China, the Dalai Lama and the Question of Soft Power

CEU eTD Collection In partial fulfillment of therequirementsfor China, theDalaiLamaandth Department of Political Science Central European University Supervisor: Youngmi Kim Supervisor: Youngmi Kim Ekaterina Kurnosenko Budapest, Hungary Science Submitted to (2010) By

the degreeof Master of Arts inPolitical e Question of Soft Power ofSoftPower e Question CEU eTD Collection China’s politicalvaluesdoesnotletthecountry leaders nottomeet withtheDalaiLama. This soft powerwiththeexampleofinability authority, mainlydueto thelack the riseofChina’ssoftpower. attractive totheglobalaudience.And acompromise soft power,itneedstoimprovethecountry’s thesis concludesthatdespite thefact thatinr own softpowertheWest willinglyfollowsthe that are consistent with thoseof theWestern de of otherpolitical actors. While theDalaiLama Nowadays, Chinaisfarfrom beingamajor Abstract

ofsoftpower.Thisthesisde of theChinesegovernment topersuade Western ecent yearsChinahaspaidmore attentiontoits i human rightstomake itsnationalimage more mocracies, asaresult,in ordertoenhance its affect some political course oftheTibetan promotes valuesthatappearlegitimate and thesis argues thatlack of attractiveness of source ofinternationa withtheDalaiLamamight betheclueto monstrates China’s deficitof choices andpreferences spiritual leader. This l politicalpowerand CEU eTD Collection ...... BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUDING REMARKS...... 3 CHAPTER 2 –MEETINGS...... CHAPTER 1 – CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...... CONTENTS...... TABLE OF ...... I ABSTRACT 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2.5 China’s softpower...... 1.2.4 TheDalai Lama...... 1.2.3 Solutions oftheconflict 1.2.2 China’s strategytowardsTibet...... 1.2.1 Strategic importanceofTibet

L T F G T G F G T RANCE AND RANCE HE HE HEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ITERATURE REVIEW

ERMANY REAT ERMANY Table ofcontents H ISTORICAL BACKGROUND U U NITED NITES B NLSS...... – ANALYSIS ...... RITAIN VRIW...... 6 OVERVIEW...... S S G TATES TATES REAT ...... 27 ...... 37 ...... 28 ...... 10 ...... B RITAIN ...... 18 ...... 35 ...... 6 ...... ii ...... 42 ...... 15 ...... 14 ...... 25 ...... 13 ...... II ...... 31 ...... 32 ..... 24 ...... 23 .... .10 .. .40 .11

CEU eTD Collection http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jan/10/china-tops-germany-exports 5 4 3 2 1 world’s most populouscountry,as “Does Chinamatter politi challenge totheworld,contradicti economic powerandrapidmodernization ofnati Germany asthebiggestexportcountryinworld. China’s government wasthelargestcreditorofUnitedStates, Union andtheUnitedStates, measured onaGDP(PurchasingPowerParity)basis. capabilities. In2009Chinastoodas political power”, constrained”, andfinally,“China especially outside Asia”,m Matter?” Segal argues thateconomically Chin highest military expenditure after theUnitedStates. in itsdefensebudget,and2008forthefirs http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/wo “China’s Budget,” defense billion. d n https://www.cia.gov/library/publicatio

In 2008 China’s defense spending was US$ 57.22 billion, in 2009 - US$ 70.27 billion, and in 2010 US$ - 77.9 US$ -77.9 2010 in and billion, 70.27 US$ - in 2009 billion, 57.22 wasUS$ spending defense China’s 2008 In exporter,” biggest world’s becomes Inman, “China Phillip The Washington Post, “China Worried About U.S. Debt,” “The East Factbook, World Agency, May12, 2010, & Southeast Asia: China,” Central Intelligence (accessedMay 21, 2010). yn/content/article/2009/03/13/AR2009031300703.html Gerald Segal, Segal, Gerald Yet, thethirdassumption made bySegals Since 1999Chinahasdramatically improved In 1999GeraldSegalwroteanarticlein Introduction “Does China China “Does Matter?” 1 sinceinhisviewithasminor infl cally” remains centraltoworldpolitics.Ontheonehand,as GlobalSecurity.org ilitarily China“doesnotmatter somuch thatitcannotbe

Foreign Affairs Foreign s/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html isinnopositiontomatter much ng Segal’s first two assumptions. ng Segal’sfirsttwoassumptions. anuclearpower,asoneof rld/china/budget.htm thethirdlargesteconomy inth , , 78, no. 5 (1999): 25-33. 25-33. (1999): 5 no. , 78, 1 t time wasrankedthesecondcountrywith onal defensecreatethe http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- Guardian.co.uk a “matters relatively little tothe world, eems tobecontroversialandhisquestion uence andauthorityintheworld. 4 (accessed May 21, 2010). Chinademonstratesasustained increase Foreign Affairs its economic strengths and its military 5 Theenormous growthofChina’s (accessed May 21, 2010). , January 10, 2010, 10, 2010, , January the world’slargesteconomies, (accessed May21, 2010). asasource ofinternational e world,aftertheEuropean 3 andalsoChinaovertook entitled“Does China potential forposinga

2 In2009 CEU eTD Collection Joseph Nyedefinesasthepowerthatcomes from attraction tosharedvalues. authority in theworld;inotherwords,it growing economic might. ButChina’s political China’s image andinfluenceontheinternatio coercion and“carrotstick”policytoinducefa the worldaudience.AndhereChinahasproblems. channels ofcommunication,itisbecoming cruc something more thaninstruments ofhardpower.In theglobal informa the outcomes onewantsandtoinfluencethebe to ensurepopularsupport politics. power thatdonotalwaysguara cooperation withChina.ButwhatChinaposse China matters anditsvoicecannotbeignored,si 6 as oneofthefiveveto-wield with human rightsinth West rejectsanapproachoftheChinesegovern of theWestern democracies Chin perceptions ofChina’spoliticalmatters andvalues areusuallynegative, becauseintheeyes

Nye Joseph, Up tonow,Chinahasmostlyused “comma The increased political andsocial costs of using military force make itmore difficult Soft power: the means to success in world politics in to success the means power: Soft e countryingeneral,thatmakes it and tofindmoral justif ing perm

ntee obtainingthedesiredout a’s authoritarian regime lacks anent membersoftheUn lacks “co-optive power”or“softpower”,which 2 nal arenaaremainly basedonthecountry’s ially important towin“heartsandminds” of nce many of today’sglobalproblemsrequire ication fortheuseofforce.Nowadays,toget sses are capabilities and resources of hard sses arecapabilitiesandresourcesofhard ment totheTibetissu systemdoesnothavesufficientmoral havior of others,politicianshavetouse vorable behaviorofotherpoliticalactors. nd power”or“hardthatrestson (New York: Public Affairs, 7. Public 2004), (NewYork: more difficultforChinatosellits comes incontemporary world credibility andlegitimacy. The ited NationsSecurityCouncil, e andtothesituation tion agewithdiverse 6 IntheWest, CEU eTD Collection the Tibet issue andthemeetings withtheDalaiLama. interviews, andbyinvestigating communication, suchasnewspapers, recent analysis andprocesstracing.Thehypotheses promotion ofhuman rights. course oftheTibetanspiritualleader,andina democracies, asa result, inorder toenhance it Lama promotesvalues thatappear legitimate an country affectsomechoicesandpref political main arethat hypotheses lackofattractivenes government topersuade theWesternleadersno relations betweenChinaandtheWest? Dalai LamaignoringChina’sdeep dissatisfaction? The main research questions ofthisthesisare: controversy overTibetandthemeetings of soft power.Thisthesisdemonstrates China’ 7 international politicalpowerandau with Segalonhisthird assumption thattoday the extentto whichChinaisapolitical pariah”. positiv Gerald Gerald Segal, e image abroad. AsGeraldSegalunderlines The methodology ofthisthesisreliesonquali Since nowadaysattractivenessbecomes asigni “Does China China “Does Matter?”

causal processesandtheoutcome Foreign Affairs Foreign thority, andIarguethatitis Why inrecentyears have the , 78, no. 5 (1999): 34. 34. (1999): 5 no. , 78, ddition, uses the Tibet issue to press China for a ddition, usestheTibetissuetopressChinafora s own soft powerthe West willingly follows the 3 7 s deficitofsoftpowerontheexample s ofChina’s politicalvaluesdoesnot letthe d that are consistent with those of the Western

erences ofotherpoliticalactors.TheDalai Why dothe Westernleaders meet withthe China isfarfrom beingamajor sourceof publications, media reportsand recorded theWestern leaderswiththeDalai Lama. t tomeet withtheDalaiLamafailed? “thehuman-rights question best illustrates are testedbyanalyzingthecontentof tative researchmethods, namely content ficant sourceofpower,Itendtoagree How dosuchactions influencethe mainly due toChina’s lackof s ofthedecisionsregarding attempts of the Chinese My CEU eTD Collection what Nyecalls“attractive power” produce thepreferredoutcomes ormay getothers legitimacy ofsomeone’s objectives.NowadaysCh attraction to sharedvalues andrespectforsomeone’s authority orbecauseonebelievesinthe using threatsorinducements.Onecanbeattracted tosupportsomeone’sbecauseofan actions says thatoneactorcanaffectbehaviorof 8 clue totheriseofChina’ssoftpower. more attractivetotheglobalaudience.And to itssoftpower,itneedsimprove thecount analysis, and proposesthatdespite thefactthat of othersandthisstrategycanbeconsidered diverse interests. It illustratesthattoday Chin meetings, theconsequences,andshowshowdi United Stateswiththe DalaiLamainrecentyears.Itexamines controversyover these chapter focusesonthemeetings oftheleader issue, analyzestheex divided intothreechapters.Th Westerninability topersuadethe leadersnot to alreadyexistingliteraturebyshowingChina’ lack ofsoftpowerthatprevents theg outcomes it wishes,duetoitsinsufficientauth Nye, Soft Power Soft The scholarlylevelanalysisandresearch My theoreticalfram , 6. isting literatureand ework mainly buildsonJosephNye’stheoryofsoftpower,which

e firstchapterexplor 8 . The Chinesegovernment isnotalwaysabletoobtainthe overnment from obtaining particulargoals. another actorwithoutcommanding itandwithout outlines thetheoreticalframework. Thesecond a mainly usescoerciontoinfluencethebehavior 4 unsuccessful.Thethirdchapterisdevotedto compromise withtheDa inrecent yearsChinahaspaidmore attention s of Germany, France,GreatBritainandthe s ofGermany, ority, negativereputation ry’s human rightstomake itsnationalimage to meet with theDalai Lama. Thethesisis on thetopichasbeen s lackofsoftpowerontheexampleits fferent politicalactors ina hasresourcesofhardpowerthatmay tochangetheirposit es the historical background of the Tibet es thehistoricalbackgroundofTibet limited andIcontribute lai Lama might bethe try tobalance their in theWest andthe ion, butitstilllack CEU eTD Collection

