Romanization South-Western Scotland

Durham E-Theses

Romanization south-western Scotland

Wilson, Allan

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Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk ROHUflZATIOl II SOIJTH-WESTlEFl 300TMND

A thesis submitted for the DSGBEl of MASim of ASTS of the Universitj of Durham.

By Allan Wilson, B.A., B.D,, F.S.A,Scot.

Date of Submission, 1966»

The copyright of this thesis rests with the author.

No quotation from it should be published without

his prior written consent and information derived

from it should be acknowledged. -creiace

Inventory: Ayrshire 3. Dumfriesshire 31. Kirkcudbrigiit shire 52. Lanarkshire 66.

Renf;?ewshire 94, Wi^i;towishire 99.

Rofiiaiio-Hative .Contacts on the 'estern Sector of the AntoTiine v7all:-

Auchendavy 117, Balmulldy 118» Bar Hill Gadder 12 ^

Gastlecary £il Jy ft Oaetlehill

Oroy Kill 125. Duntocher

r> ulo. i.i..i.lpst/ricl'i ^

Coricliisio ns 129.

Appendix: - Rorn,an Eoads irI Ayrshire 11) 2 o

Bibliogra phjr and Abbrevifi t ions 191. Acknowledgements 201.

Illustrations and. Maps under separate coTeri-

Illustrations:-

Figs. I Finds from. Oastlehillj Ayrshire,

i. s iC Finds from Lochlee, Ayrshire,

3.. J-'T © Querm 3 from lochleej Ayrshire*

Jj'ig. 4 finds from. Ayrrshire Sites.

O ® 5 Finds from Ayrshiree

Inventory Map:-- the Romans in South-Western Scotland.

Appendix Iilap:™ -Che fiornans in Ayrshire, 1.

PREgAGE.

The object of this thesis is to examine the icipact of the .Roman conquest uponj and the degree of Romanization among the native population of S.W. Scotland,

The thesis is arranged in three sections. The first section consists of an inventory of Roman finds from non-ltom.an sites in S.W. Scotland, fhis section is sub• divided into three divisions, associated finds, hoards, and isolated finds5 with a fourth division on Roraan forts and native contacts* In each case sites and finds are arranged in alphabetical order dependent on geographical location^ Each find is denoted by a syrabol indicating its find-spot, e.g., A/AIT/I, Aitnock Dun in Ayrshire. A second section is devoted to Romano-lative contacts on the western sector of the Antonine Wall and a third section derives conclusions, presenting a picture of the Celtic background and the extent of Rofflanization. For abbreviations and references, the Bibliogra,phy should be consulted.

Since the compilation of the inventory in its final forta, a decision has been taken postponing publication by the Ayrshire Society of its volume on the Romans in Ayrshire to which the writer had contributed a full article on 2,

Romanization in Ayrshire (see Bibliography), Eelevant illustrations from that article ha.Te been incorporated in this thesis an,d are indicated in the text by an asterisk and reference number,. Also included from the same article is an Appendix on Roman Roads in Ayrshire which is intended to serve as a basis for further investigatlona. 3.

TSTM'SOm

AYRSHIRE

A. Associated Finds.

CD Altnock Dun, Dairy. NS 27895077. (See 0.3, 6 inch^;maj3, 1957,- sheet IS 25 SE and 0,3. Map of Rogiaii Britain, 1956)

Aitnoclc Dun was a bivallate fort (of almost complete

circular shape) consisting of two ramparts separated by

a ditch. The outer (?) rampart, presumably c. 60 feet

in diam,eter, was built of alternate layers of stone and

turf, ?/ith a foundation 15 feet thick in one section,

composed of rough .stone and boulders. The floor of the

fort had been levelled and covered with tempered clay

upon which m^as laid a pavement of rough slabs a,nd water

cobbles« Upon this pavement there was an occupation

layer to a, not inconsiderable depth of 6 inches and on

this deposit all the finds, except the four Roman coins,

were made^ A second occupation layer was noted. Upon

the m^all d§bris of the first occupation, a second floor

was laid 2 feet above the former and upon this floor the

four Roman coins were found. (For a rough plan of the

site, see SMITH^ 1919, fig.6.) 4.

