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Official Journal of the European Communities 24.5.2000
24.5.2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities L 122/1 (Acts adopted pursuant to Title V of the Treaty on European Union) COUNCIL COMMON POSITION of 26 April 2000 extending and amending Common Position 96/635/CFSP on Burma/Myanmar (2000/346/CFSP) THE COUNCIL OFTHE EUROPEAN UNION, whose names are listed in the Annex and their families. Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in par- ticular Article 15 thereof, By agreement of all Member States, the ban on the issue of an entry visa for the Foreign Minister may Whereas: be waived where it is in the interests of the Euro- (1) Common Position 96/635/CFSP of 28 October 1996 on pean Union; Burma/Myanmar (1) expires on 29 April 2000. (ii) high-level bilateral government (Ministers and offi- cials of political director level and above) visits to (2) There are severe and systematic violations of human Burma/Myanmar will be suspended; rights in Burma, with continuing and intensified repres- (iii) funds held abroad by persons referred to in (i) will sion of civil and political rights, and the Burmese be frozen; authorities have taken no steps towards democracy and national reconciliation. (iv) no equipment which might be used for internal repression or terrorism will be supplied to Burma/ (3) In this connection, the restrictive measures taken under Myanmar.’ Common Position 96/635/CFSP should be extended and strengthened. Article 2 (4) Action by the Community is needed in order to imple- Common Position 96/635/CFSP is hereby extended until 29 ment some of the measures cited below, October 2000. -
Eyewitness to Early Reform in Myanmar
Eyewitness to Early Reform in Myanmar Eyewitness to Early Reform in Myanmar TREVOR WILSON ASIAN STUDIES SERIES MONOGRAPH 7 Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Wilson, Trevor, author. Title: Eyewitness to early reform in Myanmar / Trevor Wilson. ISBN: 9781925022988 (paperback) 9781925022995 (ebook) Series: Asian studies series monograph. Subjects: Democratization--Burma. Government, Resistance to--Burma. Burma--Politics and government--1988- Dewey Number: 320.9591 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: Golden Rock Kyaiktiyo at Dawn by David Wansbrough. This edition © 2016 ANU Press Contents Preface . vii Acknowledgements . ix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations . xi 1 . Introduction . 1 2 . The Historical Contexts . 9 3 . Australian Ambassador to Myanmar . 23 4 . Working Under Military Authoritarian Rule . 33 5 . Myanmar in 2000: Ready Or Not For Change? . 57 6 . Engagement Versus Disengagement . 69 7 . Australia’s ‘Limited Engagement’ Initiatives . .. 83 8 . Encounters with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi . 97 9 . Bilateral Sanctions and Successful Alternative Approaches . 115 10 . Early Australian Public Diplomacy Possible in Myanmar . 129 11 . Reflections on Coming to Terms with Myanmar: Personally and as Convener, ANU Burma/Myanmar Update 2004–13 . 145 Bibliography . 153 Map of Myanmar/Burma Source: The Australian National University CartoGIS Preface The period between 1999 and 2003 proved to be quite an interesting period in modern Myanmar history, because it provided unusual insights into the political and other forces that propelled Myanmar on its pathway towards a transition to democracy. -
Eyewitness to Early Reform in Myanmar
Eyewitness to Early Reform in Myanmar Eyewitness to Early Reform in Myanmar TREVOR WILSON ASIAN STUDIES SERIES MONOGRAPH 7 Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Wilson, Trevor, author. Title: Eyewitness to early reform in Myanmar / Trevor Wilson. ISBN: 9781925022988 (paperback) 9781925022995 (ebook) Series: Asian studies series monograph. Subjects: Democratization--Burma. Government, Resistance to--Burma. Burma--Politics and government--1988- Dewey Number: 320.9591 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: Golden Rock Kyaiktiyo at Dawn by David Wansbrough. This edition © 2016 ANU Press Contents Preface . vii Acknowledgements . ix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations . xi 1 . Introduction . 1 2 . The Historical Contexts . 9 3 . Australian Ambassador to Myanmar . 23 4 . Working Under Military Authoritarian Rule . 33 5 . Myanmar in 2000: Ready Or Not For Change? . 57 6 . Engagement Versus Disengagement . 69 7 . Australia’s ‘Limited Engagement’ Initiatives . .. 83 8 . Encounters with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi . 97 9 . Bilateral Sanctions and Successful Alternative Approaches . 115 10 . Early Australian Public Diplomacy Possible in Myanmar . 129 11 . Reflections on Coming to Terms with Myanmar: Personally and as Convener, ANU Burma/Myanmar Update 2004–13 . 145 Bibliography . 153 Map of Myanmar/Burma Source: The Australian National University CartoGIS Preface The period between 1999 and 2003 proved to be quite an interesting period in modern Myanmar history, because it provided unusual insights into the political and other forces that propelled Myanmar on its pathway towards a transition to democracy. -
