Drinking Water Source Assessment for the City of Berea
SUMMARY
Source Water Assessment and sources within the drinking water source Protection. The following report for the protection area. The inventory was City of Berea was compiled as part of the conducted by Ohio EPA with the assistance Source Water Assessment and Protection of Berea Water plant personnel. Possible Program for Ohio. This program is intended threats to the surface water source include to identify drinking water protection areas urban and agricultural runoff, industrial and provide information on how to reduce sources, oil and gas production activities, the risk of contamination of the waters sanitary sewer overflows, municipal within those areas. The goal of the program wastewater treatment discharges and failing is to ensure the long term availability of on site waste water treatment systems abundant and safe drinking water for the (septic systems). In addition, the source present and future citizens of Ohio. water is susceptible to contamination through derailments, motor vehicle The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments accidents or spills at sites where the of 1996 established the national Source corridor zone is crossed by roads and rail Water Assessment and Protection Program, lines, or at fuel storage and vehicle service targeting drinking water sources for all areas located adjacent to the corridor zone. public water systems in the United States. A public water system is a facility that Protective Strategies. The ultimate goal of provides drinking water to 15 or more source water assessment is implementation service connections or that regularly serves of protective strategies that will better at least 25 people a day for at least 60 days protect the drinking water source. a year, whether from an underground well Strategies for protecting the East Branch or spring, or from an above ground stream, Rocky River, Coe Lake and Baldwin Creek lake, or reservoir. The requirement does should include controlling runoff from not address residential wells or cisterns. In agricultural and urban areas, establishment Ohio there are approximately 5,800 public of an early warning and emergency water systems. response plan for spills, controlling home and commercial septic system discharges Background. The City of Berea operates a from failing systems, and coordination with community public water system that serves local emergency response agencies. a population of approximately 19,000 people. The source is surface water taken The City of Berea and other jurisdictions from the East Branch of the Rocky River, comprising the protection areas are Coe Lake and Baldwin Creek. The encouraged to develop a local protection system’s treatment capacity is plan to protect the source of drinking water approximately 3.6 million gallons per day, or to update current emergency but current average production is about 2.3 management plans as applicable. Local million gallons per day. watershed planning efforts may already be underway to guide stream restoration and Protection Areas. The drinking water protection activities. These efforts can also source protection area for the surface water serve to benefit the protection of drinking source is shown in the following figure. This water sources. Guidance on how to form a report includes the results of an inventory of Drinking Water Source Protection Team and all known or identified potential contaminant protection plan is available from Ohio EPA by calling (614) 644-2752. Current information on the quality of the treated water supplied by the City of Berea For More Information. Additional is available in the Consumer Confidence information on protective strategies and how Report (CCR) for the Berea Public Water this assessment was completed is included System. The CCR is distributed annually in the detailed Drinking Water Source and reports the most current detected Assessment Report for the City of Berea. contaminants and any associated health risks from data collected during the past five For information on how to obtain a copy of years. Consumer Confidence Reports are this report, please visit Ohio EPA’s Source available from the City of Berea. Water Assessment and Protection Program Web page at http://www.epa.state.oh.us/ ddagw/pdu/swap.html or contact the City of Berea for a copy. Berea SWAP
Ber ea W ater Supply ÎÎÎ
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Î Berea Water Intakes Emergency Management Zone (EMZ) East Branch Rocky River Tributaries Corridor Management Zone (CMZ) SWAP Boundary
4048Miles 1:117921
August, 2000
Summary Figure - City of Berea Drinking Water Source Protection (SWAP) Area and Corridor Management Zone Drinking Water Source Assessment for the City of Berea
Public Water System # 1800111
Cuyahoga County
Prepared by: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Division of Surface Water Division of Drinking and Ground Waters Northeast District Office
March, 2003 How to Use this Assessment
Clean and safe drinking water is essential to everyone. Protecting the source of drinking water is a wise and cost effective investment. The purpose of this drinking water source assessment is to provide information your community can use to develop a local Drinking Water Protection Program. The Drinking Water Source Assessment benefits your community by providing the following:
A basis for focusing limited resources within the community to protect the drinking water source(s). The assessment provides your community with information regarding activities within the Drinking Water Source Protection Area that directly affect your water supply source area. It is within this area that a release of contaminants, from a spill or improper usage, may travel through the watershed and reach the surface water intake. By examining where the source waters are most sensitive to contaminants, and where potential contaminants are located, the assessment identifies the potential risks that should be addressed first.
A basis for informed decision-making regarding land use within the community. The assessment provides your community with a significant amount of information regarding where your drinking water comes from (the source) and what the risks are to the quality of that source. This information allows your community planning authorities to make informed decisions regarding proposed land uses within the protection area that are compatible with both your drinking water resource and the vision of growth embraced by your community.
A start to a comprehensive plan for the watershed and source water area. This assessment can be the beginning of a comprehensive plan for the water resource, one that addresses all of the uses the water resource provides. An ecologically healthy lake, stream and watershed will provide a stable, high quality resource for drinking water.
For information about developing a local Drinking Water Source Protection Program, please contact the Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters at (614) 644-2752 or visit the Division’s web site at http://www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/pdu/swap.html.
1 1.0 INTRODUCTION
The 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act established a program for states to assess the drinking water source for all public water systems. The Source Water Assessment and Protection (SWAP) Program is designed to help Ohio’s public water systems protect their sources of drinking water from becoming contaminated.
The purpose of this assessment is to identify where and how the City of Berea's source waters are at risk of contamination. The report • identifies the drinking water source protection area, • examines the characteristics of the watershed and the water quality, • inventories the potential contaminant sources within that area, and discusses the susceptibility of the system to contamination.
Finally, the report suggests actions that the public water supplier and local community may take to reduce the risk of contaminating their source of drinking water and ensure the long term availability of abundant and safe drinking water resources.
