X2000 SYSTEMS and TECHNOLOGIES for MISSIONS to the OUTER PLANETS David F
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New Millennium Program
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109 New Millennium Program NASA's New Millennium program, a series of discerning trends, examining planetary climates and missions to test cutting-edge technologies never atmospheres, or landing to study such surface phe- before flown, will pave the way for a 21st century nomena as seismic and meteorological activity. Other fleet of affordable, frequently launched spacecraft sets of spacecraft could form a constellation uniquely perhaps 10 to suited to study 15 per year solar systems with highly beyond our own. focused sci- These goals ence objec- require significant tives. changes in almost New all aspects of Millennium spacecraft design will develop and deployment. and validate New Millennium the essential experimental tech- technologies nology flights will and capabilities validate key tech- required for nologies required these new to move toward. types of mis- Testing these sions. The pro- technologies in gram is flight will speed designed to ini- up their infusion tiate a revolu- New Millenniums Deep Space 1 will test ion propulsion and other technologies into the market- tionary new when the spacecraft flies by an asteroid and later possibly a comet (above). place. Some of way of explor- the space instru- ing Earth, the solar system and astrophysical events in ments of tomorrow may become as small and light- and far beyond the Milky Way galaxy. These new weight as a pocket wallet. missions will ensure NASA's technological readiness Drawing on diverse sectors of the country's sci- for post-2000 space and Earth science missions. -
New Horizons: Reconnaissance of the Pluto-Charon System and The
C.T. Russell Editor New Horizons Reconnaissance of the Pluto-Charon System and the Kuiper Belt Previously published in Space Science Reviews Volume 140, Issues 1–4, 2008 C.T. Russell Institute of Geophysics & Planetary Physics University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA Cover illustration: NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft was launched on 2006 January 19, received a grav- ity assist during a close approach to Jupiter on 2007 February 28, and is now headed for a flyby with closest approach 12,500 km from the center of Pluto on 2015 July 14. This artist’s depiction shows the spacecraft shortly after passing above Pluto’s highly variegated surface, which may have black-streaked surface deposits produced from cryogenic geyser activity, and just before passing into Pluto’s shadow when solar and earth occultation experiments will probe Pluto’s tenuous, and possibly hazy, atmosphere. Sunlit crescents of Pluto’s moons Charon, Nix, and Hydra are visible in the background. After flying through the Pluto system, the New Horizons spacecraft could be re-targeted towards other Kuiper Belt Objects in an extended mission phase. This image is based on an original painting by Dan Durda. © Dan Durda 2001 All rights reserved. Back cover illustration: The New Horizons spacecraft was launched aboard an Atlas 551 rocket from the NASA Kennedy Space Center on 2008 January 19 at 19:00 UT. Library of Congress Control Number: 2008944238 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89518-5 ISBN-978-0-387-89517-8 e-ISBN-978-0-387-89518-5 Printed on acid-free paper. -
GST Responses to “Questions to Inform Development of the National Plan”
GST Responses to “Questions to Inform Development of the National Plan” Name (optional): Dr. Darrel Williams Position (optional): Chief Scientist, (240) 542-1106; [email protected] Institution (optional): Global Science & Technology, Inc. Greenbelt, Maryland 20770 Global Science & Technology, Inc. (GST) is pleased to provide the following answers as a contribution towards OSTP’s effort to develop a national plan for civil Earth observations. In our response we provide information to support three main themes: 1. There is strong science need for high temporal resolution of moderate spatial resolution satellite earth observation that can be achieved with cost effective, innovative new approaches. 2. Operational programs need to be designed to obtain sustained climate data records. Continuity of Earth observations can be achieved through more efficient and economical means. 3. We need programs to address the integration of remotely sensed data with in situ data. GST has carefully considered these important national Earth observation issues over the past few years and has submitted the following RFI responses: The USGS RFI on Landsat Data Continuity Concepts (April 2012), NASA’s Sustainable Land Imaging Architecture RFI (September 2013), and This USGEO RFI (November 2013) relative to OSTP’s efforts to develop a national plan for civil Earth observations. In addition to the above RFI responses, GST led the development of a mature, fully compliant flight mission concept in response to NASA’s Earth Venture-2 RFP in September 2011. Our capacity to address these critical national issues resides in GST’s considerable bench strength in Earth science understanding (Drs. Darrel Williams, DeWayne Cecil, Samuel Goward, and Dixon Butler) and in NASA systems engineering and senior management oversight (Drs. -
Anticipated Scientific Investigations at the Pluto System
