HISTOIRE Roude4sains ET DE LA ROMANITE ORIENTALE PAR N

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

HISTOIRE Roude4sains ET DE LA ROMANITE ORIENTALE PAR N HISTOIRE ROUDE4sAINS ET DE LA ROMANITE ORIENTALE PAR N. IORGA PUBLIÉE SOUS LES AUSPICES DE SA MAJESTE LE ROI CHARLES II PAR L'ACADÉMIE ROUMAINE VOL.I,PARTIE I LES ANCETRES AVANT LES ROMAINS BUCAREST 1 9 3 7 LIVRE I LES CULTURES PRIMITIVES INTRODUCTION BASE, SENS ET FRONTIERES L'histoire de la nation roumaine, dont le développement doit &re poursuivi a. travers les ages,est certainement, en rapport avec toutes les autres nations qui ont passé par le territoire, beaucoup plus large que celui de la Dacie, refuge et point de départ, tour a tour, et surtout avec celles qui, par leur séjour prolongé sur cette vaste base géogra- phique, ont contribué 5. la formation de cette race. Parler de toutes ces nations est un devoir inévitable, mais seulement dans certaines proportions. L'histoire de ces races peut &re intéressante en elle-méme, comme celle de n'im- porte quel groupement humain, naturellement d'après son importance dans la marche générale du monde, a laquelle chaque peuple ou individu doit être rapport& Mais il faut s'areèter sur l'histoire ou sur le passage d'une de ces nations seulement lorsqu'il est question d'elle et non de la partie de matériaux humains ou de l'influence qu'elle a pu exercer sur une formation de développement propre, autonome. On ne peut faire d'exception pour aucune. Mame la do- mination passagére de Rome dans ces régions ne peut 'are considérée dans des chapitres, qui, du reste, se rencontrent de la mane fa9on aussi dans d'autres parties de l'Europe, sur lesquelles se sont &endues, a telle époque, les aigles romaines, mais seulement pour ce qui s'est conservé de la race, des traditions, des institutions dans notre vie elle- méme. De cette fa9on, a partir de l'époque si mal connue de la pierre non polie, mais simplement brisée en fragments 8 LES CULTURES PRIMITIVES utilisables pour la lutte, jusqu'à la création dans ces régions d'une première synthèse destinée h &re continuellement complétée, tout rentre, serré dans un cadre précis, seulement comme une introduction h ce qui devait se former de tant d'apports et h travers tant de transformations. La Péninsule orientale de l'Europe se distingue essen- tiellement des deux autres. Si aucune de ces dernières ne présente une unité parfaite, car la partie de la péninsule ibérique dirigée vers l'Océan a d'autres caractères et surtout s'oriente d'un autre côté que celle qui regarde la Méditer- ranée, si la large Italie de plaine, entre les Alpes et le P6, a un autre aspect et une autre utilité que les régions étroites qui se serrent d'un côté et de l'autre de la ligne longitudinale des Appenins, dans ce Sud-Est européen, trois mondes dif- férents voisinent, exerçant l'un sur l'autre des influences, sans jamais se confondre totalement. La couronne des montagnes qui la sépare de l'Europe centraleest très au Nord et se trouve reliée h d'autres sierraseuropéennes. Entre les Carpathes et le Danube, il y a un monde aux frontières bien déterminées. Au milieu, une puissante citadelle, mais, parfois, comme en Valachie, avec des défilés d'un passage facile, permettant les rapports, puis, sur la ligne arrondie des pics, une seconde, de collines fertiles, mais bien défendues, lieux de retraite pendant les heures difficiles, centre de rayonnement aux bonnes épo- ques. Ensuite, d'un côté, la vaste plaine nourricière du Danube ou, en Moldavie, une Suisse de collines et de vallées mêlées d'une façon pittoresque, qui est traversée, comme le corps humain l'est par le système de ses veines, par des rivières qui se rassemblent d'un côté et de l'autre pour se jeter dans le Séreth, alors qu'en Valachie, à laquelle est étroitement relié le Banat, bien qu'il regarde vers l'Occident, les eaux descendent parallèlement vers le Danube. D'un autre côté, des eaux de même direction s'en vont vers la Tisa, canal collecteur, qui mènera cependant ces va- gabondes vers le même empereur des eaux, le Danube. BASE, SENS ET FRONTIÈRES 9 Ici la montagne réunit ces aspects différents des régions qui se trouvent sous ses pieds. Une marge de mer est