Eyewitness to Early Reform in Myanmar
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Working Paper 100 EV
Myanmar Literature Project jrefrmpmaypDrHudef; Hans-Bernd Zöllner (ed.) Working Paper No. 10:100 Papers Presented at the Burma Studies Conference, Singapore 2006 Passauer Beiträge zur Südostasienkunde Working Papers ISSN 1435-5310 Alle Rechte © Lehrstuhl für Südostasienkunde, Universität Passau 2006 Druck: Universität Passau Printed in Germany Papers Presented at the Burma Studies Conference, Singapore 2006 Contents About the Contributors.............................................................................................................................. 4 I. INTRODUCTION (Hans-Bernd Zöllner)..........................................................................................5 Looking Back on the Way to a Second Level of Investigation ............................................................ 5 Looking at the Contributions of this Volume ............................... Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. Nationalism ............................................................................... Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. Political Terms and Political Reality ........................................ Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. Socialist Economics with a Question Mark .............................. Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. A Way Out ................................................................................ Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. Looking Ahead - Sceptically, not Pessimistically ........................ Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. II. Hans-Bernd Zöllner: INTEGRATING OTHER PEOPLES’ -
Myanmar Business Guide for Brazilian Businesses
2019 Myanmar Business Guide for Brazilian Businesses An Introduction of Business Opportunities and Challenges in Myanmar Prepared by Myanmar Research | Consulting | Capital Markets Contents Introduction 8 Basic Information 9 1. General Characteristics 10 1.1. Geography 10 1.2. Population, Urban Centers and Indicators 17 1.3. Key Socioeconomic Indicators 21 1.4. Historical, Political and Administrative Organization 23 1.5. Participation in International Organizations and Agreements 37 2. Economy, Currency and Finances 38 2.1. Economy 38 2.1.1. Overview 38 2.1.2. Key Economic Developments and Highlights 39 2.1.3. Key Economic Indicators 44 2.1.4. Exchange Rate 45 2.1.5. Key Legislation Developments and Reforms 49 2.2. Key Economic Sectors 51 2.2.1. Manufacturing 51 2.2.2. Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry 54 2.2.3. Construction and Infrastructure 59 2.2.4. Energy and Mining 65 2.2.5. Tourism 73 2.2.6. Services 76 2.2.7. Telecom 77 2.2.8. Consumer Goods 77 2.3. Currency and Finances 79 2.3.1. Exchange Rate Regime 79 2.3.2. Balance of Payments and International Reserves 80 2.3.3. Banking System 81 2.3.4. Major Reforms of the Financial and Banking System 82 Page | 2 3. Overview of Myanmar’s Foreign Trade 84 3.1. Recent Developments and General Considerations 84 3.2. Trade with Major Countries 85 3.3. Annual Comparison of Myanmar Import of Principal Commodities 86 3.4. Myanmar’s Trade Balance 88 3.5. Origin and Destination of Trade 89 3.6. -
Myanmar and FAO Achievements and Success Stories
Myanmar and FAO Achievements and success stories FAO Representation in Myanmar May 2011 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2011 Introduction yanmar economy did not undergo significant structural changes, even though it experienced different political Mand economical systems since it independence in 1948. The country is still an agro-based country in which agriculture sector is the backbone of the economy and main stay of rural economy. Some 20 percent of Myanmar’s 48 million people suffer from undernourishment, confirming that the nation has significant work ahead of it if it is to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of reducing the proportion of people suffering from hunger by half by the year 2015. -
Revitalizing Agriculture in Myanmar
Revitalizing Agriculture in Myanmar: Breaking Down Barriers, Building a Framework for Growth Prepared for International Development Enterprises | Myanmar DISTRIBUTION, CITATION, OR QUOTATION NOT PERMITTED WITHOUT PERMISSION July 21, 2010 This paper was written by David O. Dapice ([email protected]), Thomas J. Vallely ([email protected]), and Ben Wilkinson ([email protected]) of the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation at the Harvard Kennedy School and Michael J. Montesano ([email protected]) of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore. The views expressed herein are the authors’ alone and do not necessarily reflect those of IDE, the government of the Union of Myanmar, the Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, or the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. We wish to extend our sincere thanks to our colleagues at IDE/Myanmar and the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation for their contributions to the research and for organizing the complex logistics the assessment demanded. Partial funding for the study was provided by the Royal Norwegian Government. Revitalizing Agriculture in Myanmar July 2010 Page 3 of 64 Distribution, Citation, or Quotation Not Permitted Without Permission of IDE TABLE OF CONTENTS MAP | Union of Myanmar ........................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ -
