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Focal Encyclopedia of Photography

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Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science Fourth Edition MICHAEL R. PERES Editor-in-Chief AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG •LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIESO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO ELSEVIER focal Press Is an imprint of Elsavler Contents Contributors ix Major Themes and Photographers Photography's Dependence on Photographers and Image of the 20th Century 177 Equipment 297 Contributors xiii Nancy M. Stuart Michael R. Peres and Greg Barnett About the Editors xix Photography in the 20th Century 179 Profiles of Selected Photographic Mission Statement xxi Film and Digital Companies 301 Preface xxiii Nancy M. Stuart Michael R. Peres Acknowledgments xxvii Photography, Fine Art Photography, and Introduction xxix the Visual Arts: 1900-2001 180 Overviews of Selected Applications Saul Ostrow of Photography 320 Michael R. Peres Timelines 1 Photography and Society in the 20th Century • 187 Applications of Advertising Advances in Photographic Gretchen Garner Photography 321 Denis Defibaugh Technology 3 Photography and Desire: Fashion, Michael Peres Glamour, and Pornography 198 Catalog Photography 322 Bruce Checefsky Howard LeVant Advancement of Digital Photography and Related Technologies Photography Programs in the 20th Commercial Photography 323 Timetable 15 Century Museums, Galleries, and George Cochran Collections 205 Roger L Carter Food Photography 323 Lynne Bentley-Kemp Allan Vogel Photographic Higher Education in the History and the Evolution of Illustration Photography 324 United States 210 Photography 23 George Cochran Mark Osterman and Grant B. Romer Nancy M. Stuart Still-Life Photography 324 Photographic Workshops: A Changing Denis Defibaugh Contemporary Thoughts on the Educational Practice 215 History of Photography 25 Christopher Burnett Architectural Photography 325 Grant B. Romer William W. DuBois Magazines: The Photographers' Press The Technical Evolution of in the United States and Great Britain Corporate Photography 326 Photography in the 19th Century 27 During the Transition Decade of the Kathleen Francis Mark Osterman 1960s 222 Dance and Theater Photography 327 David Brittain Introduction to Photographic Kathleen Francis Histories, Theories, Criticism 227 Equipment, Processes, and Theatrical Photography 329 Gary Sampson Definitions of the 19th Century 36 Kathleen Francis Mark Osterman African Americans as Photographers Freelance Photography 330 and Photographic Subjects 234 Introduction to the Biographies of Kathleen Francis David C. Hart Selected Innovators of Photographic Identification Photography 330 Technology 123 Biographies of Selected Kathleen Francis Grant B. Romer Photographers from the 20th Century 239 Industrial Photography 332 Selected Photographs from the Robert Hirsch, Ken White, and Kathleen Francis 19th Century 135 Garie Waltzer Landscape Photography 333 Mark Osterman Denis Defibaugh Evolution of the Photographic Lens Photographic Companies and Narrative, Documentary, and Editorial in the 19th Century 157 Applications 295 Photography 334 Milan Zahorcak Michael R. Peres Owen Butler v! Contents Orb Photography 337 Color Management in the Future 400 The Pressure to Stay Current 484 Michael R. Peres Jean-Pierre van de Capelle Barry Haynes Panoramic Photography 338 Digital Camera Raw 401 Science as Art 492 Andrew Davidhazy Greg Barnett Michael R. Peres and David Malin Photojournalism 339 Digital Image Processing 403 Guenther Cartwright Lukas Rosenthaler Scientific Photography: Expanded Vision 497 Postcard Photography 341 Metadata and Digital David Malin Kathleen Francis Photography 411 Simon Margulies The Aided Eye 499 Portrait Photography 341 David Malin Kathleen Francis Spectral Imaging 418 Mitchell R. Rosen Acoustic Holography 501 School Photography 344 David Malin Thomas Gorman Creative Applications of Digital Photography, the Aerial Photography 501 Snapshot Photography 346 Scan-0-Gram 422 David Malin and Donald L Light Richard Zakia Patti Russotti Anthropological Photography 504 Sports Photography 349 Glossary of Digital Terminology 425 John Fergus-Jean Kathleen Francis Archaeological Photography 506 Stock Photography 350 Matt Schlitz Henry Schleichkorn Contemporary Issues 437 J. Tomas Lopez Astrophotography 508 Wedding Photography 353 David