a l'Est. Mais le Danube forme une séparation, quoiqu'on puisse croire que jadis un autre cours du fleuve, sur la ligne Cer- navoda-Constantza, aurait séparéla Dobrogea supérieure, la mettant en rapport avec la partie gète. Au-delà du Danube, sur une large &endue féconde, con- tinue la fertilité calme de la plaine valaque. Mais a. partir d'un certain endroit des lignes horizontales de montagnes tra- versent la péninsule des Balcans. Le Balcan, le Rhodope, le Char-daghcontinuent, dans des lignes de pierres apres, empéchant parfois la communication, qui peut &re faite seu- lement par les défilés qu'ouvrent de grandes eaux qui s'en vont vers la Mer Egée, pleine des lles d'un continent sub- mergé ; entre le Nord et le Sud, la seule ligne Morava-Vardar ouvre un passage continuellement fréquenté par les mar- chands. A l'Occident, une montagne droite s'élève, séparant les habitants qui sont dirigés vers le Pont-Euxin des riverains de l'Adriatique qui, eux, regardent en face la côte de l'Italie. Le monde alpestre du Pinde s'isole de cette façon du contact avec le monde des vallées balcaniques proprement dites. Tout autour, sur un rivage de mer et sur un autre, de méme que dans les fles capricieusement semées a travers l'Archipel, ou bien massées en bloc du côté de l'Asie Mi- neure, qui a été jadis détachée de cette Thrace, jusqu'a la ligne d'une large ile qui parait avoir été destinée a vivre pour elle-même, la Crète, il y a la rive grecque, mordue par les eaux salées et augment& pour la navigation par toutes les ouvertures pratiquées de cette façon dans son territoire. Par les cours larges du Vardar, de la Strouma, de la Maritza, des chemins se détachent vers le Nord thrace, et les vais- seaux des Hellènes vont aussi bien vers la Mer Noire et vers la Mer Ionienne ou Adriatique, que vers les mémes barbares. Cette région est de fait la patrie d'une seule civilisation, qui s'est &endue par la conquate, par la route périodique des patres transhumants, par les aventures des bandes de io LES CULTURES PRIMITIVES pillards, mais lacarte géographique ne permet pas tame par ses directions la fondation d'un seul Etat. En effet, certaines sierras de montagnes, les Carpathes, la relient au monde central et aux districts scythes de l'Est. Le territoire qui se trouve sous ces hauteurs est traversé par des rivières qui n'ont pas une seule direction, bien que, au bout, le Dniester h l'Est, la Tisa h l'Ouest, recueillent ces divergences pour les apporter au Danube, qui étend le do- maine de son influence du # Caucase » carpathique jusqu'à l'Hémus. Le Balcan et le Rhodope, les sierras horizontales qui s'arrêtent aux frontières de cette péninsule, constituent donc un élément local, alors que les Carpathes de méme que le Danube présentent des lignes généralement euro- péennes et déterminent d'autres # bassins » de vie politique. L'Ouest de la péninsule, si multiforme, lequel s'accroche h l'ossature carpathique du Nord, est lui aussi coupé en deux, selon qu'il est question d'une montagne qui présente des plateaux arrondis pour de petits groupes de vie humaine, le Pinde, dont partent les vallées des cours dirigés vers le Sud où sont les plaines de Thessalie, appartenant h une autre influence maritime, ou bien de la côte (arbres méridionaux, mer bleue, iles de roc) de l'Adriatique, qui est reliée par la correspondance de sa situation avec l'Italie. Et ce qui est dominé par les eaux sombres de la Mer Noire, par les eaux claires de la Méditerranée, a h faire avec deux autres direc- tions: le Pont Euxin en Europe et en Asie, au-delà de la frontière du Caucase, représente un monde, et la région méditerranéenne, entre l'Asie Mineure et la Crète, un autre, avec la multitude des fragmentsd'un continentdétruit. Mais ceci appartient h un autre milieu, d'un autre esprit, avec d'autres races, alors que le rivage du Pont et celui de l'Adriatique n'encadrent pas seulement, mais pénètrent et transforment l'intérieur aussi bien que la base carpathique au-delh du Danube. Mais les différences avec la péninsule italique et celle des Pyrénées s'étendent aussi h la pénétrabilité. L'Italie est fermée par la paroi des Alpes: une route se faufile le long BASE, SENS ET FRONTIERES 1 1 de la