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n Symbols Concerned with the UK n The Monarchy & Royal Family Members n Icons of British Television British Invasion Wydanie specjalne English Matters Maj 2011 Wydanie

– Export Hits from the UK ISSN 1896-4184 INDEKS 268399 NAKŁAD: 15000 inside English Matters UK

4| The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – General Info

6| UK Symbols mp3

12| Religion in Great Britain

16| The British Honours System

18| The British Monarchy

23| Reuters – the Global Agency mp3

26| (Tele)visionary! The Best of British Broadcasting

32| British Invasion mp3

36| British Entrepreneur with Social Conscience – Anita Roddick mp3

39| “Elementary, my Dear Watson” fot. Sergey Sukhorukov Sergey fot. general info THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

AREA: 244,820 km2 Cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of the shield there is a guardant lion in POPULATION: 62,041,708 Scotland). a crown and to the left – a Scottish POLITICAL SYSTEM: Parliamentary unicorn. The coat features the motto Monarchy NATIONAL ANTHEM: ‘God Save the of English monarchs, ‘Dieu et mon PARLIAMENT: House of Lords Queen’ (alternatively ‘God Save the droit’ (God and my right). (upper house) + House of Commons King’, depending on the monarch). (lower house) OFFICIAL LANGUAGE: English MONARCH: Elizabeth II COAT OF ARMS: The Royal Coat of RECOGNISED OFFICIAL PRIME MINISTER: David Cameron Arms of the United Kingdom (official LANGUAGES: Irish, Ulster Scots, CAPITAL: London coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth II) Scottish Gaelic, Scots, Welsh, Cornish featuring a shield divided in four FLAG: ‘Union Jack’ – consists of the parts with two of them presenting the LARGEST CITY: London red Cross of Saint George (patron guardant lions of England (three on LONGEST RIVER: Severn (354 km) saint of England), the Cross of St Pat- each) and an Irish harp and rampant HIGHEST MOUNTAIN PEAK: Ben rick (patron saint of Ireland) and the lion on the other two. To the left of Nevis (1,344 metres)

4 english matters UK 2/2011 general info POLITICAL DIVISION: The UK consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

SCOTLAND CAPITAL CITY: Edinburgh FLAG: St Andrew’s Cross

PLANT SYMBOL: Thistle SCOTLAND COLOUR: Blue PATRON SAINT: St Andrew NORTHERN IRELAND SAINT’S DAY: 30 November CAPITAL CITY: Belfast FLAG: St Patrick’s Cross

PLANT SYMBOL: Shamrock COLOUR: Green PATRON SAINT: St Patrick SAINT’S DAY: 17 March

NORTHERN IRELAND ENGLAND CAPITAL CITY: London FLAG: St George’s Cross

PLANT SYMBOL: Rose COLOUR: White PATRON SAINT: St George SAINT’S DAY: 23 April

ENGLAND

R E K L A M A wales

WALES CAPITAL CITY: Cardiff FLAG: Dragon of Cadwallader

PLANT SYMBOL: Leek/Daffodil COLOUR: Red PATRON SAINT: St David SAINT’S DAY: 1 March

english matters UK 2/2011 5 symbols Whenever you think of the United Kingdom, you immediately see in your mind’s eye things, colours and images which are irrevocably connected with this part of the world. by Maria Dasiewicz

kod dostępu: UKSM34 MP3 em.colorfulmedia.pl

Big Ben Over the years, this imposing clock tower has turned into a significant symbol of the UK. Probably the largest four-faced clock in existence, Big Ben celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. At first, it was the enormous bell within the tower that does the chiming that was dubbed ‘Big Ben,’ however, gradually the name was extended to the clock and eventu- ally the whole tower. The building often makes an appearance in the media, and whenever a film’s action takes place in London, it has to appear in the shot.

to see sth in one’s mind’s eye – widzieć coś anniversary – rocznica oczyma duszy enormous – ogromny, olbrzymi irrevocably – nieodwołalnie chime – kurant, dzwonienie imposing – imponujący, olśniewający dubbed – ochrzczony (mianem), nazwany to turn into – zmienić się w gradually – stopniowo significant – znaczący to make an appearance – pojawiać się (gdzieś), four-faced – tu: skierowany na cztery strony wystąpić (np. publicznie) świata shot – ujęcie in existence – istniejący UK SYMBOLS

6 english matters UK 2/2011 symbols

The Union Jack The Queen The Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, also known as the Union Queen Elizabeth Jack, is in fact a skilful combination of the three II and the Royal symbols of the three patron saints of England, Family are the Ireland and Scotland. There is St George’s national sym- red cross on a white background for England; bol of the there’s the red cross of St Patrick, which has perfect fam- the shape of a letter X on a white background ily. Although for Ireland, and finally, there’s a white x-shaped royalty occupy the most el- cross on a blue background, the symbol of evated rank within British society, St Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. Wales, with the notions of stability, whose flag depicts a red dragon on a white and and morality attached to them, they green background, is not represented on the perform mainly representative func- Union Flag. tions and are one of the major tour- ist attractions in the UK. the Union Jack – flaga brytyjska skilful – sprawny, zręczny royalty – członkowie rodziny królewskiej patron saint – (święty) patron elevated – podniosły, wysoki background – tło notion – pojęcie, pogląd to depict – przedstawiać to perform – wykonywać, występować

Foot Guards Afternoon Tea Foot Guards belong to the Traditionally, afternoon tea is Queen’s Guard. Attired in red served at 4 o’clock, and comprises jackets and tall, furry, black bearskin foot guards – gwardia piesza of tea or coffee served along with hats, they carry out their duties and to attire – odziewać się a small snack: uphold the traditions and ceremonies bearskin hat – bermyca (niedźwiedzia czapka) – cucumber sandwiches with the of the past. 45.7 cm-tall and weigh- to carry out sb’s duties – wykonywać czyjeś crusts cut off ing about 0.7 kg, the bearskins make zadania/obowiązki – pastries, or the guards look more intimidating to uphold the traditions – stać na straży – fresh scones with cream and jam and much taller. These massive hats tradycji Although nowadays many people are made of bearskin from brown intimidating – przerażający cannot partake in this traditional bears, which reside in Canada. Why to reside – przebywać, mieszkać custom, as they are still at work, the weird headgear? Bearskins were weird – dziwaczny one may still enjoy an afternoon worn in 1815 by British soldiers after headgear – nakrycie głowy tea in one of the many tea rooms the battle of Waterloo, however they battle – bitwa available in the country. had first been worn by French grena- despised – pogardzany diers. As a symbol of their triumph over custom – zwyczaj to comprise of – składać się z the much despised enemy, the British to adorn – ozdobić, przystroić snack – przekąska took over the custom of wearing the misconception – błędne przekonanie to cut off the crusts – obciąć skórkę imposing headwear. Hence, nowa- stock-still – bez ruchu (chleba) days, these enormous hats adorn on duty – na służbie pastry – ciastko the heads of soldiers of the Queen’s watch – czaty, warta scone – babeczka Guard during their ceremonial duties. to remain immobile – pozostawać to partake in sth – uczestniczyć There is a common misconception w bezruchu w czymś, brać w czymś udział that the Queen’s Guards have to to pace up and down – chodzić tam

, mark hillary stand stock-still while on duty. In fact, i z powrotem during their two-hour-long watch, sentry box – posterunek they remain immobile for about ten wartowniczy minutes, and then they resume their regular measured pacing up and down in front of the sentry box. , fotopedia . feli x corretto fot

english matters UK 2/2011 7 symbols

Red double-decker buses, Driving on the left-hand black cabs, red telephone side of the road boxes These are iconic images found on the The British drive on streets of London, and as such, they the left-hand side tend to appear frequently on souve- of the road. It’s hard nirs from the UK. Although double- to find a reason- deckers are not such an infrequent able explanation for sight in other parts of the world, this state of things, the red double-deck vehicles have however, some claim become a national symbol of that the custom dates Britain. They are relatively short back to the times (9-11 m) and just above 4 m when a horse was the high. A ride in a double-decker best means of trans- is one of the major tourist attrac- port to be had, and people would ride on the left- tions when in hand side of the road. When nearing an opponent, the UK. one would unsheathe one’s sword (strapped on the Black cabs left) with one’s right hand and charge at the enemy. (also Although the British no longer carry swords or sticks called with them, nor do they employ horses as a daily means hackney of transport, the custom has remained to this day. cabs) are another reasonable – rozsądny strapped – przyczepiony, means of transport associated with to claim – twierdzić przymocowany London, and the UK. They are usu- to date back to the times of... to charge – zaszarżować, ally black in London and in other – sięgać (wstecz) czasów... rzucić się na kogoś major cities of the UK, although to near – zbliżać się there are more and more cabs to unsheathe – wyjąć z pochwy which sport brand liveries. In order (miecz), dobyć (oręża) to become a driver of a London black cab, you have to pass ‘The Knowledge,’ a special test that checks your knowledge of London streets and important Monty Python sites. Red telephone boxes – it’s impossible not to spot them Broadcast between when doing a tour of the UK. The most common type of red 1969 and 1974 and booth is called K6, which was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert spanning over forty epi- Scott for the commemoration of the silver jubilee of King sodes in the series, the George V. Although initially criticised for their garish colour, famous ‘Monty Python’s

especially in areas of architectural merit and exceptional Flying Circus’ was a Brit- , B as D riessen beauty, now they are a much loved and admired icon of ish comedy sketch aired ‘Britishness.’ on the BBC. Its authors, among whom were such double-decker – autobus commemoration – obchody well-known comedy actors as John Cleese, called piętrowy, piętrus jubilee – jubileusz themselves the Pythons. The series became so souvenir – suwenir, pamiątka garish – jaskrawy, krzykliwy popular that it developed into stage shows, books, infrequent – nieczęsty merit – wartość, zaleta films and even a stage musical. Many of the sketch- vehicle – pojazd admired – podziwiany es, such as ‘Dead Parrot,’ ‘The Spanish Inquisition,’ hackney cab – dorożka, fiakier ‘Nudge Nudge’ and ‘Cheese Shop,’ are old favourites to sport – nosić, paradować and are often quoted. (w czymś) to pass – zdać to broadcast – nadawać

(np. egzamin) to span – trwać simpson , wikipedia , paul , nick winchester , graham tomlin site – teren, aired – wyświetlony, nadawany miejsce stage show – inscenizacja booth – kabina, nudge, nudge – porozumiewawcze budka znaki v e & jemma copley . ste fot

8 english matters UK 2/2011 British English spoken here

Hello!

In the UK, the main language used in daily social interactions is Eng- lish. However, this isn’t the kind of English you hear in Hollywood mov- ies, and it is different from the English spoken in Australia or the USA. Whereas American English has a strongly marked r-sound and rather flat, unchanging intonation, British English is characterized by its nice, light and clipped of speech and constantly changing intonation patterns. What’s more, in Britain alone the spoken English changes from place to place. For instance, people living in Surrey sound entirely different from those who live in Yorkshire; those living in Cornwall sound different from those living in Birmingham or those who speak with a Scottish accent. The choice of words, the way you pronounce your vowels and the intona- tion patterns tell others which part of Britain you come from. Some of the well-known dialects from Liverpool, London and Newcastle are known as Scouse, Cockney and Geordie respectively. The most commonly accept- ed English, known as Standard English, is the one spoken in the Home Counties (those nearest to London). Also, British English differs from American and Australian in its choice of words. If you want to ask someone about something you should address them with a polite ‘Excuse me please’. And when you want to approach a per- son in the street you don’t say ‘Hey, Mister!’, ‘Hi mate!’ or ‘Howdy’, but rather you should go for something in the lines of ‘Good morning’ or ‘Good evening’, depending on the time of day. When greeting acquaintances and friends, the British say ‘Hello’, or ‘Hi’. Other countries within the UK, such as Wales and Scotland, use the Stand- ard variety of English as well as their own languages. In Wales, about 25% of people use the Celtic tongue known as Welsh. For instance, if you want to ask someone ‘How are you?’ you will say ‘Shwmae?’. In Scotland, English remains the main language, spoken with varying accent and minor changes in vocabulary. However, in northern regions such as the Western Isles or the Highlands, people use their own native language, called Gaelic.

marked – oznaczony, wyraźny to approach – podejść, zagadnąć clipped – skrótowy, urywany something in the lines of... – coś w stylu..., constantly – stale coś na kształt... pattern – wzór, schemat to greet – pozdrowić, przywitać entirely – zupełnie, całkowicie acquaintance – znajomy to pronounce – wymawiać variety – odmiana commonly – powszechnie tongue – język (również mówiony) Home Counties – hrabstwa w pobliżu minor – drugorzędny, pomniejszy Londynu Highlands – region górski i wyżynny na to address – przemówić (do kogoś), zwracać północy Szkocji się (do kogoś) native language – język ojczysty symbols

Separate hot and cold water taps Kilt To the British it’s natural, normal and they don’t under- A traditional, knee-length piece of stand what all the fuss is about. To foreigners, though, woollen clothing worn by the Scot- the unusual separate hot and cold water taps solution tish male population on special occa- seems an unnecessary eccentricity, and it is, well, sions. The origins of the kilt are in the slightly annoying. If you want to wash your hands you Highlands of the 16th century, when either do it using cold water tap, or you put a plug in instead of a tartan skirt pleated at the and mix a bit of cold and hot water in the sink. Some rear, clan members wore the great find it less hygienic than washing your hands under kilt, which was so big that it is often running water. However, the British have remained served as a cloak. The small kilt, the unflinching in their stance, and even when renovating and redecorating old one we closely associate with Scot- houses and apartments, they stick by the double-tap system. land, is nothing more than the bot- tom half of the original great kilt. Each tap – kran running water – woda bieżąca Scottish clan has its own tartan-pat- fuss – zamieszanie, bałagan unflinching – nieugięty, tern with a unique blend of colours. solution – rozwiązanie niezachwiany eccentricity – ekscentryczność, dziwactwo stance – podejście, stanowisko knee-length – po kolana, do kolan plug – zatyczka, korek to stick by sth – trzymać się czegoś origin – pochodzenie tartan skirt – spódnica w szkocką kratę pleated – plisowany Shamrock cloak – peleryna to associate with – kojarzyć z The shamrock, a plant with three leaves similar to clover, is the national em- bottom half – dolna połowa blem of Ireland. It is also connected with the celebrations of St Patrick’s Day unique – unikalny on the 17th of March. There is a commonly held belief that St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, used this plant to Bagpipes explain the notion of the Trinity, the idea of the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost being separate and yet form- Bagpipes, considered by some as the ing a single entity. Over the years, the custom of wearing missing link between noise and mu- a shamrock on St Patrick’s day has been adopted, and sic, are a traditional Scottish instru- many businesses and organisations use this symbol to ac- ment. Although they’re also known centuate their ties with the Emerald Isle. in other parts of the world, they are mostly associated with Scotland. Leprechaun Traditional pipes consist of a bag made from the skins of goats, cows A leprechaun is a kind of Irish fairy or sprite, commonly be- or sheep (or nowadays synthetic ma- lieved to be clad in green colours, with a red, bushy beard, terials), a chanter – the main open- portly, with rosy cheeks and small mischievous eyes. His ended pipe on which you play the main occupation is shoe-making. When not busy, he whiles melody, and the drones – the tubes the time away sitting by the end of the rainbow next to his which allow the player to change hidden pot, counting his gold. If you’re lucky enough to catch him, he will pitch; these usually rest on have to grant you three wishes in exchange for his release. the arms of the player.