Bibliography

Oastlehill Wood Dun:, fig, 13, GHILDE, 1935, 198 and map ^, CLARKE, 195^, 130, FAIRHURST, fig.32, GILMM, , map 5, Museum, Accessions List, PSAS, Ixv, 1930-31, 298ff., ISA, Ayrshire, 219, PATISRSOl, ii, 412, SIMPSOi; 1940, map 1, SMITH 1895, 68, and 1919, 130-2, and WILSOI, f. The 1919 edition of SMITH is the basic report.

Roman Finds.

A/AIT/1. Silver De.narius of Vespasian. IMA HB 378. The coin'""¥fhich was very worn, was oiinted at Rome in 72-73 A.D. See SMITH, 1919, 132, RIO, 42, GOH35N, 45, MAGDOMLD, 1924, 327, EOBERlIOl, 1950, 155 and table III, and WILSOI, f., AJ 1.

A/AIl/2 Silver Denarius of Hadrian. MA HE 379. The coin which ?/as considerably worn, was minted at Rome during the years 134-8 A.D. See SHIIH, o.c., RIG, 296, COHM, 1481, MACDOWALD, o.c., ROESRTSOI, o.c., and WILSOI, f,, AI 2.

A/AIT/3. Silver Denarius of Antoninus Pius. IMA HH 380. The coin which was rather worn, was minted at Rome during the years 145-161 A.D. See SMITH, o.c. , RIG, 129, COHEN, 203 (=226),-.IvLAGDONALD, o.c., ROBERTSON, o.c., and WILSOIJ, f., AI 3.

A/AIT/4. Silver Denarius of Antoninus Pius. NMA HH 381. The co~in which was corroded -though only slightly worn, was minted at Rome in 147-B A.D, See SMITH, O.C., RIG, 163, GOHM, 286, MACDOSALD, o.c, ROBBRTSOl, o.c., and WILSON, .f^, AI 4. The four coins were found by John Smith in the second layer of occupation at Aitnock. They were found together wrapped in a glutinous mass of white lead and are still in a good state of preservation. The coins constitute a small "hoard" dating the terminus a quo for the second period of occupation at Aitnock io some time after 150 A.D.

A/AIT/5.^ Samian Ware. IM HH 321. (Pig.5/AI5) Fragment of rim and side of platter, D. 18/31, of fairly soft orange clay with remains of poor dullish glaze. Well worn. Hadrianic-Antonine. See SMITH, 5.

1919, 1325 CURLE, 1932, 285 and 377, and OHIIDE, 1935, 198. AAIT/6. Coarse Ware? Lost. Reddish fabric. See SB'ilTH, o.c.

Among other finds to be noted from the site were a disc bead of yellow vitreous paste, (See Mrs. G-uido's report in Tig-a Talamhanta, 104 j, querns and carbonized wheat,

Oonclusions.

The first period of occupation of Aitnock Dun is

dated by the Samian sherd, A/AIT/5, to the first half of

the second century A.D., presumably the late Hadrianic

or earl3r Antonine period. The second period of occupation

is dated by the four denarii to the second half of the

second century A.D., the late Antonine period. There is

insufficient evidence to associate the destruction of the

fort at the close of the first period of occupation, with

Roman offensive measures £.140 A.D. or £.155 A.D. The

fort could have been destroyed by anti-Roman eleraents

within Datnnonian territory.

The discovery of querns and v.'heat is notable. It

is conceivable that some form of agriculture such as

wheat-growing, formed an important part of the domestic

economy. Professor Piggott has pointed out the importance

of native grain production to the Roman army, PIGGOTT, 6.

1958, 1-25, and though the Aitnock grain production may have been slight and primitive methods employed, it is possible that the native economy may have been geared to grain production*

(2) Ashgrove Loch Crannog, Stevenston. IS 27594431. (See O.S. 6 inch ma£, 1900, sheet 11 SE and O.S. 6 inch map,"T9577~iheet"lS 24 SE.)

The site of the crannog is a small island, 75 feet in diameter, situated in Ashgrove Loch. The dwelling was surrounded by a stone wall, 9 feet thick, composed of blocks of sandstoD.e and ivhinstone laid in a mortar of tough clay.. The area enclosed by the wall was 30 feet in diameter and seems to have been divided into two compart• ments, roughly paved and carpeted with heather. A water stor8,ge tanlj was provided by a built drain covered with sandstone slabs. To the SE of the dwelling there was a rubbish-pit from which all the finds were recovered. (For a detailed plan of the site see SMITH, 1894, pi.II)

Bibliography. GHILDE, 1935, map 4, Museum Accessions List, PSAS, LXV, 1930-31, 293 ff., SMITH, 1894, 56-51, and 18957T8-54, Stevenston Past and Present, 1902, 2 and 7/rLSON, f. The 1894 "edition is the basic report though this is supple• mented in Smith's account of 1895. The edition of 1902 is more popular* 7.