mer h l'Ouest, l'autre est butée par l'éboulement de pierre du Karst. Les défilés des Pyrénées, de pierres hautes, dures, sont plutôt pour les pâtres. De cet autre côté, la plaine eurasiatique pénètre, d'un large accueil, par la Moldavie in- térieure et par la steppe du IrArAgan, et le Danube est un chemin ouvert vers l'Occident. C'est une région d'influences continuelles, méme un chemin sur lequel les races se suc- cèdent h l'aventure. L'Italie et l'Espagne-Portugal sont des pays pauvres. Au- cune de ces péninsules ne rassemble tout ce qui est néces- saire aux civilisations humaines. De notre côté, les montagnes contiennent du fer, de l'or, de l'argent, même de l'étain; la vigne croft sur la montagne, toutes les céréalesétendent leurs riches champs beaucoup plus bas, alors que la foe& fait descendre son ensemble de grands taillis jusqu'au Danube et donne le massif arborescent, long de trois jours de chemin, en Serbie.
Recommended publications
  • Seleucid Research Bibliography
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research @ Cardiff SELEUCID RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY Draft 1.1 – Updated 27 March, 2013 compiled by Altay Coskun and Alex McAuley 1) Specialist Editions of Primary Sources: Ager IA Ager, Sheila: Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337–90 BC, Berkeley 1996. Austin2 Austin, Michel M.: The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Second Edition, Cambridge 2006. Bringmann/Steuben Bringmann, Klaus/ von Steuben, Hans (eds.): Schenkungen hellenistischer Herrscher an griechische Städte und Heiligtümer, Part 1, Berlin 1995. del Monte del Monte, Giuseppe F.: Testi dalla Babilonia Ellenistica. Volume I: Testi cronografici, Pisa 1997. Schoene, Alfred/ Petermann, H./ Roediger, R.: Eusebi Chronicorum canonum quae supersunt, 1Berlin 1866, Nd. (=2. Aufl.) Dublin 1967. FGrH Jacoby, Felix: Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Leiden Teil II, 1961/83; Teil III, 1950/55. Houghton/Lorber, SC Houghton, Arthur/Lorber, Catharine: Seleucid Coins. A Comprehensive Catalogue. With Metrological Tables by Brian Kritt. Part I: Seleucus I through Antiochus III. Volume I: Introduction, Maps, and Catalogue, Volume II: Appendices, Indices, and Plates, New York & London 2002. I.Didyma Rehm, Albert: Die Inschriften von Didyma, ed. posthum. by Richard Harder, Berlin 1958 (=Theodor Wiegand: Didyma, Zweiter Teil: Die Inschriften, von Albert Rehm). I.Erythrai I–II Engelmann, Helmut/Merkelbach, Reinhold: Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai, Teil I (Nr. 1–200); Teil 2 (Nr. 201–536), Bonn 1972/73. (IGSK 1–2) I.Iasos I–II Blümel, Wolfgang: Die Inschriften von Iasos, 2 vols., Bonn 1985.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranians and Greeks in South Russia (Ancient History and Archaeology)
    %- IRANIANS & GREEKS IN SOUTH RUSSIA BY M- ROSTOVTZEFF, Hon. D.Litt. PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MEMBER OF THE RUSSIAN ACAPEMY OF SCIENCE I i *&&* OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1922 Oxford University Press London Edinburgh Glasgow Copenhagen Nets York Toronto Melbourne Cape T&tm Bombay Calcutta Madras Shanghai Humphrey Milford Publisher to the University PREFACE THIS book is not intended to compete with the valuable and learned book of Ellis H. Minns on the same subject. Our aims are different. Minns endeavoured to give a complete survey of the material illustrating the early history of South Russia and of the views expressed by both Russian and non-Russian scholars on the many and various questions suggested by the study of that material. I do not mean that Minns' book is a mere compendium. In dealing with the various problems of the history and archaeology of South Russia Minns went his own way ; his criticism is acute, his views independent. Nevertheless his main object was to give a survey as full and as complete as possible. And his attempt was success- ful. Minns* book will remain for decades the chief source of informa- tion about South Russia both for Russian and for non- Russian scholars. My own aim is different. In my short exposition I have tried to give a history of the South Russian lands in the prehistoric, the proto- historic, and the classic periods down to the epoch of the migrations. By history I mean not a repetition of the scanty evidence preserved by the classical writers and illustrated by the archaeological material but an attempt to define the part played by South Russia in the history of the world in general, and to emphasize the contributions of South Russia to the civilization of mankind.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountainous Crimea: a Frontier Zone of Ancient Civilization