Results and recommendations presented in this report are based on the information available at the time of publication. Ohio EPA recognizes that additional information may become available in the future that could be used to more accurately determine the drinking water source protection area. Also, changes in land use may occur after Ohio EPA completes the potential contaminant source inventory. This report should be used as a starting point to develop a plan to protect drinking water resources.
This report was prepared by Steve Tuckerman, Division of Surface Water, Ohio EPA, Northeast District Office. The Ohio EPA would like to thank Dan McGannon, former Superintendent of the City of Berea Water Treatment Plant, for his assistance in providing information for this report and the current superintendent, Don Zagorski, for his review.
2.0 PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The City of Berea operates a community public water system that serves approximately 19,000 people through 6,505 service connections. A community public water system is a system that regularly supplies drinking water from its own sources to at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents of the area or regularly serves 25 or more people throughout the entire year. Surface water from the East Branch Rocky River, a portion of the Rocky River basin, is used as the primary source water for the treatment plant. Additional sources of water include Coe Lake and Baldwin Creek. The City has a connection with the City of Cleveland water supply which can be used whenever there are problems with the Berea raw water supply. The system's treatment capacity is approximately 3.6 million gallons per day, but current average production is 2.3 million gallons per day.
3.0 DRINKING WATER SOURCE PROTECTION AREA
The Drinking Water Source Protection Area (protection area) for an inland stream is defined as the drainage area upstream of the point where the water is withdrawn from a surface source such as a stream, lake or reservoir. The protection area is subdivided into corridor and emergency management zones. An illustration of the protection area and corridor management zone for the City of Berea Public Water System is shown in Figures 1 and 2. The emergency management zone is shown in Figure 3.
2 The Corridor Management Zone, (CMZ), is the area within 1,000 feet of each bank of the East Branch Rocky River, starting from the intake and extending to Bennett Road near North Royalton, a distance of approximately 10 miles along the stream. The corridor management zone also includes Baldwin Creek (the entire length) and other tributaries of the East Branch Rocky River and Baldwin Creek. On tributaries the width of the corridor management zone is 500 feet from each bank. The length of the corridor management zone on a tributary is 10 stream miles from the intake. For example, a tributary four miles in length that enters East Branch Rocky River six miles upstream of the intake would be completely within the corridor management zone. Whereas, a stream entering eight miles from the intake would have only two miles of its stream length within the corridor management zone.
The Emergency Management Zone, (EMZ), is defined as an area in the immediate vicinity of the surface water intake in which the public water system operator has little or no time to respond to a spill. The boundary of the emergency management zone is delineated in cooperation with the water supplier. Figure 3 shows the boundary of the emergency management zone and Figure 4 shows an aerial photo the EMZ area for the City of Berea Public Water System. The City of Berea’s Emergency Management Zone (EMZ) is an area in the immediate vicinity of the intake structures and reservoirs. This zone is defined as a semi- circle that extends 500 feet upstream and 100 feet downstream of the intake.
The corridor and emergency management zones were the focus of field and windshield surveys to inventory potential contaminant sources. Information was also collected during interviews with water treatment plant personnel.
4.0 HYDROLOGIC SETTING
The Rocky River Basin is located in the Erie-Ontario Lake Plain ecoregion. This ecoregion is characterized by glacial plains interspersed with higher remnant beach ridges, drumlins, glacial till ridges, till plains, and outwash terraces. The topography of the basin is typical of that for the ecoregion, being gently rolling to flat with dissected streams that can create local relief of more than 50 feet. Land use in the northern portion of the protection area is primarily urban, while the southern portion is rural. Figure 5 shows land use within the Berea protection area which indicates that the area is 55.7% wooded; 26.6% agriculture/open suburban; 12.5% urban; 3.72% shrub/scrub; 0.99% non-forested wetlands; 0.29% open water; and 0.04% barren lands. This information was generated by Ohio Department of Natural Resources using Landsat imagery.
The East Branch Rocky River, a portion of the Rocky River basin, serves as the surface water source for the City of Berea Water Treatment Plant. Additional sources of water include Coe Lake and Baldwin Creek. Berea has a connection with the City of Cleveland water supply which can be used whenever there are problems with the Berea raw water supply.
Major hydrologic features in the Rocky River Basin include: Rocky River Harbor, the Rocky River mainstem, East Branch and West Branch. The Rocky River is formed by the confluence of the East and West Branches which join together 12 miles upstream from Lake Erie at Cedar Point Road. The East Branch Rocky River has an overall length of 34.5 miles, an average fall of 16.5 feet per mile and a total drainage area of 80.4 square miles. The major tributaries of the East Branch Rocky River are Baldwin Creek and Healy Creek. The average annual precipitation for the area is 37 inches of which 12 inches becomes surface runoff and 25 inches have the potential to infiltrate and recharge local aquifers. Three dams are located on the East Branch at river mile (RM) 0.7, 5.23 (Baldwin Lake), and 23.16 (Hinckley Lake). The protection
3 area is a narrow shape that comprises approximately 47,500 acres (74.2 square miles) and contains approximately 290 miles of streams.
East Branch Rocky River: The East Branch Rocky River is the primary source of raw water for the City of Berea's Water Treatment Plant. The East Branch is dammed at RM 5.23 and forms the Cleveland Metropolitan Park District Baldwin Lake about 900 feet upstream from the water treatment plant intake at RM 5.06. The lake has a surface area of 32 acres and an average water depth of 4 feet. There is a gate in the dam which can by operated to drain the lake. The East Branch often becomes contaminated with chlorides (>250 mg/l) in the winter months due to salting of park system roads and other streets and highways in the watershed. During periods of contamination, the raw water supply may be changed to a secondary water source, Coe Lake or Baldwin Creek. If all sources of raw water supply are contaminated, the City of Berea can receive water from the Cleveland water distribution system until the quality of the primary or secondary water sources are acceptable again.