Roma.,n Finds.

A/ASH/1.^ Iron Shears. Romano-Native. IMA HI 137. "fFig. 4AL 1) ~~ 156 m.m* long. Blades, 45 m.m, long. Expanded fold. This t;rpe of shears is more closely related to the Soman type than to the native. A close Rom.an parallel may be noted from Newstead, pi. lXVIII/5* Other parallels may be no¥et~from Stanwick, pi. XXVII/O, Yfoodcuts, pi. XXII, 1, 5 and 8, Tra^^n law, BIJRLEY, No. 489, and Blackburn Mill, PIGGOTT, 1953, B 29. See SMITH, 1894, fig.7, and WILSOI, f. AL 1.

Also from the site are finds of bone, jet, slate and a bronze pin.

Gonelusions.

Aehgrove loch Crannog differs structurally from the Celtic type of cfannog as revealed at Lochlee and lochspouts, in that it is constructed of stone and not ?ifood. There is no sec^irely dated find from the site, though the shears, A/ASH/I,could belong to the ,H.oman or post-Roman Iron Age of Scotland. The presence of the ox, pig, sheep, goat and red-deer among the fauna on the site, suggest that the rural economy tiiay have been pastoral. The presence of large needles and a spindle whorl suggests that weaving may have formed part of the domestic employment,

(5) Bankhead Dun, Darvel. IS 573388,

The site of the dun is the Castle Hill, li miles I.E.

of Darvel. The dun, i-a plan consists of an irregular circle, 70 feet by 60 feet in area. A rampart of stone, gravel and earth was constructed round the perimeter of the site. Internally, a roughly circular timber hut of diameter 40 feet was discovered and this probably overlap/ an earlier hut of diameter 30 feet, built in the western half of the site*

B ib 1 i o gr aphy

D„&_E, 1962, 23 f., and 1963, 22f.

_Roman_Find» A/liM/1. Samian Ware. Fraginenir~o7 flanged boi'/l, D.38, Part of the upper stone of a rote^ry quern ?/as also discovered.

Conclusion. Occapation at Bankhead Dun, Darvel, would appear to have occurred in the second century A.D. on the strength of the Roman sherd. As at Aitnock dun part of the native economy may have been devoted to grain production,

(4) .Buston Orannog, Dreghorn. IS 41544351. TSeFirjsTT" inch map, 1957, sheet ¥3 44 S¥, O.S. Map of Roman Britain, l95o, and 0^.S.^ M^-Pof P^:^ Britain TNorthern Sheet)) The site of the crannog vfas a small island, Swan Knowe, near the centre of Loch Buston, a lake of consider• able size* The homestead was erected upon a log pavement ttieasuring 61 feet by 56 feet and surrounded on the southern extremity by four circles of upright piles. Dr. Munroj the 9.

excavator, suggested that the dwelling was "pagoda-like"

in structure and near its centre there was a "general

hearth". Ho gangway was discovered at the water's edge.

(For a detailed plan of the site see MUIRO, 1882, pl,I¥)

Bibliogra-^hy

BMGK, 1894, 8, CHRLE, 1932, 379-80, Eaderloch, 54, FAIRHURST, i27, D. McNaught, Kilmaurs-?ari3h and Burgh. 1912, 40-44, Milton Loch Grarmog I, 151 and fig, 12, mimo, 1882, 190-239,"18827B7T^^9, and 1890, 425-34, Museum Accessions List, PSAS, XV, 1880 - 81, llD-2, RICMID, (R), 34, SIMPS0l7~1940, wap I, SMITH, 1895, 87-95, STEVENSON, 1955, 282 ff., and WILSON, f. The 1882 edition is the basic report, Roman Finds

i/BUS/1. Samian Ware, im HV 143 KIJIRO, 1882, 233 ff. Stierd of platter,* D, 18/31, of hard pinkish ware with dullish giase. Well worn.

The survival of Rora9..n pottery into the Da^rk Ages is not uncommon, c.f. the Samian ware at Lagore, 123? Mote of Mark, 161, and Dunadd, W. HPO 28, and the Arretine"Ware from Balinderry_2, fig, 20/180. See also Lough Faugham, 59 fj^n., "STWSlSOl, 1955, 282-3, and

A/BlJS/2. Bottle Glass. MA HV 98-100. MUIRO, 1882, 233. T'Tri'gmenle^'of blue Roman bottle glass. 1 fragment, the base of a bottle, is 4 m.m,. thick.