    Mountainous Crimea: A Frontier Zone of Ancient Civilization Natalia G. Novičenkova Mountainous Crimea, Taurica, was a region separated from the ancient cen- ters of the peninsula and the communication lines connecting Chersonesos and the Bosporan Kingdom. This region is not particularly well studied and therefore it has been impossible to trace its development in Antiquity, and to clarify its role in the history of ancient Crimea as a whole. The geographical conditions of the Mountainous Crimea determined that the ancient population of this area dwelled almost entirely on the main moun- tain range. From a modern point of view it seems unlikely that a mountain ridge could unite a population into a single ethnic group instead of splitting it into several distinct segments. Yet our evidence from Antiquity suggests the opposite. Thus, for example, Plinius the Elder wrote that the Scytho-Taurians inhabited the range (Plin. NH 4.85). This evidence has evoked bewilderment among scholars1 because this part of Crimea has the harshest weather condi- tions and is covered with snow from November to May almost every year. The main mountain range of Crimea is formed by a chain of plateaus situ- ated at about 1,000-1,500 m above sea level. Here an ancient road system was laid out uniting all the mountain passes into a single system of communica- tion.2 The plateaus with their alpine meadows served as excellent summer pastures. They were effectively protected against any threats from outside. The Taurians, who inhabited the mountain range, were not obliged to strug- gle for the steppe’s nomad territories or to drive their cattle for hundreds of kilometers.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander and the 'Defeat' of the Sogdianian Revolt
    Alexander the Great and the “Defeat” of the Sogdianian Revolt* Salvatore Vacante “A victory is twice itself when the achiever brings home full numbers” (W. Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Act I, Scene I) (i) At the beginning of 329,1 the flight of the satrap Bessus towards the northeastern borders of the former Persian Empire gave Alexander the Great the timely opportunity for the invasion of Sogdiana.2 This ancient region was located between the Oxus (present Amu-Darya) and Iaxartes (Syr-Darya) Rivers, where we now find the modern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, bordering on the South with ancient Bactria (present Afghanistan). According to literary sources, the Macedonians rapidly occupied this large area with its “capital” Maracanda3 and also built, along the Iaxartes, the famous Alexandria Eschate, “the Farthermost.”4 However, during the same year, the Sogdianian nobles Spitamenes and Catanes5 were able to create a coalition of Sogdianians, Bactrians and Scythians, who created serious problems for Macedonian power in the region, forcing Alexander to return for the winter of 329/8 to the largest city of Bactria, Zariaspa-Bactra.6 The chiefs of the revolt were those who had *An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Conflict Archaeology Postgraduate Conference organized by the Centre for Battlefield Archaeology of the University of Glasgow on October 7th – 9th 2011. 1 Except where differently indicated, all the dates are BCE. 2 Arr. 3.28.10-29.6. 3 Arr. 3.30.6; Curt. 7.6.10: modern Samarkand. According to Curtius, the city was surrounded by long walls (70 stades, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • PART TWO Critical Studies –