5 CEU eTD Collection Press, 1996), 190. 190. 1996), Press, Smith, Jr., the Dalai Protector, precious Lama, Tibet,alltemporal aswellspiritual affairs.” in ruler of Warren isthe W. Martinus Nijhoff, 1964), 195-200. 195-200. 1964), Nijhoff, Martinus 10 9 Chinese propaganda and inadequateinformation react totheChinesemilitary intervention inTibetfor severalreasons, namelyduetoextensive in ordertostoptheChineseaggression,butw “original purity” of lama monasteries. TheTibetans attempted toappealthe United Nations eliminate thefeudalsystem ofslaveryimposed of Tibet“asameasure undertak made toestablishcontactswiththeoutside Tibet. TheLhasa authorities sent several offici the mainland, onceagain to thestudyofTibetissueandChina’ssoftpower,describes theoretical framework. China’s nationalities”. “oppressive colonialism andreactionaryexploita Central Government sentPeople’sLiberation independence as“anillegalge thereafter theCommunists came topowera and willnever associate with each other in future. Itis In 1913 the Tibetans also claimed independence and stated: “Tibet and China have never been under each other George Ginsburgs and Michael Mathos In 1949,thelocalTibetangovernment, seizing 1.1 This chapterprovideshistoricalbackgroundto thetopic,reviewsdifferentapproaches Chapter 1–Overview Tibetan nation: a history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations

Historical background 10 Ernst Benz notes thatthe Chines 9 proclaimed Tibet’sindependence

sture fomented byforeignimper en forthereformation ofTibetanBuddhism”, inorderto , Communist China and Tibet: the first dozen years ithout success.OtherBuddhistcountriesdidnot nd denouncedthe1949declarationofTibet’s 6 al foreignmissions, butnoseriouseffortswere decided that Tibetisani bytheTibetan uppercla world andtosettle Ti on theevents; duetopoliticalreasons, since tion”, and“torejointhefraternalfamily of Army toTibetputanend troops the moment ofpoliticalinstabilityon e officialsportrayedtheoccupation and expelledallChinesefrom ialist forces”. In1950,the ndependent stateand thatthe bet’s status.Shortly ss andtorestorethe (Boulder: Westview Westview (Boulder: (TheHague: CEU eTD Collection 12 11 “inaction ismorenaturaltotheBuddhist other BuddhistcountriesaretheclosestChina’s Taiwan anddisputeswithIndianprime minist in ordertoavoiddeteriorationoftherelations to encourageTibet’spro-Western on theinternationalarena.TheUnitedStatesbecam terms oftheagreement: reimposed China’straditional suzerainty over Tibe 27 May1951,whichendedalmost fortyyear to signthe “Seventeen-Point Agreement onMeas suzerainty overTibetanddidnot have much knowledgeaboutTibet;inadditi geographical remoteness andtraditionalisolationism, sothatforeigngovernments didnot Mathos pointoutthattheoutside worldignor http://www.china.org.cn/english/zhuanti/tibet%20facts/163877.htm of Tibet on Measures forthe 1965), 196-198. 196-198. 1965), TibetFacts& Figures 2005, “TheAg ErnstBenz, The religiousbeliefs,customs andhabits Lama… Thelocalgovernment ofTibetshoul system inTibet…[and] theestablishedst People’s Government… Thecentral authorities willnotalter theexisting political exercising nationalregionalautonomyunder affairs of thearea of Tibet…[In retur Central People’sGovernment shallconduct become apartofthenationaldefensefor Tibetan troopsshallbereorganizedbystag When theCommunists came topowerinChina, As aresultoftheChineseinvasionTibe Buddhism or communism: which holds the future of Asia? future of the holds which communism: or Buddhism Peaceful Liberation of Tibet,”

reement ofthe Central People's Go have material interests there. orientation andtohavetheDalaiLama asanally.However, thanprotestoranykindofaction”. on mostofthecountriesacknowledgedChinese 7 er, theU.S.onlysupportedautonomy forTibet withChiangKai-shek’s Republicof Chinaon neighbors; andduetoreligiousreasons,since of theTibetanpeopleshallberespected. ces ofthePeople’sRepublicChina…The ures forthePeacefulLiberation ofTibet”on n,] theTibetanpeoplehaverightof t, theDalaiLama’s government wasforced s ofTibet’sdefactoindependenceand ed thesituationin es into the People’s Liberation Army, and es intothePeople’sLiberationArmy, and atus, functionsandpowersoftheDalai e interestedinthes t, butfor thefirst time formally. Bythe d carryoutreforms ofitsownaccord… the centralizedhandlingofallexternal the unifiedleadershipofCentral (accessedMay 21, 2010). theTibetquestionattainedvisibility (New York: Doubleday &Company, vernment and the Local Government ituation there inorder Tibet because ofits 11 Ginsburgsand 12

CEU eTD Collection Press, 1996), 447. 447. 1996), Press, , ed.frontiers Morris Rossabi (University of Washington Press, grounds” aroundtheworld”. strategic goalforTibet wasto financial supportforTibetanguerrillaforces. unsuccessful, buttheCentralIn attempts topersuadetheDalaiLama to 14 13 from adefactoindependentstateto period from the195117-PointAgreement tothe Tibetan Government andtherefugeesintoexile opposition, andthenintonationaluprisingin1959thatledtotheflightofDalaiLama, the Secretary ofState(Herter),14October1959”,whichstates: “Memorandum fromAssistant SecretaryofSt under China,whichwasnotenoughfortheDalaiLam hard-line policyinTibet. uprising, theChinesegovernment renouncedth Warren W.Smith, Jr., Goldstein, MelvynC.“Tibet and [T]he argumentsagainstrec activities onbehalfof influence henowenjoysasoneofAsia States for political support. Thiswouldalmost certainly damage theprestigeand Dalai Lama theleaderof countries couldbeexpectedtofollowour that ofanindependentcountrywouldse people. IbelievethatUnited Statesrec world andmaintaining theDalaiLama as Tibetans theobjectiveofkeeping both UnitedStatesnationalinterestandfrom are strongerthanthoseinfa The growinganti-Chinesesentiments among theTibetansflaredupintowidespread Tibetan nation: a history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations theTibetanpeople.

To explaintheposition of theUnitedStates Goldsteincites generate“sympathy fortheTi telligence Agencywasstilli China in the Twentieth Century,” in in Century,” Twentieth the in China agovernment-in-exile obvious vor. Iconsiderthisconclusion ognition ofTibetanindependenceunderpresentconditions part ofthePeople’sRepublicChina”. renounce theSeventeen-PointAgreement were 8 ognition oftheDalaiLama’s government as Melvyn Goldsteinpointsoutthat“theU.S. e Seventeen-PointAgreement andadopteda 13 revolt in1959wasoneoftransitionforTibet to India. Warren Smith considersthat“the toIndia.WarrenSmith ate forFarEastern Affairs(Parsons)to ’s revered leaders an rve neitherpurposewell.Since veryfew

lead, ourrecognition 2004), 220-222. an effectivespokesman oftheTibetan ’ causealive in theconsciousness ofthe that oftheTibetans.We sharewiththe a’s government.a’s Therefore,theU.S. nvolved inprovidingtrainingand betan peopleonhuman rights validfrom thestandpointof ly dependentontheUnited Governing China’s multiethnic multiethnic China’s Governing now wouldmake the d wouldhamper his 14 After the (Westview (Westview CEU eTD Collection leader, butasapolitical Europe. Thiswasthe first time whenthe Dalai liquidation of “thetradition-oriented local government of Tibet”. uprising wasdeliberatelyprovokedbytheChines China’s exclusivejurisdictionandcontrol. the Chinesenationperhapswithsome “paperautonomy”, butinrealitytreatedaswithin Tibet into the Chinesestate. Peking withnotole 17 16 15 Lama launchedaninternationalcampaigntogain that marked theestablishment ofthepermanent system ofChinesecontrol inTibet. designated theTibetAutonomous foundedinSeptember1965 Region,whichwasformally traditionally constitutedTibetinto four different Chineseprovinces. The remaining area was Tibetan claims toindependence,theChinesego and stimulated more Tibetannationalism. the otherhand,China’shard-linepolicyhadfaile campaign hadfailedanddidnotachieveitsgoa under thePeople’sRepublicofChina. suggested thesocalled“middle way”,whichst Caucus andtothemembers oftheEuropeanParliament inStrasbourg, and in1988theDalaiLama deliveredspeeches totheU.S.CongressionalHuman Rights Goldstein, 2004, 211. 211. 2004, Goldstein, “The DalaiLama’s Dilemma,” C.Goldstein, Melvyn

Ginsburgs, Mathos, 206-210. In 1987,afteraseriesofunsu In early19 Melvyn Goldsteinthinksthatonthe 60s expertsstatedthatinthe leader arguingfordemocratic andself-governingTibet.

ccessful attempts tonegotia 17 Some thatthe1959Tibetan even considered 9 Foreign Affairs Foreign Chinaviolateshuman rightsandfreedoms ipulated ahigh-levelof autonomy forTibet vernment divided theea ls forpoliticalandethnicautonomy, buton Lama traveledand spoke notasareligious ration wouldmake Tibet future there wouldbetotalassimilation of d aswell,sinceital politicalsupportinth e hand,theDalaiLama’s international e authoritiesinordertoexcusethe , 77, no. 1 (1998): 87. 87. (1998): 1 no. 77, , te withBeijing,theDalai 15 Inordertoundermine ienated many Tibetans respectively, wherehe e UnitedStatesand stern landsthathad an integralpartof 16 In1987 CEU eTD Collection th ‘cultural genocide’inTibet.” their ownland;astheDalai Lama says,“this of Tibetanlanguageandculture,sincetheChin Tibet.” Inaddition,theintense operating outsideTibetandChina and “blocks accesstotelevisionand radiostati prayers andreligiousworship” allowed inmonasteries and“sanctionsplacedonTibetanmonks,includingprohibitions Tibetans tocarrypictur 18 operation ofthesystem…ofregionalautonomy within has resisted”.Secondly,Tibet“representsthema Republic of Chinashows“ability to Tibetan issueisofmajorimportance to their commonHimalayanperiphery.Ginsburgs and Mathosdefinedthreereasonswhythe arena ofstrugglebetweenPekingandNewDelh importance tothePeople’sRepublicofChina.It through policiesofcensorship, Thirdly, “Tibetfurnishestheoutsideworld with anopportunitytostudytherecordof part Free Tibet. The first part of the quotation is from “Torture” e quotation is from “Migration into into Tibet” isfrom “Migration e quotation is from “Freedom ofinformation” Many scholarsexplainthesituationinTibe 1.2.1 Strategic importance ofTibet 1.2 Literaturereview es oftheDalaiLama, therearere