Space Sci Rev (2008) 140: 93–127 DOI 10.1007/s11214-008-9462-9 New Horizons: Anticipated Scientific Investigations at the Pluto System Leslie A. Young · S. Alan Stern · Harold A. Weaver · Fran Bagenal · Richard P. Binzel · Bonnie Buratti · Andrew F. Cheng · Dale Cruikshank · G. Randall Gladstone · William M. Grundy · David P. Hinson · Mihaly Horanyi · Donald E. Jennings · Ivan R. Linscott · David J. McComas · William B. McKinnon · Ralph McNutt · Jeffery M. Moore · Scott Murchie · Catherine B. Olkin · Carolyn C. Porco · Harold Reitsema · Dennis C. Reuter · John R. Spencer · David C. Slater · Darrell Strobel · Michael E. Summers · G. Leonard Tyler Received: 5 January 2007 / Accepted: 28 October 2008 / Published online: 3 December 2008 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 L.A. Young () · S.A. Stern · C.B. Olkin · J.R. Spencer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA e-mail: [email protected] H.A. Weaver · A.F. Cheng · R. McNutt · S. Murchie Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab., Laurel, MD, USA F. Bagenal · M. Horanyi University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA R.P. Binzel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA B. Buratti Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA D. Cruikshank · J.M. Moore NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA G.R. Gladstone · D.J. McComas · D.C. Slater Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA W.M. Grundy Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA D.P. Hinson · I.R. Linscott · G.L. Tyler Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA D.E. Jennings · D.C. Reuter NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA 94 L.A. Young et al. -
Exploration of the Jovian System by EJSM (Europa Jupiter System Mission): Origin of Jupiter and Evolution of Satellites
Trans. JSASS Aerospace Tech. Japan Vol. 8, No. ists27, pp. Tk_35-Tk_38, 2010 Topics Exploration of the Jovian System by EJSM (Europa Jupiter System Mission): Origin of Jupiter and Evolution of Satellites 1) 2) 2) 2) 3) By Sho SASAKI , Masaki FUJIMOTO , Takeshi TAKASHIMA , Hajime YANO , Yasumasa KASABA , 4) 4) 2) 2) Yukihiro TAKAHASHI , Jun KIMURA , Tatsuaki OKADA , Yasuhiro KAWAKATSU , 2) 2) 2) 2) 2) Yuichi TSUDA , Jun-ichiro KAWAGUCHI , Ryu FUNASE , Osamu MORI , Mutsuko MORIMOTO , 5) 6) 7) Masahiro IKOMA , Takeshi NAGANUMA , Atsushi YAMAJI , 8) 9) Hauke HUSSMANN , Kei KURITA and JUPITER WORKING GROUP 1)National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Oshu, Japan 2)The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Sagamihara, Japan 3)Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 4)Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 5)Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan 6)Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan 7)Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 8)German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany 9)Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Received July 16th, 2009) EJSM (Europa Jupiter System Mission) is a planned Jovian system mission with three spacecraft aiming at coordinated observations of the Jovian satellites especially Europa and the magnetosphere, atmosphere and interior of Jupiter. It was formerly called "Laplace" mission. In October 2007, it was selected as one of future ESA scientific missions Cosmic Vision (2015-2025). From the beginning, Japanese group is participating in the discussion process of the mission. JAXA will take a role on the magnetosphere spinner JMO (Jupiter Magnetosphere Orbiter). On the other hand, ESA will take charge of JGO (Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter) and NASA will be responsible for JEO (Jupiter Europa Orbiter). -
Title: Exploration of Europa Cynthia B
Title: Exploration of Europa Cynthia B. Phillips1, D. L. Blaney2, R. T. Pappalardo2, H. Hussman3, G. Collins4, R. M. Mastrapa1, J. F. Cooper5, R. Greeley6, J. B. Dalton2, T. A. Hurford5, E. B. Bierhaus7, F. Nimmo8, D. A. Williams6, D. A. Senske2, W. B. McKinnon9 1SETI Institute, 2NASA JPL/Caltech, 3DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, 4Wheaton College, 5NASA Goddard, 6Arizona State University, 7Lockheed Martin Corporation, 8 Univ. Calif. Santa Cruz, 9Washington University in St. Louis Corresponding Author: Cynthia B. Phillips Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe SETI Institute 515 N. Whisman Rd. Mountain View, CA 94043 [email protected] 650-810-0230 1. Introduction Data from the Galileo spacecraft revealed that Europa's icy surface likely hides a global subsurface ocean with a volume nearly three times that of Earth's oceans. The existence of liquid water in the outer solar system was once thought a remote possibility, but the combination of geological, gravitational, and magnetic field observations and theory make it appear likely that liquid water exists beneath Europa's icy surface. It is now recognized that oceans may exist within many large icy moons and potentially even within icy dwarf planets, but Europa's inferred thin ice shell, potentially active surface- ocean and ocean-silicate mantle exchange, and chemical resources from surface irradiation elevate its priority for astrobiological exploration. A Europa mission is the first step in understanding the potential for icy satellites as abodes for life. Many unanswered questions remain following the Galileo mission. How thick is the ice shell? Is Europa currently geologically active? How does the ocean interact with the ice shell and with the underlying rocky layer? What is the composition of Europa’s surface and ocean? Are there organic or inorganic biosignatures? These questions can only be answered by a new mission to Europa and the Jupiter system. -
Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter Trajectory Design: Reaching High Inclination in the Jovian System
Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter trajectory design: reaching high inclination in the Jovian system Stefano Campagnola (1), Yasuhiro Kawakatsu (2) (1)JSPS postdocrotal fellow, JAXA/ISAS, Kanagawa-ken, Sagamihara-shi, Chuo-ku, Yoshinodai 3-1-1, 252-5210, Japan, +81-50-336-23664, [email protected] (2)Associate professor, JAXA, [email protected] Abstract This paper presents the trajectory design for the Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter (JMO) in the Jovian system. JMO is JAXA’s contribution to the Europa Jupiter System Mission, and its science objectives include in-situ exploration of different regions of the magnetosphere and the remote sensing of the plasma torus from high latitudes. For this reason the spacecraft is initially captured into low-inclination, high-apojove orbits, and gradually increases the inclination and reduces the apojove using gravity assists. In order to minimize the mission cost and complexity, JMO avoids the high- radiation regions. At the same time, the trajectory minimizes the transfer time and the propellant mass, and maximize the final inclination to the Jupiter equator. This work analyzes the solution space of this complex multi-objective optimization problem and discusses the trade-offs by comparing two representative solutions on its Pareto front. The design approach is also presented. Keywords: Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter, Jovian system, multiple gravity assists,orbit plane change 1 Introduction In the last years the scientific community has become increasingly interested in the Jovian system. The scientific return from a mission devoted to the exploration of Jupiter and its environment would be enormous, addressing fundamental questions on the plasma science, and on the presence of water - and possibly life - below the surface of the moons Europa and Ganymede. -
To Appear in Cometary Nuc/Ei in Space and Time, Ed. M. F. A’Hearn, ASP Conference Series, 1999
To appear in Cometary Nuc/ei in Space and Time, ed. M. F. A’Hearn, ASP Conference Series, 1999 Comet Missions in NASA’s New Millennium Program Paul R. Weissman Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail stop 183-601, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA Abstract. NASA’s New Millennium Program (NMP) is designed to develop, test, and flight validate new, advanced technologies for plane- tary and Earth exploration missions, using a series of low cost space- craft. Such new technologies include solar-electric propulsion, inflatable- rigidizable structures, autonomous navigation and maneuvers, advanced avionics with low mass and low power requirements, and advanced sensors and concepts for science instruments. Two of NMP’s currently identified interplanetary missions include encounters with comets. The first is the Deep Space 1 mission which was launched in October, 1998 and which will fly by asteroid 1992 KD in 1999 and possibly comet Wilson-Harrington and/or comet Borrelly in 2001. The second NMP comet mission is Deep Space 4/Champollion which will be launched in April, 2003 and which will rendezvous with, orbit and land on periodic comet Tempel 1 in 2006. DS-4/Champollion is a joint project with CNES, the French space agency. 1. Introduction The advent of small, low-cost space missions has brought with it a need for new, advanced technologies which can enable productive missions with the smaller launch vehicles and payloads employed. In order to promote such technologies, NASA has created the New Millennium Program (NMP), administered by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. New Millennium provides flight opportunities to validate new spacecraft, instrument, and operations technologies through a series of low cost missions. -
Artificial Intelligence at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
AI Magazine Volume 18 Number 1 (1997) (© AAAI) Articles Making an Impact Artificial Intelligence at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Steve Chien, Dennis DeCoste, Richard Doyle, and Paul Stolorz ■ The National Aeronautics and Space Administra- described here is in the context of the remote- tion (NASA) is being challenged to perform more agent autonomy technology experiment that frequent and intensive space-exploration mis- will fly on the New Millennium Deep Space sions at greatly reduced cost. Nowhere is this One Mission in 1998 (a collaborative effort challenge more acute than among robotic plane- involving JPL and NASA Ames). Many of the tary exploration missions that the Jet Propulsion AI technologists who work at NASA expected Laboratory (JPL) conducts for NASA. This article describes recent and ongoing work on spacecraft to have the opportunity to build an intelli- autonomy and ground systems that builds on a gent spacecraft at some point