shamrock – koniczynka leprechaun – krasnal (folklor irlandzki) bagpipes – duda, dudy clover – koniczyna fairy – duszek missing link – emblem – godło, emblemat sprite – duszek, chochlik brakujące ogniwo commonly held belief – w powszechnym clad in sth – odziany w coś to consist of – składać przekonaniu portly – korpulentny, tęgi się z , v ectorportal the Trinity – Trójca rosy – różowy chanter – tu: przebierka Holy Ghost – Duch Święty mischievous – swawolny, psotny open-ended – otwarty, ciuchta , piotr to form – tworzyć, współtworzyć to while away – skrócić czas, umilać sobie przedmuchiwany entity – istota (czas np. oczekiwania) drone – tu: piszczałka to accentuate – uwydatnić, pot – garniec burdonowa, „bąk” podkreślić to grant – przyznać, uznać tube – rura ties to/with sth – powiązania z czymś release – uwolnienie pitch – poziom, , garry . macaron

tu: wysokość dźwięku fot

10 english matters UK 2/2011

religion Religion in Great Britain by Michał Mazurkiewicz

Westminster Abbey

12 english matters UK 2/2011 religion

lthough religion used The main differences be- to play an important tween the Anglican Church A role in Great Britain and the Catholic Church and there is freedom of are the questions of pa- worship there, British peo- pal primacy and infallibil- ple are generally thought ity, clerical celibacy, and to show little interest in re- the role of women in the ligion. According to one of Church, especially the or- the latest surveys, nearly dination of women priests two-thirds of Britons are not in the Anglican Church religious (www..co.uk). since 1994 (Diniejko, Eng- Most people in Great Britain lish-Speaking Countries). are christened and get mar- There have been many ried in church, but only 4% controversies over theolog- go to church regularly. This ical and moral issues, such low level of religious observ- as the above-mentioned ance stands in total contrast question of the ordination to the United States, which of women as priests and is regarded a strongly reli- bishops or the sanction- gious country. The British ing of homosexuality. That hardly ever discuss religion is why many conservative in public, as it is considered members of the Anglican to be an utterly personal Church have accused it matter. of conforming to culture Canterbury Cathedral rather than being faithful The Anglican to Scripture. u Church popularity, which was also visible in R E K L A M A Although Great Britain is a highly secu- England. In 1534, Parliament named larized country, probably all existing re- the King head of the Church of Eng- ligions are represented there. However, land. This enabled Protestantism to the Anglican Church, whose head is the spread in England (Sheerin, Spotlight reigning British monarch, is the estab- on Britain). lished church in England. The Anglican Church in Wales is called the Church of Wales. In Scotland there is a separate survey – ankieta, badanie established church – the Presbyterian Briton – Brytyjczyk Church of Scotland (also known as ‘the to christen – ochrzcić Kirk’). Anglicans are the biggest reli- religious observance – praktyki religijne, obrządek gious group in the UK. They constitute utterly – całkowicie, zupełnie 29% of the population. The leader of the secularized – zeświecczony Church is the Archbishop of Canterbury. reigning – panujący The Church is represented in the UK the Kirk – szkocki kościół prezbiteriański Parliament – its senior bishops sit in the to constitute – stanowić House of Lords as Lords Spiritual. House of Lords – Izba Lordów The Anglican Church was started by (brytyjski odpowiednik senatu) King Henry VIII, who broke off rela- spiritual – duchowy tions with the Vatican because of the to break off – zerwać (np. więzi) Pope’s refusal to allow Henry to di- refusal – odmowa vorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. to gain in popularity – zyskać na He desired the divorce because she popularności had given him only a daughter, and papal primacy – prymat papieski the king needed a son. Obviously, infallibility – nieomylność hisget , tony there were other reasons as well. ordination – święcenia Henry did not like the power of the above-mentioned – wyżej wspomniany Roman Church. Besides, in Europe, to conform to sth – dostosowywać się do czegoś . josh hallet fot Protestantism was starting to gain in Scripture – Pismo Święte

english matters UK 2/2011 13 religion

Roman Catholics growing in power. This tendency is Phrases connected in Great Britain becoming more and more noticeable with religion as whole groups of Anglicans enter This is the second largest Christian the Catholic Church through the ordi- a tin god – ważniak, zarozumialec group (11%), which has suffered a lot nariate – even bishops, who, however, as poor as a church mouse – biedny jak in the course of history. Since the may only be ordinary priests if they are mysz kościelna Reformation, being a Catholic meant married. One should also mention the doubting Thomas – niewierny Tomasz being deprived of full citizens’ rights. fact that the British Catholic commu- God forbid! – broń Boże! Catholics were discriminated against, nity is definitely being increased and God knows! – Bóg jeden wie, Bóg raczy as they could not vote or sit in Parlia- strengthened by waves of large-scale wiedzieć ment or study at universities. Such immigration from Poland and Lithua- God’s country – ojczyzna a situation lasted as long as until nia. in the lap of the gods – wszystko w rękach 1829. Now they are a very active con- Boga gregation. The leader of the Church is Other Religions in the UK the mills of God grind slowly but they grind the Cardinal Archbishop of Westmin- exceeding small – Pan Bóg nierychliwy, ster. The largest religious group after Chris- ale sprawiedliwy Recently, the prospects for British tians are Muslims. Many of them to be sb’s religion – być dla kogoś rzeczą Catholics have started to look promis- came there from the 1950s onwards. świętą ing. The main reason is the dissatis- It is estimated that there are over two to have a cross to bear – dźwigać swój faction of many traditional members million Muslims and their population krzyż of the Anglican Church because of is growing rapidly. In many British to put the fear of God into sb – przerazić the more and more liberal character cities, mosques have been erected. kogoś nie na żarty to separate the sheep from the goats of this institution, which is resulting in Moreover, there are over one million – oddzielić ziarno od plewy a gradual flow of British Anglicans into Hindus, over 400,000 Sikhs, and over to think one is God’s gift to sth/sb – uważać the Catholic Church. 50,000 Buddhists. Many members of się za bożyszcze, alfę i omegę The turning point was the decision of these religious groups arrived from to turn the other cheek – nadstawić drugi Pope Benedict XVI, who established former colonies like India, Pakistan policzek a special new type of church struc- and other Asian countries, but many would to God that... – dałby Bóg, żeby... ture – personal ordinariate – for those are now British-born. There are around Anglicans who would like to enter into 300,000 Jews in Great Britain, which full communion with Rome, preserv- makes them the fifth largest Jewish ing certain elements of distinctive community in the world. These are Religious vocabulary Anglican traditions, customs and lit- mostly descendants of the people who urgy. The institution of personal ordi- fled persecution in Russia and Germa- altar – ołtarz nariates was allowed by the apostolic ny in the first half of the 20th century. bishop – biskup constitution Anglicanorum Coetibus, According to the 2001 UK census, blasphemy – bluźnierstwo which was a response to the needs of there are about nine million atheists blessing – błogosławieństwo many Anglicans. (15% of the population) – though now cassock – sutanna In this way, the Pope made the proc- it is believed that the number is higher candlestick – lichtarz ess of transition easier. The result is – which is quite a big group compared chalice – kielich that the Catholic Church is gradually to other countries. choir – chór confession – spowiedź to suffer – wycierpieć response – reakcja, odpowiedź Gospel – Ewangelia to be deprived of sth – być czegoś pozbawionym transition – przejście Holy Communion – Komunia Święta to discriminate against sb – dyskryminować to grow in power – rosnąć w siłę, zyskiwać na parish – parafia kogoś znaczeniu penance – pokuta to last – trwać to strengthen – umocnić, wzmocnić pew – ława kościelna congregation – wierni, parafianie Muslim – Muzułmanin prayers – modlitwy prospects – perspektywy, szanse onwards – dalszy, od tego czasu pulpit – ambona gradual – stopniowy rapidly – gwałtownie, szybko saints – święci the turning point – punkt zwrotny mosque – meczet sermon – kazanie personal ordinariate – ordynariat personalny to erect – wznieść service – nabożeństwo dla byłych członków Kościoła Anglii former – były, dawny sins – grzechy communion – wspólnota wyznaniowa community – społeczność vestry – zakrystia to preserve – zachować descendant – potomek worship – kult, praktyki religijne distinctive – charakterystyczny, wyróżniający się to flee persecution – uciec przed prześladowaniami customs – zwyczaje, obyczaje census – spis ludności

14 english matters UK 2/2011 religion

Most Notable Places St. Paul’s Cathedral of Worship

There are many famous churches or places of worship which stand out in some way. As far as the Church of England is concerned, there is, for example, Westminster Abbey in London, where English kings and queens have been crowned since 1066. There is also St. Paul’s Ca- thedral in London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, which contains the graves of many famous people, like Lord Nelson. However, the cen- tral church of the Church of England is Canterbury Cathedral, in Canter- bury, Kent. Finally, one should men- tion York Minster – the cathedral in York, famous for its beautiful stained glass windows. A famous Catholic church is West- minster Cathedral – the main Roman Catholic Church, situated near Victo- The Lord’s Prayer Ojcze Nasz ria Station in central London, built in Our Father, Who art in heaven, Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie neo-Byzantine style. Another one is Hallowed be Thy Name. święć się imię Twoje; Brompton Oratory in central London, built in the highly decorated baroque Thy Kingdom come. przyjdź królestwo Twoje; style. Thy Will be done, on earth as it is in bądź wola Twoja jako w niebie tak i na The most notable mosques are: Lon- Heaven. ziemi; don Central Mosque in Regent’s chleba naszego powszedniego daj Give us this day our daily bread. Park, London, North London Central nam dzisiaj; Mosque and Birmingham Central And forgive us our trespasses, i odpuść nam nasze winy, Mosque. Bevis Marks Synagogue, associated as we forgive those who trespass jako i my odpuszczamy naszym against us. winowajcom; mostly with London’s historic Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community, And lead us not into temptation, i nie wódź nas na pokuszenie; is the oldest synagogue in the United but deliver us from evil. ale nas zbaw ode Złego. Kingdom which is still in use. For thine is the kingdom, Albowiem Twoje jest Królestwo The most famous Hindu temple is The power, and the glory, i moc, i chwała Neasden Temple, a masterpiece of Indian stonework and craftsmanship For ever and ever. na wieki wieków. (Crowther, Oxford Guide to British and Amen. Amen. American Culture). n The Hail Mary Zdrowaś Maryjo place of worship – miejsce wyznawania kultu/ religii Hail Mary, full of Grace, the Lord is Zdrowaś Maryjo, łaskiś pełna, Pan with thee. z Tobą, to stand out – wyróżniać się błogosławionaś Ty, między to crown – koronować Blessed are thou amongst women to contain – zawierać niewiastami minster – katedra, kościół and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, i błogosławiony owoc żywota Twojego, przyklasztorny Jesus. Jezus. stained glass – witraż Holy Mary, Mother of God, — Święta Maryjo, Matko Boża, oratory – oratorium, prywatna kaplica pray for us sinners now, módl się za nami grzesznymi, masterpiece – arcydzieło and at the hour of our death. teraz i w godzinę śmierci naszej. stonework – kamieniarka . wikipedia fot craftsmanship – kunszt, mistrzostwo Amen. Amen.

english matters UK 2/2011 15 honours system The British Honours System by Marta Ludwiczak-Odziemska To the foreigner, one of the obsessions is the English class system and the . Everywhere you look, it seems, there are bunches of Sirs and , or people with MBEs, OBEs, CBEs and who knows what else. Exaggerated as this may be, it’s undeni- able that the British honours system is very elaborate, and quite impressive in its way.

The system of honours, average person who Then, applications are directed to decorations and med- was not born and the Honours team, where they are als applied in Great raised in the UK, prepared for analysis by sub-com- Britain is one of the the system is still mittees. Each of these committees oldest in the world. pretty complex, consists of senior civil servants and It has been in even convolut- independent experts. The main com- place since 1348, ed. mittee forwards its recommendations when King Edward How are peo- to the Cabinet Secretary who sends III established the ple awarded them to the Prime Minister. From first order of chiv- honours? First here, candidatures are submitted di- alry, the Order of the of all, anyone can rectly to the Queen. After she gives Garter. The system has be nominated for her approval, nominees are officially been repeatedly altered an honour, including asked whether they are willing to ac- since then, in order to adjust foreigners, but only the cept the honours. If they agree, the to changing circumstances and most outstanding and dis- final list is sent again to the Queen. requirements. In February 2005, tinguished individuals will re- The list is eventually published in the the government adopted certain ceive one. There are two ways London Gazette. amendments in order to make the of being nominated: either by an The official British government web- honours system more open, transpar- individual/organisation or by the gov- site recommends making a few con- ent and easy to understand. One of ernment. The procedure is as follows. siderations before submitting a nomi- the changes assumes that these days Nomination forms are sent to the nation. You are advised to ask yourself honours committees are no longer Nominations team of the Honours whether your candidate: chaired by government members but and Appointments Secretariat, where • made a difference to their commu- by independent experts. Yet, for the candidates are sifted and checked. nity or field of work?

honours – tytuł honorowy the – Order Podwiązki individual – osoba, jednostka nobility – arystokracja repeatedly – ciągle as follows – co następuje, następująco bunch – grupa, grono to alter – zmieniać form – formularz MBE (Member of the Order of the British to adjust – dostosowywać appointment – wyznaczenie, nominacja Empire) – Kawaler Orderu Imperium circumstances – okoliczności to sift – przesiać, odsiać Brytyjskiego amendment – poprawka, zmiana to consist of – składać się z OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) transparent – przejrzysty, jasny civil servant – urzędnik służby cywilnej – Oficer Orderu Imperium Brytyjskiego to assume – zakładać, przyjmować Prime Minister – premier CBE ( of the Order of the British to chair sth – przewodniczyć czemuś, to submit – złożyć (np. wniosek), przedłożyć Empire) – Komandor Orderu Imperium prowadzić coś (np. plan) Brytyjskiego independent – niezależny directly – bezpośrednio exaggerated – wyolbrzymiony, rozdmuchany average – średni, przeciętny approval – aprobata undeniable – niezaprzeczalny complex – skomplikowany willing – chętny elaborate – złożony, skomplikowany convoluted – zawiły eventually – ostatecznie, w końcu impressive – imponujący to – nagrodzić consideration – rozważanie, namysł decoration – odznaczenie to be nominated for sth – być nominowanym you are advised to do sth – zaleca się zrobienie to be in place – znajdować się, istnieć do czegoś czegoś to establish – założyć, stworzyć outstanding – wyróżniający się, wybitny to make a difference – zmieniać coś . wikipedia