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, andtheChinesegovernment bansbooksbytheDalaiLama immigration ofHanChineseinto http://www.freetibet.org/about/freedom-information surveillance andpunishm such as Radio FreeAsia,VoiceofAmerica andVoiceof maintain itsruleeffectively http://www.freetibet.org/about/migration the Chinesegovernment. Firstly,thePeople’s 10 policy of‘demographicaggression’hasledto ese occupationmakes Tibetansaminority in in stumbling-block inthewayofsmooth is consideredthattheTibetan plateauisan ons withTibetanlanguage newsservices i forpoliticaldomination andinfluencein http://www.freetibet.org/about/torture t from thepoint of view of itsstrategic theconstitutionalst strictions onthenumber ofmonks ent. For ent. in anarea whichhistorically Tibetthreatensthesurvival example, itisillegalfor (accessed May 31, 2010). May 31, 2010). (accessed ructure” ofChina. , and the third part of , thesecond CEU eTD Collection Asian Survey Asian the Himalayan region,sinceitis“abr agrees that Tibet isvery important for China from may wellhave allofSouthAsiawithin piedmont threatens the Indiansubcontinent; an who holdsTibetdominates theHimalayan pi region. Theyunderlinetheimportance ofTibe further expansionintoSouth Asiaandgivestheopportunitytowage“awarofnerves”in international level,Tibet’s roleisequally crucial, sinceitsupplies China withthebase for namely, the Sino-Tibetanpactof1951.”Ina 21 20 19 hard-line policy,whichlikelywillresu allowing the Chineseofficials torefuse negotiati policy andtheabsenceof threatof international sanctionsput Chinainafavorable position, and changedthedemographic compositionthere. rapid economic development strategy,whicha Communist Chinesewillingness policy, SecretaryofStateColinPowellsaidin2001: Goldstein, 1998. 1998. Goldstein, Himalayan Region,” the in aNewChineseStrategy toward Its and Moving “Tibet Neighbors: Mathou, Thierry Mathos, 206-210. 1-2; Ginsburgs, know thatthisisanotherexample ofthekind ofbehaviorthatwill effectourentire society. Ithinkwehavetoreenergizeour Chinese intosettleTibet. What seems to It’s avery difficult situati Melvyn Goldsteinclaims thatinordertost 1.2.2 China’s strategytowards Tibet , 45, no. 4 (2005): 504. 504. (2005): 4 no. , 45,

on rightnowwiththeChinesesendingmore more and Han to abidebytheterm idge betweenChinaandSouthAsia”. lt inincreasingalienationofTibetans. hisreachand,withit,allofAsia”. 11 t byparaphrasingafam ttracted many non-TibetanChinesetoTibet edmont; hewho dominates theHimalayan d hewhothreatenstheIndiansubcontinent ons withthe DalaiLama andto continuethe ddition, the authorsunderline thatatthe thepointof viewof itsstrategic position in beapolicythatmight welldestroythat rengthen itspositioninTibet,Chinaused discussions withtheChinese tolet them In Goldstein’sviewsuchintegrationist s of a solemnly signed document, a solemnlysigneddocument, ous proposition:“He

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21 Thierry Mathou Mathou Thierry Regardingthis CEU eTD Collection 23 22 politics toeconomics that willhelp to inte economic development oftheregion,inorderto to securecooperationwithalloftheTibet’s China’s goalsintheregion.Forthisreason,Chin development oftrans-Himalayan tradetoboostChineseexportSouthAsiaisoneofthe help totransform Tibetintoanimportant trad border defense capacity, willimprove communicati further acceleratepopulationintegrationbetw improvement of infrastructure willfacilitate th is apartof Chinaandthereforeitsmodern interests oftheTibetanpeople.Onother Chinese state,becauseeconomic reforms have expansion intheregion. accessible toChina’sforcesthan totheneig investments inhighway-buildingtheborde likely tohaveanimpactonChina’s rela the backward regions,triggered Tibet’s infrastructure development, andthisdevelopment is underlines thatthe“GoWest”policylaunchedby the Chinesegovernmenttoattractcapital Tibet’s modernization “as elements of China’ Goldstein, 2004, 226-227. 2004, Goldstein,

Mathou. 2005, 503-521. 2005, Mathou. Tibet. relationship. Andshowourinte On theonehand,WestcriticizesChina’s attempts tointegrateTibetintothe Thierry Mathoualsoviewsac 22

tive development oftranspor rest insolidaritywiththeDalaiLam grate Tibet further intothemainland China. neighbors, byincreasingatransborderlinksand hand, theChinesegovernme 12 ing centerintheregion.Heemphasizes thatthe ization isinevitable.Mathouarguesthatthe tions withtheneighbors.BecauseChina’s s strategyintheHimalayan region”.Mathou e tourism andmining industriesinTibet,will een TibetandChina,willenhance China’s shiftthecontroversyonTibetissuefrom hbors’ troops. Thismight leadto China’s r territories might make some areas more more areas some make might territories r negativeconsequencesandundermine the a istryingtonormalize therelationshipsand on withotherHimalayan statesthatcan tation andotheraspectsof nt arguesthatTibet a and the peopleof andthe a 23

CEU eTD Collection 11-12. 43. Press, 1995), University 26 25 24 separatist movements inXinjiang andInnerMongolia. China’s fear thatconcessions offered totheTibetangovernment inexilewillincrease reasons, suchasthereligiousandethnicaspects that theTibetquestionis“oneofworld’ from theagenda of International Organizations due togreat power interests. states… pursuetheirown interests”. Therefore,some conflicts,suchasTibet,areexcluded Organizations, asMiltonEsman describesthem may resultin evenmoreserious conflict intervention byinternational actors Tibetans havetherigh absence ofinternationalconsensusabouthow the Tibetan question is verydifficult toreso the DalaiLama, thefirstistocome toadram only hecanchangetheTibetansattitudetoward concessions andtheDalaiLama isthecentral possible only withanexternal assistance and onlyifbothsidesagree toanumber of predominate andTibetanlanguage,culture,re compromise thatwillensure thepreservation as amultiethnic state hasthe right to Barry Sautman, “The Tibet Issue in Post-Summit Sino-American Relations,” Telhami, Shibley Esman and Milton 83. 1998, Goldstein, Experts agreethatthe 1.2.3 Solutions oftheconflict Goldstein claims thatin ordertoresolve th t toindependenceandself-determi Tibet conflictisveryhardtose

International Organizations and Ethnic Conflict Ethnic and Organizations International to settlesuchquestionasTi maintain its territorial integrity. atic compromise withBeijing,whichisunlikely 13 figureinachievinganycompromise, because of aTibetanhomeland whereethnicTibetans s mostintractable conflicts”, duetoseveral lve duetoitsnationa of theconflict,duetosovereigntydisputeand tosolvesuchdisputes.Ontheonehand, China.Goldsteindefinesseveraloptionsfor , “remain politicalbodiesinwhichmember on theinternational level.International ligion flourish”,butsuchacompromise is is conflict itis necessary to come to“a 26

nation, but on the other hand, China nation, butontheotherhand,China ttle. MelvynGoldsteinstatesthat bet wouldnotbeeffectiveand Pacific Affairs Pacific listic controversy and (Ithaca:Cornell 25 24 Sautman agrees 72, no.1 (1999): (1999): no.1 72, Anyexternal CEU eTD Collection Information and International Relations, Central Tibetan Administration, 1997), 1. Administration, CentralTibetan Relations, Information and International 28 27 China. Interestingly, Goldstein believes that the Da convince theWest topressureChinaforconc encourage violent opposition in Tibet toprevent opinion, thesecondoptionforDalaiLama is supporters intheWest andfinallyresultin to happenintheauthor’sview all theleaders has been thatChinamightfly separatist activities. Former secretary of stat respect. liberation ofTibetconsistently problems”. TheNobelCommittee emphasized thattheDalai Lama inhisstruggle for the the solution of international conflicts, human rights issues, andglobal environmental awarded the1989NobelPeacePrizeforhis“cons either willacceptacompromise or Lama may failtopreventsuchs policy couldleadtoviolentdemonstrations by difficult forhimtoapproveopenlysuchstrateg international attention.However,theDalai Tibet in order todestabilize China or atleast International resolutions and recognitions on Tibet, 1959 to 1997 (Dharamsala: TheDepartment of 83-97. 1998, Goldstein, The Tibetquestion iscloselyrelated tothe 14 1.2.4 The Dalai Lama China views theDalaiLama notasareligi 28

, sinceitm advocatedpeaceful ituation. Inotherwords,inGoldstein’sview,theDalaiLama will implicitly supportviolence inTibet. ay dividetheexile e HenryKissingeroncesaid,“Thenightmare of apart again”.Therefore, theChinesegovernment 14 Lama’s commitment tononviolencemakes it threaten thesecurity in the regionand attract political andfinancial y. Buthisfailure tochangeChina’shard-line essions orwaituntilforeign forcesdestroy angrynationalisticTibetansandtheDalai China from doingbusiness there, totry to tructive andforward-lookingproposals for lai Lama hasa direct in to continuehisinte solutions baseduponto ous figure, butasa th DalaiLama TenzinGyatso,whowas community, discouragepro-Tibet

rnational campaign,to chaos. InGoldstein’s politician engagedin terest inviolence lerance andmutual

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CEU eTD Collection http://fora.tv/2008/07/26/His_Holiness_the_Da http://www.charlierose.c 31 26 30 29 others” it setsbyitsinternal practices and policies, large partfrom thevaluesanorganizationorco worldwide politicalresonance. “an internationally respected religiousleader motivations. Manyleaderssaythattheymeet the his moral image asaperson whorepresents dissatisfaction, theDalaiLama averyp remains interference inChina’s internal affairs. However, despite China’spressure and strong to threaten trustandcooperation withBeijing,sinceBeijingconsiders such actionas alwaysaskforeignl reason, theChineseofficials fears thattheDalai it willbecome possibletobuildaharmonious society. harmony andunitymust come from heartandbe Republic ofChina,butonly ifChinaacceptstheTi from China.Onthecontrary,itisinintere the interviewshedeclaredthatisasimple Nye, 2008, “His Dalai 26, Aspen the July Holiness Lama Institute,” Institute, The Aspen atthe Rose, “AdiscussionCharlie on , 2010). Soft Power, Soft 31 Nye argues“Ininternationalpolitics,theresources thatproduce softpowerarisein 1.2.5 China’s softpower The 14 . DeniseE.Zhengdefinesfivetoolsof th DalaiLama himself deniesallChina’ 8. o Lam (accessed May 21, m/view/interview/8740 2010). a mighta threaten China with Henry Kissinger,” Charlie Rose Web site, October 18, 2007, 2007, 18, site, October Kissinger,”RoseCharlie Henry China with Web

lai_Lam the territorialintegr Buddhistmonk andheis 15 a_at_The_Aspen_Institute#fullprogram and inthewayithandlesitsrelations with untry expresses initsculture,theexamples opular figureintheWest. Thismay bedueto st of Tibetans toremain withinthe People’s ”; howeverallofthese meetings receive eaders nottoseetheDalaiLama inordernot basedontrustandmutual respect,onlythen peaceormay beduetosome political Dalai Lamanotasapoliticalleader,but betan unique culturalheritage. Hesaid that China’s soft power.FirstisChina’s 30 s accusations ofseparatism. Inoneof