    PART TWO Critical Studies – David T. Runia - 9789004216853 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 02:06:05PM via free access David T. Runia - 9789004216853 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 02:06:05PM via free access . Monique Alexandre, ‘Du grec au latin: Les titres des œuvres de Philon d’Alexandrie,’ in S. Deléani and J.-C. Fredouille (edd.), Titres et articulations du texte dans les œuvres antiques: actes du Colloque International de Chantilly, – décembre , Collection des Études Augustiniennes (Paris ) –. This impressive piece of historical research is divided into three main parts. In a preliminary section Alexandre first gives a brief survey of the study of the transmission of the corpus Philonicum in modern scholarship and announces the theme of her article, namely to present some reflections on the Latin titles now in general use in Philonic scholarship. In the first part of the article she shows how the replacement of Greek titles by Latin ones is part of the humanist tradition, and is illustrated by the history of Philonic editions from Turnebus to Arnaldez– Pouilloux–Mondésert. She then goes on in the second part to examine the Latin tradition of Philo’s reception in antiquity (Jerome, Rufinus, the Old Latin translation) in order to see whether the titles transmitted by it were influential in determining the Latin titles used in the editions. This appears to have hardly been the case. In the third part the titles now in use are analysed. Most of them were invented by the humanists of the Renaissance and the succeeding period; only a few are the work of philologists of the th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses A study of the client kings in the early Roman period Everatt, J. D. How to cite: Everatt, J. D. (1972) A study of the client kings in the early Roman period, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10140/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk .UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Classics .A STUDY OF THE CLIENT KINSS IN THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE J_. D. EVERATT M.A. Thesis, 1972. M.A. Thesis Abstract. J. D. Everatt, B.A. Hatfield College. A Study of the Client Kings in the early Roman Empire When the city-state of Rome began to exert her influence throughout the Mediterranean, the ruling classes developed friendships and alliances with the rulers of the various kingdoms with whom contact was made.
    [Show full text]
  • Hugh Lindsay, Strabo and the Shape of His Historika Hypomnemata
    The Ancient History Bulletin VOLUME TWENTY-EIGHT: 2014 NUMBERS 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson David Hollander Timothy Howe Joseph Roisman John Vanderspoel Pat Wheatley Sabine Müller ISSN 0835-3638 ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Volume 28 (2014) Numbers 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson, David Hollander, Sabine Müller, Joseph Roisman, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Editorial correspondents Elizabeth Baynham, Hugh Bowden, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, Alexander Meeus, Kurt Raaflaub, P.J. Rhodes, Robert Rollinger, Carol Thomas, Victor Alonso Troncoso Contents of volume twenty-eight Numbers 1-2 1 Hugh Lindsay, Strabo and the shape of his Historika Hypomnemata 20 Paul McKechnie, W.W. Tarn and the philosophers 37 Monica D’Agostini, The Shade of Andromache: Laodike of Sardis between Homer and Polybios 61 John Shannahan, Two Notes on the Battle of Cunaxa NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS AND SUBSCRIBERS The Ancient History Bulletin was founded in 1987 by Waldemar Heckel, Brian Lavelle, and John Vanderspoel. The board of editorial correspondents consists of Elizabeth Baynham (University of Newcastle), Hugh Bowden (Kings College, London), Franca Landucci Gattinoni (Università Cattolica, Milan), Alexander Meeus (University of Leuven), Kurt Raaflaub (Brown University), P.J. Rhodes (Durham University), Robert Rollinger (Universität Innsbruck), Carol Thomas (University of Washington), Victor Alonso Troncoso (Universidade da Coruña) AHB is currently edited by: Timothy Howe (Senior Editor: [email protected]), Edward Anson, David Hollander, Sabine Müller, Joseph Roisman, John Vanderspoel and Pat Wheatley. AHB promotes scholarly discussion in Ancient History and