Roman bottles or jars turn up frequently on native Bites, c.f. Castlehill Dun, A/GAS/4, Lochspouts Crannog, A/LOS/3", Torrs Cave, K/TOR/?, Hyndford Grannog, L/HY¥/15. and Yorkhill, I/YOR/6. See also GHARLESYrORTH, 57 fig. 11 and WILSOI, f., BIJ 10.

A/BUS/3. gounter. Romano-lative. mA HV 86. White vitreous paste of diameter, 22 m.m. This type of object occurs mth frequence on Roman and native sites. At Gamerton, (248), no counters were found on pre-Roman levels7"™^e IfuHRO, 1882, 233, CimiE, 1932, 296, and WILSOI, f., BIT 12. 10,

A/BUS/4.'"^ Ornamented Bronze Pin. IMA HY 88. (Pig.4/Bn 18) Nail head, ~Knr[.ding~?/ith milling near head of pin and at mid-point of stem» Inset on head formerly held a blue glass bead. This tjrpe of pin occurs late in the Roman period, e.g» ^;dnej;, fig."18/67 & 68, and in the Dark Ages, e.g."Lagore, fig, 16^ and Mote of Mark, 147, See MMO, 18827~7ig.242, CHILDE, 1935, ?54r^ETEIiB0N, 1955, A 1, 5, 17, 22 and 25, and WILSON, f., BU 18.

A/BUS/5. Iron Punch. Eomano-lative. IMA H¥ 21. 5T'm.m7~Tong, Square section, 8 m.m, wide. This type of punch -of rectangular section occurs on Roman sites, c.f. Saalburg, taf.34/ 34, and Roman London, Guildhall Mus., 17175. Native punches tend to be of circular section. See MHRO, 1882, fig.231 and WILSOU, f., BU 31, ,A/BUS/6. Javelin Head. MA HV 6. WJmO 1882, fig,236, Rounded ST3lit-socket with spatulate head. 77 m.m, long. Blade, 38 m.m, wide at widest point. This conforms to the Roman tjrpe of m^eapon known as the pilum, c»f« lewstead, pl.3CSXVIl/l9, and C§£2S^voii, fig,657^ See WILSOI, f., BU 38.

A/BUS/7. PadlockBolt, IMA HV 25. MUIRO, 1882, fig.237. Barrel padlock bolt. 127 m.m, long. Barbed springs, 51 m.m, long. Perforated bolt head, 51 m,m. long and bent at right angles to the barbed springs. This is a common Roman type, c.f, Silchester, fig.27/7 and Kinchester, pl.46/l. See aJsofnlSOIT, f., BU 59. Other finds from the Crannog may owe something to Roman inspiration, e.g. some of the metalwork, (the axe- head, a?fls, arrow-heads, files and bronze lun, WILSOI, f., BU 29, 32-34, 36-37, 40-42 and 19 respectively), and the^ bone combs (fig.4/BU53) ^ and pins (WILSOIT, f., BU 51-53 and 56-78 respectively). There is an object in bone which resembles the metal clip of a medieval cross• bow, yet the discovery of crossbow clips in bone in Roman contexts (see WAM, XXVlll, 87 and Devizes Museum Catalog-ue, II, 1911, pi. XXlX/2) raises the suspicion that the object may be Roman, There are two pieces of shoe leather from Buston in the Hunterian Museum (B. 1951. 376) which though not mentioned in the original reports, might be Roman, 11.

Conclusions.

The discovery of a forged Anglo-Saxon coin and Dark

Age comb, (WILSOI, f., BU 1 and 52 respectively), on the

lowest level of occupation at Buston indicates a date in

the 7th century A.D. as the terminus a quo for occupation.

Thus Buston Grannog must have been a British homestead of

the 7th. century A.D. ?/ithin the Kingdom of Strathclyde,

constructed and occupied by Britons well familiar with both

Celtic and Roman culture, and probably defended against the

English and perhaps the Plots and abandoned at the time of,

or shortly before, the English conquest of Strathclyde in the

first half of the 8th century A.D.

As for the Roman tradition at the site, R.B.K, Steven-,

son has suggested that Romanization in Scotland may have gained momentum after the close of the Roman era in Scotland.