ity ofthecountry. notseekingseparation (accessedMay 29 Forthis CEU eTD Collection 1-9. Cooperation inth States,” in United the 32 is reassurance tostates thatperceive China’sriseasathreatand theprojection of of noninterferenceinstates’inte diplomatic strategyinthe“ThirdWorld”al economic incentives todevelopdiplomatic are theattempts toexpand itsleadership in underlines thatculturelaysafoundationofre Confucius Institutes, academic exchanges,ar power. Firstisthetransmission international influence. multilateral institutionsinor and China’s hospitality thatpositively affects bilateral relations. Fifth toolisparticipation in diplomacy; Beijingmore frequentlyhostsleadersofsmaller countries of exchangeprograms withthe are centraltoBeijing’spublicdiplomacy strate and representsChinaasares China isamajor troopcontributor totheU.N.peacekeepers thatpromotesapositiveimage “one-China” policy. SecondtoolofChina’sso money from the West. Theonlycondition for Ch countries sinceitdoesnotcome withthehuman and rawmaterials. Theauthorunderlinesthat investm Denise E. Zheng, “China’s use of soft power in the developing world: strategic intentions and implications for Joel Wuthnow suggestsChina’sthreenon-coer ent strategy,whichisinfl ent e Developing World e Developing Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States: Competition and Competition States: United for the and Its Implications Power Soft Chinese 32

der toboostChina’sinternational legitimacy andexpand its ponsible interna , ed. Carola McGiffert (Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2009), 2009), Studies, Strategic &International for Carola McGiffert (Center , ed. rnal affairsandmutualrespect of traditional Chineseculture toforeign actors, bymeans of goal ofpromoting Chinesela uenced bytheneedtoacquire so focusesonwinningfriendsthroughtheappeal 16 tional actor.Third areexchangeprograms that goodwill. Wuthnow mentions goodwill.WuthnowthatChina’s ft powerispeacekeeping andhumanitarian aid. spect andtolerancebyforeignactors.Second thedevelopingworld,especiallybyusing gy. Chinasignificantlyincreasedthenumber Chinesemoney isattractive todeveloping tistic exhibitions andotheractivities. He rights and otherconditions thataretiedto inese investment isthe acceptance of the cive strategiestoenhanceitssoft of statesovereignty.Andthird nguage andculture.Fourthis stable supplyflowsofenergy showing itsattention CEU eTD Collection World inthe Developing Cooperation and States: Competition the United for Its Power and Implications Soft Chinese Science Social and Political Acedemy of 1-28. 2008): the same time inthewaythatwo responsibilities. Inaddition,heconcludes,“China shouldexpressitselfinitsownwaybutat that thestrongisnecessarily claims thatforthisreason Chinashould cha the potential todevelop externally, American’s American’s Chinaimage usuallyisquitepositive; hegemony. WanginhisarticlecitesTerrilLautz, regime achieve legitimacy andtoimproveitsin threat”, because itisafraid of rising China that one ofthechallenges forChinaisthat programs toenhance socialjustice. easily degradeChina’simage asaresponsiblepowe Wuthnow alsounderlinesthatsome domestic pr As apartofthisstrategyChinaemploys 36 35 34 33 promote Chinesesocialist valuesasanalternativetoWestern values. Bonnie S.GlaserandMelissaE.Murphysuggest, itmight bepossiblethatBeijingwill the China-threattheoryandonpromotingcultu point outthatintheshortrun, responsib

Bonnie S. Glaser and Melissa E.Murphy, “Soft Power Yiwei Wang, “Public Diplomacy and Bonnie S. Glaser and MelissaE. Murphy. Joel Wuthnow, “The Concept of Soft , ed. Carola McGiffert (Center for Strategi Wang Yiwei,aswellotherscholars, ility, byengaginginmultilateral diplom

China’s softpowerpolicywillli threatening, buttoga Power in China’s Strategic Discourse,” the Rise of Chinese SoftPower,” the Chinese Rise of , 2008, 257-273. , 2008, 257-273. 33 rld canunderstandandlikestohear.”

c & International Studies, 2009), 10-26. 10-26. 2009), Studies, & International c passive andbenign-soundingdiplomatic language. and doesnotwanttolettheChina’sCommunist the Westpromotes thepe 17 nge theperceptionofin with Chinese Characteristics: the ongoing debate,” in in debate,” ongoing Characteristics: Chinese the with 34 ternational image, sinceitmay meanachieve Chinaimage tendstobe negative”. Wang ral softpower.While inthelongterm, as agreeswithWuthnow whosays,“When isweakandsplit, China atic activities andinte whenChinagetsstrongandbeginstohave oblems, suchasthesi r, thereforethereis in trustChinahasto The ANNALS ofthe American kely concentrateatcombating Issues & Studies

36

ternational community rception ofthe“China the needfordomestic rnational agreements. andalsopointsout tuation inTibetcan

35 So,many authors takeonallthe 44, no. 2 (June 2 no. (June 44, CEU eTD Collection Construction in of Attraction World Politics,” Construction which standsbetweenChinaandtheWest. policy toearnrespectoftheglobalaudien and credible,theChinesegovernment hastoin Therefore, inordertochangetheWest’snegati instance theycannotpersuadetheWestern leadersnottomeet w transnational level. Thisprevents the Chineseauthoritiesfromexpandingtheirinfluences;for worldwide criticism, itssoftpower weakens Tibet issue doesnotletChinaimprove itsim espouses and thelack ofcredibi 38 37 government champions initsbehaviorathome culture, itspoliticalvalues,andforeign achieve desiredoutcomes throughat usually associated with thena Dalai Lama, Iapplythe “Soft Power”theory its moral logic should beseenasacontinuationofhardpower power,andoperatesonthe a form ofcoercive politics ofwar,butstillsoftpowerisconstruc argue thatsoftpowerisnotsoinreality;despite that itismore appealingthanthe power Janice Bially Mattern, “Why 'Soft Power' Isn't So Isn't So Power' “Why BiallyMattern, 'Soft Janice Nye, Soft Power Soft In anattempt toexplainwhatarethegoals 1.3 Theoreticalframework The situationinTibe 38 , 5. . Nyedefinesthreemajor resourcesof t clearlyreflectsthepolitical

me ofJosephNye.Nyedefines lity ofitspolicies. China’s inab traction ratherthancoercion Millennium – Journal of International Studies International of Journal – Millennium ce andtobreakdownawallofmisunderstanding Soft: Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic the Sociolinguistic and Force Representational Soft: 18 ted throughrepresentational and undermines Chinapersuasionpoweratthe crease its soft power by adopting humanrights crease itssoftpowerbyadopting by differentmeans, andonemust stillquestion ve perceptionandtobeperceivedasattractive policies. AsNyeunderlines“Thevaluesa age intheinternational community,creates as suitable theoretical framework, whichis level ofsubjectivity.Therefore,softpower (for example, democracy ofWestern leaders’meetings withthe thesoftpower,namely, acountry’s valuestheChinesegovernm ility tobuild consensus onthe soft power as the abilityto 37 . However, some scholars . However,some scholars ith theDalaiLama. force, whichisalso ), ininternational , (2005), 596. 596. , (2005), ent ent CEU eTD Collection http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6290144.html strongly affectthepreferencesofothers.” 41 40 39 Communist PartyofChina, importance topromotion ofitssoftpower.In2007duringthe17 become amoretrustednation. audience of its legitimacy, tostrengthen itsimag therefore itisagreatstrategicchallengefo image.” “China’s greatest strategicthreat the globe.AsJoshuaCooperRamo says importance of foreignperceptions of China, course.Chinaisawareofthe to achieveinfluenceandconvinceothersfollowone’s institutions (workingwithothe what youwantthroughattrac power” “has become something ofanobsession”. others, ratherthanattracting.DavidBandurski Nowadays, theChinesegovernment hastheabilitytoget the outcomes wantedbycoercing traditional culture asthe resource for buildin to increase inthefuture. However,today People's Daily Online, “Full text of Hu Jintao's report at 17th Party Congress,” 7, Congress,” 7, Party at17th report Jintao's text of Hu “Full Online, Daily People's Joshua Cooper Ramo, Nye, Soft Power Soft cultural lifeinChinesesociety andinspire country tobetterguaranteethepeople’sbasic overall nationalstrength…We cohesion and creativity andafactor of In thepresentera,culture hasbecome amo In modern worldof politics,anactor’s ideological andculturalappeal toothershelps China hasapotentialforimproving itsimage 40 Howthecountryisperceivedabroaddetermines itsfutureintheglobalpolitics, , 14. Brand China President HuJintaosaid:

rs), (London: The Foreign Policy Centre, 2007), 12. 2007), Centre, Policy Foreign The (London: In recentyears,theChinesegove tion ratherthancoerciona and inforeign policy (pro must…enhance cultureaspartofthesoftpowerour 39

r theChinesegovernment toconvincetheglobal and itwantstocreateitspositive image around 19 the Chinese authorities mainly use China’s g soft power, andnotitspoliticalvalues. e, in order toenjoy international respect and growing significance inthecompetition in the enthusiasm of th Nye definessoftpoweras“theabilitytoget argues that in China the project of “soft argues thatinChinatheprojectof“soft re andmore sourceofnational important in theworld,and itssoft power islikely cultural rightsandinterests,enrichthe (accessedMay 26, 2010). moting peaceandhuman rights) nd payment”, buttheChinese rnment hasattachedagreat th National Congress of the NationalCongressofthe e peopleforprogress. todayisitsnational 41

CEU eTD Collection anthology, 2 November 12, 2009, audiences. its primary concernisabouthowtomake Co underlines thattheChinesegove 45 44 43 42 the Western tradition.They arenotparochial.” normative standardandsaysthat conditions ofminimal legitimacy andheci exercised withinthelaw. legitimacy. AccordingtoDavidBeetham, apoweris and Chinesevalues, and inthe eyes oftheWestern democracies Communistideology lacks Nye mentions, “Softpowerrestsonsome sharedvalues.” political valuesandchangingtheapproachto Communist Partyviewssoftpowerm important roleofnonstateactorsontheintern Chinese government’s policiesdono does notlet Chinatocreateitspositive image intheWest. Inother words,someof the particularly; thisproducesresistancetoChin West disapprovesChinesepoliticalregime Chinese authoritariangovernment with tightgovernment control 010). 010). Charles R.Beitz, “Human Rights asaCommon Concern,” in David Beetham, Nye, David Bandurski, “Is China's new communications worldview coming of age?” Soft Power Soft So, forChinaitisabout“r Nye underlinesthat“The information agehasbeenmarked byanincreasingly ed. Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 356. MA:BlackwellPublishing, Pettit (Malden, Philip and E.Goodin ed. Robert 42

, 111. The Legitimation of of Power Legitimation The http://cmp.hku.hk/2009/11/12/2926/comment-page-1/#comment-1092