ancillary fields (such as epigraphy, papyrology, and numismatics) by publishing articles and notes on any aspect of the ancient world from the Near East to Late Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses A study of the client kings in the early Roman period Everatt, J. D. How to cite: Everatt, J. D. (1972) A study of the client kings in the early Roman period, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10140/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk .UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Classics .A STUDY OF THE CLIENT KINSS IN THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE J_. D. EVERATT M.A. Thesis, 1972. M.A. Thesis Abstract. J. D. Everatt, B.A. Hatfield College. A Study of the Client Kings in the early Roman Empire When the city-state of Rome began to exert her influence throughout the Mediterranean, the ruling classes developed friendships and alliances with the rulers of the various kingdoms with whom contact was made.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrea F. Gatzke, Mithridates VI Eupator and Persian Kingship
    The Ancient History Bulletin VOLUME THIRTY-THREE: 2019 NUMBERS 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson ò Michael Fronda òDavid Hollander Timothy Howe ò John Vanderspoel Pat Wheatley ò Sabine Müller òAlex McAuley Catalina Balmacedaò Charlotte Dunn ISSN 0835-3638 ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Volume 33 (2019) Numbers 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Assistant Editor: Charlotte Dunn Editorial correspondents Elizabeth Baynham, Hugh Bowden, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, Alexander Meeus, Kurt Raaflaub, P.J. Rhodes, Robert Rollinger, Victor Alonso Troncoso Contents of volume thirty-three Numbers 1-2 1 Kathryn Waterfield, Penteconters and the Fleet of Polycrates 19 John Hyland, The Aftermath of Aigospotamoi and the Decline of Spartan Naval Power 42 W. P. Richardson, Dual Leadership in the League of Corinth and Antipater’s Phantom Hegemony 60 Andrea F. Gatzke, Mithridates VI Eupator and Persian Kingship NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS AND SUBSCRIBERS The Ancient History Bulletin was founded in 1987 by Waldemar Heckel, Brian Lavelle, and John Vanderspoel. The board of editorial correspondents consists of Elizabeth Baynham (University of Newcastle), Hugh Bowden (Kings College, London), Franca Landucci Gattinoni (Università Cattolica, Milan), Alexander Meeus (University of Mannhiem), Kurt Raaflaub (Brown University), P.J. Rhodes (Durham University), Robert Rollinger (Universität Innsbruck), Victor Alonso Troncoso (Universidade da Coruña) AHB is currently edited by: Timothy Howe (Senior Editor: [email protected]), Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley and Charlotte Dunn. AHB promotes scholarly discussion in Ancient History and ancillary fields (such as epigraphy, papyrology, and numismatics) by publishing articles and notes on any aspect of the ancient world from the Near East to Late Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • Plutarch's Timeless Barbarians and the Age of Trajan
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library PLUTARCH’S TIMELESS BARBARIANS AND THE AGE OF TRAJAN THOMAS S. SCHMIDT Barbarians do not play a central role in the writings of Plutarch. His only works specifically devoted to barbarians are the Quaestiones barbaricae, now unfortunately lost1, and the Life of Artaxerxes, which gives a vivid account of the life at the Persian court in the times of Artaxerxes II (405-359 B.C.). However, frequent reference is made to barbarians throughout Plutarch’s works: some 950 passages can be collected in which barbarians are mentioned. A close study of these shows that Plutarch’s presentation of barbarians is based on a number of negative characteristics which may be grouped under the following main headings:2 1) the most frequent one is i.e. the overall savage nature of the barbarians, their ferocity, bestiality, and cruelty in its various forms (including human sacrifice), and their lack of education; 2) another widely represented feature is i.e. the over-confidence, resulting in boldness, arrogance, and