Malin and Dennis di Cicco George Schaub A Different Set of Questions for a New Age 439 Autoradiography 513 J. Tomas Lopez David Malin Digital Photography 355 Academic and Pedagogical Issues: Ballistics Photography 513 Franziska S. Frey The Impact of Digital Imaging on Peter W.W. Fuller Photographic Education 441 Digital, a Maturing Technology 357 Biological Photography 518 Margaret P. Evans Franziska S. Frey Joseph M. Ogrodnick Ethical Photojournalism: Its Digital Archiving 359 Botanical Photography 521 Authenticity and Impact 446 Lukas Rosenthaler Paul Harcourt-Davis John Kaplan Imaging Systems 364 Cave Photography 523 The Future of Publishing 453 Romano Padeste David Malin Millard Schisler Solid State Imaging Sensors 370 Chronophotography 524 100 Years from Now... 456 Michael Kriss /Andrew Davidhazy Daniel Surge Standards and Imaging Darkfield Illumination 526 Perception, Evidence, Truth, and Materials 372 David Malin Seeing 460 Peter Adelstein Richard Zakia Dental Photography 527 Digital Camera Testing 377 Wolfgang Bengel The Photo Marketplace and Dietmar Wuller Contemporary Image Makers 469 Electron Imaging 529 Image Formation 382 Da;7e Kaplan Richard Zakia and Dougal G. McCulloch Sab/ne Susstrunk The Photographic Studio of the 21st Electron Microscopy 529 Colorimetry 388 Century 471 Dougal G. McCulloch Sabine Susstrunk Doug Manchee Endoscopic Photography 532 Color Spaces, Color Encodings, and Photographic Virtual Reality 477 Andrew Paul Gardner Color Image Encodings 394 John (Craig) Freeman False-Color Photography 533 Sab/ne Susstrunk Potlatch, Auction, and the In-between: David Malin Color Management 398 Digital Art and Digital Audiences 480 Fluorescence Photography 533 Sab/ne Susstrunk A.D. Coleman David Malin Contents VII Forensic Photography 535 Photomicrography 592 From Exposure to Print: The Essentials Gale Spring Michael W. Davidson, Scott Olenych, and of Solver-Halide Photography Required Nathan Claxton for Long-Lasting, High Quality Geological Photography 537 Prints 664 Anthony H. Cooper Police Photography 602 Ralph W. Lambrecht Larry S. Miller High-Speed Cinematography 539 Color Photography 692 Peter W.W. Fuller Pseudocolor 604 Jon A. Kapecki David Malin High-Speed Still Photography 544 Silver Dye-Bleach Photography 700 Peter W.W. Fuller Remote Sensing 604 Matthias Schellenberg, Ernst Riolo, and Nicholas M. Short, David Malin, and Donald Hologram 550 Hartmut Blaue L Light Sean Johnston Photographic Optics 711 Schlieren and Shadowgraph Holographic Interferometry 551 Terrance Kessler Photography 610 Sean Johnston Phred Petersen Additional Lens Types 724 Holography 551 Michael R. Peres Scientific Visualization 612 Sean Johnston Masahiro Takatsuka Some Other Filter Types 727 Hypersensitization 554 Michael R. Peres Space Photography 614 David Malin Paul E. Lowman Perspective 728 Image Manipulation: Science Fact or Les//e Stroebel Streak and Strip Photography 616 Fiction 555 Phred Petersen and Andrew Davidhazy Photometry, Radiometry, and David Malin Measurement 733 Technical Photography 620 Infrared Photography 556 Carl Salvaggio Ted Kinsman Andy Finney Color Theory 742 Time-Lapse Photography 622 Kirilian Photography 562 Mitchell R. Rosen David Malin David Malin Color Measurement 747 Underwater Photography 623 Medical Diagnostic Imaging 563 Dawd R. Wyble Eric H. Cheng Donald McRobbie Twentieth Century Photographic Medical Photography 569 Lighting 753 Staffan Larsson and Jonas Brane Human Vision 627 Jon Tarrant Krystel R. Huxlin Military Photography 573 The Camera Defined 770 John Sidoriak The Human Visual System 629 Bob Rose Krystel R. Huxlin Multispectral Imaging 575 The History of the Twentieth Century David Malin Camera 771 20th Century Materials and Bob Rose, Todd Gustavson, and Nature Photography 576 Process Essentials 637 Hiroshi Yano Peter Eastaway Scott Williams Enlargers 788 Night-Time and Twilight Twentieth Century Materials and Bob Rose Photography 577 Process Essentials 639 David Malin Projection 803 Scott W/7//ams Bob Rose Nuclear Track Recording 580 Silver Halide Materials: General David Malin Emulsion Properties 641 Index 807 Ophthalmic Photography 580 Alan Hodgson Christye P. S/sson Black and White Films and Photogrammetry 583 Papers 649 Cliff Ogleby Mike Gristwood Photomacrography and Close-Up The Chemistry of Developers and the Photography 584 Development Processes 654 Michael R. Peres and John G. Deify Scott Williams.
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