Coe Lake: Coe Lake is an artificial waterbody created from an abandoned sandstone quarry. It is used as a secondary source of water for the City of Berea primarily when road salt runoff in the East Branch Rocky River causes the chloride level in the raw water to exceed 250 mg/l. Coe Lake has a surface area of about 25 acres, an average depth of 11 feet and a capacity of 110 million gallons with approximately 50 million gallons available for the Berea water supply. The northern part of the lake is relatively shallow and comprises one third of the volume of the lake. A closed, unregulated landfill is located within the small watershed of Coe Lake.
The City of Berea made modifications in 1993 to better manage Coe Lake as a drinking water supply. A city storm sewer that had allowed street runoff to enter the lake was diverted by the installation of a new pump station. Broken dams on Baldwin Creek at the northern part of the lake were repaired so that water from the creek could be better controlled. This additional control allows operators to prevent water from entering into Coe Lake whenever contamination in Baldwin Creek is too high.
Baldwin Creek: Baldwin Creek is a third raw water source for the Berea Water Treatment Plant. The creek has an adjustable dam about 1,500 feet upstream from its junction with the East Branch of the Rocky River. This dam can be used to raise the level of the creek and cause it to overflow into Coe Lake. Baldwin Creek can also be used directly via an intake within the creek.
Soils The soils of the Rocky River watershed show the influence of continental glaciation and can be grouped into two soil associations: Chagrin-Tioga-Euclid and Urban Land-Mahoning associations. The Urban Land-Mahoning associations are deep soils that occur on the upland portions of the protection area. The Chagrin-Tioga-Euclid soil associations are relatively deep, somewhat poorly drained soils in flood plains and lowlands along the streams. A runoff potential index (1.0-4.0) was determined for soils in the protection area, based on soil classifications and their distribution across the protection area. The higher the value (closer to 4.0) the higher the potential for surface runoff. Figure 6 shows a map of the runoff potential index across the Berea protection area, which ranges from 2.79 to 3.62.
4 Stream flow and time of travel Figure 7 provides an estimate of the expected and fastest probable travel times of the leading edge of a contaminant plume through the corridor management zone to the water supply intake. These estimates are based on procedures for estimating travel times that were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (Hobson, 1996). All of the travel times in Figure 7 are for a spill occurring at the upstream end of the corridor management zone (10 miles upstream of the intake). The drinking water treatment plant operator can use this information to help determine how long after a spill the leading edge of a contaminant plume may arrive in the vicinity of the drinking water intake. Use of this figure requires knowing or estimating the flow level in the streams near the drinking water intake. Since there is currently no flow gage near the intake, the best estimate of flow is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) flow gage 04201500 which is located five miles further downstream on the Rocky River at Cedar Point Road near the confluence of the East and West Branches. Current stage heights for this USGS flow gauge can be accessed via telephone at (440)777-2143. A rating table will need to be obtained each year from USGS to estimate a flow from the stage height. The USGS stream gauge has been in operation since 1923. The annual mean discharge for the Rocky River at the USGS gage for the period of record is 307 cubic feet per second (cfs), ranging from a low of 0.2 cfs to a high of 21,400 cfs. The 7-day 10-year low flow (Q7,10) is a statistical estimate of the lowest average flow that would be experienced during a consecutive 7-day period with an average recurrence interval of ten years. Because it is estimated to recur on average only once in 10 years it is usually an indicator of low flow conditions during drought. The Rocky River has a calculated natural Q7-10 flow of 1.4 cfs. During low flow conditions, however, approximately 24 cfs of treated wastewater contributes to the flow at the gage on the Rocky River.
Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Summary Available chemical and biological water quality data collected from the streams in the protection area, and sampling results from finished water reported to Ohio EPA by the public water supplier were evaluated to characterize water quality. A review of the City of Berea compliance monitoring data from 1991-2002 revealed that the system had no health based or maximum contaminant level (MCLs) violations. Table 1 lists contaminants where at least one result was above the level of detection, and does not include all contaminants tested for by the public water system. The water system has documented elevated levels of nitrates, ranging from 0.42 mg/l to 13.7 mg/l. The table also includes data from the City of Berea's participation in Ohio EPA's Pesticide Special Study (1995-1999). Low levels of the pesticides alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor and metribuzin were detected during this study, indicating some impact on the source water from land use activities.
It should be recognized that sampling results presented in this report can only provide information on the quality of the water at the time the sample was collected. Water quality may change over time due to a number of reasons. Therefore, it is recommended that the reader also consult the most recent Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) for the City of Berea public water system. All public water systems are required to annually prepare and distribute the CCR to their customers. The report is a good source of information on health effects associated with detected contaminants and contains information on the community's drinking water, including the source of the water, contaminants detected, the likely sources of detected contaminants, and the potential health effects of contaminants at levels above the drinking water standards.
Water sampling conducted by the City of Berea water utility indicates seasonally elevated dissolved solids and chlorides in the raw and finished water. The City closely monitors the chloride content in the winter and switches its supply as needed to meet drinking water standards. There have been no occasions since 1990 when the observed concentrations in the
5 finished water have been above the established MCLs for these parameters.
Biological and Chemical Monitoring
East Branch Rocky River: A total of 29.7 miles of the East Branch Rocky River upstream from SR 303 to the mouth was assessed in 1997. A similar survey was conducted by Ohio EPA in 1992. Full attainment of the existing warmwater habitat (WWH) aquatic life use was indicated for 18.7 miles of the stream. The remainder (11.0 miles) partially met the designated aquatic life use. Departure from the WWH biocriteria was driven solely by fair fish community performance, as the macroinvertebrate community consistently exceeded ecoregional expectations. The full attainment segments were all in the mainstem of the East Branch. The partially attaining stream segments were: 1) upstream from the Medina 300 Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) due to marginal habitat quality in the sampled reach, and 2) downstream from Baldwin Creek. Impairment in the fish community realized in the lower 4.9 miles of the East Branch was reflected in declining metric scores that began downstream from the Strongsville B tributary (RM 11.1). Elevated levels of nutrients, especially nitrate-nitrogen, and fecal coliform bacteria were common in the entire watershed. Nutrient concentrations generally were lower in the upper portions of the watershed and increased in a downstream direction. Table 2 lists the fecal coliform bacteria exceedences in the East Branch Rocky River.