Dr. Myo Kywe (Rector, Yezin Agricultural University) Dr. Kyi
Dr. Myo Kywe (Rector, Yezin Agricultural University) Dr. Kyi Toe (Associate Professor, Yezin Agricultural University) 1 Location Between Latitude 9˚32' and 28˚ 31' N Longitude 92˚ 10' and 101˚ 1' E Sharing borders with Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand Area is about 676, 577 sq km Extended about 2361 km from north to south About 1078 km from east to west 2 Population 51.702 million (2015) Male 24.936 million Female 26.766 million 1.01% annual growth rate population density 76/ square kilometer Climate Tropical Sub-tropical Temperate Season Winter Summer Raining 3 Agriculture Sector in Myanmar * Source: Myanmar Agriculture in Brief 2015 Myanmar Economy and Agriculture Myanmar is an agricultural country, and agriculture sector is the backbone of its economy. Agriculture sector contributes 22.1 % (2014-1015) of GDP, 20% of total export earnings; and employs 61.2 % of the labor force. Government has laid down the four economic policies of which one of the major economic objective is “Building the modern industrialized nation through the agricultural development, and all-round development of other sectors of the economy”. 5 AGRICULTURAL POLICIES To emphasize production and utilization of high yielding and good quality seeds To conduct training and education activities for farmer and extension staff to provide advanced agricultural techniques To implement research and development activities for sustainable agricultural development To encourage transformation from conventional to mechanized agriculture, production of -
Official Journal of the European Communities 24.5.2000
24.5.2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities L 122/1 (Acts adopted pursuant to Title V of the Treaty on European Union) COUNCIL COMMON POSITION of 26 April 2000 extending and amending Common Position 96/635/CFSP on Burma/Myanmar (2000/346/CFSP) THE COUNCIL OFTHE EUROPEAN UNION, whose names are listed in the Annex and their families. Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in par- ticular Article 15 thereof, By agreement of all Member States, the ban on the issue of an entry visa for the Foreign Minister may Whereas: be waived where it is in the interests of the Euro- (1) Common Position 96/635/CFSP of 28 October 1996 on pean Union; Burma/Myanmar (1) expires on 29 April 2000. (ii) high-level bilateral government (Ministers and offi- cials of political director level and above) visits to (2) There are severe and systematic violations of human Burma/Myanmar will be suspended; rights in Burma, with continuing and intensified repres- (iii) funds held abroad by persons referred to in (i) will sion of civil and political rights, and the Burmese be frozen; authorities have taken no steps towards democracy and national reconciliation. (iv) no equipment which might be used for internal repression or terrorism will be supplied to Burma/ (3) In this connection, the restrictive measures taken under Myanmar.’ Common Position 96/635/CFSP should be extended and strengthened. Article 2 (4) Action by the Community is needed in order to imple- Common Position 96/635/CFSP is hereby extended until 29 ment some of the measures cited below, October 2000. -
Chapter VI: FDI, Industrial Upgrading and Economic Corridor in Myanmar
Chapter VI: FDI, Industrial Upgrading and Economic Corridor in Myanmar Ni Lar, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Hiroyuki Taguchi, Saitama University, and Visiting Researcher, ESRI This chapter addresses the issues on inward foreign direct investment (FDI), industrial upgrading, and economic-corridor development in Myanmar. We first present the economic profile of Myanmar by comparing with other economies in Mekong region as well as its brief history. Second, we discuss the role of inward FDI in Myanmar. From a short-term perspective, Myanmar needs to accept inward FDI to participate in international production networks and thus to develop a manufacturing sector. This section represents empirical evidence on the linkage between FDI and the growth of GDP and exports, and investigates a specific issue to be addressed for accepting inward FDI in Myanmar