(STEVEFSO,N, 1955, 282-3), Contrasted with the Celtic crannogs of the Roman Iron Age at Lochlee and lochspouts, there is more than a survival of things Roman, A/BUS/1-7, there is also suggested a survival of Roman culttiral tradition, perhaps not only in metal-work but also in bone, Hunter-Blair has drav/n attention to the curious rem.ark of Gildas that the Romans left behind them patterns for the making of weapons (BLAIR,26). 12,

(5) Qastlehill Dun, Dairy. IS 28595361. ISee~Q3rX;^cEjna2, 1957, sheet WS 25 SE, and Q.S. Map of Ro^S"''¥iT^aln^^ )

The fort which was excavated at the turn of the century,

was surrounded by a wall. Evidence of building was discov•

ered internally though no structural plan recovered, (For a

rough plan of the site see SMITH, 1919, fig.l).

Bibliography

Castlehill Wood Dun, fig.13, CHADWICK, 1949, 154, GHILDB, 1935, man 4, and 1940, 254 and fig.83, CLARKE, 1956, 130, and 1958, 56-57, GURLE, 1932, 377-8, PAIRHURST, fig.32, GILLAM, 1958, map 5, Museum Accessions List, PSAS LXV, 1930- 31, 298 f.f., SMITH, 1895, 69, and 1919, 123-9, and WILSON, f., The 1919 edition of Smith is the basic report. Roman Finds

A/GAS/1.^ Samlan Ware. HH 347b. SMITH, 1919,fig.2. (Fig.l/GA l) 4 fragments of rim of platter, D 18/31, of fairly hard red clay with good but dullish glaze, Hadrianic-Antonine, See BULIIBR, 153, H4, for Professor Richmond's comments on this sherd.

A/GAS/2.^ Samlan Ware. fflM HH 347 e»h, SMITH 1919, 127. (Fig.l/CA 2\ 4 fragments of base of platter, D 13/31, of fairly soft orange clay with remains of dull glaze. Hadrianic- Antonine.

A/CAS/3,'^ Samian Ware. HMA ilH 347 i. SMITH, o.c. (Fig. 1/CA 3). Fragments of base of platter, D 16/31, of fairly soft orange clay with remains of dull glaze. Hadrianic- Antonine. On these sherds see CURLE, 1932, 285 and 377, A/aAS/4. Bottle glass. IMA HH 363. SMITE, 1919, 127. 2 fragments of the side and 1 of the base of a bluish- green jar. See Buston Orannog, A/BUS/25 for comments, A/OAS/5. Window glass. MA HH 3636. SMITH, 1919, 127. Fragment of clear "green window glass, 3.5 m.m, thick, c_jf^ Seamill, A/SEA/L See GHAELESWORTH, 57 and fig. 11. A/CAS/6. Melon Bead. IMA EH 365. SMITH, 1919, 128, BaT*~iBtilF~1jlaS^ External Diameter, 26 m.ra. Depth, 24 m.ra. 13.

VCAS/7. Perforated Glass Rod. Mm HH 374. SMITH, 1919, fig.3/4. Blue glass, 13 m.m, long.

A/0A3/8. Perforated Glass Rod. mk HH 376. SMITE, 1919, fig,3/5, Wite glass, "TTlum. long.

A/GAS/9. Perforated Glass Rod, IMA HH 375» SMITH, 1919, fig.3/3. Yellow glass, 17 m,m.. long. Rods of similar type are common on Roffl.an and Romano- Uative sites. Dr. D.B, Harden has tentatively dated the Gastlehill rods as Dark Age, however,

A/OAS/IO. Dragonesque Fibixla. (Romano-Uative). Hunt.Mus. A, 1928."TCTHg7T7CA 18), _ For a full description of the fibula see ''/IISOIj f., GA 18, This remarkably well-preserved brooch is notable for its boss stj/le, lozenge pattern and red enamel. It belongs to Feachem's class ii and is of Antonine date. See SMITH, 1919, fig. 4/1, CHRLB, 1932, 333, fig.59, and FEAGH:EM', 33 and 36 and fig.l.

