abundante durante el periodo de muestreo fue C. coeruleus. Curinus coeruleus fue el coccinélido que consumió las ninfas en el menor tiempo, seguida de C. stigma y por último C. sanguinea e H. convergens. Estos resultados muestran que las cuatro especies de coccinélidos pueden ser considerados como posibles agentes de control biológico de D. citri en Veracruz, una de las principales regiones citrícolas de México. Palabras clave: Control biológico, Diaphorina citri, Coccinelidae, abundancia promedio, tiempo de depredación ABSTRACT The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the main vector of the greening disease or Huanglongbing on citrus. The insect was reported for the first time in 2002 in Campeche State and today it is present in all the citrus areas of Mexico. The disease was initially reported in Yucatan State and to date it has been reported in Quintana Roo, Campeche, Jalisco, Nayarit, Colima, Sinaloa, Michoacán, Chiapas, Baja California Sur, Hidalgo, Tabasco, Guerrero. The disease could potentially be distributed in all the country. Identification and quantification of coccinellids were determined on 480 citrus trees (Citrus sinensis L.) cv Valencia in Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico and their capacity to feed on D. citri nymphs also was evaluated. The species of coccinellids identified were: Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, Cycloneda sanguinea L., Chilocorus stigma S. and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville. Curinus coeruleus was the most abundant species during the sampling period and also it fed on nymphs in the shortest period of time. After, C. coeruleus, C. stigma, C. sanguinea, and H. convergens fed also on D. citri nymphs in a longer period of time, respectively. These results suggest that the four species of coccinellids could be considered as potential biological control agents of D. citri in Veracruz, one of the main citrus production regions in Mexico. Key words: Biological control, Diaphorina citri, Coccinelidae, Average abundance, predation time INTRODUCCIÓN Candidatus Liberibacter spp. y su único vector en el continente Americano causante de la enfermedad El psílido asiático de los cítricos Diaphorina denominada Huanglongbing o enverdecimiento de los citri Kuwayama es el principal vector de la bacteria cítricos, causada por la bacteria (García, 2007). El Revista Científica UDO Agrícola 12 (4): 855-860. 2012 855 González Cárdenas et al. Coccinélidos como potenciales enemigos naturales de Diaphorina citri en cítricos en México enverdecimiento de los cítricos, se desarrolla en el evaluar su capacidad de consumir individuos de D. floema de las plantas y es considerada como la citri. enfermedad de mayor importancia en los cítricos, reduciendo la producción y calidad de los frutos y MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS provocando un severo debilitamiento de los árboles (Bové, 2006). Ubicación del área de estudio Diaphorina citri se describió en Taiwan en 1907, se reportó en América por primera vez en La investigación se realizó en un huerto de Brasil en 1940 (Lima, 1942) y posteriormente en cítricos de la variedad Valencia temprana (Citrus Florida en 1998 (Halbert et al., 2000). El primer sinensis L.) en el ejido Zapote Bueno, municipio de registro para México data del 2002 en el estado de Tuxpan, Veracruz, México ubicado en las Campeche y actualmente se encuentra en todas las coordenadas geográficas de 21º 02,349´ N y 097º regiones citrícolas del país (López et al., 2005). En 26,369´ W, con una temperatura máxima de 40,8°C y México, para junio del 2012, los estados con una mínima de 15,6 °C y una precipitación máxima presencia de Huanglongbing son Sinaloa, Baja de 1868 mm y una mínima de 780 mm (INEGI, California Sur, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, 2010). El huerto tiene una superficie de tres hectáreas Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Yucatán e y cuenta con árboles de cuatro años sembrados a una Hidalgo (SENASICA, 2012). distancia de 7x 7 m en un sistema de siembra marco real con un total de 204 plantas por hectárea. La oviposición y la alimentación durante los estadíos ninfales del insecto se llevan a cabo Abundancia de coccinélidos exclusivamente en yemas y hojas jóvenes de plantas de la familia Rutaceae, particularmente de especies de Se realizaron muestreos semanales durante cítricos, mientras que los adultos pueden sobrevivir los meses de febrero, marzo, abril y mayo de 2009, en hojas maduras (Michaud, 2004; Qureshi y Stansly, periodo donde se presentó una brotación de yemas, 2009). Actualmente existe una gran preocupación por etapa fenológica que se asocia positivamente con la las pérdidas que podría ocasionar esta enfermedad y presencia de ninfas de D. citri (Tsai et al., 2002; Hall mucho interés por desarrollar estrategias para et al., 2008). Se tomaron al azar 30 árboles diferentes controlar al vector debido a que México es uno de los cada semana, dando un total de 480 árboles en el principales productores de cítricos en el mundo y la periodo. Se colectaron de forma directa los enfermedad podría llegar a distribuirse en todas las coccinélidos adultos durante 10 minutos por árbol zonas citrícolas del país. entre las 08:00 y las 13:00 h. Se calculó la abundancia promedio semanal por árbol para cada especie. El control biológico es una de las alternativas para el manejo de D. citri. En otros países se ha Se colectaron especímenes adultos de llevado a cabo utilizando hongos entomopatógenos, coccinélidos encontrados, se colocaron en un frasco parasitoides y depredadores (Halbert y Manjunath, con cianuro y posteriormente en alcohol al 70% para 2004; Yang et al., 2006). Dentro del grupo de los trasladarlos al laboratorio de Parasitología Agrícola depredadores, los escarabajos de la familia de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Agropecuarias Coccinelidae han sido de los más estudiados y en de la Universidad Veracruzana en la ciudad de algunos casos fueron reguladores importantes de D. Tuxpan, Veracruz, México, en donde fueron citri (Michaud, 2001, 2002, 2004; Qureshi y Stansly, identificados. La identificación taxonómica se realizó 2009). En México, Cortez-Mondaca et al., (2011) utilizando un microscopio estereoscópico y siguiendo comentaron que se tiene muy poco conocimiento las claves de González (2006, 2009) e ITIS (2011). sobre los enemigos naturales que podrían controlar las poblaciones del vector y limitar su potencial de Pruebas de aceptabilidad transmitir inóculo suficiente para causar la enfermedad. Tomando en cuenta la importancia de los Los coccinélidos y las ninfas de D. citri coccinélidos como depredadores de D. citri, la utilizados en el experimento se colectaron de las presente investigación se realizó con el objetivo de plantas de Valencia temprana C. sinensis durante la determinar la abundancia y diversidad de coccinélidos brotación de yemas que se presentó en el mes de en un huerto de cítricos en Tuxpan, Veracruz, una de febrero de 2009. Para determinar la capacidad que las principales zonas citrícolas de México, así como 856 Revista Científica UDO Agrícola 12 (4): 855-860. 2012 González Cárdenas et al. Coccinélidos como potenciales enemigos naturales de Diaphorina citri en cítricos en México tienen los diferentes coccinélidos para consumir Depredación de D. citri individuos de D. citri, se comparó el tiempo en que éstos consumen ninfas del insecto. Ocho individuos Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre adultos de cada especie de coccinélido fueron los tiempos de consumo de D. citri
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