manufacturing sector. Third, from a long-term perspective, we discuss the issues on industrial upgrading and geographical linkage in Myanmar economy. Myanmar now depends heavily on natural resource production in its economy, and also on labor-intensive production in its manufacturing sector. Thus, the industrial reformation should address how to diversify its industries towards a variety of manufacturing sectors and how to upgrade its industries towards upstream and high-valued manufacturing sectors. From the geographical viewpoint, Myanmar also now depends on spot-area development through its SEZ framework. For extending the economic impacts of the SEZ development to nation-wide level, the SEZ development should contribute to an economic corridor approach linked with 102 neighboring countries. 1. Economic Profile of Myanmar This section first presents the economic profile of Myanmar by comparing with other economies in Mekong region, and then reviews its brief history and the recent economic reforms.1 Economic Profile of Myanmar Myanmar has just opened up its economy and started its economic reforms under President U Thein Sein since March 2011. -
Burma Food Security Policy Project (FSPP) QUARTERLY REPORT JANUARY – MARCH 2016 FOOD SECURITY POLICY PROJECT Associate Award N
Burma Food Security Policy Project (FSPP) QUARTERLY REPORT JANUARY – MARCH 2016 FOOD SECURITY POLICY PROJECT Associate Award No. AID-482-LA-14-00003 Under LWA Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-13-00001 Submitted by Ben Belton and Duncan Boughton March, 2016 PROJECT OVERVIEW The USAID Burma Food Security Policy Project (FSPP) was signed September 23, 2014 and began operations immediately. The project is implemented by Michigan State University (MSU). Implementing partners are Myanmar Development Resources Institute – Center for Economic and Social Development (MDRI-CESD) in Burma, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and WorldFish. The overall goal of the Project is to promote inclusive agricultural productivity growth, improved nutritional outcomes, and enhanced livelihood resilience for men and women through an improved policy-enabling environment. Taking a broad view of agriculture, including the farm and off-farm parts of the food system, this goal will be achieved through increased capacity to generate policy-relevant evidence and gender-sensitive analysis that is used by stakeholders throughout the food system to improve policy formulation and implementation. This goal is to be achieved by two integrated objectives: Objective 1: To address critical evidence gaps for informed policy debate and formulation. The Project will generate, synthesize, and disseminate new knowledge on targeted policy issues for which the current evidence base is insufficient, and thus facilitate and encourage reforms. Objective 2: To foster credible, inclusive, transparent, and sustainable policy processes in Burma. The Project will strengthen the building blocks for Burmese national and state/region policy systems, promote inclusion of and dialogue among all stakeholders around critical policy issues, and disseminate globally sourced examples of successful innovation and best practice in policy system capacity building. -
LIFT Uplands Programme: Scoping Assessment Report
LIFT Uplands Programme: Scoping Assessment Report Prepared by UNOPS-LIFT Consultant Team: Aaron M. Becker (Team Leader) U San Thein (Livelihoods Expert) U Cin Tham Kham (Livelihoods Expert) Ms. Channsitha Mark (Political Expert) With assistance of Mary Callahan (Political Advisor) (Revised version, edited by LIFT FMO) July 2015 This assignment is supported and guided by the Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT), managed by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). This report does not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of UNOPS, LIFT’s donor consortia or partner governments. LIFT-Uplands Programme, Scoping Assessment Report 2 Table of Contents List of Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................6 Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................9 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.1. LIFT strategy .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.2. Rationale supporting a distinct LIFT ‘Upland Areas’ programme .......................................... 12 1.3. The assignment...................................................................................................................... 14 1.4. Gaps in knowledge and further consultations -
On 9Th March 2002, Major General Kyaw Win, Vice-Chief of Defence