– rycerskość, rycerstwo distinguished – wybitny community – społeczność fot

16 english matters UK 2/2011 honours system

• brought distinction to British life and orders of chivalry mentioned above substantiate the right to succession. enhanced its reputation? there is also: the , the Honours awarded to citizens of coun- • exemplified the best sustained and Order of the British Empire or the Impe- tries which are not monarchies, are de- selfless voluntary service? rial Service Order as well as a number scribed as honorary. It means they are • demonstrated innovation and entre- of lesser orders. As far as decorations not allowed to use the Sir/Dame title. preneurship? are concerned, there are also many, to But they can apply to turn their hon- • carried the respect of their peers? mention just a few (in order of wear – ours into substantive ones by becom- • changed things, with an emphasis that is, in order of significance): Victoria ing the Queen’s subjects, such as Sir on achievement? Cross, , Conspicuous Gal- Yehudi Menuhin. Foreigners are also • improved the lot of those less able lantry Cross, Class I or eligible for the peerage, but they are to help themselves? Air Force Cross. In 2009, the Queen ap- not allowed to sit in the House of Lords. • displayed moral courage and vision proved a new posthumous award, the Every year, about 2,600 people receive in making and delivering tough choic- Elizabeth Cross which is granted to sol- honours from the Queen, or another es? (http://www.direct.gov.uk). diers who have been killed in action or member of the Royal Family. Recipi- As far as the themselves are in a terrorist attack after World War II. ents are announced twice a year, in the concerned, there are plenty, and it Among numerous other honours and New Year and in mid-June, on the day would be quite impossible to list and appointments there is the peerage – of the Queen’s official birthday. About describe all of them here. It is only pos- hereditary or life, the former being now twenty-two Investitures are held annu- sible to mention their general division given to members of the Royal Fam- ally at Buckingham Palace to ceremo- into: honours (which recognize merit ily only. Hereditary peerages have not nially present the awards. At each in- in terms of achievement and service), been given to commoners since the La- vestiture there are approximately 120 decorations (which recognize individu- bour Party came to power in 1964, with lucky recipients. Few candidates ever al deeds) and (which, in gen- a few exceptions made by Margaret refuse to accept honours, but some eral, recognize bravery and conduct). Thatcher in the 1980s. Life peers are do, usually for personal reasons. If Medals are granted according to fixed automatically given the rank of Baron a recipient commits a criminal offence criteria and are not presented by the and have the right to sit in the House or if any political complications should Queen. Honours are graded to empha- of Lords. There is also the Knight- occur, honours can be forfeited (except size various degrees of achievement. hood – holders of this distinction can life peerages, which are not considered Some of them (the Order of the Garter, use the title Sir/Dame, just like indi- an ‘honour under the Crown’). Removal the , the Royal Vic- viduals distinguished with a Baronetcy. of awards is discussed and approved torian Order, the and the Heirs of individuals who were awarded by the Honours Forfeiture Committee. Royal Family Order) are awarded solely a Baronetcy can inherit the title after Decisions are later published in the at the Queen’s discretion. Besides the their death on condition that they duly London Gazette. n distinction – świetność degree – stopień holder – posiadacz to enhance – zwiększyć, poprawić thistle – oset baronetcy – nadanie tytułu barona to exemplify – stanowić przykład czegoś solely – wyłącznie heir – spadkobierca sustained – przedłużony, trwały at sb’s discretion – wedle czyjegoś uznania to inherit – odziedziczyć selfless – bezinteresowny lesser – pomniejszy on condition that – pod warunkiem, że... entrepreneurship – przedsiębiorczość wear – użycie, noszenie duly – należycie to carry sb’s respect – wzbudzać szacunek, significance – znaczenie, waga to substantiate – udowodnić, poprzeć dowodami cieszyć się czyimś poważaniem Conspicuous Gallantry Cross – Krzyż za succession – sukcesja peer – rówieśnik, ktoś równy Niezwykłą Odwagę honorary – honorowy, honoris causa emphasis – nacisk, akcent air force – lotnictwo wojskowe to apply – tu: zgłosić wniosek achievement – osiągnięcie posthumous – pośmiertny subject – poddany to display – okazywać (to be) killed in action – polec na polu chwały (to be) eligible for sth – (mieć) prawo do to deliver – tu: wprowadzić w życie, w czyn numerous – liczny ubiegania się o coś to be concerned – tu: co się tyczy peerage – nadanie godności para recipient – odbiorca, laureat division into – podział na hereditary – dziedziczny, dziedziczony (np. tytuł) investiture – inwestytura, wprowadzenie na urząd to recognize – uznawać former – poprzedni, pierwszy annually – dorocznie, co roku merit – wartość, zaleta commoner – człowiek z gminu, plebejusz approximately – około deed – czyn Labour Party – Partia Pracy to refuse – odmówić conduct – zachowanie, sposób prowadzenia się exception – wyjątek to commit – popełnić according to – według rank – ranga criminal offence – przestępstwo karne fixed – ustalony, stały House of Lords – Izba Lordów (wyższa izba to occur – nastąpić, pojawić się to grade sth – podzielić na klasy, zróżnicować parlamentu brytyjskiego) to forfeit – utracić, zrzec się various – rozmaity knighthood – tytuł szlachecki removal – usunięcie

english matters UK 2/2011 17 royal family

THE BRITISH MONARCHY by Maria Dasiewicz The British Monarchy has its origins in the times of origins – pochodzenie rule – rządy, panowanie Anglo-Saxon rule, around AD 829, and has remained AD (Anno Domini) – łac. Roku Pańskiego in place since that time, excepting the eleven years to remain in place – pozostać na miejscu of the republican Commonwealth of England (1649- excepting – z wyjątkiem the Commonwealth – republika (brytyjska 1660). w latach 1649-1660) enerally, the Tudor rule in the after defeating Richard III in the bat- glorious – chwalebny years 1485-1603 is consid- tle of Bosworth Field on 22 August. reign – panowanie, rządy ered the most prosperous During his rule he strove to accumu- prominent – znaczący, wybitny G shrewd – bystry, sprytny and glorious period in English history. late wealth for the state and establish Within those 118 years of the Tudor a powerful monarchy. Judging from to defeat – pokonać House reign we have such prominent his portrait he was a ‘calm, scholarly to strive to do sth – dążyć do zrobienia czegoś monarchs as Henry VII, his son, Henry and calculating’ type of man, resent- to accumulate wealth – zgromadzić bogactwo/ VIII, and Elizabeth I. ing acts of violence and exacting obe- majątek dience and promises, often seeking powerful – potężny HENRY VII – ‘THE SHREWDEST KING diplomatic solutions to international scholarly – tu: oczytany, wykształcony OF ENGLAND’ conflicts. He manipulated Parliament to resent sth – nie lubić czegoś and used it to raise taxes and estab- to exact sth – wymagać The first monarch within the Tudor dy- lish ‘the wealth of the crown.’ A true obedience – posłuszeństwo

nasty, Henry VII, became king in 1485 diplomat and ‘good manager,’ Henry to raise taxes – podnieść podatki Press O ff ice Buckingham Palace FOT.

18 english matters UK 2/2011 royal family maintained peace with neighbouring constant pursuit of pleasures of life, Head of the Church of England, and countries as well as the Church. From he turned into a wastrel and quickly thereby severing all ties with Rome. his marriage to Elizabeth of York he squandered much of the wealth ac- Now, he could divorce his wife, re- had two sons, Arthur and Henry, the cumulated by his father, creating marry according to his wish, which future Henry VIII. a financial crisis. Consequently, not he finally did six times, and take much time had passed before he be- over all the extensive properties of HENRY VIII AND HIS gan watching with a greedy eye the the Church in England. All those who ‘REIGN OF TERROR’ extensive properties of the Church in still perceived the Pope as head of England. the English Church were ruthlessly Henry VIII is generally perceived as Things started to go downhill for persecuted. Henry ruled for thirty- one of the most prominent mon- Henry when, instead of a male heir, eight years and during this time he archs of England. During his reign he his wife bore him several daughters, executed over 70,000 people (this gained a reputation as an incurable of whom only one, Mary, managed to amounts to over five a day). On Fri- romantic because of his numerous survive infancy. Without a male heir day 28 January 1547, the king died attachments and his love for music. the Tudor dynasty would come to an in St James’s Palace. He was buried In his youth he excelled at sports end. In the meantime, the young king next to his third wife, Jane Seymour, such as archery, jousting, tennis and fell in love with one of his courtiers, at Windsor Castle. After his death, was extremely fond of hunting – it is Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII decided his nine-year-old son, Edward VI, be- said that he could exhaust ten horses to divorce his wife, Catherine of came king, but soon passed away at at hunting in a single day. Having an Aragon, and marry Anne Boleyn, at the age of fifteen. He was followed elder brother, Arthur, Henry did not the same time going against the pre- by his step-sister, Mary (she ruled expect that some day he would be- cepts of the Roman Catholic Church. for five years), and then Elizabeth I, come king. However, this all changed In order to follow his plans through, Henry’s last remaining child, be- with Arthur’s untimely death in 1502. the English monarch passed a law came queen and ruled for forty-five A hasty arrangement was made for in 1534, establishing himself as the years. u young Henry to marry his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon, with the to maintain – utrzymać on sb’s behalf – na czyjąś rzecz, w imieniu overall aim of keeping the dowry she neighbouring – sąsiedni, sąsiadujący kogoś had brought in her first marriage. perceived – postrzegany, uznawany vibrant – energiczny, tryskający energią Following the death of his father to gain a reputation as/for – zyskać (sobie) playful – swawolny, wesoły (Henry VII) in 1509, a seventeen- reputację constant – stały year-old Henry married his brother’s incurable – niepoprawny, nieuleczalny pursuit – pogoń, pościg (za czymś) widow, Catherine, and they were attachment – przywiązanie, więź wastrel – utracjusz soon crowned as King and Queen of to excel at sth – wyróżniać się w czymś, celować to squander – roztrwonić England. w czymś consequently – wskutek tego, w konsekwencji At the very beginning of his rule, jousting – walka konna na kopie greedy – zachłanny, chciwy Henry VIII was quite popular among to be fond of sth – bardzo coś lubić extensive – rozległy, szeroki his subjects. His first acts, such as to exhaust – wyczerpać properties – posiadłości, majątek the reduction of taxes previously im- untimely – przedwczesny, niewczesny to go downhill – pogorszyć się posed by his father, and subsequent hasty – pośpieszny heir – spadkobierca execution of the financial ministers, to make an arrangement – przygotować to bear – powić, urodzić won the trust and devotion of the coś to survive – przetrwać English and Welsh people. Young, en- with the aim of sth – mając na celu... infancy – niemowlęctwo ergetic, tall with handsome features, dowry – posag courtier – dworzanin/dworka grey-blue eyes and auburn hair, the subjects – poddani the precepts – zasady, nakazy (np. kościoła) young king dressed lavishly in a re- imposed – narzucony to follow sth through – wypełnić (np. plan), splendent royal garment with a gold subsequent – dalszy, kolejny doprowadzić coś do końca and a large diamond. At the to win sb’s trust – zyskać czyjeś zaufanie to pass – wydać (np. wyrok), ogłosić beginning of his rule, he was fonder with handsome features – przystojny, (np. dekret) of music and singing (he could sing o pięknych rysach twarzy thereby – tym samym and play harpsichord and lute mu- auburn – kasztanowy to sever ties – rozerwać więzy, zerwać więzi sic by sight) rather than government lavishly – bogato, przepysznie according to – zgodnie z, według and matters of state – he employed resplendent – olśniewający ruthlessly – bezlitośnie a group of ministers who would make garment – strój, odzienie persecuted – prześladowany, szykanowany decisions on his behalf. He was well- collar – kołnierz to amount to – stanowić, wynosić liked for his youthful, vibrant and play- harpsichord – klawesyn castle – zamek ful character. Nevertheless, in his by sight – z widzenia, tu: z nut to pass away – odejść, umrzeć

english matters UK 2/2011 19 royal family

THE ROYAL FAMILY TREE Queen Elizabeth is married to HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who on 10 June 2011 will celebrate his 90th birthday. They are in fact cousins, and they both share as a great-great-grandmother.

Queen Elizabeth II has four children: Charles Prince Anne Andrew Edward Earl of Wales Princess Royal Duke of York of Wessex present heir to the British (born in 1950), (born in 1960), (born in 1964), throne married to Captain married to married to (born in 1948), Mark Phillips Sarah Ferguson Sophie Rhys-Jones married to Lady Diana (divorced 1992); (divorced 1996) Spencer (died 1997), married to divorced 1996; married Vice-Admiral to Camilla Parker Bowles Timothy Laurence

The Queen has eight grandchildren: Prince William Peter Phillips Princess Lady of Wales (born 1977) Beatrice of York Louise Windsor (born 1982), married to (born 1988) (born 2003) Catherine Middleton Zara Phillips (29 April 2011) (born 1981) Princess Eugenie James, Viscount Severn of York (born 2007) Prince Henry (born 1990) of Wales (aka Prince Harry) (born 1984)

tion of power and running the country the available sources, Elizabeth I was ELIZABETH I – THE VIRGIN QUEEN single-handedly. Elizabeth could ei- a redheaded and brown-eyed woman ther start travelling around the coun- rather short in stature (just above 160 Considered by many the greatest mon- try and meet her subjects in person cm) who: arch England has ever had, Elizabeth (which was not really an option as l when in a foul temper, would often was the last ruler from the house of she had many enemies) or she could throw things and bully courtiers Tudor. Preceded in the office by her send her portraits out all over the into submission using the ultimate stepbrother Edward and stepsister country. As she decided to go for the threat of sending them to the Tower Mary, she was quite lucky to become second option, it became imperative prison queen of England. She began her rule the portraits show a favourable im- l when angry, she would spit and in 1558 at the age of twenty-five and age of the new monarch. The portraits swear ruled for over forty years. were issued by the government, then l bathed only once every few weeks At the beginning of her rule the new they were copied and sent to various l had black teeth with tooth decay Queen had to win over her subjects: parts of the country; other images and speech difficulties because of Catholics, Protestants and those who and depictions of the Queen were her missing teeth disliked the idea of a woman in a posi- strictly forbidden. Why? According to l was afraid of black magic and mice.

