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State-Of-The-Art of Close-Range Photogrammetry

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State-Of-The-Art of Close-Range Photogrammetry XIII Congress of the International Society for Photogrammetry Helsinki, 1976 Commission V Invited Paper A. KENNERT I. TORLEGARD The Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden State-of-the-Art of Close-Range Photogrammetry A review of cameras and photography, measuring instruments, and methods for applications. I TRODUCTION a chance to see the manuscript before the HIS REPORT PRESENTS a review of recent de­ printing of this report. The author willingly T velopments in, and applications of, accepts responsibility for all incorrect citings close-range photogrammetry. It also gives an or interpretations from these many contri­ outline of possible and desirable de­ butions. To offset this there will be a panel velopments in the future. The author is aware discussion on the subject during the Helsinki that only to a certain limited extent can this Congress, so interested parties will have an report attain such a goal. opportunity to promote their own ideas and ABSTRACT: The activities of ISP Commission V include all phases of non-topographical photogrammetry: cameras, photography, graph­ ical and numerical mensuration, data reduction, and presentation of results. Single metric cameras, stereometric cameras, and measuring equipment with a series ofaccessories constitute instrument systems which are very convenientfor certain applications, e.g., architectural photogrammetry. The analytical approach for data reduction opens the doors for multicamera photography, rigorous least-squares ad­ justment, different modelsfor the calibrations ofinterior orientation parameters, use ofnon-metric cameras, etc. Integration ofmeasure­ ment with succeeding data handling also is accomplished by digital analysis ofdata. Close-range photogrammetry is Widely used in ar­ chitecture and biomedical applications. A further increase in the use of photogrammetry as a measuring tool in production processes in industry and civil engineering is to be expected. The content is partly based on replies to an have them discussed by their world col­ enquiry sent to the invited authors, and the leagues. If this report is not an exhaustive panel members for the Commission V ses­ survey of today's (July 1975) close-range sions of the ISP Congress in Helsinki 1976, photogrammetry, at least it will serve as a and partly on the personal opinions of the basis for discussion on the state-of-the-art and author. It is perhaps unfortunate that all who its future development. have very kindly contributed have never had International activities in photogrammetry PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING, 71 Vol. 42, No.1, January 1976, pp. 71-79. 72 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING, 1976 are organized in seven commissions, each Close-Range Photogrammetry: All aspects one dealingwith a specific areaofthe subject. of close-range and micro-range photo­ Commission V deals with non-topographical grammetric systems, including dataacquis­ applications, which are all applications ition, reduction and processing, and with a which cannot be classified as topographical scope encompassing conventional photo­ (Commission IV) or interpretive (Commis­ graphy (metric and non-metric), and non­ sion VII). The Commissions I- III deal with conventional imageries (holographic, questions related to photography, cameras, thermal, x-ray, television, etc). instruments, methods, and theory. This One might ask which ofthese titles is best. would seem to restrict the responsibilities of Non-topographical excludes terrestrial Commission V. The other commissions base photogrammetry for mapping, while close­ their work almost entirely on aerial photo­ range excludes other applications when the graphy, but the non-topographical applica­ range is limited by a certain distance, for in­ tions are very seldom, ifever, based on pho­ stance 1000 feet as has been suggested by tography with aerial cameras. On the contrary, Karara.14 However, of greater importance there is a series of cameras especially de­ than the title is the real content, importance, signed for non-topographical photogram­ and value of the problems treated by the metry, as well as a series of plotters and data Commission. reduction instruments for these cameras. Also very often the results of a nontopo­ CAMERAS AND PHOTOGRAPHY graphical photogrammetric measuring proc­ Cameras used for close-range photogram­ ess differ considerably from those which are metry are divided into two groups, metric and common in aerial photogrammetry because non-metric. Karara14•15 defines a non-metric ofthe special requirements ofthe consumer. camera as one that has not been designed These requirements also necessitate the use especially for photogrammetric