in their careers; legacy of existing success at JPL applying AI tech- we are surprised and delighted that it has niques to challenging computational problems in come this early. planning and scheduling, real-time monitoring By the year 2000, we expect to demonstrate and control, scientific data analysis, and design NASA spacecraft possessing on-board automat- automation. ed goal-level closed-loop control in the plan- ning and scheduling of activities to achieve mission goals, maneuvering and pointing to execute these activities, and detecting and I research and technology development resolving of faults to continue the mission reached critical mass at the Jet Propul- without requiring ground support. At this Asion Laboratory (JPL) about five years point, mission accomplishment can begin to ago. -
Securing Japan an Assessment of Japan´S Strategy for Space
Full Report Securing Japan An assessment of Japan´s strategy for space Report: Title: “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report” Published: July 2020 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print) • 2076-6688 (online) Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria Phone: +43 1 718 11 18 -0 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.espi.or.at Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report, July 2020. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, incidental or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: copylot.at Cover page picture credit: European Space Agency (ESA) TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and rationales ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodology -
ISSUE 134, AUGUST 2013 2 Imperative: Venus Continued
Imperative: Venus — Virgil L. Sharpton, Lunar and Planetary Institute Venus and Earth began as twins. Their sizes and densities are nearly identical and they stand out as being considerably more massive than other terrestrial planetary bodies. Formed so close to Earth in the solar nebula, Venus likely has Earth-like proportions of volatiles, refractory elements, and heat-generating radionuclides. Yet the Venus that has been revealed through exploration missions to date is hellishly hot, devoid of oceans, lacking plate tectonics, and bathed in a thick, reactive atmosphere. A less Earth-like environment is hard to imagine. Venus, Earth, and Mars to scale. Which L of our planetary neighbors is most similar to Earth? Hint: It isn’t Mars. PWhy and when did Earth’s and Venus’ evolutionary paths diverge? This fundamental and unresolved question drives the need for vigorous new exploration of Venus. The answer is central to understanding Venus in the context of terrestrial planets and their evolutionary processes. In addition, however, and unlike virtually any other planetary body, Venus could hold important clues to understanding our own planet — how it has maintained a habitable environment for so long and how long it can continue to do so. Precisely because it began so like Earth, yet evolved to be so different, Venus is the planet most likely to cast new light on the conditions that determine whether or not a planet evolves habitable environments. NASA’s Kepler mission and other concurrent efforts to explore beyond our star system are likely to find Earth-sized planets around Sun-sized stars within a few years. -
Small Body Technology Roadmap
DRAFT Small Body Technology Roadmap Executive Summary: The planetary science of small bodies includes ground observations and missions to fly-by, rendezvous, and return samples from a diverse set of targets. Small bodies include asteroids, comets, small satellites, dwarf planets, centaurs, trans-Neptunian objects, and interplanetary dust. These targets offer great diversity over a wide range of heliocentric locations, however; many have similar characteristics that allow for a practical assessment of near-term technology needs. The highest priority needs include a variable focus imager, a high resolution topography instrument, affordable electric propulsion, and a large number of sample return supporting technologies. An initial roadmap of development for small body missions in provided below. I. Introduction his document is to serve as the initial start of an evolving technology development roadmap for small body T mission instruments and systems to allow maximum science return. The missions of interest are for observations, fly-by, rendezvous, landing, and sample return from asteroids, comets, small satellites, dwarf planets, centaurs, and trans-Neptunian objects. Small body missions are diverse both in the type and class of viable missions, but also in the broad range of celestial location. Though the diversity is great, most small body mission instruments and system requirements are broadly applicable over the range of missions without overly cumbersome unique instrument requirements one would expect trying to encompass in-situ environments and science priorities at the larger bodies of planets and moons. The original approach for developing this technology roadmap for small body missions was to develop an all inclusive science traceability matrix for all classes of small body missions, specify the instrument/systems requirements to enable the science return, identify state-of-the-art (SOA) capabilities, and advocate technology development to fill the requirements gap.