HRH (His/Her Royal Highness) – Jej/Jego stepbrother – przyrodni brat various – różny, rozmaity Królewska Wysokość to win sb over – zdobyć czyjeś względy, zyskać depiction – przedstawienie, obraz the princess royal – księżniczka, tytuł czyjąś sympatię strictly forbidden – surowo wzbroniony przysługujący najstarszej córce monarchy to dislike – mieć awersję, nie lubić source – źródło aka (also known as) – alias, vel single-handedly – samemu, w pojedynkę redheaded – rudy virgin – dziewica, niepokalany in person – osobiście, we własnej osobie short in stature – niewielkiej postury considered – uznawany (za) imperative – konieczny, niezbędny in a foul temper/mood – w złym nastroju preceded – poprzedzony favourable – przychylny, korzystny to bully/batter sb into submission – zmusić office – urząd (który się piastuje), stanowisko to issue – wydać, opublikować kogoś do uległości

20 english matters UK 2/2011 Hence, some of the less appealing a British monarch spent on the throne. traits of her character and appear- It is known as the Victorian era. Young ance had to be concealed, and the and petite (152 cm) Victoria became other more positive aspects, such as queen at the age of eighteen, suc- dignity, command and strong will pow- ceeding her uncle, William IV. er became more prominent. Born at Kensington Palace, London, Her rule is often considered the Golden she was the daughter of Prince Ed- Age of English history. Although faced ward and Princess Victoria Mary Lou- with many problems and dilemmas isa of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Although during her reign, not the least of which born in England, she was surrounded was the problem of marriage and the mainly by German members of her succession, Elizabeth managed to family: Prince Leopold, later King of establish Protestantism as the state the Belgians, her mother’s brother; denomination, promoted the interests her governess Baroness Lehzen and of England and protected her country her mother’s secretary Baron Stock- from the wrath of neighbouring Catho- mar. Her first language was German, lic European nations. During her reign, and only when she was three did she in 1588 the English navy emerged the begin to learn English and French. victor over the great Spanish Armada Young ‘Drina,’ as she was called in – of the one hundred and thirty Span- her childhood, was educated at home, ish vessels only fifty-three made it back she studied history and geography as to Spain. In consequence, England well as foreign languages, she learnt became the major force, ‘ruling the to play the piano and to paint. Until waves,’ strong both economically and she was twelve, it was kept from her politically, ready to establish colonies that some day she would become in the New World overseas. Queen. Elizabeth never married. She died on Victoria’s mother, the Duchess of Kent, 24 March 1603, and was succeeded who was appointed her guardian and by James VI of Scotland, I of England. Regent, planned her daughter’s mar- riage to a handsome German Prince, Al- QUEEN VICTORIA – ‘GRANDMOTHER bert. The young Queen met Prince Albert OF EUROPE’ in London, however, their first encoun- ter coincided with her accession and Spanning sixty-four years, Queen public affairs, so naturally, there was Victoria’s reign is the longest period no talk of marriage between them u ultimate – ostateczny vessel – okręt to swear – przeklinać force – siła, moc decay – gnicie overseas – za granicą ______to succeed – nastąpić, tu: objąć urząd appealing – atrakcyjny po kimś trait – cecha to span – trwać, obejmować okres appearance – wygląd petite – drobny, mały to conceal – skryć, ukrywać governess – guwernantka dignity – godność baroness – baronowa, baronessa strong will power – silna wola childhood – dzieciństwo Golden Age – Złoty Wiek to keep sth from sb – ukrywać coś przed to be faced with sth – mieć przed sobą kimś succession – sukcesja, dziedziczenie duchess – księżna state denomination – wyznanie narodowe/ to appoint – wyznaczyć państwa guardian – obrońca, opiekun prawny to promote sb’s interests – działać na czyjąś encounter – spotkanie rzecz to coincide with sth – kolidować z czymś, wrath – gniew zbiegać się z czymś w czasie navy – marynarka wojenna accession – akces, wstąpienie (na tron) to emerge the victor/victorious – wyjść public affairs – sprawy państwa, sprawy zwycięsko (z walki/wojny) publiczne royal family

at the time. In the following years, (later King George VI), and Lady Eliza- her relatives pressed the matter, beth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon but Victoria insisted that no marriage (later the much beloved Queen Moth- would take place in the next couple of er). Young Princess Elizabeth married years. Still, in 1839 they met again, Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, the and this time, as Victoria wrote in her son of Prince Andrew of Greece and diary ‘Seeing Albert has changed all Denmark, on 20 November 1947. this.’ On 10 February 1840, twenty- Five years after their wedding, dur- one-year old Victoria married a Ger- ing a visit to East Africa, Australia man Prince, her cousin, Albert of and New Zealand, King George VI Saxe-Coburg Gotha, at the Chapel died, and Princess Elizabeth became Royal in St James’s Palace. In the Queen on 6 February, 1952, follow- first months after their marriage, the ing immediate succession. Prince became much respected and The Queen of the UK is a ‘constitu- was appointed Regent, in case some- tional monarch,’ meaning that she thing happened to the Queen, either does not rule the country like, for in- in childbirth, or during an assassina- stance, her predecessor, Elizabeth I. tion attempt (there were seven such The power of the monarch was large- attempts on Victoria’s life). The Queen ly limited by the Bill of Rights Act of had nine children, forty grandchildren 1689, so that the ruler is no longer and thirty-seven great-grandchildren, Britain. With the constantly growing responsible for running the country. most of whom married into other Eu- number of people, new towns ap- However, the Queen remains the ropean royal families, hence she was peared all over the country, and new UK’s head of State, head of the Com- dubbed the ‘Grandmother of Europe.’ factories and machines were devel- monwealth, and she still is the queen She died in 1901 at Osborne House oped, making changes in the lives of of sixteen former British colonies, on the Isle of Wight, at the age of 81. many. such as New Zealand, Australia and She was succeeded by Albert Edward, Canada. Prince of Wales, who became King QUEEN ELIZABETH II l As head of State, the Queen trav- Edward VII. els abroad to pay official state vis- During Queen Victoria’s reign Britain The present-day monarch of the its, or acts as host to leaders of thrived and flourished into a power- United Kingdom of Great Britain and other countries, who during their ful country in a huge empire, ‘ruling Northern Ireland is Queen Elizabeth visits stay at Buckingham Palace, a quarter of the world’s population.’ II. She was born on 21 April, 1926 in or Windsor Castle. Also, the Queen It was a time of major changes within London to Prince Albert, Duke of York travels around the country, visiting such places as factories, schools to press the matter – ponaglać (kogoś w jakiejś responsible for – odpowiedzialny za and hospitals. kwestii) to run the country – rządzić państwem l As a holder of the position of the to insist – nalegać, utrzymywać head of State – głowa państwa Head of the Church of England, the chapel – kaplica former – były, dawny Queen appoints new bishops and respected – szanowany to travel abroad – jechać za granicę archbishops, after taking the advice in/at childbirth – przy porodzie to pay a visit – złożyć wizytę of the Prime Minister. assassination attempt – próba zamachu to act as host – pełnić rolę gospodarza l As Head of the Armed Forces, the dubbed – ochrzczony mianem, nazwany holder – posiadacz, osoba piastująca Queen can declare a state of war, or isle – wyspa urząd cessation of hostilities, between the to thrive – prosperować, kwitnąć Prime Minister – premier UK and another country. to flourish into sth – rozkwitnąć i zmienić się armed forces – siły zbrojne l As the representative of her na- w coś to declare a state of war – wypowiedzieć wojnę tion, the Queen takes part in such empire – imperium państwu ceremonies as Remembrance Day, to appear – pojawić się cessation of sth – ustanie czegoś, zaprzestanie at the Cenotaph war memorial in factory – fabryka czegoś Whitehall. present-day – obecny, współczesny hostilities – działania wojenne l As the performer of government du- duke – książe Remembrance Day – dzień upamiętniający ties, the Queen receives daily gov- beloved – ukochany poległych w wojnach światowych ernmental reports and documents lieutenant – porucznik cenotaph – pomnik-grobowiec from various ministries and Com- immediate – natychmiastowy memorial – pomnik monwealth officials. n predecessor – poprzednik performer – wykonawca

Bill of Rights – Deklaracja praw (ustawa) ministry – ministerstwo Press O ff ice Buckingham Palace FOT.

22 english matters UK 2/2011 journalism

by Maria Tokarz Reuters – the Global Agency Reuters is a London-based global news agency where general, political, economic, and sports news is provided to businesses and professionals all over the world. he company employs 2,700 Reuter’s Telegram news agency – agencja prasowa journalists and photographers to provide – zapewniać, dostarczać based in 130 countries. Almost Company outlet – placówka, punkt (np. sprzedaży) T to subscribe to sth – zaabonować coś, every major news outlet in the world Paul Julius de Reuter – Baron Reuter was now subscribes to Reuters’ services the German founder of the international zaprenumerować – newspapers, television and cable news agency. He began a continental pi- founder – założyciel networks, radio stations and websites geon post in 1849 at Aachen, Germany, pigeon post – poczta gołębia around the globe. It is the strongest and in 1851, set up a news agency in to set up – założyć news provider in the world. London. In 1858 he persuaded the u to persuade sb to do sth – przekonać kogoś do zrobienia czegoś

kod dostępu: RSGA11 MP3 em.colorfulmedia.pl

english matters UK 2/2011 23 journalism

Roderick Jones, stepped into his Rolls-Royce. Then there was the day in 1941 when a German bomb fell outside the building, and was only prevented from exploding by being caught in telegraph wires strung across Fleet Street. The international information group moved from its 66-year-old head- quarters at 85 Fleet Street to Canary Wharf in East London’s Docklands. It was one of the last major news organi- sations to desert the original home of journalism in London. The new head- quarters for 2,500 staff in Canary Wharf could hardly be more symbolic of the way the company has changed. Outside, a giant screen parades photo- graphs and television reporting along with a 100-metre electronic ticker. The street outside has been renamed Reu- ters Plaza. Reuters chief executive, Tom Glocer, aims to cut costs with London staff all housed under one roof, saving £5m a year in property costs. In 2008 the Thompson Corporation merged with Reuters Group PLC to form Thompson Reuters Corporation listed on the New York Stock Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange.

Paul Julius de Reuter Code of Conduct press to use his news telegrams, and Edwin Lutyens, which had opened Throughout its history Reuters has the service became worldwide. in 1939, became an anachronism. It been fiercely proud of its independ- The agency started using computers was, to be sure, a monument, linked ence and of its reporters’ obligation back in the 1960s when such innova- to the agency’s history. Stories were to be free from bias. As such it has tions seemed light years away from told of how an office boy would be mechanisms in place to protect the the hot metal British press. sent to jump on the pad controlling company’s independence, which in- As the company grew, so the build- the traffic light beside the build- clude the Founders Share Company ing at 85 Fleet Street, designed by ing so that it would be green when and rules preventing any party owning the fashionable interwar architect, the prewar managing director, Sir 15% or more of Reuters’ stock.

worldwide – ogólnoświatowy to prevent sth from sth – powstrzymać coś to cut costs – ograniczyć koszty light years away – oddalony o lata świetlne, przed czymś, zapobiec czemuś to house – zakwaterować, pomieścić niewyobrażalnie daleko wire – kabel property – własność, nieruchomość hot metal press – prasa drukarska (tradycyjna) headquarters – centrala, siedziba główna to merge with sth – połączyć się z czymś fashionable – modny (the) Docklands – dawna dzielnica portowa to be listed on the stock exchange – być interwar – międzywojenny Londynu notowanym na giełdzie monument – pomnik, monument to desert – opuścić, porzucić code of conduct – kodeks postępowania office boy – goniec staff – pracownicy fiercely – zaciekle, zażarcie pad – blok, podkładka giant screen – olbrzymi ekran obligation – obligacja, obowiązek traffic light(s) – światła uliczne, sygnalizacja to parade – paradować, afiszować się free from bias – bez uprzedzeń, bezstronnie świetlna electronic ticker – dalekopis elektroniczny share – udział managing director – dyrektor naczelny (z danymi o notowaniach giełdowych) to own – posiadać to step into sth – wejść gdzieś, wkroczyć chief executive – dyrektor naczelny stock – kapitał akcyjny

24 english matters UK 2/2011 journalism

As individuals, the reporters feel re- beaten in downtown Cairo. The team involved in war journalism and of sponsible for doing business in ways was working on a piece about stores the tragedies that can ensue. It is that respect, protect and benefit their and banks being forced to close when often argued that news organisa- customers, employees, communities they were attacked. In April 2010, tions should be more prepared to and the environment. They try to do another Reuters journalist was killed walk away from stories that present the right things for the right reasons, while covering clashes in Bangkok. unacceptable risks to their reporters’ both as a company and as individuals. Two years earlier, in Baghdad, as re- lives. Reuters’ reputation rests on reliability ported by WikiLeaks, in an attack by and its journalists have to meet the Expert media training highest aspirations of their profession – search for and honestly report the Reporting requires core values of truth. The Reuters Code of Conduct accuracy and impartiality but also commits its professional staff to a creative approach to telling a sto- provide people with understanding ry. The Thompson Reuters Foun- and the ability to analyze what is dation not only reports the lat- happening. Its Ethics Handbook est international news but also lists 10 ‘Absolutes’ of a good offers funding of courses and journalist. They are, for example: training in different parts of Never fabricate or plagiarise, the world. Such programmes never pay a source for a story help governments, businesses and never accept a bribe. Hon- and international agencies to esty and talking to the people re- engage with the world’s me- ally affected by the stories can earn dia. Journalists are provided a journalist more respect than fine with guidance from experienced writing. Unfortunately, there are many instructors on how to handle inter- cases of violations of the international views or cope with sensitive issues. norms that guarantee the freedom of Some of the upcoming courses are: the press. Rural Poverty Reporting, held in Apache helicopters a dozen people Cape Town, Writing Financial and In Memoriam were killed, including a Reuters pho- Business News, Writing and Report- tographer and his assistant. This year ing News held in London. Journalists are often targeted when a couple of reporters have gone miss- Though far removed from the pigeons working in a war zone. Attacks and ing in Syria. The Syrian authorities of 1849, the company continues to harassment of reporters form an or- have been called to help in order to grow and build a competitive advan- ganised campaign to intimidate them ensure their safe release. tage through multi-media and multi- and interfere with their reporting. These, and many other cases, are platform news, remaining valuable to A Reuters television crew was recently illustrative of the extreme dangers the professionals they serve. n individual – osoba, jednostka to interfere with sth – przeszkadzać w czymś, unacceptable – nie do przyjęcia to feel responsible for sth – czuć się za coś zakłócać coś core value – wartość podstawowa odpowiedzialnym crew – załoga, zespół impartiality – bezstronność to benefit sb – przynosić komuś korzyść downtown – śródmieście approach – podejście, stosunek reliability – pewność, solidność Cairo – Kair government – rząd aspiration – aspiracja, dążenie forced – zmuszony to engage with sth – zajmować się czymś, honestly – uczciwie, szczerze to cover sth – zająć się czymś, przygotowywać podejmować coś to commit – zobowiązać (się/kogoś) relację na jakiś temat guidance – wskazówki handbook – podręcznik, przewodnik clash – starcie, utarczka to handle sth – prowadzić coś, zajmować się to fabricate – zmyślać, sfabrykować to go missing – zniknąć, zaginąć czymś to plagiarise – popełnić plagiat authorities – władze to cope with sth – radzić sobie z czymś, source – źródło, tu: informator to ensure – zapewnić znosić coś bribe – łapówka release – uwolnienie (np. z więzienia) sensitive issue – delikatna kwestia affected – dotknięty involved in – zaangażowany w coś, upcoming – nadchodzący violation – pogwałcenie tu: powiązany z rural poverty – bieda na wsi in memoriam – ku pamięci to ensue – wywiązać się, nastąpić competitive – konkurencyjny war zone – strefa działań wojennych (na skutek) advantage – przewaga, atut harassment – nękanie, dręczenie to walk away from sth – odpuścić sobie coś, valuable – cenny, wartościowy to intimidate – zastraszyć, wymusić dać sobie z czymś spokój to serve – służyć

english matters UK 2/2011 25 entertainment

by Anna Richards (Tele)visionary! The Best of British Broadcasting The Greeks famously invented theatre, Italy has to invent – wynaleźć to churn out – produkować coś masowo opera and the cult of Pavarotti, and America has according to – zgodnie z, według Hollywood, churning out 600 or so new films or motion picture – film “movies” every year (according to the American over-the-top – skrajny Lent – Wielki Post Motion Picture Association). France has the Moulin to blow sth up – wysadzić coś w powietrze Rouge and the Folies Bergère, Rio has a wildly over- to sort oneself out – uporządkować swoje the-top carnival parade, pre-Lent, each year, and sprawy/życie to pretend – udawać the Chinese have been making multicoloured paper to get plastered – schlać się dragons and blowing fireworksup in the sky since on the sly – ukradkiem, po cichu before Europe had even got itself sorted out. The beerfest – święto piwa Germans pretend not to have fun for the whole year, only to go and get plastered on the sly at a huge beerfest every October.