Baldwin Creek: A total of 7.5 miles of Baldwin Creek from upstream from the North Royalton B WWTP (RM 7.5) to the mouth was assessed in 1997. A similar survey was conducted by Ohio EPA in 1992. Upstream from the North Royalton B WWTP, Baldwin Creek demonstrated attainment of the designated WWH use based on macroinvertebrate sampling alone. The attainment is somewhat suspect in this case since no fish sampling was conducted. Downstream from the North Royalton B WWTP, the WWH aquatic life use was partially attained (RMs 7.0 to 0.1, 93% of the segment). The macroinvertebrates at least marginally attained ecoregional expectations and the fish community performed at a fair level. This same reach was in non-attainment of the designated use in 1992, primarily due to the poor condition of the fish assemblage. Limited chemical sampling in 1997 yielded exceedences of the primary contact recreation (PCR) criteria for fecal coliform bacteria (2 of 3 samples) at RM 1.4 and RM 3.0. The principal causes of impairment in Baldwin Creek appeared to be nutrient enrichment and habitat alteration.
5.0 POTENTIAL CONTAMINANT SOURCES
A review of the available regulated facility databases and a field survey of the corridor management zone indicate that a total of at least 185 potential significant contaminant sources exist in the drinking water source protection area for the Berea public water system. Two of these sources are located within the emergency management zone and 61additional potential contaminant sources exist within the corridor management zone. Most of these sources are located in a North Royalton Industrial Park near State Route 82 and the Ohio Turnpike. Table 3 provides a list of the identified potential contaminant sources within the corridor management zone and their locations are shown in Figure 8.
It is important to note that this inventory represents potential contaminant sources, and includes any source that has the potential to release a contaminant to surface or ground waters in the protection area. It is beyond the scope of this study to determine whether any specific potential source is actually releasing a contaminant, or to what extent any potential source(s) may be contributing to the overall pollutant load.
6 A review of ODNR databases indicate that a total of 516 oil and gas wells exist in the protection area for the City of Berea. Only one well is located within the emergency management zone and 44 additional wells exist within the corridor management zone. The location of oil and gas wells within the protection area is shown in Figure 9. Identified significant non-point sources include urban and suburban runoff, industrial run-off, agriculture (corn and soybean production and livestock pasturing), on-site septic systems, oil and gas wells and a closed unregulated landfill.
Additional potential significant contaminant sources that were identified as a result of the detailed inventories of the emergency management and corridor management zones include electrical substations, gas stations, above ground fuel tanks, pesticide and fertilizer storage, industrial operations (plastics production and metal tooling, fabrication and plating), commercial composting facilities and a closed municipal landfill. Some of the industrial sources may have large volumes of potentially significant contaminants stored on site. Water quality investigations by the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District revealed sources of dry weather sanitary discharges to the East Branch of the Rocky River. As a result of their findings, the City of Berea established a program to identify problem sewers and remediate them.
The transportation network is a potential source of contamination through vehicular accidents that release hazardous materials. The protection area for Berea is highly dissected by transportation networks due to its proximity to urbanized areas. There are 188 road crossings of the 292 miles of perennial streams within the protection area. This includes the 19.6 miles of interstate highways and 235 miles of secondary highways and city streets within the drainage network. There are 1.7 miles of railroad that cross the East Branch at one location. Other than the stream crossings themselves, 49 miles of roads and highways lie within the corridor management zone and 0.6 miles within the emergency management zone. Reported spills in the Rocky River basin from 1993 to 1997 were primarily hydrocarbons released in the Cleveland metropolitan area with the largest numbers occurring on or near the Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. The airport is downstream from the Berea public water system intakes. Of the 46 reported spills, 30 were hydrocarbons, seven were sewage and three were acids. Most of the incidents reported unknown quantities of materials spilled, but at least four hydrocarbon spills exceeded 3,000 gallons each.
6.0 SUSCEPTIBILITY ANALYSIS
For the purposes of source water assessments, all surface waters are considered to be susceptible to contamination. By their nature surface waters are accessible and can be readily contaminated by chemicals and pathogens, with relatively short travel times from source to the intake. Based on the information compiled for this assessment, the City of Berea drinking water source protection area is susceptible to potential future contamination. Potential sources of contamination include urban and agricultural runoff, industrial sources, oil and gas production activities, sanitary sewer overflows, municipal wastewater treatment discharges and failing on site waste water treatment systems (septic systems). In addition, the source water is susceptible to contamination through derailments, motor vehicle accidents or spills at sites where the corridor zone is crossed by roads and rail lines, or at fuel storage and vehicle service areas located adjacent to the corridor zone.
Nitrates were detected in the protection area throughout the period of study. Sources of nitrates include fertilizer application, animal wastes, treated domestic wastewater and septic systems. Water quality monitoring of the East Branch Rocky River and its tributaries found bacterial contaminants, chlorides and nutrient enrichment present at several sites within the protection
7 area. Concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria exceeded water quality standards for primary contact recreation at each of the sampling sites. These contaminants increased from upstream reaches of the East Branch to the mouth. Residential and commercial land uses have increased since 1994 in the protection area. These land uses will increase the amount of impervious surfaces such as roofs, roads and parking lots in the protection area. Increases in impervious surface can affect the transport of contaminant materials to the stream through storm water collection systems. Contaminants such as metals, oil and grease, nutrients, and bacteria are commonly transported in urban runoff.