44 Charles Beitzunderlines th

and withlack ofpo rnment understandsNye’sconcep cannotpersuadedemocratic c they “cannot berejectedasp e-packaging” propagandarather t contributetothegrowthof (London: Macmillan, 1991), 4. 4. 1991), Macmillan, (London: ore lik 20 a’s wishes,reluctancetofollowitscourseand mmunist propagandamore the situationwithhuman ational stage”.TheDalaiLama isaprominent generally,anditspolicy towards Tibet tes Rawls whoconceiveshuman rights as 45 e “attractivecoercion”,saysBandurski.He TodayChinaisanauthoritarianparty-state litical andcivil freedoms; therefore the Contemporary Political Philosophy: an an Philosophy: Political Contemporary legitimate if it islegally acquired andis 43 ThereisagapbetweenWestern at human rightsarenecessary ountries ofitslegitimacy. The eculiarly liberal or special to thecountry’ssoftpower. thanadoptingtheWestern t inauthoritarianterms and China Media Project rightsinthecountry. attractivetoglobal (accessed May 21, , CEU eTD Collection boundaries.” transactions –flowsof countries oramong actorsindiffere politics interdependence “refers to situations Interdependence” developed byRobert Keohane andJoseph Nye.Theysaythatinworld power. popularity, theWestern leadersmi the peopleincountry,publicopinionmatte interpreters andreceivers.” adhere tohis teachings. AsNyementions, so 49 48 47 46 Dalai Lama theworld leaders give him political cr domestic affair,bysupportingthe DalaiLama example andtoshowtheir commitment tohuman a respectforstatesovereignty.However,West internal affairand viewsthem domestic andforeignpolicy.” and recognizablefigurearoundtheglobe.Hisideas them. these affectedactorsrespondpolitic Since theactionsofstates,a costly effectsarethosethatpeoplecareabout. 157. Joseph S. Nye Jr., 270. Ibid, Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Nye, 48 Soft Power. Soft In thisthesis, toanswer theresearch questions,Ialsoapply“Conceptof Nyementions that interdep 47 Theeffects ofsuchtransactions depe The first quotation is from page 90, the second quotation is from page 16. Power in the Global Information Age: from realism to globalization

46 money, goods,people,andmessages acrossinternational Inthedemocracies leaderscannot nd significantnonstateactors

eetings withtheDalai Lama asinterference, whichcontradicts 49 Chinaconsiderseverything connected withTibetasan Power and Interdependence ght usethemeetings withhi endence “cut[s]acrossthe trad ally inordertoavoidtheburde nt countries.Theseeffectsof ft power depends “uponthe existence of willing 21 Theseeffectsgenerate characterizedbyreci . Beijingbelievesthatbymeeting withthe ern leadersinorderto rightsintervene inwhatChinaconsidersa edibility, whichisintolerable. Such actions rs, therefore,duetotheDalaiLama’s nd on the costs associated with them, and and them, with associated costs nd onthe andvaluesattractm (New York: Longman, 2001), 7. 2001), Longman, York: (New impose costsonothermembers, be indifferenttotheviewsof m toenhancetheirownsoft ten resultfrom international itional distinction between ns ofadjustment forcedon concern –andpolitics. procal effectsamong setagooddomestic (Routledge, 2004), 2004), (Routledge, any followerswho

CEU eTD Collection actors onaverysensitive power onthe example ofthegovernment’s inability following chaptersIcontribute totheexisting Chinese government failstopersuadethem not research questionsonwhytheWesternleader to Beijingandusuallyreceivehim privately. minimize costs.Forinstancetheymeetwiththe rights (whichareviolated inChina) with ot the Western democracies trytobalance theirpreferences, namely theircommitment tohuman issues; sincetheTibetquestionis at topofthemost sensitiveissues oftheChineseauthorities, The West needsChina’scooperation onveryim the choicesharderforboth sides,becausether economic andpoliticalinterdependencebetween 50 dissatisfaction inordertoavoid“theh human rights andruleoflaw;inNye’swo struggle forgreaterautonomy forTibet,andfo because ifBeijingdoes notprotest, more l China’s nationalunity. Asaresult,Chinahas torespond politically tothosemeetings, by theWestern leadersimpose costsontheCh Nye, Power in the Global Information Age Information inthe Global Power The theoryofsoftpowerandtheconcept for Chinatopic–Tibet.

, 164. eaviest costsofadjustment tochange.” eaders willmeet theDalaiLama andsupporthis 22 e might bethehighcoststostatesowngrowth. rds, theChinesegovernment itsdeep shows rce Chinatopursuethevaluesofdemocracy, her essential interests inChina order to literature by illustrating China’slack of soft Dalai Lama onlyafter their first official visit s meet withtheDalaiLama andwhythe inese government sincetheycoulddamage to meet theTibetanspiritualleader.In the West andChinacreatesfearmakes portant economic, diplomatic, and military toinfluencethedeci of interdependence helptoanswermy sion ofotherpolitical 50 Rising CEU eTD Collection 51 Tibet’s religiousculture organizations accuseChina ofsystematic violat claim toindependence.Butontheotherhand officially acknowledgetheChineseposition that therefore views theproblems inTibet The Chinese Governmenttraditionally considers dimensions, butithasitsweakplaces,oneofthem theextremel dimensions canbehighlyvulnerableonothers.” the meetings of theWestern leaders withtheDalaiLama inthepastseveral years. would infuriate Beijing stillreceiv leaders ofmany Western countr consistent with democracy, human rightsandresp peace. So,themeetings withtheDalaiLama show human rightsprinciples,sincepeoplearoundthe leaders. They trytobalance economic andotherinterests inChinawiththecommitment to leader, the DalaiLama, asafriend. Thisstrategy poses political dilemmafor theWest’s United States,France,Germany andother,trie Robert O.Keohane, On theonehand,nocountryrecognizesTibe As RobertKeohaneargues,“Evenastat Chapter 2–Meetings Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World Globalized Partially in a Governance Power and isbeingundermined. Theleadersh

ies knowingwellthat e him. Thischapter is mainly descriptive and dedicatedto as theentirelydomestic problems. 23 51 , some Westerncountriesandinternational e thatisoverwhelmingly powerfulonmany ion ofbasichuman rightsinTibet andthat s tohaveTibetansa ect fortheopinionsof Chinaisbecoming verypowerfulonmany world admire theDalaiLama asaman of Tibet ispart ofChinaandrefuseTibet’s Tibet as anintegral partof China,and thatofficialpoliciesofthecountriesare t as a sovereign state; all countries t asasovereignstate;allcountries the meetings withtheDalaiLama ip ofsome countries,namely the y sensitivequestionofTibet. , (London: Routledge, 2002), 277. 277. 2002), Routledge, , (London: nd theTibetspiritual others. Therefore,the CEU eTD Collection 2007, 2007, October 23, 2007, 2007, 23, October International, 2007, foreign minister andhisGerman counterpart affairs. Beijingcalledoffameeting withGermany’ independence, threat toChina’sterritorial inte officials, sinceChinaviewsal of thediscontent,Chinese government can 55 54 53 52 every level.” Foreign Ministry,GernotErlersaid:“TheChin well asanannualdialogueonhuman rightsbe relations.” meeting “hurtsthefeelingsofChinese The Chineseauthoritiescriticized andobjectedtoMerkel’s described as private and informal, butsparked adiplomatic crisis between Berlinand Beijing. Merkel became thefirst chancel government, Merkeldeclared:“aschancellor,I of howmuchconfrontationwith and inhispolicyofnon-violentstriving assured the Dalai Lama of “hersupport inhis e (accesse http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2473192520070924 Ralf Beste, Ralf Neukirch, RalfBeste,Neukirch, Chambers, Madeline “China afterDalaiLama more talks stops Germany visit,” Siobhan Dowling, “China’s Neurotic Petulance over Tibet,”

Spiegel, “China Cancels Human Rights Talks With Germany,” (accessed May 26, 2010). http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,511473,00.html (accessed May 26, 2010). http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,507471,00.html d May26, 2010). In September 2007, fourweeksaftervisi 2.1 Germany Merkel’s position in foreign policydivide 52 AfterthemeetingMerkel’sspokesman Ul 55

and Matthias Schepp, “Merkel Foreign Policy Is Bad Business,” IsBad for Policy Foreign “Merkel Schepp, Matthias and http://www.spiegel.de/internationa

l themeetings withtheDala lor whomet theDalaiLama atheroffice.Themeeting was Chinaisacceptable.Inres toward religiousandculturalautonomy.” people andseriouslyundermines China-Germany at theU.N.GeneralAssembly inNewYork, 24 fforts tomaintain thecultural identity of Tibet tween Germany andChina.Asdeputyinthe tween Germany grity andasinterference inChina’s internal (accessedMay 26, 2010). celled severalroundsof decide withwhom Imeet andwhereImeet ese arelettingusfeeltheirangeratalmost d theruling Grand Coalitionoverthe issue s minister ofjustice,talksbetweenChina’s ting Beijing,German Chancellor Angela Spiegel Online International Online Spiegel rich Wilhelm saidthatAngelaMerkel l/g Spiegel Online International, Online Spiegel ermany/0,1518,513067-2,00.html i Lama assupportforTibetan decision, andclaimed thatthe ponse tocriticism withinthe Reuters, September24, 2007, talkswithGerman , September 24, Spiegel Online Online Spiegel 53 October 15, Asasign 54 as CEU eTD Collection 2007, 2007, 12, 2008, 2 November 27, 2007, position, otherwiseChina’srespectforus 58 57 56 Tibetan spiritualleaderinDecember 2008atameeting marking the25 Nicolas Sarkozy,whileholdingthePresidencyof Lama also belongs tothat.” being observed ordisregarded, and Germany’s position here isclear, and receiving theDalai different things,butbotharerelated tohowwe deal with indicated: “Firstofall,my them French relations. China’s foreign ministry statement said: Sarkozy ofthreateningChina’ssovereigntyan awarding Nobel PeacePrizeto we donotletothersdictatetouswhom wemeet with.” most Western politicians. We knowhowimportant publiccriticism is…Itisagoodsignthat He argued:“We EastGermans happentohave instance, aChristianDemocrat, Germany’s 010). 010). RalfBesteetal., “MerkelFore DefiesChina, “Merkel Says Spiegel, RalfBesteetal., “Pressure Growing on . Iwouldliketoseeeveryonewithinthegovernment st http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,513067-2,00.html Despite thestrongopposition ofChina’sma capacities asFrenchandEUpresident… representations, President Sarkozypersisted in meeting the DalaiLama inthedual Despite theopposition andwarnings from th 2.2 France http://www.spiegel.de/internati (accessed May 26, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,519976,00.html ign Policy Is Bad for Business,” reception of theDalaiLama andmy dealingswithChina aretwo 57