26 english matters UK 2/2011 entertainment

o, to cut a long list short, it is once thought of TV programmes and he seems more like a neighbour than clear that every country has its TV formats as the main preserve of a celebrity really – a huge contrast to Snational entertainment. What, the Americans, we can now see clear- the downright-scary Gordon Ramsay – then, does Britain have? Well, Britain ly how the Brits are giving them a real another British celebrity chef of Hell’s has television: an ever more com- run for their money. Kitchen fame. It can safely be said mon fixture in people’s homes since From our earliest years, we are that the UK is on a roll with this kind of 1953, when more charmed by such TV personality. than twenty million magnificent crea- And it’s not only the men that are cook- Brits watched the tures as The Tele- ing up a feast for our eyes on the u Coronation of HM tubbies, Bob the Queen Elizabeth Builder (he’ll fix entertainment – rozrywka II – admittedly on anything), Bill & ever more – coraz bardziej only around two Ben, the Flower- fixture – element wyposażenia million sets at the pot Men, Fimbles, HM (His/Her Majesty) – Jego/Jej Królewska time, ensuring that Rory the Racing Mość – on average – Car, Postman Pat, admittedly – wprawdzie each pretty small Thomas the Tank to ensure – zapewnić screen (showing Engine, Noddy the birthplace of sth – miejsce narodzin/ black and white and Rupert Bear, początku czegoś only, of course) to name but (to have sth) up and running – rozwijać się, was watched in a few. And as we dobrze prosperować a pretty crowded living room! grow up we become acquainted with to break out – wybuchnąć But, long before that, Britain was the other acclaimed personages whose in the meantime – w międzyczasie birthplace of TV, its famous inventor fame also extends beyond the bound- notable – godny uwagi John Logie Baird being a Scotsman aries of the British Isles. We have firsts – pierwsze rzeczy/wydarzenia danego who had television up and running Jamie Oliver, going all the way across typu na świecie in the 1920s, including for the BBC, the Atlantic to preach the benefits of event – wydarzenie though they in fact turned to another a healthy lifestyle to our American arrival – przybycie system for their fully-developed broad- friends, who are grappling with a huge liner – statek wycieczkowy casting of the 1930s (famously from plague of obesity. For many years now, beloved – ukochany Alexandra Palace – “Ally Pally” – from Jamie has been an icon of British main preserve – (czyjaś) główna domena, 1936 on). In fact, however, there were culinary culture, broadcasting to the konik just 23,000 sets world about how to give sb a run for their money – być dla – and in the lucky to make queen kogoś trudnym przeciwnikiem south of England of puddings and charmed – zauroczony only – when war breed your own magnificent – wspaniały broke out in 1939 organic chickens. to become acquainted with sb – poznać and the whole thing This may sound kogoś, zapoznać się z kimś was stopped. In the like something acclaimed – uznany meantime, Britain out of The Good to extend – wykraczać (poza coś) had achieved some Life (a widely- to preach – prawić kazania notable firsts – the viewed and much- to grapple with sth – siłować się z czymś, first play broadcast beloved classic borykać się z czymś in 1930, the first British 1980s sit- obesity – otyłość sports broadcast com about a cou- to breed – hodować (of the Derby horse ple who reject to reject – odrzucić race) in 1931, and worldly values value – wartość, ideał the first “news event” – the arrival of and decide to lead a simpler lifestyle posh – wykwintny, wytworny the liner Queen Mary at Southamp- in a posh residential suburb of Lon- residential suburb – dzielnica will ton in 1936, the same year that also don), but actually it is exactly what our podmiejskich brought the first sports event to be fast-paced world needs right now. produce – produkty rolne televised by the regular BBC service Jamie Oliver does much towards the celebrity – gwiazda, sława (a boxing match). promotion of locally-brought, British downright-scary – autentycznie It’s not surprising then that the UK has produce, but also isn’t afraid to experi- przerażający produced some of the most famous ment with foreign recipes. Over the to be on a/the roll – być na fali

. Oliver G ruener, cim b ined media, wiki p edia TV icons of all time, known and be- years, people have come to like him feast for one’s eyes – uczta dla czyichś oczu fot loved all over the world. Indeed, if we for his open and friendly manner –

english matters UK 2/2011 27 entertainment

small screen. Nigella Lawson, the do- taken off in the US, Canada, Belgium, niture from the comparative comfort mestic goddess, is famous worldwide Sweden, Israel and even Poland, each of one’s own (not quite-so Chippen- for her TV shows and cookery books, with their own national presenters, of dale) armchair, instead of braving as were those entirely politically-incor- course. And how could we possibly weather in places like wet Yorkshire. rect antidotes to talk about fash- Unsurprisingly, then, antique-centred Jamie in the (am- ion without giv- programming accounts for long hours ple) shape of the ing a mention to of time on the box, including on Cash Two Fat Ladies, Trinny and - in the Attic, Flog it!, and the renowned Clarissa Dickson- nah, now house- Antiques Roadshow, whose 32 series Wright and Jenni- hold names pretty have been delighting viewers since fer Paterson. Inevi- much everywhere, 1979, not only in the show’s home- tably perhaps, the touring Europe, land, but also in countries like the US, carefree lifestyle helping women which has now adopted the format, took its toll, and of all ages to look and adapted it into its own version. one Lady (Jennifer) fabulous wherev- The main difference between the more passed over to that er they go? traditional Roadshow and the other great dining table Once the viewer programmes is that, with it, people get in the sky in 1999, has got his/her to hang on to their precious heirlooms, putting an end to image sorted out, instead of just auctioning them off to that particular broadcasting phenom- he or she is ready to move on to more pay for a new fridge or a holiday in The enon. frivolous things. In the UK, shopping Bahamas. But food is, of course, not the only field for antiques could fairly be dubbed The British, being a sentimental and in which British TV excels. If it wasn’t a national sport. This favourite pas- somewhat possessive bunch when it enough to advise us where to eat, the time is second only to watching tel- comes to useless old junk that looks telly also provides handy tips on how evision itself, and when the twain do nice on the mantelpiece, are, natural- to dress. It was here that Gok Wan pio- actually meet (oh joy unbounded!), the ly enough, adoring fans of the Road- neered his wildly popular How to Look possibility arises of admiring Wedg- show, but also therefore in occasional Good Naked show, which has now also wood porcelain and Chippendale fur- need of globetrotting How Clean is Your House? presenters Kim Wood- burn and Aggie Mackenzie (whose domestic – domowy, krajowy to account for – stanowić, wynosić format has also been adapted into goddess – bogini the box – telewizor 19 national versions everywhere from entirely – zupełnie to flog sth – opchnąć coś Iceland to Vietnam). ample – pokaźny, obfity renowned – znany Antiques are all well and good, but the inevitably – nieuchronnie to delight – zachwycać latest trend in the UK is to go hunting carefree – beztroski to hang on to sth – trzymać się czegoś, nie for the history behind people, and not to take its toll – dać się we znaki, odbić się na oddać czegoś just their possessions. I’m talking here czymś niekorzystnie heirloom – pamiątka about family-tree tracing, the latest to excel – wyróżniać się (w robieniu czegoś), possessive – zaborczy national obsession to be reflected on celować (w czymś) bunch – grupa, grono (ludzi) screen. Thanks to the possibilities pro- telly – telewizor junk – śmieć, rupiecie vided by Internet searching, records handy tip – praktyczna porada mantelpiece – gzyms kominka that would once have taken weeks to pioneer – zapoczątkować globetrotting – globtroterstwo, podróżowanie or months to plough through can be to take off – wystartować po świecie done in minutes or hours, and it just household name – powszechnie znane to trace – wyśledzić, prześledzić so happens that the British records nazwisko to reflect – odbijać, odzwierciedlać giving insights into genealogy are par- fabulous – bajeczny, wspaniały records – zapisy, archiwa ticularly well-preserved. So here we frivolous – niepoważny to plough through sth – przebrnąć przez coś, see the perfect example of how TV fairly – uczciwie, poważnie mozolić się nad czymś feeds off a hobby that’s already sky- dubbed – ochrzczony, nazwany to give insights into sth – zgłębić coś, dać rocketing in popularity (many family- pastime – rozrywka wyobrażenie o czymś tree-tracers would say it’s more of an twain – para, dwójka well-preserved – dobrze zachowany obsession), and then fuels interest in unbounded – bezgraniczny to feed off – nakarmić, karmić coś that hobby still further. It’s the perfect to arise – pojawić się to skyrocket – wzrastać w zawrotnym tempie synergy! The programme here, begin- comparative – względny to fuel – napędzać coś ning in 2004, is Who do you Think You

to brave – stawić czemuś czoło to entail – wiązać się z czymś, pociągać za sobą Are? and it entails experts looking for . cim b ined media, wiki p edia

the roots of famous people, not least fot

28 english matters UK 2/2011 entertainment some of the TV stars mentioned else- Brits laugh at, and yet somehow they And where the stars lead, the nation is where in this article like Jeremy Clark- must manage it, since so many Brit- ready to follow, with everyone proudly son, David Tennant, David Suchet and ish comedy programmes – like Dad’s donning spongy red noses and calling Nigella Lawson. Not every country has Army, Allo Allo, Mr Bean, The Benny in to donate money to the cause (over such good records, so it’s not surpris- Hill Show, Monty £650 million since ing that other overseas versions are Python’s Flying 1985 in the case of often in lands connected to – i.e. with Circus, Keeping Comic Relief, and ancestors in – the UK, like Canada, Up Appearances, over £500 million Australia, South Africa and the USA; Fawlty Towers, since 1980 in the but the Germans, Swedes, Dutch, Nor- Blackadder and case of Children in wegians and Poles have all had a go The Office – are Need). too, developing shows of equivalent watched and be- Of course, televi- content. loved all over the sion provides op- It is an interesting fact, however, world. portunities to make that, in spite of that distinctive Brit- In fact, Britain money, as well as ish desire to ‘hang on’ to old stuff, has taken its love give it away. Flog- auctions have managed to become of comedy a step ging off antiques vastly popular in the UK. It is not only further, with tel- is not the only way the humble antique that is auctioned ethons like Chil- to make a bob or off the highest bidder nowadays. The dren in Need or two, as one could latest trend to emerge involves house Comic Relief, for which various fa- also go on Who Wants to be a Mil- auctions, where viewers take up the mous people delight in making utter lionaire? – a British idea begun in “paddle” in competition over the best fools of themselves on national televi- 1998, adapted for around 70 differ- homes (whether in Britain or abroad). sion, all in the name of charity. You’re ent countries and so iconic that the And these programmes are no mere not really somebody until you’ve been whole Slumdog Millionaire movie was stand-alone incidents. Nowadays on Comic Relief, and that goes for poli- based around it. an increasing amount of TV time ticians like David Cameron, Tony Blair In contrast, you won’t get much more is dedicated to house-related mat- and Gordon Brown too, as well as pop than a nice cut-glass engraved bowl if ters. Whether it be moving, selling, groups like Girls Aloud, sportspeople you win the very demanding Master- buying or redecorating, you can bet like Olympian diver Tom Daley, and of mind quiz show, which has been run- your boots that somewhere on some course actors ranging all the way from ning since 1972, and also taken up in channel there is a house-centred pro- youngsters like Rupert Grint through Australia and the USA, so it’s really the gramme on. to veterans like Roger Lloyd Pack. prestige that counts (the person u Moving from house to garden, we have garden landscaping pro- overseas – zagraniczny to switch on – włączyć grammes, garden makeovers (running ancestor – przodek neatly – schludnie, doskonale in parallel with the house makeovers), content – treść, zawartość endowed – obdarzony, obdarowany programmes in which contestants in spite of – pomimo idiosyncratic – charakterystyczny, compete to design the best garden, distinctive – charakterystyczny indywidualny programmes about Britain’s (or the vastly – daleko, bez porównania variety – odmiana, rodzaj world’s) most beautiful gardens, pro- humble – skromny, prosty wit – dowcip, poczucie humoru grammes giving advice about how to bidder – licytant ostensibly – rzekomo deal successfully with everything from to emerge – pojawić się telethon – maraton telewizyjny, widowisko aphids to botrytis, and the list goes paddle – łopatka, tu: numerek na aukcji charytatywne on… competition – rywalizacja, konkurencja utter – zupełny, skończony The British probably love their gardens abroad – za granicą charity – dobroczynność even more than their antiques (though stand-alone – autonomiczny, niezależny Olympian diver – nurek olimpijski maybe not their televisions?) Again it moving – przeprowadzanie się to don – wdziać, przywdziać goes to show how much you can tell you can bet your boots – możesz być pewien, spongy – gąbczasty about a nation just by switching on że... the cause – (dobra) sprawa that telly and checking out what’s on. landscaping – architektura zieleni to give sth away – rozdawać coś All of which brings us neatly on to the makeover – całkowita odmiana to make a bob or two – zarobić trochę grosza national sense of humour… in parallel with – równolegle z, jednocześnie z in contrast – natomiast, w odróżnieniu The British are naturally endowed with contestant – zawodnik cut glass – szkło rżnięte a very special, wholly idiosyncratic to compete – rywalizować engraved – wygrawerowany variety of wit. It is ostensibly hard to deal with – poradzić z, zająć się demanding – wymagający, ciężki for foreigners to understand what