7.0 PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES
Source water protection efforts in the Berea drinking water source protection area should focus on controlling agricultural and urban/suburban runoff, with particular attention to sources of nitrates, chlorides and fecal bacteria. This can be accomplished via educational efforts and implementation of best management practices. County Extension agents are an excellent resource for assisting the agricultural community with controlling agricultural runoff, and staff from local and County health offices can instruct homeowners in proper maintenance of their septic systems. It is also recommended that the City of Berea develop a communication protocol with the major municipal dischargers in the protection area to notify the water system in case there are process upsets at the treatment facilities. The City of Berea currently has procedures in place for monitoring and responding to high concentrations of chlorides due to de-icing from road run-off. Protection efforts should also be directed toward the establishment of an effective and efficient emergency response plan for accidental spills. This assessment may also be used to help update emergency response and contingency plans for the public water system and communities within the protection area.
Two guidance documents are available from Ohio EPA to assist with development of a Drinking Water Source Protection and Management Plan. A Guide to Developing Local Watershed Action Plans in Ohio” is available on the internet at www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/hps/wsguide.pdf and “Developing Local Drinking Water Source Protection Plans in Ohio” at www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/pdu/ swap_psdoc.pdf.
Other source water protection efforts may include:
Education and Outreach: Informing people who live, work, or own property within the protection area about the benefits of drinking water protection is very important. Although some communities develop their own educational outreach resources, assistance is available at no cost from various agencies. For example, staff from Ohio EPA’s Office of Pollution Prevention can visit businesses (free of charge) and provide recommendations on how they can modify their processes, materials and practices to generate less pollution in a cost-effective and technically feasible manner. An effort should be made to educate homeowners and businesses of the potential threat their activities can pose to the water supply. Education could also focus on increasing public awareness of illegal dumping and drinking water protection.
Coordination with Existing Activities: Many local groups are engaged in programs that complement a public water system’s drinking water source protection efforts. Working with groups such as the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Soil and Water Conservation Service, the Farm Bureau, or a local watershed planning organization ensures coordination of their respective programs.
The City of Berea and stakeholders within the protection area are encouraged to develop a local
8 program to protect the source waters. A local program is capable of responding to changing conditions within the watershed and can bring together the local governments and stakeholders needed for an effective protection effort. Source water protection efforts could benefit the community by allowing the City of Berea water treatment plant to more fully use its surface water resource. Protecting the source water can also benefit those in the protection area who are not using the East Branch of the Rocky River, Coe Lake, or Baldwin Creek for drinking water. A high quality source water enhances other uses such as fishing, recreation, and water supply for agriculture or industry.
Oil and Gas Production: The City may provide education (material/meetings) to owners and land owners on proper operation and maintenance, and develop an early warning system for accidental spills and releases.
Agricultural Activities: County Extension agents can provide education to local farmers on the use of best management practices to reduce agricultural and animal feedlot runoff, use of proper manure handling facilities, proper handling and road safety with agricultural chemicals, and other methods to control or reduce impacts to surface waters.
Transportation Routes: There is a potential for spills along roads within the protection area. The City of Berea may want to consider contacting the local fire department and local emergency planning agency about the location of the drinking water source protection area, so that strategies can be developed to prevent spilled materials from impacting the East Branch of the Rocky River, Coe Lake, or Baldwin Creek.
Emergency Response Planning: The City of Berea should prepare a plan that includes early warning of spills and coordination of response and remediation activities for spills that may enter the East Branch of the Rocky River, Coe Lake, or Baldwin Creek. This plan should include emergency response actions for the water sources, such as the placement of absorbent booms to control oil spills, or the ability to mechanically add oxygen to oxidize chemicals with a high oxygen demand. Different response plans could be developed for different types of contamination. The emergency response plan may also contain strategies for dealing with unexpected levels of runoff containing chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides from adjacent land uses. Though it may be less catastrophic than a major spill, this kind of contamination is more prevalent and is harder to detect and contain.
Water Quality Monitoring: Monitoring does not directly prevent contamination, but the protection plan will be more effective if the City of Berea conducts periodic monitoring of raw water quality and quantity from the East Branch of the Rocky River, Coe Lake, and Baldwin Creek. For example, monitoring data can be used to (1) determine optimal conditions or seasons for pumping water; (2) estimate time-of-travel for a chemical to reach the water treatment intake from various locations in the East Branch watershed; (3) track water quality trends; and (4) evaluate the effectiveness of selected protective strategies. Sampling locations and schedules could be modified on an emergency basis to monitor spills or the runoff of contaminants that may enter the water sources. Zoning Ordinances: A water protection zoning ordinance is a regulatory control that typically places some restrictions or standards on activities conducted within a specified zone (such as the corridor management zone and/or the emergency management zone). Such ordinances enable the municipality to require people who live or work in this area to avoid contaminating the source of the municipality’s drinking water. Ordinances can help ensure best management practices are being employed at local businesses and can help reduce the volume of
9 contaminants stored within the protection area. The City of Berea may want to consider working with the counties, townships, and municipalities in the protection area to develop zoning overlays that require specific standards for chemical storage, handling of waste materials, and other source control strategies. Several communities in Ohio have enacted very successful drinking water source protection ordinances. Copies can be obtained by contacting Craig Smith at (614) 644-2752.
Regulatory Compliance: Where possible, the City of Berea can monitor the compliance of potential contaminant sources with existing regulations through inspections and/or contact with regulatory agencies. If routine inspections are a regulatory requirement, they provide an excellent opportunity to educate an important segment of the community about the importance of drinking water source protection. Inspections also provide an opportunity to encourage improved materials handling procedures, hazardous materials training, waste and disposal assessments, facility spill/contingency planning, and pollution prevention initiatives.
Ohio EPA encourages the City of Berea to incorporate the types of protective strategies listed above into a drinking water source protection plan. For more information on drinking water source protection please contact the Drinking Water Protection staff at (614) 644-2752.
References
Berea Water Treatment Plant. Unpublished Paper for Class IV Operator Certification. Dan McGannon. 1993.