purposes, ofcameras that are not specifically designed while Faig7 has a more technical definition for photogrammetric purposes, and the de­ that such a camera has an interior orientation velopment of instrumentation, systems, and that is completely or partially unknown and methods for data reduction that are unique to frequently unstable. He also proposes a sim­ the application in question. This means that pler definition by saying that a non-metric Commission V has the responsibility oftreat­ camera does not have fiducial marks. He also ing problems related to all phases of non­ mentions a number ofparameters used to de­ topographical photogrammetry: cameras, fine the interior orientation which include photography, measuring instruments, theory, the location ofthe principal point, the princi­ methods, presentation of results, etc. This pal distance or calibrated focal length, radial fact is reflected in the assignments of the (symmetric) lens distortion, decentering working groups ofCommission V, namely: (frequently considered in the form ofits com­ (1) Analytical and Semi-Analytical Ap­ ponents, assyrnmetrical and tangential lens proaches in Terrestrial, Close-Range, distortions), film deformation, and affinity. and Micro-Range Photogrammetry The traditional definition ofa metric camera (2) Photogrammetric Potentials of Non­ having "fixed and constant" interior orienta­ metric Cameras tion no longer holds, since there have ap­ (3) Metrical Aspects of Non-Conventional peared on the market several focusable cam­ Imageries-Holographic and Thermal eras that definitely must be regarded as met­ Imageries. ric cameras. Examples are the Zeiss Jena During the Commission V Symposium in UMK and IMK, Officine Galileo Verostat and Washington D.C. in 1974, a revision of the Tecnoster, Sokkisha B-45, V-3, KSK-l00, the title and activities of the Commission was Wild P31, and the Hasselblad MK70 with two discussed. The president ofthe Commission ofthree lenses focusable. The TMK and SMK proposed a change from the current wording series from Zeiss Oberkochen now are of Non-Topographical Photogrammetry: equipped with a set of attachable lenses in (1) Close-range and micro-range photo­ order to widen the range ofcamera-to-object grammetry. distance. (2) Photogrammetry at extreme distances (Applications in Space and Astronomy). METRIC CAMERAS (3) Photogrammetry of objects in motion Perhaps the simplest way to classifY cam­ and under deformation. eras as metric or non-metric is by the exist­ (4) Exploration of non-conventional pho­ ence of fiducial marks. This holds for the tography, such as holography. tables of metric cameras published by Car­ 2 to the following: bonne1l and supplemented in3 , Karara14 STATE-OF-THE-ART OF CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY 73 andIS, and Peczek26• These tables also con­ per way, and with the use ofproper cassettes. tain information on the main characteristics of For the most accurate types of photogram­ the more than 30 types ofcameras. The focal metry, plates are a necessary prerequisite. On lengths vary from 56 to 190 mm, the formats the other hand, there are several drawbacks from 55-x-55 mm to 130x-180 mm, the cone with plates. They are not easy to handle. angles from 33 to 88 gon, the aperature values They are heavy. They must be transported from 3.5 to 64, and the exposure times from B with great care. They are expensive. Only a to 1/500 sec. There is thus a fairly wide vari­ limited number ofemulsion types are avail­ ety oftypes available to the photogrammme­ able. Delivery times are often long, and the trist. A dominant feature ofmetric cameras is shortest exposure interval is long. Several of that the radial distortion is so small that it these drawbacks are eliminated ifroll film or often may be neglected for most practical ap­ cut sheet film is used, but then certain pre­ plications. This has been a lens design criter­ cautions have to be taken to flatten the film ion that, together with stability require-, before exposure, and to control the stability of ments, has ended in the fixed-focus cameras. the film during the photographic processes Only during the latest decade has it been and storage. With the Verostat, P32, Nikon possible to design and produce focusable TS-20, and the Zeiss Jena SMK cut sheet film lenses with radial distortions and stability in special cassettes may be used. The Zeiss within the photogrammetric tolerances. The Jena UMK, Wild P32, Officine Galileo Tec­ Zeiss Jena UMK has two types oflenses, one noster A, and Hasselblad MK70 cameras are for the shorter and one for the longer, focus­ the only cameras that can be equipped with ing distances. This development is wel­ roll film magazines. The flattening ofthe film comed because it opens the doors to many is, in the UMK and Tecnoster, provided by new applications of close-range photogram­ suction
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