english matters UK 2/2011 29 entertainment

coming second doesn’t get anything at to contestants, who are also 42 years, creating a gaping Thurs- all). You also have to face the long walk mean to you, as well as face the ultra- day – or Friday-evening hole in most to and from the famous black leather mean Anne Robinson – in the British teenagers’ lives and leaving the na- chair, in which you will be grilled mer- or American versions – or some equal- tion groping for alternative entertain- cilessly for two 2-minute rounds on ly tough and unpleasant question- ments. Needless to say, this being your specialised subject and general master/mistress in the versions now Britain, they didn’t have very far to knowledge. While developed in 97 look. They could watch many of their you might have an countries (includ- favourite celebrities prancing about excuse for weak- ing China). in ball gowns or top hats and tails on ness in the latter, If your gen- Strictly Come Dancing, a show now the former is your eral knowledge franchised in 20+ countries around own business, and isn’t quite up to the world, including of course Poland. your own choice. scratch, you might For those viewers with more refined We can imagine, use other talents tastes, television in the UK provides then, how a cer- to get you on to many interesting and informative pro- tain 28-year-old the small screen. grammes. TV of true quality is still being software analyst Recently, Britain’s made there, and – while it might be too felt in 2010, when Got Talent has much to say that this is the only country his chosen sub- made genuine where it can be found – one would have ject yielded just world stars out to admit that British documentary series 4 points, rising to of ordinary peo- (along with British costume dramas) are a stunning 5 after the second round! ple like Susan Boyle, whose glorious suspiciously dominant on DVDs sold In fact, and presenter voice contrasting with a somewhat- around the world. Whether the subjects may well have squirmed even more uninspiring appearance left panel and be human biology and health, the solar than the poor contestant himself! [In audience alike with mouths gaping. system, animals or ecology, architec- case you need to know, the highest That format has also been adapted ture, the life and wives of Henry VIII or ever Mastermind score – for the same by a host of countries, as have the the stories behind famous works of art, 4 minutes of questioning – was 41]. Pop Idol and X Factor formats, again, there are classy programmes to watch In The Weakest Link – yet another win- now familiar everywhere. These are which have made household names of ning British format – some relatively the kind of programmes people have such beloved figures as David Attenbor- modest sums are available, but to to turn to nowadays, since Top of the ough and Prof. Robert (whose pocket them you will need to be mean Pops was taken off air in 2006 after work has been recognised by a knight- hood from The Queen and a peerage respectively). to come second – skończyć jako drugi, zająć to gape – gapić się, rozdziawiać usta Now, reality TV and science pro- drugie miejsce (w zdziwieniu) grammes aside, what is it that most to grill – maglować familiar – znajomy, znany people turn to for entertainment in mercilessly – bezlitośnie to grope for sth – szukać czegoś po omacku, “some other dimension”? Of course, excuse – wymówka nie móc się czegoś doszukać the answer is the irreplaceable sci- latter – ten drugi, kolejny to prance – podskakiwać, brykać ence fiction, and Britain boasts some former – ten poprzedni, pierwszy ball gown – suknia balowa of the very, very best. Doctor Who is to yield – dać, wydać refined tastes – wyrafinowane gusta the world’s longest running sci-fi se- stunning – szokujący to admit – przyznać ries, lasting from 1963 and 1989 and to squirm – zwijać się (np. ze wstydu) suspiciously – podejrzanie then again – with a very impressive modest – skromny work of art – dzieło sztuki facelift indeed – post-2005, when to pocket – zagarnąć, zgarnąć classy – z klasą, szykowny Christopher Eccleston first brought the mean – zły, niedobry knighthood – tytuł szlachecki Doctor back to life for new generations fellow – kolega peerage – parowie, parostwo of kids (and would-be-kids) to marvel equally – równie dimension – wymiar at and enjoy. Since then the Doc has to be up to scratch – być na odpowiednim irreplaceable – niezastąpiony also metamorphosed into people who poziomie, spełniać wymogi longest running – najdłużej działający, look like the actors David Tennant and genuine – autentyczny najdłużej nadawany Matt Smith. “The Doctor” may travel ordinary – zwyczajny impressive – imponujący in time in his flying police phone box glorious – cudowny, wspaniały facelift – lifting, odnowienie wizerunku called The TARDIS, but viewers of the uninspiring – bezbarwny, bez generation – pokolenie BBC need no such magical machines wyrazu to marvel at sth – zachwycać się czymś – they are transported by TV to a dif-

ferent era past or present, or a differ- cimbined media, wikipedia fot.

30 english matters UK 2/2011 entertainment ent planet, each and every time they 1970s and 80s, and hence worlds in But actually, come to think of it, TV switch on. fact surprisingly and completely differ- – though of course not real in itself Of course time travel backwards can ent from our own in the 21st century, in – is still more real than we might like also be achieved by way of one of the which policing was an altogether more to admit. It is like a mirror, held up many “bonnet dramas” made in Brit- “raw” business than it is nowadays… to the face of a nation, calling out to ain. At this point, it would be immense- While the British may still moan that the viewer, and saying “I am what you ly surprising to find a classic piece of “there’s nothing make me. Here English Lit. that hasn’t been adapted good on”, it cer- is what you want for viewing by the BBC at some point tainly doesn’t look to watch!” So, if or other. The quality of these produc- like that from the a country can be tions is invariably sky-high, and they perspective of reflected in the are always a joy to watch and re-watch, those on the out- TV it watches, whenever the fancy takes one for a lit- side looking in. what does that tle Bronte, Austen, Hardy, Gaskell, Dick- Indeed, with so say about Britain? ens or Eliot. Colin Firth made his name much good stuff Well, of course, as the wet-shirted Mr Darcy climbing to choose from, it’s not all roses, out of the lake at Pemberley in the who can be sur- but on the whole 1995 version of Pride & Prejudice, prised that Brits the picture paint- thus forever leaving his heart-throb sta- watch more TV ed is not a bad tus beyond doubt. Bond Girl Gemma than the citizens one. Not neces- Arterton started out as a fresh-faced of any other EU sarily because Tess Durbeyfield, and Carey Mulligan member state, as a 2006 study by Ver- of the individual programmes them- gave a superb performance in Bleak geer, Coenders and Scheepers makes selves, for not all are always what House, alongside the acclaimed Gillian clear? [The Irish took second place, by they could be, but on account of the Anderson of X-Files fame. ITV has not the way]. In fact, Brits watched what sheer diversity. Whether you want to been left out either, Granada being fa- was even for them a record amount of laugh with Benny Hill, cringe at Anne mously responsible for a finescreening telly in 2010 – some 30 hours, 4 min- Robinson, look at cars with Jeremy of Brideshead Revisited, as well as four utes a week on average, so it’s no sur- Clarkson on Top Gear, or cry your eyes series of Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Hol- prise either that the latest TV offerings out over a Thomas Hardy adaptation, mes stories starring Jeremy Brett, while always represent a favourite topic of you will always find some British pro- London Weekend Television did Agatha conversation in Britain (second only to gramme to your taste. Everyone has Christie’s Poirot with David Suchet. the weather, of course). This can prove a favourite, so – no matter where you For those who prefer more contempo- frustrating to the likes of Poles, who are in the world – give those channels rary storylines, there are iconic soaps are always waiting for the talk to shift a good flicking through, and you’ll be like Eastenders and Coronation Street over to real issues. sure to find one of your own. n – now a world-record-holder having run since 1960 (more than 7000 epi- backwards – w tył, do tyłu crimebusting – zwalczanie zbrodni sodes), and even continuing to feature bonnet – czepek, czapeczka to transplant – przesadzić, przeszczepić the character of Ken Barlow, played by immensely – ogromnie hence – zatem actor William Roache, for the whole invariably – niezmiennie to moan – jęczeć, marudzić period! Medical soaps include the sky-high – najwyższych lotów, zawrotny citizen – obywatel 762-episode Casualty (the longest- fancy – upodobanie, chętka member state – państwo członkowskie running emergency medical drama prejudice – uprzedzenie study – studium, badanie in the world) and Doctors¸ while the heart-throb – obiekt (kobiecych) the likes of – ludzie tego pokroju, ludzie world of the police and crimebusting westchnień tacy jak had The Bill, whose 26th and last se- fresh-faced – młodzieńczy to call out to sb – wołać kogoś ries came to an end with the 2,400th superb – znakomity, wspaniały it’s not all (wine and) roses – nie wszystko jest episode on August 31st last year. alongside – obok cacy, nie jest wcale różowo Detective shows include everything responsible – odpowiedzialny on account of – z powodu from Miss Marple and Hetty Wainthrop screening – pokaz, projekcja sheer – czysty, prosty Investigates through to Dalziel and Pas- contemporary – współczesny diversity – różnorodność coe and Silent Witness. Beyond those, soap – opera mydlana to cringe at sb – krzywić się na czyjś widok a phenomenon of recent years has world-record-holder – posiadacz rekordu to cry one’s eyes out – wypłakiwać sobie been the super-popular – and extremely świata oczy high-quality – Life on Mars and its se- casualty – ofiara to flick through channels – przerzucać/ quel Ashes to Ashes – about modern- emergency – nagły wypadek przełączać kanały TV day detectives being transplanted to the

english matters UK 2/2011 31 british exports by Anna Richards British Invasion Inhabitants of Earth – watch out! MP3 kod dostępu: BHIN73 We have a global invasion on our hands… em.colorfulmedia.pl

alm down! There’s no need to those of you who said “British Ex- class export travels in a very different get all panicky and fidgety! If ports”, and you’ve got it! British prod- way. In air-conditioned planes, trains C I have inadvertently sent any of ucts, inventions and designs are, and automobiles, with all comforts ca- you, gentle readers, out to the nearest slowly but surely, infiltrating the global tered for. The export referred to here convenience store for mind-control- market, penetrating into foreigners’ is, of course, people. The sixty million proof tin foil, I must take this oppor- homes and workplaces. You may not inhabitants of the United Kingdom tunity to make my sincere apologies. notice them, but they’re there all right. place it 22nd on the list of the biggest Really, there’s nothing (much) to be Right under your very noses, easy to countries in the world and, in a space afraid of. When I say “global invasion” find… for those who know where to roughly the size of Michigan, that’s I don’t exactly mean little green men look! bound to mean crowds. So some Brit- from Mars popping over in state-of- It may perhaps surprise the reader to ons have found the seemingly perfect the-art, poached-egg-shaped, disco- hear that the top British commodity solution of pulling up their good old light-flashing, metallic monstrosities cannot be transported in crates and British roots and legging it overseas, of spaceships (I’m sure you’ll know shipped all over the world in some spreading their national ideals, mor- the kind I’m talking about if you’ve huge container ship. No, this first- als and manners as they go. watched even a tenth of the nerdy sci-fi films I have). Well, even if you haven’t, it doesn’t really matter all that much, since space exploration plays but a small part in what you are about to read. No, the invasion I’m talking about is completely harmless – unless you happen to be afraid of things like hot- cross-buns and Cheddar cheese, that is. If this is the case, then beware, you’re going to be hearing a lot more of this kind of thing before too long. So, can you guess by now what our global invasion really is? Hands up,

panicky – panikarski fidgety – rozbiegany inadvertently – nieumyślnie mind-control-proof – odporny na kontrolę umysłu to pop over – wpaść nerdy – głupkowaty, durny hot-cross-bun – drożdżówka ze znakiem krzyża, jedzona w Wlk. Bryt. w Wielki Piątek to infiltrate – przesączyć się, przeniknąć commodity – towar, artykuł air-conditioned – klimatyzowany automobile – samochód inhabitant – mieszkaniec Briton – Brytyjczyk to leg it – zasuwać, drałować

32 english matters UK 2/2011 british exports

From Lord Byron in 19th century Greece nations. 150,000 British soldiers cookbooks and language books have to our modern-day Beckhams, Brits fought on the side of the Union in the the power to shape the way we see abroad have been making an impact American Civil War of 1861-1864, for the world, as of course do novels. We for centuries. In fact, the aforemen- example, and Brits were also highly ac- can fall in love for the first time while tioned Byron was so beloved by the tive in many South American countries’ reading a book, experience the pain of Greeks that they even dedicated a na- 19th-century struggles for independ- death and the fear of impending doom. tional day to him! On April 19th, the an- ence. These days the roles are differ- We learn to distinguish good from evil niversary of the great poet’s death, our ent, but the numbers are still high – thanks to the ideals presented to us on Greek friends celebrate the man who 5.5 million, according to a 2006 study, the pages of a good paperback. through his writing romanticized Greek which found that 41 countries around And nowhere is there such a profu- culture, and through his bank account the world each had 10,000 or more sion of new books being published and own valiant efforts helped with Brits living in them! as in Britain. In 2005 alone 206,000 their struggle for independence. This is Having mentioned people, we need new books were published in the UK, quite something when compared with to devote a little time to the export of America coming second with ‘only’ the coolness of the British, who not ideas. By which I basically mean books. 172,000. Well, who could really be once, but twice, refused his burial at It is in books that we encapsulate our surprised in the country of Shake- Westminster Abbey, finally consenting dreams and ideas, each page contain- speare, Jane Austen, The Brontes, to a small commemorative plaque. ing a new notion. And, as we well know, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, But not every expatriate received so nothing has more power to influence J. R. R. Tolkien, Agatha Christie… u much fame and acclaim. Many remain the way we think than an idea. From our rather anonymous, like doctors or so- earliest childhood we learn about our impact – wpływ cial workers, engineers, oil-industry surroundings from books. Children’s aforementioned – wyżej wspomniany personnel or teachers, or else as sol- books, travel books, art books, garden- valiant – waleczny, dzielny diers fighting for the freedom of other ing books, history books, nature books, burial – pochówek to consent to sth – zgodzić się na coś commemorative plaque – tablica pamiątkowa to devote – przeznaczyć, przekazać to encapsulate – streścić, zawrzeć coś novel – powieść impending doom – zbliżające się nieszczęście profusion – obfitość

R E K L A M A

english matters UK 2/2011 33 british exports

(one could go on and on and on as the – or anywhere else for that matter – something called “West Country Farm- list is, for all practical purposes, never- are from the London Symphony Or- house Cheddar” its PDO (Protected ending)? chestra, London Philharmonic, Royal Destination of Origin) status, which A recent addition to this long list of Philharmonic, Academy of St. Martin- may be applied where products are British literary successes – and per- in-the Fields or whatever? Maybe no- produced, processed and prepared haps the most phenomenal of all – body knows exactly, but the answer within a specific geographical area, is J. K. Rowling, whose Harry Potter must at the very least be… “lots”! and with features and characteristics enchanted the whole world with the And while British literature, film and attributable to that area. The stipula- idea of a magical reality hiding right music are busy influencing our minds, tion for the Cheddar referred to is that under our metaphorical noses. Selling the UK’s actual, statistically-proven, top it be made in Somerset, Devon, Dorset copies into the hundreds of millions, export is directly saving lives around or Cornwall – the original four counties the books spread worldwide the idea the globe, or at least helping us main- which form the West Country. of the British boarding school, a one- tain our physical health and welfare. In fact it’s not only Cheddar that the of-a-kind institution, not to be found Go to any house you like and, apart British pride themselves on. The UK anywhere else in exactly that form. from the bookcase, the top place of offers many other exciting varieties of Children dreamed of taking the Hog- British domination will be the medicine cheese. Among the most famous of warts Express and flocked to London’s cabinet. Feeling a bit feverish – a good these are Stilton and Single Glouces- Kings Cross Station to tap tentatively dose of Ibuprofen will soon clear that ter, but also beloved are Buxton Blue, on the wall between Platforms 9 and up! Stomach trouble? It’s often a Tag- Bonchester and Dovedale. All of these, 10, hoping for a glimpse of the elusive amet that is reached for! Wheezing and and a couple more besides, have at- Platform 9¾. coughing? Salbutamol can deal with it! tained the considerable honour (and And it is not only in the form of great These are only some of Britain’s most the financial attractions) of being literature that artists can shape our famous medicinal exports. Another, awarded PDO Status. And if cheese reality – British films and music con- which, although first used as a heart is not your thing, why not turn to Cor- tinue to inspire. Think of Love Actu- drug, is now widely available for a dif- nish Pasties or Cornish Clotted Cream, ally, making us cry into our Christmas ferent purpose, is Viagra. which have also made the European Puddings every 25th December, or The So, doctor’s orders obeyed, we may Union list as regional specialties? Beatles, still playing on the radio after now move on to an altogether more While PDO status is only awarded to 50 years. If we delve into the Guinness pleasurable subject – food (let’s not a small number of products each year, Book of World Records (another British even get into drinks like tea, whose there are many wonderful foods which export, albeit from an Irish firm), we will British brands are simply everywhere). have no such distinction, but are still find that The Beatles actually sold over Just recently, I had the immense pleas- consumed in great quantities by all 1 billion ‘units’, as they are referred to ure of discovering an authentic, hon- Anglophiles abroad. One of these is in a term which encompasses anything est-to-goodness fish and chip shop in Marmite – a yeast extract (believe from a cassette or record to a CD, thus the middle of Warsaw. Imagine the de- making them the single most popular light of a Brit far from home, being able to enchant – oczarować band ever, and the pioneers of music to enjoy local cuisine in the furthest boarding school – szkoła z internatem as we now know it. reaches of the world, and add to that tentatively – z wahaniem, ostrożnie It’s pretty much the same story with the joy of the foreigner discovering new elusive – nieuchwytny classical music – just how many of the delights for the palate and you have the to delve into – sięgnąć do czegoś, zagłębić się versions heard on the radio in Poland perfect picture of happiness. w coś Many wonderful foods are ex- albeit – aczkolwiek ported by the UK every year. to obey – słuchać (rozkazów), przestrzegać These include such deli- immense – ogromny, kapitalny cacies as Jordan bars, fish and chip shop – smażalnia ryb Fisherman’s Friends, cuisine – kuchnia Dorset Cereals, Cad- delights for/of the palate – rozkosze bury’s Chocolate and, poniebienia of course, Cheddar Protected Destination of Origin – (towar/ cheese, although the produkt) o chronionym źródle pochodzenia term is now largely stipulation – warunek, zastrzeżenie generic, and can re- to pride oneself on sth – szczycić się, chlubić fer to cheese made się czymś anywhere in the to award – nagrodzić, przyznać (np. nagrodę) world. However, specialties – specjalności, specjały the EU has spe- Anglophile – anglofil cially awarded yeast – drożdże