Biological and Water Quality Study of the Rocky River and Selected Tributaries. Division of Surface Water Monitoring and Assessment Section, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. March 15, 1999. OEPA Technical Report MAS/1998-12-3.
Soil Survey of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. May 1980.
Soil Survey of Medina County, Ohio. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1977.
Soil Survey of Summit County, Ohio. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1990.
Prediction of Traveltime and Longitudinal Dispersion in Rivers and Streams, Water-Resources Investigation Report 96-4013, 1996, Harvey E. Jobson. USGS.
10 Table 1. Water Quality Monitoring Summary of Treated Water City of Berea Public Water System
Ohio EPA Public Water System Compliance Monitoring Database (1991- 2002) Ohio EPA Pesticide Special Study (May 1995 - March 1999) Contaminant Levels Primary Exceeds Typical Source (units) Found MCL MCL 1 Inorganic Contaminants Discharge of drilling wastes; Discharge from Barium (mg/l) 0.011 - 0.018 2 No metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits Erosion of natural deposits; Water additive Fluoride (mg/l) 0.86 - 1.16 4 No which promotes strong teeth; Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic Nitrate (mg/l) 0.42 - 13.7 10 No tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.02 - 0.77 none NA tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge of industrial waste Erosion of natural deposits; decomposition product of organic matter; discharge from mining Sulfate (mg/l) 67.0 none NA2 and industrial waters; detergents in sewage; component of precipitation in metropolitan areas Radioactive Contaminants Beta/photon emitters (pCi/L) 4.8 - 13.9 AL=50 No Decay of natural and man-made deposits Alpha emitters (pCi/L) 9.0 15 No Erosion of natural deposits Synthetic Organic Contaminants including Pesticides and Herbicides Alachlor 3 (µg/l) 0.08 - 1 2 No Herbicide runoff Atrazine 3 (µg/l) 0.07 - 0.53 3 No Herbicide runoff Metolachlor 3 (µg/l) 0.08 - 0.55 none NA Pesticide runoff Metribuzin 3 (µg/l) 0.04 - 0.15 none NA Pesticide runoff Volatile Organic Contaminants 1,2-Dichloroethane (µg/l) 1.1 5 No Discharge from industrial chemical factories TTHMs [Total 19.0 - 128.0 80 No4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Trihalomethanes] (µg/l) Bromodichloromethane 7.0 - 39.1 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination (µg/l) Chloroform (µg/l) 4.5 - 72.0 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Bromoform (µg/l) 0.6 - 2.8 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Dibromochloromethane (µg/l) 6.9 - 25.4 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination
Dibromoacetic Acid (µg/l) 1.4 - 6.0 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Dichloroacetic Acid (µg/l) 3.4 - 22.0 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Trichloroacetic Acid (µg/l) 1.1 - 9.0 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Monochloroacetic Acid (µg/l) 1.6 - 4.4 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level (AL = Action Level).
Table 1 - Continued
11 1 MCL set by federal or state drinking water standards. A sampling result that exceeds the MCL value does not necessarily indicate a violation by the public water system. MCL violations for many contaminants are based on a running annual average.
2 Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) for this parameter. SMCLs are non-health-related limits.
3 Data includes Ohio EPA Pesticide Special Study results (1995-1999). For the study, samples were analyzed using an immunoassay (IA) method and by USEPA Method 507, a gas chromatograph (GC) method. The immunoassay results are only estimations of the actual concentration values. The IA test kits tend to overestimate concentrations, due to cross reactivity of chemically similar pesticides (e.g. atrazine and simazine).
4 Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs): (MCL = 80 µg/l) calculated as the sum of the concentrations of Bromodichloromethane, Dibromochloromethane, Bromoform, and Chloroform. Five Haloacetic Acids (HAA5): (MCL = 60 µg/l) calculated as the sum of the concentrations of Monochloroacetic acid, Dichloroacetic acid, Trichloroacetic acid, Monobromoacetic acid, and Dibromoacetic acid.
Table 2. Location of Exceedences of Warmwater Habitat Criteria for Fecal Coliform on the East Branch Rocky River in the Berea Drinking Water Source Protection Area
River mile Parameter Value
11.6 Fecal Coliform 5,900/100 ml 16,000/100ml
10.0 Fecal Coliform 14,000/100 ml
6.5 Fecal Coliform 4,600/100 ml 4,700/100 ml 14,000/100ml
5.06 Water Plant Intake
4.9 Fecal Coliform 7,600/100 ml 27,000/100ml
1.4 Fecal Coliform 6,000/100 ml 37,000/100ml
Samples were collected in 1997. Source: Biological and Water Quality Study of the Rocky River and selected Tributaries. Ohio EPA, March, 1999.