other similar attitudes, for which Plutarch uses such words as , , , , , , , and many others; 3) equally characteristic of barbarians is their immense wealth, , and all that is designated by the term , i.e. luxury, extravagance, lust, pleasure, sensualism, women, wine, etc.; 4) in a context of war, barbarians are also characterized by , i.e. their huge number, their powerful armies, etc.; 5) and finally, some less frequently mentioned, but still typically barbarian traits are (faithlessness), (cowardice), (wickedness) and (superstition), all of which can be grouped under the general idea of (vileness) stressing the natural inferiority of the barbarians.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Phanagoria
    Ассоциация исследователей ИНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГИИ РАН ФАНАГОРИЙСКАЯ ЭКСПЕДИЦИЯ ИА РАН PHANAGORIA EDITED BY V.D. KUZNETSOV Moscow 2016 904(470.62) 63.443.22(235.73) Утверждено к печати Ученым советом Института археологии РАН Edited by V.D. Kuznetsov Text: Abramzon M.G., PhD, Professor, Magnitogorsk State Technical University Voroshilov A.N., PhD, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Voroshilova O.N., PhD, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Garbuzov G.P., PhD, Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Rostov-on-Don) Golofast L.A., PhD, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Gunchina O.L., conservator-restorer, Phanagoria Museum-Preserve Dobrovolskaya E.V., PhD, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Dobrovolskaya M.V., PhD, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Zhukovsky M.O., Deputy Director of the Phanagoria Museum-Preserve Zavoikin A.A., PhD, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Zavoikina N.V., PhD, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Kokunko G.V., Historical and Cultural Heritage of Kuban Program Coordinator Kuznetsov V.D., PhD, Director of the Phanagoria Museum-Preserve, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Kuzmina (Shorunova) Yu.N., PhD, Curator of the Phanagoria Museum-Preserve, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Olkhovsky S.V., Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Pavlichenko N.A., PhD, Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences Saprykina I.A., PhD, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Published with financial support from the Volnoe Delo Oleg Deripaska Foundation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owners.
    [Show full text]
  • 178 Chapter V Origin of the Rumanians 1. Linguistic Data Neo
    178 Chapter V Origin of the Rumanians 1. Linguistic Data Neo-Latin languages are the outgrowth of homogenous or nearly uniform, Latin which was spoken in the Roman Empire. The following illustrates the chronological development of the Rumanian language: 1st-2nd to 3rd-4th- centuries Latin spoken in the period of the empire 4th to 6th century Eastern Latin 7th to 11th century Proto- or Common Rumanian 12th to 15th century Old Rumanian 16th to 20th century Rumanian The chronology is, naturally, approximate and characterized by differences of opinion. For instance A. Rosetti tends to place Eastern Latin, i.e., the development of a specific variety of Latin spoken in Italy, Dalmatia, and the Danube Region, in the mid-3rd century. There is no consensus on terminology either. The period of Eastern Latin is, considering the entirety of the Romance languages, the Proto- Romance period. In Hungarian, that becomes confusing, because ´proto-román´ may signify both ´Proto-Romance´ and ´Proto- Rumanian´. To circumvent this ambiguity, we will use the designation ´Romanica´ (Romance) instead of ´Neolatin´. 179 Protoromance, the basis of the vowel system of the Neo-Latin languages, has a vowel-system which differs from the Latin of the Roman Empire, as follows: latin ã â ç î ô û 1 2 1 preromanica a ê e i o o ø u 1 1 e o What we see here is that instead of the contrast between long and short vowels in Latin, in Protoromance, the open (ê, o 2,) and closed (e1, o1.) vowels are opposing each other. These changes penetrate Eastern Latin's Eastern Zone; in Rumanian ô and do not merge.
    [Show full text]