Some officials stronglysupport LechWalesa inPoland.The Chinesegovernment accused She Would MeetDalai Lama Again,” o Merkel to FixSquabbleChina,”Merkel with nal/germany/0,1518,547029,00.html canhardlybeexpectedtogrow.” commissioner forhuman rights,GunterNooke. 25 d territorial integrity, and of damaging Sino- d territorialintegrity,andofdamaging personal experiencewithdictatorships,unlike theCouncilof theEuropean Union, met the sses andtheChinesegovernment’s stern e Chinesegovernment, FrenchPresident This erroneousFrenchactiongrossly Spiegel Online International Online Spiegel 58

whether ornothuman rightsare ed Merkel’sapproach,asfor (accessed May 26, 2010). Spiegel Online International Online Spiegel anding squarelybehindthis (accessedMay26, 2010). Spiegel Online International Online Spiegel th anniversary of the anniversaryofthe 56 In2008Merkel , October 23, , April , CEU eTD Collection http://english.aljazeera. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/e http://euobserver.com/9/27249 63 2 62 61 60 59 the Tibetissue,Ithinkwithinafewdays,canbesolved.” particularly withfreedomofthepress…once action…When Chinabecomes moredemocratic, with Europe…The originalinitiativeofsome whether EU-Chinarelationsandtradecouldsuff have France’sconductdictatedto,evenby Chinese enterprise.” that participatesinglobal to reality.” convictions. Let’snotmake thingstense.The Sarkozy replied: “Iam freeasthe French president and theEUpresident, Ihave values and sound atmosphere, norcanitachieveexpectedgoals.” China’s ForeignMinistryspokesman QinGang its summit withtheEU, claiming thatSarkozydeprivedthesummit ofagoodatmosphere. poland http://www.time.com/time/world http://www.france24.com/en/20081207-china-governme 2008, 7, 010). 010). Aljazeera, “DalaiLama talksriskEU trade,” The China Post, “Sarkozymeets Dalai La Sarkozy over Dalai Lamascolds “Beijing meeting,” ElitsaVucheva, Time, “Why China Keeps Picking France 24, “China vents its anger after Sarkozy meets Dalai Lama,” (accessed May 25, 2010). The Chinesegovernment expressesitsreso inte In protestagainstSarkozy’sde 61 rferes inChina’sinternal affairs and seriously hurtsthe feelings of China’speople. Healsoadded: “Onemust approach th net/news/europe/2008/1 62 BernardKouchner,theforeignminister ofFrance,said: “We cannot (accessed May 26, 2010). /article/0 governance. ChinaneedsapowerfulEuropethatgivesworkto

on Sarkozy,”December 2,2008, ,8599,1863013,00.html ma asChina fumes,” December 7, 2008, u rope/2008/12/07/186515/Sarkozy-meets.htm cision, China forthe firsttime ineleven yearscancelled 2/200812613485 Aljazeera.net 26 pressure,sometimes isnotfollowedby world doesn’tneeditandcorrespond China becomes an open, modern then China becomes anopen, society, our friends.”TheDalaiLama’s reactionon announced: “the summit cannotbeheldina announced: “thesummit er overthismeeting “Chinaalsoneeds was: lute opposition and strongdissatisfaction. , December, 7,2008. is calmly…the worldneedsanopenChina 7840567.html freedomofspeech,withrulelawand (accessedMay 26, 2010). n t-angry-sarkozy-diplomatic-dalai-lama-tibet- 63 France 24 International News 60

EUobserver.com Tothecritiqueinhisaddress (accessedMay25, 2010). , December 8,2008, , (accessedMay25, , December 59

CEU eTD Collection http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7411939.stm 2 http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/05/23/dalailama.visit/index.html#cnnSTCText http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21 Downing Street,hedeclared:“Noreasontorefuse.” by human rightsactivists.TheDalaiLama wasaske with theDalaiLama byChina,buthasbeenseve Brown became theonlyheadofstatethatha workers canbecreatedfrom theincreasedco 66 65 64 London-based FreeTibetCampaign declared: Brown ofbeingscaredoffendingtheChines Archbishop ofCanterbury,head Church. theAnglican “FreeTibet”activistsaccused in May2008notat10DowningSt offence causedtotheChinese andmet theDalai the businessfield,thereisnopoint important, buthuman aremore values important…While youaremaking closerelationshipin 010). 010). BBC,“Dalai Lama Olympics urges respect,” Robin Oakley, “Dalaidilemmafor West's leaders,” The New York Times, “Dalai Lama’s Britain Vis key, andheshouldthereforebe world…There isadeep-seatedpoliticalprob importance hasbeenemphasizedbythe setting, underplayinghisimporta but alsoasapolitical figure…Gordon Brow It isvitalthattheBritishgove In response,Brownsaid:"Ibelievethattens The Prime MinisterGordonBrowndida“dip 2.3 GreatBritain Nowadays theUnitedKingdom preferstotake

/world inforgettingaboutprinciples.” reet, butinareligiousenvir /europe/21tibet.html?_r=1 rnment treat theDalaiLama notjustasareligiousleader met inapoliticalsetting. , May 21, 2008, 2008, 21, BBC News,May nce asapoliticalleaderes , (accessed May 25, 2010). it Raises Questions of Protocol,” May 21, 2008, CNN.com/europe 27 -operation between ourtwocountries."Gordon s notbeensomehowpenalizedforhismeeting Lama asareligious leaderbywelcominghim rely criticized inBritishpolitical circles and e. Matt Whitticase, a representative of the lem inTibetandtheDalaiLama holdsthe of thousandsjobsinBritainforBritish Tibetan peoplea d ifhewouldhavegoneinvitedto10 n isrefusing tomeet himinapolitical 65 lomatic balancing act”tominimize the Healsomentioned: “Theeconomyis a softapproachontheTibetissue,in (accessed May 25, 2010). , May 23, 2008, onment atthe residence ofthe 64

66 pecially atatime whenhis

nd peopleacrossthe (accessed May26, CEU eTD Collection 2007, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8523319.stm http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibe Beijing 70 69 68 Tibet.html 67 state, and the United States, weregard Tibet David Milibandannouncedthat order nottothreatenprofitabl the Communist PartyofChina,“whereHuJi consequences.” EspeciallywhentheU.S.gove presence ofthepresidenthonorsaleader Kissinger in2007interviewunderlin president to appearinpublicwith th civilians, totheDalaiLama at President GeorgeBushpresentedtheCongressi the UNregardsTibetasindependent.” Tibet hasneverbeeninternationa autonomy inTibet.However,wedonotregard there. This remains ourview. We havestressed tothe Chinese authorities theneed for fuller regarded Tibetasautonomous, althoughwer Foreign andCommonwealthOfficesaid,“Successi However, in 1995theUKposition onTibetwas di 2 010). 010). Allen T. Cheng, “China Summons U.S. Envoy to protest Dalai Lama Medal,” BBC,“China at anger Dalai Lama-Obama meeting,” Tibet, with FreeTibet, UK relations Tibet,” over rule direct China’s recognizes “UK Spencer, Richard http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20 ’s direct’s rule over Tibet for thefirst The DalaiLama hasmet everyservingUSpresidentsince1991. 2.4 TheUnitedStates (accessedJune 2, 2010).

e tradewithChina.InOctobe the WhiteHouse. GeorgeW. BushbecamethefirstsittingU.S. theUK’spositiononTibetha http://www.freetibet.org/abou (accessedMay 26, 2010). lly recognisedasanindepende ed that“whentheCongressofUnitedStatesand 68

e DalaiLama andpresentingtheaward. 601080&sid=alxgKC t/3 time. Hestated,“Like every other EUmember 28 BBC News rnment dothisduringtheNationalCongressof 385803/UK-recognises-Chinas-direct-rule-over- as partofthePeople’ ecognise the specialposition ofthe Chinese independence forTibetasarealisticoption a separatist…itmust haveforeignpolitical onal GoldMedal,thehighestawardgivento ntao hastoexplain ve BritishGovernments haveconsistently fferent; oneofthestatements from the , February 19, 2010, Telegraph.co.uk t/uk-relations-tibet r 2008BritishForeignSecretary (accessedevbfgE&refer=asia May 29, s changedandUKrecognizes nt State, andnomember of Bloomberg.com s Republic ofChina.” his leadershipto2000 , November 5, 2008, 2008, 5, November , (accessed June2,2010). 69 InOctober2007 , October 18, 70 Henry 67

CEU eTD Collection Obama to Meet with Obama Meetwith Dalai,” to ticl http://www.reuters.com/ar week andnot twoweeks later or twoweek showing understandingofourn 74 73 72 71 remark: order toavoidinflaming tensionswithChina. meeting with the DalaiLama attheWhite House’sMapRoom insteadoftheOvalOffice in international strategysessiononIran. “extremely serious impact” on bilateral relatio foreign ministry spokesman saidthatthede assem

http://www.charlierose.c valerie- 2010, 15, February LynnSweet,“Behind Obama’s Meeting theWith on Remarks Ma Zhaoxu's Spokesperson Ministry “Foreign New York, the PRC in of Consulate-General “Bush Eckert, Paul and MattSpetalnick CharlieRose, “A discussion bled members oftheCommuni jarretts-tr/ China ismatureenoughwherewecanwork unique culturalandreligioustr about thetreatment ofTibetans.We urge [T]he U.S.considersTibettobeapart further undermined. to interfere inChina's internal affairs so between PresidentObama andDalai…notto independence", cancelimmediately thewr abide byitscommitment ofrecognizingTibe We urgetheU.S.tofullyrecognizehighsensitivity ofTibet-rela those issues wherewedisagree. climate, theglobaleconomy, andnonprolifer In response, WhiteHouseDeputyPressSecretaryBillBurton announced: In February2010PresidentBarackObama (accessed May 25, 2010). http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/02/15/behind-obamas-meeting-with-the-dalai-lama- o (accessed May 21, m/view/interview/8740 2010). http://www.nyconsulate.prchina.org/eng/xw/t661087.htm e/idUSPEK23054420071016 on China with Henry Kissinger,” Kissinger,” Henry with China on 73

ecessity, whyit[honoringtheDa hosts Dalai Lama amid Chinese outrage,” hosts DalaiLamaoutrage,” Chinese amid 72 aditions ofTibet…weexpect st Partyandhethereforehadverylittleflexibility of

74

Dalai Lama, Valerie Jarrett’s Trip to Dalai Lama,ValerieJarrett’s Trip India,” s earlier, preferably twoweeks later.” cision tohonortheDalaiLama wouldhavean 29 Before themeeting theChinese officialsmade a (accessed May 29, 2010). ns, andinprotest,Chinapulledoutofan as toprotect China-US relations from being of China.We havehuman rightsconcerns thegovernment ofChinatoprotectthe undermine thestability ong decisionofarrangingameeting ation, anddiscussfranklycandidly t aspartofChina onissuesofmutual concern,suchas hosted alow-profile“closedpress” thatourrelationshipwith lai Lama] had tobethis Reuters (accessedMay 26, 2010). and opposing"Tibet ted issues,strictly , October, 16,2007, ofTibetandnot Politics Daily Politics 71 China’s , CEU eTD Collection Tibetans inthePeople’sRepublicofChina” unique religious,culturalandlinguisticiden released astatement: “The presidentstatedhisstrongsupportforthe 2 75 greater autonomy forTibet. http://www.huffing 010). 010). Rebecca Novick, “Obama andthe DalaiLama: Image vs. Reality,” After the Dalai Lama-Obama meeting White

tonpost.c om/rebecca-novick/obama-a

30 75 nd-the-dalai-lama tity andtheprotecti , underliningthattheU.S.doesnotcallfor Housepress secretaryRobertGibbs The Huffington Post Huffington The _b_471229.html on ofhuman rightsfor preservation ofTibet’s , February 22,2010, , (accessed May 25, CEU eTD Collection (Macmillan Publishers, 2010), 1-17. 1-17. 2010), Publishers, (Macmillan 76 of theinternational communitythatwill capabilities cannotbeignored, democracies anddonotletChinatochangeits do notmake theChinesegovernment’s power has limited international appeal power status, because one of thecomponents However, hardpowerresourcesalonewouldbe in theglobal politics andistrying toget power, whileChina’spolitical influence issti present international significance mainlyre foster thepromotion andprotectionofhuman of theEUforeignpolicy;EuropeanUnion many countries.Human democratic rightshave and valuesappearfrequently,sincehuman right will result inmore pragmatic relationship. outweigh thedifferencesovernormsandvalues scholars argue thatthegrowinginterdepende building comprehensivecooperationbetweenChinaandtheWestern democracies. Some Taneja, Pradeep, “China-Europe relations: The limits of strategic partnership,” China’s influenceintheworldhasincreased dramatically over thepast decade, butits Chapter 3– Analysis The situationwithhumanrightsanddemocratic valuesinChinacreatesproblems in