2000R1081 — En — 30.04.2003 — 002.001 — 1 B Council
2000R1081 — EN — 30.04.2003 — 002.001 — 1 This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents ►B COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1081/2000 of 22 May 2000 prohibiting the sale, supply and export to Burma/Myanmar of equipment which might be used for internal repression or terrorism, and freezing the funds of certain persons related to important governmental functions in that country (OJ L 122, 24.5.2000, p. 29) Amended by: Official Journal No page date ►M1 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1883/2002 of 22 October 2002 L 285 17 23.10.2002 ►M2 Commission Regulation (EC) No 744/2003 of 28 April 2003 L 106 20 29.4.2003 2000R1081 — EN — 30.04.2003 — 002.001 — 2 ▼B COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1081/2000 of 22 May 2000 prohibiting the sale, supply and export to Burma/Myanmar of equipment which might be used for internal repression or terrorism, and freezing the funds of certain persons related to important governmental functions in that country THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Articles 60 and 301 thereof, Having regard to Common Position 2000/346/CFSP of 26 April 2000 extending and amending Common Position 96/635/CFSP on Burma/ Myanmar (1), Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, Whereas: (1) In view of continued severe and systematic violations of human rights by the Burmese authorities, and in particular continuing and intensified repression of civil and political rights, and the failure of -
Working Under Military Authoritarian Rule
4 Working Under Military Authoritarian Rule Official day-to-day dealings between Yangon embassies and the military regime in Myanmar involved a good measure of pragmatism on both sides. In effect, this represented routine dealings with the government that was in effective control. Nobody ever suggested this implied any degree of consent or condoning of Myanmar’s military regime. The job of all diplomats everywhere is to build up networks of well-informed, independent, accessible, and reliable contacts inside and outside the host government, among political parties, opposition groups, and NGOs, so that they can report objectively, accurately, and in a timely way to their home governments on all manner of topics. Myanmar was no different, but the fact that it operated as a police state, with a highly visible and basically hostile intelligence service, presented some obvious problems. In the early 2000s, when the local people’s movements and activities were closely monitored by their own government, it could be very difficult to gather information, although it is now much easier to do this in Myanmar. After I left Myanmar in 2003, I was able, even then, to remain in touch with some of my most valuable contacts through the internet, and through my occasional visits to Myanmar. Australia maintained a very small embassy in Yangon: in 2000–03, we only had six Australia-based staff from DFAT and one officer from the Australian Federal Police (AFP), who had been assigned to Yangon 33 EYEWITNESS TO EARLY REFORM IN MYANMAR in 1999.1 Working as an Australian diplomat in Myanmar at this time was interesting, sometimes challenging, and occasionally one encountered the unexpected. -
Myanmar (Burma)
COUNTRY REPORT Myanmar (Burma) 3rd quarter 1996 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 40 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The EIU delivers its information in four ways: through subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through specific research reports, whether for general release or for particular clients; through electronic publishing; and by organising conferences and roundtables. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street The Economist Building 25/F, Dah Sing Financial Centre London 111 West 57th Street 108 Gloucester Road SW1Y 4LR New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, USA Hong Kong Tel: (44.171) 830 1000 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2802 7288 Fax: (44.171) 499 9767 Fax: (1.212) 586 1181/2 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 Electronic delivery EIU Electronic Publishing New York: Lou Celi or Lisa Hennessey Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Fax: (1.212) 586 0248 London: Moya Veitch Tel: (44.171) 830 1007 Fax: (44.171) 830 1023 This publication is available on the following electronic and other media: Online databases CD-ROM Microfilm FT Profile (UK) Knight-Ridder Information World Microfilms Publications (UK) Tel: (44.171) 825 8000 Inc (USA) Tel: (44.171) 266 2202 DIALOG (USA) SilverPlatter (USA) Tel: (1.415) 254 7000 LEXIS-NEXIS (USA) Tel: (1.800) 227 4908 M.A.I.D/Profound (UK) Tel: (44.171) 930 6900 Copyright © 1996 The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. -
Seekins, 2006