A/GAS/11^ Socketed Spearhead Romano-Eat ive. IM HE! 340. (Fig.l/CA2l) Split or broken socket. Leaf-shaped with faint mid-rib. 180 m.m. long. Blade, 114 m.m. hj 37 m.m, \fhile rela,ted to the larger La T^ne type of spearhead as recovered at Lochlee, WllSOl, f,, LI 23 and 24, it resembles quite closely a type fo'und on Roman sites, c.f. Verulam.iu&i, 218, and pi. LXIv/2, found in the make-up oF~a Ta^e~3rd century A.D. floor. This spearhead may thus be a native type developed under Roman influence at anjr time in the Roman period or later. See SMITH, 1919, 129, no, 4, and WILSON, f., CA Zl.

A/GAS/12^ S0eketed Spearhead Romano-lative. IMA HH 341.(Fig.l/GA22) Split or'~broken socket. Leaf-shaped without mid-rib, 118 m.m,. long. Blade, 64 m..m. by 33 m.m, lOiile a sim.ilar type of spearhead may be found ?/ith frequence on native sites (,o,f,. Tranrain Law, BUmEY. lie. 391, level R2, 392, level P2, and lo, 393, level 3(?; ) this spearhead has a Roman feel about it and is paralleled at Gamelon, MA. FX 349 and Lou-^doun Hill, Hunt.Mus., F. 1952, 66. See SMITH, 1919. 129, no, 3 and WILSOH, f., GA 22. 14.

Other finds from the site ixiclude "Votadinian" Ware (Fig. l/CA 4), Dark Age beads and glass, a Dark Age bronze penanmilar brooch (see FO'-LER, 1963? 140) (Fig. l/OA 19), and a "bronze Celtic crown sword hilt of early 2nd century A.D. date (Fig. 1/GA 20). There are also finds of iron, bone, deer-horn, stonej jet and shale. (See -nLSOI, f.)

Conclusionst

The teriainus a quo for the first period of occupation at Gastlehill Dun seems to be the late Hadrianlc or early

Antonine period, witnessed by the Samian sherds, A/GAS/1-3J

dragonesque fibula, A/CAS/lO and Celtic sword guard, WILSOI,

f., GA 20, The duration of occupation is unknoim, Jolm

Sraith considered that the Dark Age glass and penannular

fibula indicated reoccupation in the 8th and 9th centuries

A.D. This is un.certain though the glass rods, the Dark Age

glass (and perhaps some of the beads), the penannular fibula,

and perhaps the spearheads indicate occupation in the sub- Roman period or later.

(6) Cleaves Gove, Dairy. IS 31784745. TSee"b. S. Tlnch raap, 1900, sheet 12 II, and O.S. 6 inch map 1957, sheet IS 34 SW.)

Several cuts were made in this cove in the early 1880's

by John Smith, where deposits occurred, (See SMITB^, 1889,1 f .f»)

Bibliography

Museu.m Accessions List, PSAS, LXV, 298, MSA, Ayrshire, 211, POIT, plan opp. 124, SMITH, 1889, 1-16, and 1895, 62-8, and WILSOI, f. The 1889 edition of Smith is the basic report. 15.

Roman gind»

A/OIE/T,^ Bone Spoon, Romano-Native, Huiit.Mus. A.1928. 7. TFig."5}^9) Concave on face and roxmded on back. Shaft broken. Diameter of bowl, 25 m.m. This type of spoon occurs on Roman and Romano-IatiYe sites*

0onelusions

Oleaves Gove was a natural sanctuary for refugees

during the time of religiou.s persecution under Charles II,

in the Edwardian period of the Middle Ages, and the Bark Ages.

•The Rotnano-Iative bone spoon suggests the presence of refugees

there in the Roman or sub-Roman period,

(7) LoohleeQrannog. Tarbolton. IS 45755027. T^ee~lJ7^7~U~Tnch map, Tf^^ sheet HS 43 SE, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, T95o.) The site of the Crannog was a small island, 100 feet in

diameter, at the southern extremity of a lake formerly

occupying 19 acres of the Lochlee fa.rmland« The dwelling was

erected upon a pavement of logs, 39 feet square and surrounded

by a double circle of upright piles. Internally the homestead

apparently of rectangular shape, was bisected by a wooden wall

dividing the house into two compartments. In the northern

compartment there was a series of more than four superimposed

oval hearths. In the southern compartment there was a doorway

facing the main rubbish-pit and beyond the rubbish-pit, at the

water's edge, there was a gangway running from the island to

the mainland. (I'or a plan of the site see liUlRO, 1882, pi,II;

for stratification see WILSON, f.) 16.