34 english matters UK 2/2011 british exports it or not) which has in recent years Deyn, china-doll-like Lily Cole, and vo- out there where roads are better. Plac- been worming its way on to the global luptuous Victoria’s Secret beauty Ro- es as far-flung as Gdynia, Los Angeles, market, gaining fans in the most un- sie Huntington-Whiteley. Galveston, Chattanooga, San Francis- likely places. I am reminded here of Going from high fashion to High Street co, Honolulu, Lake Titicaca and Mel- an instance when, in the days before (or rather Main Street, as they say bourne can all boast ships that now Marmite became widely available in across the Atlantic), does anyone re- serve as floating museums, hotels or Poland, I was asked by our local post- member the citywide hysteria New restaurants, but started out as ves- man if, being British, I had any access York experienced not long ago, with sels constructed at UK shipyards. And to it and could maybe get him a jar or the opening of the first American Top- would you ever imagine that half of two. In fact, more and more foreigners shop? The chain is growing fast and the USA’s most important state busi- have come to appreciate the unique where people can’t shop it live, they ness is conducted over a British desk, taste of Marmite, since it was first pro- order off the Internet, often by the specifically the one located in the Oval duced in Burton-On-Trent in 1902. crateful. Marks and Spencer and New Office in the White House, which was But it is not only British food that is Look also both have many stores (and in fact a very useful gift from Queen gaining followers all over the globe. fans) worldwide. Victoria to President Rutherford B. Fashion is very much the new “it Brit” In fact, British-produced stuff often Hayes in 1880, and was built from the thing. For many years now the Burberry just seems to crop up out of nowhere timbers of the British Arctic Explora- Trench Coat has been synonymous in the most unexpected places. Diners tion ship HMS Resolute. with style, but it is not only such veteran everywhere enjoy their meals off finest So, to sum it all up, what, in this age of designs that beguile the fashion world. Wedgwood porcelain, and then snug- Chinese mass-production, can be said Britain has heaps of new design talent gle up between Laura Ashley sheets. for British exports? Well, there’s not flourishing wherever you look, think Land Rovers made recently, or simply much more to say, really, but here’s Christopher Kane, Jonathan Saunders yonks ago (some as far back as in a bit of advice: next time you pass or shoe-god Nicholas Kirkwood. Fash- 1948) are still doing their thing wher- a Topshop-clad, salbutamol-inhaling ion can’t get enough of them! And just ever on our planet the terrain gets asthmatic, reading Harry Potter while last year the whole world was thrown challenging; and there are also a fair listening to The Beatles and munching into mourning with the sudden death few Minis, Rolls Royces and Jaguars on a Flake bar – why not ask them? n of one of our most talented designers, Alexander McQueen. R E K L A M A Presenting to us all these design greats we have British models, tramp- ing up and down catwalks worldwide, the most famous of these being, doubtless the legendary Kate Moss, but followed closely by quirky Agyness unique – unikalny trench coat – trencz to beguile – omamić, oczarować to flourish – kwitnąć, dobrze prosperować W PRL-u catwalk – wybieg (np. na pokazie mody) quirky – dziwaczny pan Stanisław china-doll – porcelanowa laleczka voluptuous – ponętna, zmysłowa nie miał wyboru, High Street – deptak, ulica z największymi sklepami Ty masz. by the crateful – całymi skrzynkami, na skrzynki to crop up – pojawić się, wyskoczyć diner – gość (w restauracji) yonks (ago) – wieki całe, dawno temu challenging – ambitny, trudny floating – pływający Księgarnia internetowa vessel – statek, łódź timbers – drewno, tarcica HMS (Her Majesty’s Ship) – okręt Jej/Jego studentmaks.pl Królewskiej Mości www.studentmaks.pl to munch on sth – przeżuwać coś

english matters UK 2/2011 35 business British Entrepreneur with Social Conscience – Dame Anita Roddick by Agnieszka Dudek

From scratch It began in 1976 as a tiny shop in Brighton selling twenty-five naturally based skin and hair care products. It was never meant to be a business, but rather a survival exercise to pro- vide a livelihood for herself and her two daughters. She was planning to close it down as soon as her husband returned from his lifelong-dream jour- ney on horseback from Buenos Aires to New York and buy a small pineapple plantation in Australia. She never envi- sioned that it would turn into a highly profitable enterprise with more than 2,100 branches in 55 countries at its height, and would become an icon of the High Street in the 1980s. kod dostępu: AARK89 MP3 em.colorfulmedia.pl Social enterprise This is how the story of the natural, cruelty-free cosmetic empire – The entrepreneur – przedsiębiorca at its height – u szczytu, w pełni Body Shop commenced. The figure conscience – sumienie High Street – deptak, ekskluzywne sklepy behind its success is Dame Anita Rod- Dame – dama, tytuł przysługujący kobietom w centrum miasta dick, ‘the Queen of Green’. Anita rede- udekorowanym najwyższymi odznaczeniami cruelty-free – wolny od okrucieństwa fined the meaning of success, making Imperium Brytyjskiego to commence – rozpocząć her company not so much a financial from scratch – od zera, od podstaw to redefine – przedefiniować enterprise but a social enterprise survival – przetrwanie conviction – przekonanie which was based on her conviction to provide – zapewnić dedicated – oddany that “business has the power to do livelihood – środki do życia, utrzymanie advocate for sth – działacz na rzecz czegoś, good”. A dedicated advocate for hu- lifelong-dream – marzenie życia orędownik man rights and green issues, as well on horseback – na koniu, konno responsible – odpowiedzialny as a pioneer of responsible consum- pineapple – ananas (to be) ahead of one’s times – wyprzedzać swój erism, Anita Roddick was some way to envision – przewidzieć, wyobrazić czas ahead of her times and turned the eyes profitable – rentowny, dochodowy sensitive issue – delikatna/drażliwa

of the world to such sensitive issues, enterprise – przedsięwzięcie kwestia u k/fo ru m IAN M U N R O /topfoto.co. fot.

36 english matters UK 2/2011 business often swept under the carpet by the was thriving. Gordon helped her to to growing worries about animal test- public, as animal testing or homeless set up the structures: he devised the ing and using chemicals in cosmetics, children, just to name a few. franchise system which enabled them and finally, she transformed the way to spread the network globally, and the products were sold around the he also oversaw the finances. By the world. She took care not only of what Origins mid-1980s, The Body Shop became the ingredients of her products were, She was born in 1942 in Littlehamp- a leading cosmetic retailer and Anita and under which conditions they were ton, as the daughter of Italian-Jewish was named the Business Woman of produced, but also what the packag- immigrants. When she was nine, her the Year. By 1990, Roddick’s 30 per ing was. Her cosmetics are sold in mother divorced her father and mar- cent stake in The Body Shop made her simple recyclable containers, simple ried his cousin, Henry, whom Anita the fourth-richest woman in the UK. tubes and bottles. On top of that, The adored. It turned out that Anita was the Body Shop also has a refill program fruit of that passionate affair between in place. It was born from necessity. her mother and Henry. Young Anita Genius When Anita first opened her shop, she set her sights on acting but she was Yet, it is not in the figures that Anita could not afford to buy new bottles turned down by a local drama school Roddick’s success lies. She created and thus began offering her custom- and so took up teacher training. She something more than a multinational ers a small discount for bringing back worked as a teacher of English and his- cosmetic business – she created their bottles for refilling. Now, seventy- tory but soon decided to quit her job in commerce with a conscience. It is five products can be refilled at The the UK to travel the world. As a teach- said her genius is built on three pil- Body Shop, including The Body Shop er for the United Nations, she worked lars: firstly, she pioneered the sale of Colourings Make-up line and Perfume in Paris and Geneva, and spent some organic cosmetics, thus setting trends Oils. All carrier bags were replaced by time in the islands of Polynesia where for the beauty industry, secondly, she 100% paper bags in order to reduce she could observe the indigenous developed a market that responded waste. u people and their rituals of the body, which exerted an impact on her future vision of the beauty industry. Shortly to sweep sth under the rug/carpet – starać się thriving – (dobrze) prosperujący, kwitnący after her return to Littlehampton, she coś ukryć to set up – założyć married Gordon Roddick and they ran origin – pochodzenie, źródło to devise – opracować, wymyślić a bed-and-breakfast, and then a small to divorce – rozwieść się franchise – franczyza, licencja local restaurant. When, after the birth to adore – ubóstwiać, uwielbiać to enable – umożliwić of their second daughter, Gordon affair – romans to spread – rozprzestrzenić, roznieść stated he wanted to pursue his ambi- to set one’s sights on sth – stawiać sobie coś to oversee – nadzorować tion and ride a horse from Argentina za cel retailer – detalista to New York, she gave him her bless- to turn sb down – odrzucić (np. czyjąś stake – udział ing. Yet, before his departure, Gordon kandydaturę), odmówić (komuś czegoś) fourth-richest – czwarty najbogatszy, zajmujący helped Anita to negotiate a bank loan to take sth up – podjąć coś, podjąć się czegoś czwartą pozycję na liście najbogatszych of £4000, which she used to open her United Nations (UN) – Organizacja Narodów figure – liczba shop with natural cosmetics. Zjednoczonych (ONZ) pillar – filar, podstawa indigenous – tubylczy to set (the) trend – wyznaczyć (nowy) trend to exert – wywrzeć (np. wpływ) beauty industry – przemysł kosmetyczny Success impact – wpływ to respond – odpowiedzieć, zareagować Her concept of selling cosmetics bed-and-breakfast (B&B) – zakwaterowanie to transform – przekształcić based on naturally-derived ingredi- ze śniadaniem to take care of sth – zająć się czymś ents such as aloe vera, cocoa butter, to state – oświadczyć ingredient – składnik jojoba oil and almond oil – inspired by to pursue – podążać, poszukiwać condition – warunek her travels around the world, turned blessing – błogosławieństwo packaging – opakowanie, pakowanie out to be so successful that she was departure – odjazd recyclable – nadający się do przetworzenia soon able to open a second shop, fi- loan – pożyczka refill – wkład (do ponownego napełniania), dolewka nanced by selling half the company to naturally-derived – pochodzenia naturalnego out of/from necessity – z konieczności a local garage owner. She drew a lot almond – migdał to afford – mieć środki na coś upon her youthful travel experiences owner – posiadacz, właściciel discount – rabat – for example, her observations of to draw (up)on sth – korzystać z czegoś, make-up – makijaż Sri Lankan women rubbing pineapple inspirować się czymś carrier bag – reklamówka on their skin resulted in the develop- youthful – młodzieńczy to replace – zastąpić ment of Pineapple Facial Wash. When to rub – pocierać to reduce – ograniczyć, zredukować Gordon returned, Anita’s business facial wash – płyn do mycia twarzy waste – odpady

english matters UK 2/2011 37 business

how crucial to the success of the com- for the Abolition of Vivisection. Anita Social justice pany and its products were the farm- didn’t even stop campaigning after ers, be it those producing cocoa butter she had been diagnosed with a termi- and fair trade in Ghana or those making sesame oil nal disease. She revealed to the me- What in particular makes Anita Rod- in Nicaragua. While on most company dia she had been living with cirrhosis dick stand out from the crowd of en- websites one can find profiles of their of the liver after contracting hepatits C trepreneurs is her social activism CEOs, CFOs and other managerial during the birth of her youngest and campaigning for human and en- staff, on the Body Shop website, in the daughter. She had been living with vironmental issues across the globe. Our Ingredients section, one can find this ‘silent killer’ for years, and when She has been involved in such or- the profiles of ‘growers’ from every it was diagnosed, she rose above her ganisations as Amnesty International, corner of the world, who are normally disease and started to campaign for Friends of the Earth, Shelter and CND, invisible, yet so instrumental to the de- hepatits C being taken more seriously and she also started a number of ini- velopment of organic cosmetics. Anita as a public health challenge. Sadly, tiatives in support of education and was passionate about campaigning she passed away in 2007. the homeless. She relentlessly called for greater environmental protection. for Third World aid and drew people’s Her voice against animal testing was attention to where the ingredients of especially resonant. The Body Shop is Takeover the cosmetics come from and who dedicated to this issue and complies A year before her death Anita had tak- harvests them. She often emphasized with the standards of the British Union en a serious step and decided to sell The Body Shop to the cosmetic giant, justice – sprawiedliwość hepatits C – wirusowe zapalenie wątroby L’Oréal for £652 million. She came fair trade – uczciwa konkurencja typu „C” under fierce criticism, as L’Oréal had to stand out from the crowd – wyróżniać się silent killer – cichy zabójca a record of animal testing which was environmental – środowiskowy, dotyczący to rise above sth – przezwyciężyć coś, wznieść obviously against the core values of środowiska naturalnego się ponad coś The Body Shop. She suggested one of involved in – zaangażowany w to take sth seriously – brać coś na poważne, the main reasons for doing that was shelter – schronienie traktować coś poważnie to free herself for philanthropic work. in support of – w ramach wsparcia dla challenge – wyzwanie She used a large part of the money relentlessly – bez przerwy to pass away – odejść, umrzeć from the sale to set up her own foun- aid – pomoc, wsparcie takeover – przejęcie (np. władzy) dation. She knew she was dying, and to draw attention – zwrócić, przyciągnąć giant – gigant she said it would be a disgrace to die uwagę to come under criticism – zostać (ostro) rich. L’Oréal took over the Body Shop to harvest – zbierać (np. żniwa) skrytykowanym but it stated that The Body Shop brand to emphasize – podkreślić, uwypuklić fierce – ostry, gwałtowny would be kept and the company would crucial – decydujący to have a (track) record of sth – mieć dobre/złe continue as a stand-alone business, CEO (Chief Executive Officer) – dyrektor notowania, cieszyć się dobrą/złą sławą run independently from its head office naczelny core value – wartość podstawowa in Littlehampton, West Sussex. Anita CFO (Chief Financial Officer) – dyrektor philanthropic – filantropijny, dobroczynny believed that by selling her own busi- ds. finansów disgrace – wstyd, hańba ness to a huge corporation, she would staff – pracownicy brand – marka be able to influence its decisions – she grower – hodowca stand-alone – autonomiczny, niezależny remained its consultant until her death invisible – niewidzialny independently – niezależnie in 2007. Suppliers who had formerly instrumental – niezwykle ważny, walnie head office – centrala, siedziba główna worked with the Body Shop were of- przyczyniający się do czegoś huge – olbrzymi fered contracts with L’Oréal. The French to campaign for sth – prowadzić kampanię na to influence – wpływać company also began to develop alter- rzecz czegoś to remain – pozostawać native ways of testing their products. protection – ochrona supplier – dostawca Anita Roddick built not only a powerful resonant – donośny, odbijający się echem formerly – niegdyś, dawniej brand but she proved that “business to comply with sth – odpowiadać czemuś powerful – potężny can do good”. Let me close with her (np. normom) solely – wyłącznie, jedynie own words: “I want to define success abolition – abolicja, zniesienie glamour – urok, splendor by redefining it. For me it isn’t that to be diagnosed with sth – rozpoznać u kogoś allure – powab, urok solely mythical definition – glamour, (schorzenie) wealth – bogactwo allure, power of wealth, and the privi- terminal disease – nieuleczalna choroba privilege – przywilej lege from care. Any definition of suc- to reveal – objawić, ujawnić transitory – przejściowy, przemijający cess should be personal because it’s cirrhosis of the liver – marskość wątroby to shape – ukształtować, utworzyć so transitory. It’s about shaping my to contract sth – zarazić się czymś destiny – los, przeznaczenie own destiny.” n