12 Figure 3. Potential Contaminant Source Inventory for the City of Berea Corridor Management Zone Map Unique ID Facility Description Data Source ID
1 LUST180069300 Community College BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
2 LUST180284500 Gas station (former) BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
3 LUST181014200 Commercial/Industrial BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
4 LUST181192900 Commercial/Agricultural BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
5 LUST183036400 Gas station BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
6 LUST183131300 Gas station BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
7 LUST183235401 Gas station BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
8 LUST184107000 Auto dealership BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
9 LUST184107100 Auto dealership BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
10 LUST185001200 Gas station BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
11 LUST185004300 Gas station BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
12 LUST186154500 Gas station BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
13 LUST186158200 Unknown BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
14 LUST187017100 Commercial BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
15 000007366868 Commercial (transportation) US EPA Envirofacts (PCS)
16 OH0000032870 Industrial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
17 OH0001412972 Municipal (NPDES discharge) US EPA Envirofacts (PCS/DOCKET)
18 OH0001651033 Municipal (NPDES discharge) US EPA Envirofacts (PCS)
19 OHD004448569 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
20 OHD013494505 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
21 OHD066037755 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
22 OHD074548728 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS/DOCKET)
23 OHD980824064 Community College US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS/DOCKET)
24 OHD981802960 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
25 OHD982065658 Industrial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
26 OHD987026895 Industrial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
27 OHD987055225 Industrial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
28 CEM0012 Cemetery USGS Geonames
13 Figure 3. Potential Contaminant Source Inventory for the City of Berea Corridor Management Zone Map Unique ID Facility Description Data Source ID
29 SIM0436 Municipal Water System OEPA-DSW Surface Impoundment GIS Layer
30 LUST018971200 Gas station BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
31 LUST180048600 Gas station BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
32 LUST180084501 Commercial BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
33 LUST180084502 Commercial BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
34 LUST180084503 Commercial BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
35 LUST180142400 Commercial BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
36 LUST181082700 Turnpike Toll Plaza BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
37 LUST182274800 Unknown BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
38 LUST183144400 Municipal Fire Department BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
39 LUST183245900 Auto Dealership BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
40 LUST185077400 Gas station BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
41 LUST186158100 Unknown BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
42 LUST187017101 Industrial BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
43 000008047840 Municipal (NPDES discharge) US EPA Envirofacts (PCS)
44 OH0000969808 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
45 OHD000717165 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
46 OHD066038332 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
47 OHD071113633 Industrial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
48 OHD071135008 Auto Dealership US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
49 OHD150867760 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
50 OHD980791727 Unknown US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
51 OHD981539919 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
52 OHD981776503 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
53 OHD981777691 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
54 OHD981799166 Auto dealership US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
55 OHD986978518 Municipal US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
56 OHD987008638 Auto repair/body shop US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
14 Figure 3. Potential Contaminant Source Inventory for the City of Berea Corridor Management Zone Map Unique ID Facility Description Data Source ID
57 OHD987017647 Gas station US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
58 OHD987019783 Auto dealership US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
59 OHD987026564 Gas station US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
60 OHD987029899 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
61 OHD987038957 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts (SSTS)
62 OHT400014353 Commercial (utility) US EPA Envirofacts (RCRIS)
63 SIM0436 Municipal Water System OEPA-DSW Surface Impoundment GIS Layer
64 D180011113419101 Metropark field survey
65 D180011113099102 Municipal Sewer Lines field survey
66 D180011113415103 Electrical substation field survey
67 D180011113413104 Auto repair shops/body shops field survey
68 D180011113413105 Commercial field survey
69 D180011113403109 Electrial substation field survey
70 D180011113403110 Auto repair shops/body shops field survey
71 D180011114363210 Garages (municipal) field survey
72 D180011114043111 Commercial field survey
73 D180011114043125 Electronic manufacturing field survey
74 D180011114043133 Recycling facilities field survey
75 D180011114043134 Greenhouses/Nurseries field survey
76 D180011114043135 Commercial field survey
77 D180011114043203 Commercial field survey
78 D180011114043136 Auto repair/service shop field survey
79 D180011114043155 Construction location field survey
80 D180011114043154 Commercial field survey
81 D180011114043153 Commercial field survey
82 D180011114043151 Commercial/Industrial field survey
83 D180011114043150 Commercial/Industrial field survey
84 D180011114043152 Commercial field survey
15 Figure 3. Potential Contaminant Source Inventory for the City of Berea Corridor Management Zone Map Unique ID Facility Description Data Source ID
85 D180011114043149 Commercial field survey
86 D180011114043148 Industrial field survey
87 D180011114043147 Commercial field survey
88 D180011114043146 Commercial/Industrial field survey
89 D180011114043145 Commercial field survey
90 D180011114043144 Commercial field survey
91 D180011114043143 Commercial field survey
92 D180011114043142 Commercial field survey
93 D180011114043141 Commercial field survey
94 D180011114043140 Commercial field survey
95 D180011114043139 Commercial field survey
96 D180011114043138 Unknown field survey
97 D180011114043137 Commercial field survey
98 D180011114043156 Commercial/Industrial field survey
99 D180011114043157 Commercial field survey
100 D180011114043158 Commercial/Industrial field survey
101 D180011114043159 Commercial/Industrial field survey
102 D180011114043160 Commercial/Industrial field survey
103 D180011114043161 Commercial/Industrial field survey
104 D180011114043162 Commercial field survey
105 D180011114043163 Commercial field survey
106 D180011114043164 Commercial field survey
107 D180011114043165 Commercial field survey
108 D180011114043166 Commercial/Industrial field survey
109 D180011114043167 Industrial field survey
110 D180011114043168 Commercial field survey
111 D180011114043169 State of Ohio, E-Check Station field survey
112 D180011114043170 Commercial field survey
113 D180011114043194 Commercial field survey
16 Figure 3. Potential Contaminant Source Inventory for the City of Berea Corridor Management Zone Map Unique ID Facility Description Data Source ID
114 D180011114043195 Auto repair shop field survey
115 D180011114043171 Commercial/industrial field survey
116 D180011114043179 Commercial/Industrial field survey
117 D180011114043180 Commercial field survey
118 D180011114043181 Commercial field survey
119 D180011114043182 Commercial/Industrial field survey
120 D180011114043183 Industrial field survey
121 D180011114043184 Industrial field survey
122 D180011114043185 Industrial field survey
123 D180011114043186 Commercial/Industrial field survey
124 D180011114043188 Industrial field survey
125 D180011114043189 Commercial field survey
126 D180011114043190 Commercial field survey
127 D180011114043191 Industrial field survey
128 D180011114043192 Commercial field survey
129 D180011114043193 Commercial field survey
130 D180011114043196 Commercial field survey
131 D180011114043197 Commercial/Industrial field survey
132 D180011114043198 Commercial/Industrial field survey
133 D180011114043199 Commercial/Industrial field survey
134 D180011114043200 Commercial field survey
135 D180011114043201 Commercial/Industrial field survey
136 D180011114043203 Commercial field survey
137 D180011114043204 Auto/Boat dealer/service field survey
138 D180011114043205 Commercial/Industrial field survey
139 D180011114043206 Industrial field survey
140 D180011114043215 Auto repair shops/body shops field survey
141 D180011114043216 Commercial field survey
142 D180011114043217 Commercial/Industrial field survey
17 Figure 3. Potential Contaminant Source Inventory for the City of Berea Corridor Management Zone Map Unique ID Facility Description Data Source ID
143 D180011114043218 Industrial field survey
144 D180011113083106 Auto repair shops/body shops field survey
145 D180011113083107 Municipal Fire Department field survey
146 D180011114059228 Industrial field survey
147 D180011114059230 Commercial/Industrial field survey
Database Explanation
DOCKET Facilities that have been involved in an action filed by the U.S. Department of Justice for U.S. EPA. These actions may relate to one or more U.S. EPA program.