3/2002 WILL THE FAILED COUP ATTEMPT DERAIL THE ONGOING NATIONAL RECONCILIATION AND POLITICAL TRANSITION IN MYANMAR? Maung Aung Myoe1 March 2002 On 7 March 2002, news came out from Myanmar that the government had arrested the son-in-law, U Aye Zaw Win, and three grandsons, Aye Ne Win, Kyaw Ne Win, and Zwe Ne Win, of U Ne Win, who ruled the country between 1962 and 1988. Many people believed that U Ne Win (or General Ne Win) continued to yield and exercise influence among top military commanders who formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), later transformed into the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) in November 1997, after the military takeover in September 1988. Some analysts interpreted the event of 7 March as an indication of 'the end of the Ne Win era'. Two days later, on 9 March, at a special conference, Major General Kyaw Win, Vice-Chief of Defence Services Intelligence, explained that the four were arrested in connection with a coup attempt. Additional information on the event was given at special press conferences on 12 and 18 March. According to the information provided by Major General Kyaw Win, the coup plotters had planned to win over some military commanders and to use their troops to overpower and disarm security forces at the residences of the top three regime leaders – Senior General Than Shwe (Chairman of the SPDC and Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Armed Forces), General Maung Aye (Vice Chairman of the SPDC and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Armed Forces cum Commander-in-Chief of Army) and Lieutenant General Khin Nyunt (Secretary-1 of the SPDC and Chief of Defence Services Intelligence Bureau). -
COMMON POSITION 2009/615/CFSP of 13 August 2009 Amending Common Position 2006/318/CFSP Renewing Restrictive Measures Against Burma/Myanmar
L 210/38 EN Official Journal of the European Union 14.8.2009 III (Acts adopted under the EU Treaty) ACTS ADOPTED UNDER TITLE V OF THE EU TREATY COUNCIL COMMON POSITION 2009/615/CFSP of 13 August 2009 amending Common Position 2006/318/CFSP renewing restrictive measures against Burma/Myanmar THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, (5) Moreover, the Council considers it necessary to amend the lists of persons and entities subject to the restrictive Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in measures in order to extend the assets freeze to enter particular Article 15 thereof, prises that are owned or controlled by members of the regime in Burma/Myanmar or by persons or entities associated with them, Whereas: HAS ADOPTED THIS COMMON POSITION: (1) On 27 April 2006, the Council adopted Common Article 1 Position 2006/318/CFSP renewing restrictive measures against Burma/Myanmar ( 1). Annexes II and III to Common Position 2006/318/CFSP shall be replaced by the texts of Annexes I and II to this Common Position. (2) Council Common Position 2009/351/CFSP ( 2) of 27 April 2009 extended until 30 April 2010 the Article 2 restrictive measures imposed by Common Position 2006/318/CFSP. This Common Position shall take effect on the date of its adoption. (3) On 11 August 2009, the European Union condemned Article 3 the verdict against Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and This Common Position shall be published in the Official Journal announced that it will respond with additional targeted of the European Union. restrictive measures. -
Jade: Myanmar's “Big State Secret”
JADE: MYANMAR’S “BIG STATE SECRET” OCTOBER 2015 2 JADE: MYANMAR’S “BIG STATE SECRET” ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report would not have been possible without the many organisations and individuals who have contributed their time, knowledge and expertise. We would like to thank in particular Myanmar’s Ministry of Mines, Myanmar Gems Enterprise and the Myanmar Gems and Jewellery Entrepreneurs Association for the data and assistance they have provided. We thank too the companies which have taken the time to share information and their perspectives on the jade industry. These include large firms such as Myanma Economic Holdings Limited, Htoo Group, KBZ, Max Myanmar, Myanmar Takaung and the Ruby Dragon Group as well as small-scale miners based in Hpakant. In analysing company records, Global Witness has benefited from the invaluable support of OpenCorporates and the Open Knowledge Foundation. In reviewing the environmental and social impacts of jade mining, we have been able to draw on research findings generously shared with us by the Kachin Development Networking Group (KDNG). We also appreciate the assistance we have had from a range of expert contributors including Tom Kramer, Mathieu Pellerin, Bertil Lintner, Yeshua Moser-Puangswan and Kevin Woods. JADE: MYANMAR’S “BIG STATE SECRET” 3 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 Who’s who, and how much are they making? 10 Jade and armed conflict 14 Opportunities for reform and the role of Myanmar’s international partners 15 Recommendations 19 METHODOLOGY AND REPORT STRUCTURE 22 CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS IT WORTH AND