38 english matters UK 2/2011 literature “Elementary, my Dear Watson” by Urszula Gruszecka

he surroundings are dark, the Street in a rapid manner. The lady is How the Most Famous Sleuth in the wind is making a disturbing pale, her movements are nervous and World Came into Existence T noise, warning pedestrians startled. She reaches the door, visibly against entering the dark corners of relieved. Her trembling fingers touch I am pretty sure that there are not a seemingly dormant London. It is the knocker and she knocks. The door many of you who have not heard 1887. The omnipresent fog makes opens almost immediately and there about this literary character. Although the street even more mysterious. The behind it the lady can see a tall, slim there are many who believe that he light of a gas street lamp plays with figure in a dressing gown, smoking was a real person, living and solving people’s vision, reshaping the real- a pipe. His eyes scrutinize her as if crimes in late Victorian England, the ity around them. Although the street looking for something extremely im- truth is that the character of Sher- seems empty in this gloomy dawn, portant. “I am looking for Sherlock lock Holmes was a pure invention a watchful and perceptive observer Holmes” – the pale lady says. “You of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. This pro- could spot a silhouette crossing Baker are in the right place, madam” – the lific author created numerous novels voice responds. And soon after the and short stories. But nowadays, he door closes behind her at 221B Baker is mostly known for his “Lost World” Street. A new case is on! and the detective stories portraying the life and work of Sherlock Holmes, which have been translated into over 80 languages. The first stories about Sherlock and his faithful companion and biographer Dr. Watson were pub- lished in The Strand magazine. Many enthusiastic readers lined up outside the magazine’s office in London wait- ing for the new instalments. As letters and many sources indicate, the char- acter of Sherlock was mostly based u

surroundings – otoczenie, okolica pedestrian – pieszy dormant – uśpiony omnipresent – wszechobecny gloomy – ciemny, mroczny perceptive – spostrzegawczy rapid – szybki startled – zaskoczony, przerażony dressing gown – szlafrok to scrutinize – przypatrywać się (uważnie) to respond – odpowiedzieć, zareagować sleuth – detektyw to solve crimes – wyjaśniać zbrodnie, rozwiązywać przestępstwa invention – wynalazek prolific – płodny to portray – przedstawiać, opisywać faithful – wierny to line up – ustawić się w szeregu, w kolejkę instalment – odcinek, wydanie (np. periodyka, fot. T homas Röme r fot. serialu)

english matters UK 2/2011 39 literature

A short biography cian. However, it was not as successful no new case to solve, no mystery to as Doyle wanted it to be. While wait- unravel, he usually reaches for opium of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: ing for his patients, he started to write or other drugs that stimulate his brain. Born: 22 May 1859 in short stories, inspired by the works of While thinking about a case, he often Scotland Edgar Allan Poe. smokes his pipe or plays the violin. Occupation: physician From the first story, “Study in Scar- As a perfect British gentleman, he is and writer let” published in 1886, the slightly polite to ladies, and kind to men. How- Education: awarded eccentric sleuth and his roommate ever, if the case requires it, he can lie a PhD in Medicine at the from 221B Baker Street captivated and deceive people in order to learn University of Edinburgh the hearts of the readership. In the the truth. As the world’s only consult- Famous for: late Victorian age, when the world ing detective, he plays an enormous “The Adventures of did not seem so perfect and safe part in Scotland Yard’s investigations Sherlock Holmes”, anymore, these new stories about through his entire life. What for him is “The Lost World” a person who was able to outwit “elementary” for the majority of peo- Married to: Louisa Hawkins, criminal masterminds were as popu- ple is simply inexplicable, and the way Jean Elizabeth Leckie lar as the new episodes of a favour- in which facts are deduced by him is Children: Mary Louise, ite TV series nowadays. Let’s forget beyond an ordinary person’s mind. Arthur Alleyne Kingsley, Denis for a moment that the world that Even Doctor Watson is unable to fol- Percy Stewart, Adrian Malcolm, captivated hordes of devoted fans is low his friend in his deductive think- Jean Lena Annette not actually real, and look closer at ing. Knighthood: 1902, mostly for the life of this quintessentially Brit- the pamphlet: “The War in South ish detective. The legacy of Sherlock Holmes Africa: Its Cause and Conduct” Died: 7 July 1930, of a heart The science of deduction The figure of the tall, slim person in attack, aged 71 a travelling coat, with his deerstalker Sherlock Holmes could be described hat and a pipe is one of the most to award – przyznać (np. tytuł) as an undeniable genius. On the oth- recognizable images in the world. Ac- PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) – doktorat er hand, his interpersonal skills are cording to the New York Times, Sher- (tytuł naukowy) rather limited and the only person lock’s Adventures are the third most knighthood – tytuł szlachecki who is not intimidated by his mas- read publications in the world, after pamphlet – broszura sive intellect is Doctor Watson. Al- the Bible and a dictionary. The char- conduct – prowadzenie (tu: działania though Sherlock’s knowledge seems acter has been portrayed in over 211 wojenne) boundless as far as solving crimes is films and played by 75 different ac- concerned, his knowledge of the out- tors. Among the numerous TV series on the figure of Doctor Joseph Bell. side world not connected with crime that have enchanted numerous fans Arthur Conan Doyle met him at the is surprisingly limited. According to are the British “The Adventures of University of Edinburgh while studying Watson’s observation, Sherlock has Sherlock Holmes” (1984-1994) with medicine. His friend had an uncanny an enormous grasp of chemistry, the marvellous Jeremy Brent, and, ability to diagnose patients before he sensational literature and botany. more surprisingly, “The Adventures had even spoken to them, due to his However, he doesn’t seem to know of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson” incredible skills of observation and anything about literature, philosophy (1979-1986) made and broadcast in deduction. After graduating, Doyle or astronomy. His mind needs to be the Soviet Union, with Vasily Ivanov started his own practice as a physi- constantly occupied. When there is and Vitaly Solomin. The first Holme-

uncanny – niezwykły, przedziwny devoted – oddany to unravel – rozplątać, rozwikłać due to – z powodu, dzięki (czemuś) quintessentially – w pełnym tego słowa violin – skrzypce to graduate – ukończyć studia, otrzymać znaczeniu, typowo to deceive – oszukiwać dyplom science – nauka majority – większość physician – lekarz, medyk undeniable – niezaprzeczalny inexplicable – niewytłumaczalny study – etiuda, szkic intimidated – zastraszony, onieśmielony legacy – spuścizna, spadek eccentric – ekscentryczny, dziwaczny boundless – bezkresny, niezmierzony deerstalker hat – czapka à la Sherlock Holmes to captivate sb’s heart – urzec kogoś, zdobyć enormous – olbrzymi (wysoka, o owalnym kształcie, przeznaczona czyjeś serce grasp of sth – pojęcie czegoś, rozumienie oryginalnie do polowań) Victorian age – epoka wiktoriańska czegoś to enchant – zauroczyć to outwit – przechytrzyć botany – botanika marvellous – cudowny, wspaniały mastermind – mózg (przywódca intelektualny) constantly – stale to broadcast – nadawać, wyświetlać fot. wikipedia fot.

40 english matters UK 2/2011 literature sian societies were established early be disappointed as the plot is truly The Canon: in the 20th century. Nowadays they entertaining and the style perfectly can be found in many places all over combines the modern surroundings l A Study in the world. In 1934 the Baker Street with the canonical stories written by Scarlet (novel) Irregulars was founded. This elite so- Doyle. Just as in the original stories, l The Sign of the ciety of devoted fans gathers annually Sherlock is a slightly antisocial gen- Four (novel) in New York City at a special dinner to ius who concentrates all his brain l The Adventures celebrate and share their love for the power on solving crimes which are of Sherlock most intelligent detective of all time. too tangled even for Scotland Yard. Holmes (short In the same year, The Sherlock Holm- The main focus of this series lies in stories) es Society was established in London. the relationship between Dr Watson l The Memoirs of Unfortunately, the Second World War and Sherlock, which was also a cen- Sherlock Holmes broke out and the society was closed. tral theme of Doyle’s works. Apart (short stories) In 1951 it was successfully resur- from the missing pipe, which has l The Hound of rected and now it has over 1,000 been humorously exchanged for the Baskervilles members. You do not have to be a ce- nicotine patches, the carriages, (novel) lebrity to join the society. You do not which have been replaced by cabs, l The Return of even have to be British. The only re- and Watson’s chronicle, which has Sherlock Holmes (short stories) quirement is that you have to love the changed into a blog, the general l The Valley of Fear (novel) Sherlockian world, with all its beauty beauty and brilliance of Doyle’s l His Last Bow (short stories) and horror. Members of this almost works remains. Benedict Cumber- l The Case-Book of Sherlock family-like gathering meet regularly to batch is a worthy successor to Jer- Holmes (short stories) discuss the newest events connected emy Brent, who is considered by with Sherlock Holmes such as film many to be the best actor who ever the canon – kanon (zestaw najważniejszych premieres or new TV broadcasts. They portrayed Holmes. Benedict’s Sher- dzieł) also visit places that are inextricably lock seems to be even more enthusi- memoirs – wspomnienia, pamiętniki connected with Doyle’s stories, like astic about crimes than Doyle’s one. hound – pies gończy, ogar the Reichenbach Falls in Switzerland, He is even labelled a sociopath, as valley – dolina where Sherlock Holmes and Profes- his genuine excitement caused by sor Moriarty fought their final duel. mysterious deaths is perceived by It could seriously be argued that Sher- Apart from the Society, there is one many as disturbing and unhealthy. lock Holmes has done more for the pro- more place which cannot be omitted The one person who keeps him a lit- motion of Great Britain than any other by a true fan: The Sherlock Holmes tle more down to earth is, of course, fictional character. You may not know Museum at 221B Baker Street in Lon- his companion, Dr Watson, who is who the current Prime Minister is, but don. This address refers to the fiction- like a moral barometer, reminding if somebody asked you who was the al address of Sherlock and Watson’s Sherlock from time to time that peo- most famous detective of all time, it’s flat. The Victorian-style apartment ple are something more than just almost certain you would say: Sherlock forms the background for museum cases to be investigated. Holmes, it’s elementary. n displays where we can find Sherlock’s pipe, his hat and even the chair which society – społeczeństwo, towarzystwo familiar – znajomy, dobrze znany was drawn by Sidney Paget – the de- to gather – zbierać się plot – akcja, fabuła finitive illustrator of Doyle’s stories annually – co roku tangled – zaplątany, zagmatwany in The Strand magazine where they to break out – wybuchnąć (np. o wojnie, relationship – stosunek, relacja were first published. zarazie) to exchange sth for sth – zastąpić coś czymś to resurrect – wskrzesić nicotine patch – plaster nikotynowy A modern version for the celebrity – gwiazda, sława carriage – powóz event – wydarzenie chronicle – kronika, dziennik XXI century inextricably – nierozerwalnie worthy successor – godny następca Recently, Sherlock has been revi- duel – pojedynek labelled – zaliczany (do), opisywany (jako) talized by Steven Moffat and Mark to refer to – odnosić się do, oznaczać to perceive – postrzegać Gatiss in the new, brilliant TV series, to form the background – stanowić tło (to be) down to earth – (być) praktycznym, “Sherlock”. In the three episodes definitive – niezrównany, najlepszy twardo stąpać po ziemi aired so far, the viewers have been to revitalize – ożywić to remind – przypominać introduced to an entirely modern, brilliant – błyskotliwy, znakomity it could be argued that... – można by się yet strangely familiar detective who to air – nadawać (np. audycję radiową, program spierać o..., nie jest zupełnie jasne, czy... uses his intellect to solve crimes. telewizyjny) fictional character – postać fikcyjna True fans of Sherlock Holmes will not entirely – zupelnie, całkowicie Prime Minister – premier

english matters UK 2/2011 41 polecamy

To jedna z najlepiej opracowanych utrwalają zdobytą wiedzę z konkretne- książek do nauki języka angielskie- go działu. go na poziomie podstawowym dla Rynek już dawno nie miał tak przej- dzieci, młodzieży, jak również osób rzyście napisanej i ułożonej książki dorosłych, które zamierzają rozpo- do nauki języka angielskiego, w któ- cząć swoją przygodę z nauką. rej można znależć gramatykę w języ- ku polskim w rewelacyjnie wyjaśniony Książka jest napisana w taki sposób, sposób, słownik z około 1200 hasła- aby osoba ucząca się na własną rękę mi, jak również ogromną ilością ćwi- mogła rozwiązać samodzielnie wszyst- czeń, która jest niezbędna w naucza- kie ćwiczenia. Dodatkowo materiał niu języka obcego. zawiera słowniczek przed każdym nowym rozdziałem. Świetny pomysł Cena: 35,00 zł na przyswojenie najpierw słownictwa www.blcentre.pl wraz z gramatyką, a następnie roz- wiązywanie ćwiczeń, które na bieżąco

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