Feminist Africa 19 Pan-Africanism and

Issue 19: September 2014

First published in 2014 by the All Africa House University of Cape Town Private Bag Rondebosch 7701

© in published edition: African Gender Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 2013

ISSN: 1726-4596

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without permission in writing from the publisher.

Published with the support of the African Women’s Development Fund.

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Cover photograph: Women Demanding the Release of Angela Davis from Prison in Somali capital Xamar (Mogadishu), 1972. Photographer unknown. Source: http://sinbarras.org/2013/03/12/88/

Distribution: AGI staff

Feminist Africa is a scholarly journal accredited by the South African Department of Education. ii | Feminist Africa 19

Editorial policy Editor Feminist Africa is guided by a profound commitment to transforming gender hierarchies in Africa, and seeks to redress injustice and Issue 19 editors inequality in its content and design, and by Amina Mama its open-access and continentally-targeted Hakima Abbas distribution strategy. Feminist Africa targets gender researchers, students, educators, Reviews editor women’s organisations and feminist activists Simidele Dosekun throughout Africa. It works to develop a feminist intellectual community by promoting Copy editors and enhancing African women’s intellectual Anne V. Adams work. To overcome the access and distribution Danai Mupotsa challenges facing conventional academic Simidele Dosekun publications, Feminist Africa deploys a dual dissemination strategy, using the Internet Editorial team as a key tool for knowledge-sharing and Jane Bennett communication, while making hard copies Selina Mudavanhu available to those based at African institutions. Kylie Thomas Two issues are produced per annum, in accordance with themes specified in the calls Editorial advisory group for contributions. The editorial advisory group of Feminist The editorial team can be contacted at Africa consists of scholars and researchers, [email protected] located in different fields in the social sciences and humanities, who offer their expertise Acknowledgements to the development and dissemination of The Feminist Africa team acknowledges Feminist Africa as an innovative African- the intellectual input of the community of focused journal. African feminist scholars and the Editorial Advisory group members are: Advisory Board. Akosua Adamako-Ampofo, Bibi Bakare- We thank the African Women’s Yusuf, Teresa Barnes, Kum-Kum Bhavnani, Development Fund for their financial support Hope Chigudu, Tsitsi Dangaremba, Carole towards production and publication. Boyce Davies, Simidele Dosekun, Amanda Gouws, Pregs Govender, Pumla Dineo Disclaimer Gqola, Shireen Hassim, Desiree Lewis, Zine The views expressed by contributors to Magubane, Takyiwaa Manuh, Helen Moffett, Feminist Africa are not necessarily those Chandra Mohanty, Patricia Mohammed, of the Editors, Editorial Advisory Board, the Patricia McFadden, Ruth Ochieng, Margo African Gender Institute, or our partners. Okazawa-Rey, Awino Okech, Charmaine While every reasonable effort is made to Pereira, Jennifer Radloff, Rhoda Reddock, check factual accuracy in published material, Vasu Reddy, Kopano Ratele, Ebrima Sall, the contributors are ultimately responsible Fatou Sow, Chinyere Oparah, Sylvia Tamale, for verifying claims made in their writings. Dzodzi Tsikata, Zenebeworke Tadesse, Neither Feminist Africa nor the African Muthoni Wanyeki and Paul Zeleza. Gender Institute will be responsible for errors or inaccuracies in contributions. Feminist Africa 19 | iii

Manuscript submissions Distribution Feminist Africa has a submissions policy Adams Campus Bookshop determined by its continental focus on University of KwaZulu-Natal feminist studies and activism. Periodic calls Howard College Campus for contributions along particular themes Durban, South Africa guide submissions. All contributions must tel: 27 31 261 2320 register the centrality of feminist politics and fax: 27 31 261 6053 critical gender analysis to past, present and email: [email protected] ongoing processes of social, political and cultural change in Africa. We regret that we Clarke’s Bookshop cannot respond to all unsolicited submissions. 211 Long Street Please submit contributions electronically Cape Town 8001 to [email protected]. We regret that South Africa we do not currently have the capacity to tel: 27 21 423 5739 consider contributions in languages other than fax: 27 21 423 6441 English. email: [email protected] All submissions to Feminist Africa must web: www.clarkesbooks.co.za use the FA style sheet, and should not include graphics. International subscriptions Feature articles should not exceed 6 500 EBSCO Subscription Services words. Other contributions should not exceed P O Box 749 2 000 words. Cresta 2118 South Africa Editorial procedure tel: 27 11 678 4416 Contributions submitted to Feminist Africa fax: 27 11 678 4464 are considered by the editorial team. Feature email: [email protected] articles are peer-reviewed by readers with web: www.ebsco.com/home/southafrica expertise in relevant areas. Editorial discretion in relation to submitted work resides with the editorial team. Copyright and reproduction The authors and artists hold individual copyright. Overall copyright is held by the African Gender Institute. Material, artwork extracts and articles from Feminist Africa may not be reproduced in any form of print or electronic publication without the permission of the Editors, who can be contacted at [email protected]. Requests for permission to reproduce material will not be granted until one calendar year after first online publication in Feminist Africa has lapsed.

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Contents

Editorial: Feminism and pan-Africanism – by Hakima Abbas and Amina Mama 1

Features African feminism in the 21st Century: A reflection on Uganda’s victories, battles and reversals – by Josephine Ahikire 7

Promise and betrayal: Women fighters and national liberation in Guinea Bissau – by Aliou Ly 24

Reflections on the Sudanese women’s movement – by Amira Osman 43

The first Mrs Garvey and others: Pan-Africanism and feminism in the early 20th Century British colonial Caribbean – by Rhoda Reddock 58

Pan-Africanism, transnational black feminism and the limits of culturalist analyses in African gender discourses – by Carole Boyce Davies 78

Standpoints Being pan-African: A continental research agenda – by Dzodzi Tsikata 94

Unnatural and Un-African: Contesting queer-phobia by Africa’s political leadership – by Kenne Mwikya 98 vi | Feminist Africa 19

Reviews Sojourning for freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism – by Maxine Craig 106

Women, Sexuality and the Political Power of Pleasure – by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah 109

Queer African Reader – by Danai S. Mupotsa 113 Daughters of the Niger Delta – by Simidele Dosekun 121

Contributors 125