Bibliography,

ALIEI, 16396, 323, and I9O4, 62, BMCK, 1894, 7, CHILDE, 1935, map 4, and 1940, fig.83, CURIAS, 1932, 378, FAIPSURST, fig.32, GILLAM, 1958, map 5, Milton loch Grannog I , 151 and fig. 12, MHRO, 1879fTT^^^^^^^^TTTBSO, 30-88, 1882, 68-151, 1890, 403-418, and 1899, 334 and 430- 33, Museum Accessions List, PSAS, X¥, 1880-81, 247-8, RICHMOND, (R), 34, SIMPSOl, 1940, map 1, SMITH 1895, 144-48, and WliSON, f.

The 1882 edition of Munro is taken as the basic report though this requires to be supplemented by the other editions, for a more popular account of the excavations, see Rev. D. Lands borough, Gontribut ions 10^ Do cal History. Roman Finds.

Bmnkm Ware. Dick Inst. IC 124. (Pig. 2/LI 2). Sherd of platter, D 18731, ox soft ware with dark red glaze. Worn. Hadrianic-Antonine, Not mentioned in any of the original reports. See GIIRLE, 1932, 285 and 378^^

A/LOL/2. Samian Ware. Dick Inst. LG 125. Base of bowl, D 37, of very soft ware with light red glaze. 2nd century A.D. Pound in drain close to site. See MMRO, 1882, 158 and CURLE, 1932, 285 and 378. A/L01/3^^ Coarse Ware. Dick Inst. LC 538-42. (Pig. 2/LL 3). 5 sherds of flagon of dullish white ware. Antenine. c.f. CTILMA, 1957, type 9', GITRIJE, 1932, 378, mistakenly classified the sherds as medieval. See IVDJNRO, 1882, 138. A/IOL/4. Coarse \7are. Dick Instj_ LC 543. Fragment of wall of narrow-mouthed jar of reddish-brown fabric (c.f. GII;LAM, 1957, type 28), Hadrianic-Antonine, lot mentioned in the original reports,

A/LOV5. Melon Bead. Lost, M31IR0, 1882, fig. 153. Fragment, External diameter, 16 m,m. Internal diameter 9 m,m,

A/LOI/6, Dumb-bell Bead, Romano (?)-Native. Lost, 12ra,m, long . Each bell has a diameter of 6 m.m. This bead may have developed from the bronze Roman dumb-bell button, (c.f. Newstead, pi. IXXXll/6 & 8), as Dr. Mencken has suggested, or it may be no more than a native develop- 17.

ment of the lorthern Boss Style. See MUKRO, 1882, fig.154.

A/LOL/7'^ Bronae Trumpet Fibula. (Romano-Hat ive). ; Dick. Inst.

Complete brooch. Coiled spring with axial wire caught in bronze collar. Moulding ornamented ?d.th milling on either side of acanthus knob on the bow, and at the base of tihe bow. Pound near the centre of the rubbish-pit. Antonine. GOLLIlGfOOD, 1930, 45 f.f., class Eii, c.f. lewstead, pl.LXXXVl/l5 and Tra^rain La?f, BURIJEY, IOS. 2 and 8. See MUIRO, 1882, fig.140, GUELE, 1952, 332 and 378 and fig.6l/l, RIGHMOKD, (R), 21, and WILSOI, f,, IL7.

A/LOL/8^ Bronze Head Stud Fibula. (Romano-Native). Dick Inst,

Complete brooch. Circular depression at cromi of bow contains a stud. Rectangular settings for enamel on bow. Moulding with milling on base of bow and on wire at base of head-loop. Hinged pin. Found in debris after exca• vation. Antonine. ^ COLLIIG-WOOD, 1930,^5 and fig.62, class Q, cf. ITewstead, pi. LXXXYl/20, and Traprain Law, BIJRLEY, Nos. 20 and 21. See MMRO, 1882, figs. 142-3, GURLE, 1932, 332 and 378 and fig.61/2 and 4, and fflLSOl, f., LI 8 .

AAOI/9^ Bronze Finger-Ring. Dick Inst. LO 533. (Fig. 2/11 16). Oval bezel may have contained an intaglio. Not mentioned in the original reports, c.f. Maiden Castle, fig,86/23-24. See CHIIDE, 1935, 235, and"wTLS0l7"|77~TrT5

A/LOL/IO^ Iron Axe-He ad. Romano-Mative. Dick Inst. LC lOl. (Pig, 2/LL 35). OorrodedT 1^7 m.m. long and 81""m„m, wide at cutting edge of blade. Shaft-hole, 41 m.m. by 33 m.m,; 38 va.m. deep. Wooden handle. Found to the SE of the crannog within the double circle of piles. While lacking the characteristic squared-butt and side-clips of the Roman axe, the lochlee axe has a slightly drooping cutting edge. See MIERO, 1882, fig.46, HJRIET, IJo. 414, GHIIDE, 1946, 81 and WILSON, f., LL 32.