but onlythroughsoftpowerCh , because alackof democracy, facilitate China’sfurther development. 76 lies onits rapidly growingeconomic andmilitary However,nowadaysthedifferencesovernorms 31 ll limited. China issearching for agreatervoice the outsideworldtoacceptitsrisingpower. has useditseconomic anddiplomatic powersto nce betweenChinaandtheWest willfinally becomecomponentandobjective aprincipal a greatpowerissoftpower.Chineseideology negative image intheWest. China’s material s areacentralelement inforeignpolicyof and createmoreleverageonbothsidesthat insufficient toachieve andmaintain great rights and democratic principles inthird legitimate intheeyesofWestern ina canearntheunderstanding human rightsandruleoflaw International Politics International , CEU eTD Collection http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/fiw/in (2009), –Tibet [China] the World Freedom in House, Freedom Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2006), 95. 2006), Bruylant, Bruxelles: (accesse (accesse 79 78 77 friendly relationswiththeChinesegovernment, that followedantigovernment protests.” caused bytheincreased military presence, roadblocks, andgreaterbureaucratic restrictions addition, Tibetreceivesadownwardtrendindica analyzes Tibetseparatelyfrom gestures towardimproved human rightswe the Chinesegovernment increasedrestrictions,tightencontroloverthemedia coverageand would besome humanrightsimprovements duri association arestronglylimited.men FreedomHouse indicates that thereareveryrestrictedci political rights becauseofseveregovernment rights scoreofthePeople’sRepub utmost priority.” countries. meet withtheDalaiLama. complex interdependence toexplain China’sinab in theprevious chapter;appliesNye’s theory http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/fiw/in Freedom House,Freedom in Mullerson, Rein RubyGropas, d May26, 2010). d May26, 2010). Merkel’s decisiontomeet th 3.1 Germany This chapter discusses possible reasons of themeetings with theDalaiLama described 77 WhileforChinatheconcerns forhuman Human Rights Policy Rights &Human Foreign Human Rights Diplomacy 78 According toFreedom House,China the World – China (2009), (2009), –China the World

Chinaandranks itwiththelowestlevelof freedom. In lic of Chinais seven,which means that there are few orno e DalaiLama, ignoringChina’ , (London: Routledge, 1997), 39. 1997), Routledge, , (London: 79 : The Case of the European Union (Athens: Ant. N. Sakkoulas, N.Sakkoulas, Ant. (Athens: Union European Case the : The of

vil libertiesandtherightsofexpression c_ c_ 32 re not founded. Interestingly, Freedom House Interestingly,FreedomHouse re notfounded. of soft power andKeohaneNye’theoryof of softpower oppression.Civillibertie country_detail.cfm?year country_detail.cfm?year shows herpoliticalchoiceofavalues-based ng theyearofBeijingOlympic Games, ting “deteriorationin ility topersuade the Western leaders notto tions thatdespiteexp rights are “certainlynotthe issueof is “NotFree”country. Thepolitical s pressureandendangering =2009&country=7743&pf =2009&country=7586&pf freedom ofmovement s scoreissix,which ectations thatthere

CEU eTD Collection Manchester University Press, 2001). The first quotation is from page 132, the second is from page 105. world.” and inalienablehuman rightsasthebasisofev shall bethedutyofallstateauthority.The the German Constitution says:“Hum communist EastGermany, thecountrycanonlybeonsideofhuman rights.Article1of against humanitywerecommitted, andafter the e German policy, foreign becauseafterGermany’ whether togiveapriorityhuman right 83 82 81 80 human rightstothepreferencesofChines unassailable anduniversallyapplicable,therefor important role.” difficult choicesofpoliciesandpriorities, interest. Therefore, governments that wantto differ from otherobjectivesofforeignpolicyin damaging German economic interestsin China. consequentiality.” Constructivism explainssuchlogicas“alogi and domestic society. Rittberger defines this approach as“norm-consistent foreign policy.” foreign policy,shapedbysocialnorm http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/GG.htm#1 Baehr, 124. German Law Archive, “Basic Lawforthe Fede PeterR.Baehr, Rittberger, Volker After World War II,support ofhuman ri Baehr underlinesthat“Human rightsisapo 82

The Role of Human Rights in Foreign Policy 83 German foreign policy since unification: theories studies and case theories since policy unification: foreign German 80 Asmentioned above theGerman Constitutionregards human dignityas Merkelshowedhersupportfor human an

an dignityshall beinviolab s ofappropri s (accessed May 26, 2010). s overotherforeignpolicyconsiderations. ral Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz, GG),” 81 German peopletherefore whichmean thatgovernmentshavetodecide 33 e government. Lama “What AstheDalai said I promote human rightsabroadhavetoface ery community, ofpeaceandjusticeinthe c ofappropriatenessratherthanalogic e Merkelcould notsacrificeherrespect for s Nazipast,whenthelargest scalecrimes PeterBaehrunderlinesthathuman rights thattheyarenotbasedondirectmaterial ghts became afundamental component of ate behavior sharedwithintheinternational xperience of livinginthedictatorship of , (Houndmills: Macmillan Press, 1996), Press, 4. 1996), Macmillan , (Houndmills: licy areawheredomes d civilrights,despitetheriskof le. Torespect andprotect it acknowledge inviolable (Manchester: tic factorsplayan

CEU eTD Collection http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7008931.stm http://www.eu2007.de/en/The_Council_Presid 86 85 84 voice” oftheEuropeanUnionforsixmonths, the Presidency oftheCouncil Europ Germany intheEuropeanUnionthat played line withChinaprobablywouldgain popularity oftheDalaiLama alsoinfluencedMe freedom…Perhaps thatiswhyshewantstoseeme, inspiteof allthepressurefrom China.” appreciate aboutMrsMerkel soft power. works fortheimprovement ofhuman rightsar rights, toshow thattheGerman government ag Merkel couldusethemeeting withtheDalaiLa industrialized nations,underth addition, in2007Germany assumed theG8Presid 42 percentattributedthesame qualitiestothepope. that 44percentof the DalaiLama morethantheydotheirnati In addition,according to astudycarriedoutfor July 14, 2007, 2007, 14, July 2 010). 010). Germany 2007 – Presidency of theEuro Deutsche Welle, “Germans Prefer Dalai Lama to Pope Benedict, Says Study,” China DalaiLama,” angers on BBC,“Merkel The decisiontomeet theDalaiLama in http://www.dw-world.de/dw/ the respondentssawTibe

, ishersteadyengagem e motto“GrowthandResponsib pean Union. “What is the Presidency?” Presidency?” “Whatisthe Union. pean article/0 popular supportofGerman people. ency/What_is_the_Presidency/index.html (accessedMay26, 2010). BBC News ,,2682475,00.html ean Union,whichmeans Germany was“faceand year. From JanuarytillJune2007Germany hold 34 ve-born PopeBenedictXVI.Asurveyshowed ound theworld,enhancingbythisGermany’s speaking onbehalfofallMember States. tan spirituallead the newsmagazine DerSpiegel,Germans like ainst violationsofhu ma asaninstrument forpromotion ofhuman , September23, 2007, 2007 couldalsobeconne rkel’s decisiontomeet him, andhermoral ency, thepresidencyofeightleading 85 ent ent So,domestic publicopinionand (accessedMay 26, 2010).

on human rightsandreligious er asarolemodel, whileonly DW-World.De Deutsche Welle, Deutsche DW-World.De ility”. Therefore,Angela EU2007.de man rightsinTibetand (accessed May 26, cted withtherole ,

86 In 84

CEU eTD Collection Tibet Web site, Web Tibet May 2 88 87 promotes theprinciplesofdemocracy, human world’s major religioustraditions”. Thirdishis the commitment to“thepromotion of re “the promotion ofhuman valuessuchascomp regarding situationinTibetmore prominent. Lama inDecember and May2008respectively, ma attracts newmember states. demonstrates thattheEU possessesextensive soft element intherelations betweentheparties. cooperation withthirdcountriesco both within itsborders and initsrelationswith for human rightsliesatthefoundationofEuropean Union,itpromotes anddefendsthem democracy, thecommon values,theruleoflaw their ownsoftpower.The hima result,theEUleaderswishtomeet with andsupporthiscourseinordertopromote EU member statesareattractedtotheDalaiLa peace anddisarmament, whichareconsistent with the freespokespersonofTibetansintheirstruggleforjustice.” Europa: Gateway to the European Union, Human Rights, Rights, Human Union, the European Europa: Gatewayto His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama “Three Main Tibet, Commitments,” of 9, 2010). 9, 2010). The 14 The leadersofFranceand GreatBritainfo 3.2 FranceandGreatBritain

http://www.dalailama.com/biogr th DalaiLama has three main commitment

power oftheEuropeanUnionco ntain aclausestipulatingthat (accessed May 26, 2010). aphy/three-main-committments ligious harmony andunderstandingamongthe 35 assion, forgiveness,[and]tolerance.”Secondis ma’s values and respect his moral authority. As dignity, universalrespon outsidecountries. Allagreements ontrade or 88 and thecommitment tohuman rights.Respect commitment totheTibe Theenlargement oftheEuropeanUnion http://europa.eu/pol/rights/index_en.htm poweranditsideasof llowed Merkel’s example andmet theDalai thatoftheEuropeanUnion,therefore king thevoiceofseveral Europeanstates s inlife. Firstishiscommitment to His Holiness14 the human rightsareanessential mes from itsprinciplesof sibility, non-violence, peaceandprosperity 87 tan issue,“toactas TheDalaiLama th Dalai Lama of (accessed CEU eTD Collection 2010, 2010, ws/wo http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/ne 2008, 5, people haveagoodfuture.” 90 89 popularity andtomaintain theirpositiveimage. be onthe“goodside”,promoting democracy and human rightsinordertoremain their unpopular leaders. world’s twomost popularleaders,whileChinesePresidentHuJintaoisamong themost conducted insixcountriesfor soft powerdependsontheexistenceofinterpre abstract themselves fromthecountrywherehum As theDalaiLama underlines:“Oneimportant f its wishes,namely itcannot persuade the Western democracies not to meettheDalai Lama. other politicalactorstoinfluen authority, theChinesegovernment havetoco soft power.WhereasbecauseofunattractiveComm preferences ofothersbyhisattractivepersonalityandmoral Parliament oncedeclared:“Itisour of moral authorityisvery,verypoor.”Hans-G expression andfreedom ofthepress–toomuch Because ofitsverypoor recordon human rightsandreligiousfreedom andfreedomof 26 France 24, “Poll says Obama, Dalai Lama world’s most popular,” Lamamost Dalai popular,” saysObama, world’s “Poll 24, France David Charter, “Dalai Lama goads China , 2010). http://www.france24.com/en/20100423-poll-sa The Western leadersdonotsharevaluesof The DalaiLam 90 Indemocracies public opinion matters a doesnotneedtouseth a 89