PCS Facilities that hold a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. The NPDES permit program controls water pollution by regulating point sources such as pipes or man-made ditches that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States.
RCRIS Facilities regulated by U.S. EPA under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) as hazardous waste generators or handlers. These types of facilities may be associated with potential releases of hazardous materials.
SSTS Facilities that produce pesticide, active ingredients, and devices. These types of facilities may be associated with potential releases of pesticides or other hazardous materials.
LUST Facilities that have reported a leaking underground storage tank (LUSTs) to Ohio’s Bureau of Underground Storage Tank Regulations (BUSTR). Leaking underground storage tanks have been associated with soil and water contamination related to leaks and spills of gasoline and other petroleum products. Unused underground storage tanks may be used for the improper disposal of wastes.
18 Berea SWAP
Berea Water Supply ÎÎÎ
N
Î Berea Water Intakes Emergency Management Zone (EMZ) East Branch Rocky River Tributaries Corridor Management Zone (CMZ) SWAP Boundary
4048Miles 1:117921
August, 2000
Figure 1 - City of Berea Drinking Water Source Protection (SWAP) Area and Corridor Management Zone (CMZ)
19 Figure 2 - City of Berea Drinking Water Source Protection Area and Corridor Management Zone (CMZ) and Emergency Management Zone (EMZ)
20 Berea SWAP Emergency Management Zone (EMZ)
Y# Y# ÎÎ Î
Y# Y#
Y#
Î
Y#
Y#
1000 0 1000 2000 Feet Î Berea Water Intakes 1:8705 Emergency Management Zones (EMZ) Y# Potential Contaminant Sources N East Branch Tributaries Tributaries Corridor Management Zone (CMZ) Highways & Roads SW AP Boundary August, 2000
Figure 3 - City of Berea Emergency Management Zone (EMZ)
21 Figure 4 - Aerial Photo of Area Near Berea Surface Water Intakes and Emergency Management Zone
22 Berea SWAP Land Use
Berea Water Supply ÎÎÎ
N
Î Berea Water Intakes East Branch Rocky River Tributaries SWAP Boundary Land Use Urban/impervious Agriculture/open urban, non impervious, e.g. lawns Shrub Wooded Open Water NonForested Wetlands Barren
4048Miles 1:117921
August, 2000
Figure 5 - Land Use in the Berea Drinking Water Source Protection (SWAP) Area
23 Berea SWAP Runoff Index
ÎÎÎ
N
Î Berea Water Intakes East Branch Rocky River Tributaries SWAP Boundary Runoff Index 2.79 2.98 3.43 3.58 3.62 4048Miles 1:117921
August, 2000
Figure 6 - Surface Runoff Index in the Berea Drinking Water Source Protection (SWAP) Area
24 Time of Travel
1800.00 1400.00 1000.00 600.00 200.00 90.00 70.00 50.00
flow (cubic feet per second) 30.00 10.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 time (hours)
earliest possible arrival time most probable arrival time
Figure 7 - Estimated Time of Travel through the Berea Corridor Management Zone
25 Figure 8 - Potential Contaminant Sources in the Berea Corridor Management Zone
26 Berea SWAP Oil And Gas Wells
Ber ea Water Supply ÎË ËÎ Ë Ë ËË Î ËËË ËË Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë N Ë Ë Ë ËËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË ËËËË Ë ËËËËË ËË ËË ËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë
Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËËËËË Ë Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë Ë ËËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë ËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë ËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË ËËË ËË Ë Ë Ë ËË ËË Ë Ë Ë Ë ËËËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË ËË Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËËË Ë Ë ËËËË Ë Ë Ë ËË ËË ËË Ë Ë ËË Ë ËËËËË ËË Ë ËËËË Ë ËË Ë ËË Ë ËËË Ë Ë Ë ËËËË Ë ËË Ë ËËËËËË ËËË ËË Ë Ë Ë ËË ËË ËË Ë ËË Ë Ë ËË Ë ËËËË ËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË ËË ËË Ë Ë ËË ËËË ËË Ë ËË Ë Ë ËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë ËË Ë ËËË Ë Ë ËËËËË Ë Ë ËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË Ë ËË ËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë Ë ËËËË Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË Ë ËË ËË Ë Ë Oil and Gas Wells Ë Ë Ë ËËËË Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë Ë Î Berea Water Intake Ë ËËË ËËËË Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë Ë ËË ËËËË Ë ËË ËËË East Branch Rocky River Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë ËË Ë Ë Tributaries Ë ËË ËËË Ë Ë Ë ËË ËË Ë Ë Ë ËËËË ËËË ËË ËËË ËËË Ë Corridor Management Zone (CMZ) ËËËËËË ËË Ë Ë ËËË Ë Ë ËË Ë ËË Ë ËËË SWAP Boundary ËË Ë Ë ËË Ë ËË
4048Miles
August, 2000
Figure 9 - Oil and Gas Wells in the Berea Drinking Water Source Protection (SWAP) Area
27