06-205 (01) Front.qxd 7/13/06 7:38 AM Page vi 06-205 (01) Front.qxd 7/13/06 7:38 AM Page i Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East Edited by Jon Woronoff Asia 1. Vietnam, by William J. Duiker. 1989. Out of print. See No. 27. 2. Bangladesh, 2nd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 1996. Out of print. See No. 48. 3. Pakistan, by Shahid Javed Burki. 1991. Out of print. See No. 33. 4. Jordan, by Peter Gubser. 1991. 5. Afghanistan, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1991. Out of print. See No. 47. 6. Laos, by Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman. 1992. Out of print. See No. 35. 7. Singapore, by K. Mulliner and Lian The-Mulliner. 1991. 8. Israel, by Bernard Reich. 1992. 9. Indonesia, by Robert Cribb. 1992. Out of print. See No. 51. 10. Hong Kong and Macau, by Elfed Vaughan Roberts, Sum Ngai Ling, and Peter Bradshaw. 1992. 11. Korea, by Andrew C. Nahm. 1993. Out of print. See No. 52. 12. Taiwan, by John F. Copper. 1993. Out of print. See No. 34. 13. Malaysia, by Amarjit Kaur. 1993. Out of print. See No. 36. 14. Saudi Arabia, by J. E. Peterson. 1993. Out of print. See No. 45. 15. Myanmar, by Jan Becka. 1995. Out of print. See No. 59. 16. Iran, by John H. Lorentz. 1995. 17. Yemen, by Robert D. Burrowes. 1995. 18. Thailand, by May Kyi Win and Harold Smith. 1995. Out of print. See No. 55. 19. Mongolia, by Alan J. -
Y2947 Economic Sanctions
Market Bulletin One Lime Street London EC3M 7HA FROM: Mark Etté LOCATION: 86/G5 EXTENSION: 6278 DATE: 17 December 2002 REFERENCE: Y2947 SUBJECT: ECONOMIC SANCTIONS – BURMA/MYANMAR SUBJECT AREA(S): EU Regulation / Freezing of Funds ATTACHMENTS: Bank of England Circulars re above ACTION POINTS: Compliance Officers to note and advise appropriate staff. DEADLINE: Immediate This Market Bulletin serves to advise the Market of changes in respect of the economic sanctions imposed upon Burma / Myanmar. On 22 May 2000 the Council of the European Union adopted Council Regulation (EC) No 1081/2000 which, inter alia, had the effect of freezing the funds of certain individuals connected with the government and other authorities in Burma. Regulation 1081/2000 was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities on 24 May 2000 (reference L122/29). On 22 October 2002 the Commission of the European Union adopted Commission Regulation (EC) No 1883/2002 which amended Annex II of Regulation 1081/2000 by replacing it with the Annex to Regulation 1883/2002. This had the effect of altering the list of those subject to the sanctions regime imposed by Regulation 1081/2000 and gives new identifying information in relation to some of those already subject to it. Lloyd’s is regulated by the Financial Services Authority 2 Regulation 1883/2002 was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities on 23 October 2002 (reference L285/17) and was issued by the Bank of England on 9 December 2002. A copy of Regulation 1883/2002 is attached to this bulletin. It may also be found on the Bank of England’s website: http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/sanctions/. -
1 Explaining Myanmar's Regime Transition
Explaining Myanmar’s regime transition: the periphery is central Lee Jones, Senior Lecturer in International Politics, Queen Mary University of London, UK, [email protected] Date received: 13 August 2013; final version received: 5 November 2013. Abstract In 2010, Myanmar (Burma) held its first elections after 22 years of direct military rule. Few compelling explanations for this regime transition have emerged. This article critiques popular accounts and potential explanations generated by theories of authoritarian ‘regime breakdown’ and ‘regime maintenance’. It returns instead to the classical literature on military intervention and withdrawal. Military regimes, when not terminated by internal factionalism or external unrest, typically liberalise once they feel they have sufficiently addressed the crises that prompted their seizure of power. This was the case in Myanmar. The military intervened for fear that political unrest and ethnic-minority separatist insurgencies would destroy Myanmar’s always-fragile territorial integrity and sovereignty. Far from suddenly liberalising in 2010, the regime sought to create a ‘disciplined democracy’ to safeguard its preferred social and political order twice before, but was thwarted by societal opposition. Its success in 2010 stemmed from a strategy of coercive state-building and economic incorporation via ‘ceasefire capitalism’, which weakened and co-opted much of the opposition. Having altered the balance of forces in its favour, the regime felt sufficiently confident to impose its preferred settlement. However, the transition neither reflected total ‘victory’ for the military nor secured a genuine or lasting peace. Key words: Myanmar, Burma, liberalisation, ethnic conflict, political economy, state-building, sanctions Introduction1 1 Research for this article was financed by an Economic and Social Research Council grant (RES-061-25-0500) for a project entitled ‘How Do Economic Sanctions (Not) Work?’ I am very grateful to Zaw Nay Aung, Kyaw Thu Mya Han and Aula Hariri for excellent research assistance.