France24, President BarackObama andtheDalaiLamaare ce theirpreferences.Asaresult, dutytohelphisholinessthe14 as Beijingthreatens Sarkozy over meeting,” (accessed rld/asia/article5289443.ece May 25, 2010). ys-ob mmand andthreatenwith negativeconsequences 36 ters andreceivers.Accordingtothe recentpoll an rightsaredisregarde ert Pottering, thePresident oftheEuropean ama-dalai-lama-worlds-most-popular censorship – the image ofChinainthefield actor ismoral authority unist ideologyandthe deficitofthemoral reats orinducements, he shapesthe theChinese authorities andwantto France 24 International News, 24 International France , therefore theEU authority, inotherwordsbyhis Chinaencounterresistanceto th DalaiLama sothathis d. Nyeunderlinesthat andthatislacking. Timesonline, leaders haveto (accessed May April 23, 23, April December CEU eTD Collection 10. countries. the Tibet issue andincreasing interest of This strategy encouragingcivil disobedience in devised astrategytoboostseparatisminTi government inexilehasapoliticaleffect.Inhi 91 therefore, Goldsteinemphasizesthatalthough the UnitedStatesverymuch interestedin U.S. Thestablerelations withChinahave intervention ininternal affairs andthatwouldworsentherelations between Chinaandthe U.S. tosupporttheTibetans.While Chinawouldinterpret any supportoftheTibetansas that if the conflict results in bloodshed, then there would be serious domestic pressure inthe only important situationwithhuman issuefortheU.Sis rightsinTibet.Buthesuggests democracy issues.Hearguesthatincreasing more interested andinvolved in this issue, towards Asia)alters the U.S.cautious position United States.BarrySautman beli there isapublicinterest demonstrations demanding Tibetindependence,and portray theChinesegovernment intheunf Sino-American relations.Agrowingnumber of Barry Sautman, “The Tibet Issue in Post-Summit Sino-American Relations,” Goldstein underlines that officially theU.S. The Tibetquestion is becoming morevisible onthe international arena andinthe 3.3 TheUnitesStates

91

nd supportfortheDalaiLama andtheFreeTibetmovements inthe

eves that the changing polit focusing oncultural,reli bet byshowingthatithadworldwidesupport.” 37 the West inhuman ri s view,“TibetanexilesandWesternsupporters a priorityimportancefor theUnitedStates, publicinterestand toward theTibetdisputesandmakes theU.S. Tibet isconnected with internationalization of avorable light,activemedia coverageof the U.S. produced filmsaboutTibet,which the U.S.produced do nothavestrategicin pro-Dalai Lama broadcastsillustrate that ical balance(from theWest Pacific Affairs Pacific gious, human rightsand ghts inthedeveloping support oftheTibetan terest in Tibet. The , 72, no. 1 (1999): 1(1999): no. , 72, CEU eTD Collection May 2 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/ ticl http://www.reuters.com/ar resolution of theconflict. 96 95 94 93 92 witnessing therealityof theU.S.-Chinarela Economy, ChinaexpertattheCouncilonFo a posture that the Obamaadministration hasbeen adopting withChina.” America isspending,importing andborrowing America arebecoming oneeconomy,whereCh and closelyjoined,NiallFer escalate into confrontation. and Chineseeconomies aredeeplyintertwined;th imposing toughersanctionsonIran”etc.Onth addition, itwill“complicate effortstos Obama’s over U.S.weaponssalestoTaiw Dalai Lama. Ontheonehand,itisconsidered th preventing anyviolentconflictin compromise.” weak foundationofrealcooperation,andalack http://www.newsweek.com/id/212143 The Washington Post, “Obama meeting with “Obama DalaiLama Post, complicates February U.S.ties The China,” Washington with 19, The New York Times, “Obama Meets DalaiLama, a NiallFerguson,“Chimerica' isHeaded for Divorce,” MattSpetalnick, “Obamameets DalaiLama, angering China,” 83-97. 1998, Goldstein, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/18/AR2010021801412.html 5, 2010). 5, 2010). However, othersthinkthatthemeeting is Like otherU.S.Presidents,Obama denied 96

e/idUSN1116932520100218 92

93 19 Todescribehowthetwocountriesaredependentononeanother guson suggestedthe term “Chimerica” toshowthatChinaand

/world/asia/19prexy.html (accessed May 26, 2010). an, China’sundervaluedcurrency Tibet,inf tionship, whichismarked nd China is Quick to Protest,” February 18, 2010, 2010, 18, February Protest,” to isQuick China nd 38 Newsweek 94 e otherhand,many expert act the U.Sdonot much tofacilitate a (accessedMay 26, 2010). . at this meeting willescalate existing tensions the symbolism ofhis2010meetingwiththe ina issaving,exportingandlending, of shared values and commitment totrue of sharedvaluesandcommitment “the latest evidence ofthemoremuscular ecure China’shelponkeyissues suchas (accessed May 26, 2010). erefore itisunlikely reign Relationsstated:“We merely are Reuters , August, 15,2009, , February 18, 2010, 2010, 18, February , andInternetcensorship.In byalmost notrust,a that tensionswould s thinkthattheU.S 95 Elizabeth C. (accessed CEU eTD Collection more important”. China thantomaintain goodrelationswith percent sayit’smore importantfortheUnitedSt Dalai Lama and18percenthaveanunfavorable 99 98 97 by theirdomesticandinte and thusmore influenceoverhowissuesarefr pluralism, andautonomy);those withthemost culture and ideasareclosertoprevailing gl in theglobalinformation agethosecountriesar democracy, human rights,openness,andrespectfo Obama tomeet withtheDalaiLama toshow is goodfortheworldandwanttosetanexample. combination ofethicalprinciplesandnational 2004), 90. 90. 2004), (accessed May26, 2010). http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/18/tibet.poll/index.html Joseph S. Nye, Baehr, 83. Americans CNN,“Poll: Most independent,” say should be Tibet According toanationalpoll,56percentof

Power in the Global Information Age: from realism to fromrealism globalization Age: Information inthe Global Power 97 Fromitsverybeginni rnational performance.”

ng theforeignpolicyofUnited States wasa Beijing, with44percent 39 obal norms (whichnowemphasizeliberalism, accesstomultiple channelsofcommunication interests. Americans oftenclaim toknow what amed; andthosewhosecr e likelytogainsoftpower whose“dominant ates totakeastrong 99 impression. “Thepollalsoindicatesthat53 98 r theopinionsofothers.AsNyepointsout,

that officialpolicies Americanshold afavorableviewofthe Therefore, itwasimportant for President , February 18, 2010, 2010, 18, February , CNN International saying goodrelationsare stand onhuman rightsin , (London: Routledge, edibility isenhanced are consistentwith CEU eTD Collection resources increasingly attainattractiveness andimportance. and manipulation ofinterdependencecanproduce conditions inworldpolitics,powerisbecoming international arenaandadeficitofsoft to international rules and norms. influence on theworldarenaexaggerated and itca 103 102 101 100 the West; peoplearesympathetictohim, andconsiderhisclaims aslegitimate, sotheWestern benefit politicallyfrom supportingsuchcourse. coercion; so if the leaders follow thecourse its neighborsorassistinganti- think” anditmatters fortheWest onlybecause diplomatic theater” without requiringmate legitimacy isimportant partlybecause “people peace andtolerance attracts theothers andseem the behaviorofothers.WhileDalai Lama democratic statestosupportitscourse,andth authoritarian party-stateandCommunistid understands thegrowingsignificanceofsoftpow Keohane, 2002, 2002, 279. Keohane, Nye, Ibid, 35. Matter?” China “Does Segal, Gerald Power in the Global Information Age, Age, Information inthe Global Power I agreewithSegalth Gerald SegaldefinesChinaasa“theoretic Concluding remarks 100 and argues thatChina“matters far le rial inducements.” at todaytheChinesegovernment

Western forcesfurtherafield.” Foreign Affairs Foreign 77. power. AsNyeunderlines,nowadays undercurrent

103 40 erefore instead Chinausescoerciontoinfluence 78, no. 5 (1999), 24. (1999), 5 no. 78, In other words, attraction ischeaper than possesses extensivesoft whichpublicaccept as legitimate, they will eology lacklegitimacy andcannotattract will voluntarily support alegitimate policy, s legitimate. AsRobertKeohaneunderlines, “it canmake mischief, eitherby threatening The DalaiLama isaverypopularfigurein less coercive,becauseuseofforce,threats n besaid that China matters only as athreat al power”that“hasmastered theartof er andtriestoincreaseit,butstillthe enormous costs;asaresult,softpower ss than it and most of theWest has insufficient 102

101 TheChinesegovernment Inotherwords,China’s power, hismessage of authority onthe CEU eTD Collection threat tointernationalrulesandnorms. that canfinallychangetheperception thatChinaisjusta“theoretical power”whichposesa become might Lama Dalai the with compromise freedoms tomake itsnational image more a develop theprinciplesofliberty,rule internationally, agree tomeet with the their ownsoft power,and toimprove their and inconsistent with internationalnorms. Asa course oftheChineseCommunist government, whic leaders benefitmore politicallyfrom supporti

Since nowadaysattractivenessbecomes asigni Dalai Lama, despiteChina’sthreats. law,respectforhuman rightsandfundamental reputation and positive image domestically and 41 ng theDalaiLama thanfrom supportingthe result, the Western leaders inorder to enhance a powerful sourceofsoftpowerforChina apowerful ttractive to theglobal audience; andthe h seems illegitimate in ficant source ofpower,Chinaneeds to the eyesofothers CEU eTD Collection Bandurski, David.“IsChina's newcomm Cha Central IntelligenceAgency.“TheWorldF Beste, Ralf,DirkKurbjuweit,AndreasLore Benz, Ernst. Beitz, CharlesR. Beetham, BBC. “MerkelangersChinaonDalaiLam BBC. “DalaiLam BBC. “Chin Baehr, PeterR. Aljazeera. “DalaiLama talksriskEU trade.” Bibliography Beste, Ralf,RalfNeukirch,andMatthiasSchepp.“MerkelForeignPolicyIsBadfor mbers, Madeline.“Chinastopsmore 1/#comm Project, November 12,2009. 1996. (accessed May26,2010). September 24,2007. (accessed May21,2010). 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publica May 26,2010). Merkel toFixSquabblewithChina”. 26, 2010). Malden, MA: Philosophy: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7008931.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7411939.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8523319.stm (accessed May25,2010). http://english.aljazeera.net/n Doubleday &Company, 1965. 2007. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germ http://www.spiegel.de/int Business”. David.The a angeratDalaiLama-Obamaa meeting.” Buddhism orCommunism:WhichHolds theFutureofAsia? The RoleofHumanRightsinForeignPolicy. ent-1092 a urgesOlympicsa respect.” “Human Spiegel Online International

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