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Ground-Water Quality in the Central Part of the Passaic River Basin, Northeastern New Jersey, 1959-88

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Ground-Water Quality in the Central Part of the Passaic River Basin, Northeastern New Jersey, 1959-88 GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE PASSAIC RIVER BASIN, NORTHEASTERN NEW JERSEY, 1959-88 By Teresa S. Czarnik and Jane Kozinski U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4083 Prepared in cooperation with the NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND ENERGY West Trenton, New Jersey 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Robert M. Hirsch, Acting Director For additional information Copies of this report can write to: be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center Mountain View Office Park Open-File Reports Section Suite 206 Box 25425, MS 517 810 Bear Tavern Road Denver Federal Center West Trenton, NJ 08628 Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................ 1 Introduction........................................................ 2 Purpose and scope .............................................. 2 Previous investigations........................................ 2 Well-numbering system.......................................... 3 Acknowledgments................................................ 3 Description of study area........................................... 3 Geology........................................................ 3 Stockton and Lockatong Formations ......................... 9 Brunswick Group........................................... 9 Sedimentary rock formations of the Brunswick Group... 9 Igneous rock formations of the Brunswick Group....... 10 Lower Jurassic conglomerate ............................... 10 Unconsolidated Quaternary sediments ....................... 10 Hydrology...................................................... 12 Aquifers in glacial sediments............................. 12 Aquifers in sedimentary bedrock. .......................... 14 Aquifers in igneous bedrock. .............................. 15 Methods of investigation............................................ 15 Sampling network and collection of samples..................... 15 Chemical analysis of samples................................... 16 Quality assurance and quality control.......................... 23 Data analysis.................................................. 24 Ground-water quality. ............................................... 24 Results of quality-assurance analyses .......................... 24 Relations of constituent .concentrations to drinking-water regulations.................................................. 26 Statistical summary of water-quality data. ..................... 30 Regional trends................................................ 33 Relation of water quality to depth............................. 42 Relative age of ground water................................... 44 Summary and conclusions ............................................. 45 References cited. ................................................... 47 Glossary............................................................ 51 Appendixes 1. Results of analyses for inorganic constituents in ground-water samples from aquifers in glacial sediments in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1959-88. ..... 53 2. Results of analyses for purgeable organic compounds in ground-water samples from aquifers in glacial sediments and sedimentary and igneous bedrock in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1987-88...... 58 3. Results of analyses for inorganic constituents in ground-water samples from aquifers in sedimentary and igneous bedrock in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1959-88. ............................... 62 ill ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map showing location of the Newark Basin and study area.. 4 2. Map showing location of the Passaic River drainage basin in New Jersey and New York............................. 5 3. Map showing physiographic and geographic features of the study area............................................. 6 4. Map showing bedrock geology of the study area............ 7 5. Map showing buried valleys in the study area and surrounding area....................................... 11 6. Generalized hydrogeologic section through Great Swamp in the southern part of the study area................. 13 7. Map showing ground-water-sampling network................ 17 8. Trilinear diagram for classifying water types............ 25 9. Boxplots showing concentrations of barium and strontium in water samples from all three aquifer types, aquifers in glacial sediments, aquifers in sedimentary bedrock, and aquifers in igneous bedrock in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1959-88................................................ 31 10. Boxplots showing concentrations of magnesium, sodium, and sulfate in water samples from all three aquifer types, aquifers in glacial sediments, aquifers in sedimentary bedrock, and aquifers in igneous bedrock in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1959-88. ............................................... 32 11. Trilinear diagram showing relative amounts of major ions in water from aquifers in glacial sediments in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1987-88................................................ 35 12. Trilinear diagram showing relative amounts of major ions in water from aquifers in sedimentary bedrock in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1987-88................................................ 36 13. Trilinear diagram showing relative amounts of major ions in water from aquifers in igneous bedrock in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1987-88................................................ 37 14. Map showing Stiff diagrams representing major-ion chemistry of water samples from aquifers in glacial sediments in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1959-88................................................. 39 15. Map showing Stiff diagrams representing major-ion chemistry of water samples from aquifers in sedimentary bedrock in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1959-88................................................ 40 16. Map showing Stiff diagrams representing major-ion chemistry of water samples from aquifers in igneous bedrock in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1959-88................................................ 41 IV ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued Page Figure 17. Graph of the relation between the concentration of sulfate and the altitude of the bottom of the open interval of the well for water samples from aquifers in sedimentary bedrock in the central part of the Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1987-88............... 43 TABLES Table 1. Stratigraphy of the Newark Supergroup and Quaternary sediments in the study area............................ 8 2. Records of wells sampled................................. 18 3. Physical and chemical characteristics and inorganic and organic constituents determined in ground-water samples................................................ 22 4. Maximum contaminant levels for selected organic compounds.............................................. 27 5. Statistical summary of pH of, and concentrations of selected constituents in, ground-water samples, 1966-88................................................ 28 v CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer Area square mile (mi 2 ) 2.590 square kilometer Multiply By. To obtain Mass mcrogram 3.527 x 10 -5 ounc e, avo i rdup o i s milligram (mg) 3.527 x 10 ounce, avoirdupois Volume milliliter (mL) 0.03382 ounce, fluid liter (L) 33.82 ounce, fluid Temperature-conversion formula degree Celsius (°C) °F - 1.8 x °C + 32 degree Fahrenheit (°F) Sea Level: In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Dataum of 1929--a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. VI GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE PASSAIC RIVER BASIN, NORTHEASTERN NEW JERSEY, 1959-88 By Teresa S. Czarnik and Jane Kozinski ABSTRACT Water samples collected from 71 wells in the central part of the Passaic River basin in northeastern New Jersey during 1959-88 were analyzed for selected inorganic and organic constituents to characterize the regional ground-water quality. Water samples were collected from three principal aquifer groups- -glacial sediments, sedimentary bedrock, and igneous bedrock. The glacial sediments consist of mixed glaciolacustrine and fluvial deposits; bedrock consists of continental sediments and basalts of the Newark Supergroup. Calcium and bicarbonate were the predominant ions in the ground water in the study area. Concentrations of dissolved solids, iron, manganese, and sulfate exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) secondary drinking-water regulations in water from some wells. The most frequently detected organic compounds were benzene, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. No regulated inorganic constituents were detected in the ground water at concentrations greater than USEPA primary drinking-water regulations. Ground-water samples from the study area were chemically dilute (median dissolved-solids concentration, 239 mg/L (milligrams per liter)) and slightly basic (median pH, 7.89). Ground-water samples were generally of the calcium bicarbonate type. The water
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