A/LOL/ll^ Iroj^_ Plesh^Hook. Romano-Hat ive, Dick Inst. LC 118

472 m,,Tn, long. Curved prongs, 102 m.m, long and 69 m.m, apart. For 267 m.m. of its lengthy, the handle is tv/isted .spirally. The prongs and hooks are bound to the handle It

by means of clamps. This clamp-binding technique is paralleled at Roman London, Guildhall Museum, 16286. For a fuller discussion, see WILSON, f., LL 3 3. also WJmX), 1882, fig. 139»

A/IOL/12^ Iron Pick-Axe. Dick Inst. LC 120, (Pig. 2/LE 35). ^58 m.m. long. 127 m^m, wide at cutting-edge of blade. Slip-eye, 46 m.m, by 38 m.m. Side-clips broken, c.f. Roman parallels from Newstead, MA. PRA 231, Oamelon, NMA FX 297, and Lou^doun Hill, Hunt.Mus., P. 1944. 2. See MJNEO, 1882, 129 s and wiLSONTTrril' 35. For a complete description of finds from the site, see WILSON, f., LL 1-143. 0onelusions.

Lochlee Grannog was presumably a Damnonian Celtic home• stead initially constructed in the pre-Roman or Roman Iron Age of Scotland. The floruit of the homestead probably occurred in the second century A.D. when contact was established with Rome, Thus the dsBfences are more llkel3r to have been erected against marauding bands of invaders than against the Romans, The importance of Lochlee Oraimog lies in its decided Celtic charac• ter, particularl;/ in metal-v?ork and wood\TOrk, its native economy; which seems to have been both pastoral and agricultural, and its decided contact ?7ith Rome in the Antonine period,

(6) Lochspouts Orannog, Maybole, NS 28810583. rSeeOTS, 6 inch map, 190'0, sheet 44 SE, O.S. 6 inch map, 1957, sheeFWWliE, and O.S. Map of Roman BiTtalrrrT955)

The site of the Crarjiog was a small island, 95 feet in diameter, at the northern extremity of a lake formerly occupying 8 acres. The homestead was erected upon a log pavement and surrounded by a circle of upright piles. Three circular hearths 19,

were discovered a few yards apart from each other wdthin the dwelling. Owing to the fact that the excavations were not conducted on the basis of modern scientific m.ethods, little can be said about stratification. There were, however, two log pavements superimposed one upon the other, and all the Eoman finds camej from the upper log pavement, Lography.

ALLll, 1896, 323 and 1904, 73, BLACK, 1894, 8, OHIIDB, 1935? man 4, an.d 1940, fig.83, CURLE', 1932, 378-79, FAIRIiTIRST, fig.32, GliliABt, 1958, map 5, yillton Loch Orannog I, 150 and fig, 12, MJIRO, 1882, 158-82, 1882Vl,"1-18, 1884, 9-16, and 1890, 418-25, Museum Accessions List, PSAS, X?, 1880-81, 107-110, RIGHMOUD, (R), 35, SIWIPSON, 1940, map "1, SMITH, 1895, 192-7, and WILSOI,

The 1882 edition of Mtmro is taken as the standard reference-^jsric supplewiented by the other editions. loman Finds

.Samian Ware, m HW 35-37. MINRO, 1882,180. (Fig. 4/LS 1 3 sherds of. a cup, D 27, of fairly hard dark red c'lav with dullish glaze. Flavian. X /LOS/2. Samian Ware. HMA HW 38. SiUNRO, 1882, fig,180. (Fig. 4/LS£ 2) Sherd of bomrl, D 37, sho\?ing ovolo, rather debased Pan mask in plaited festoon, rectangular "astragals",, bead row and arm. The ovolo is a recognizable GIMAllYS and cem be dated .i.D, 150-190, The ovolo could a,lso belong to A~/MI?S, a notter of the same school and same date. See GlIRLE, 1932,• fig. 1/10. I am Indebted to Mr. W. Dodds for a description of this sherd,

/LOS/3, Bottle Glass. MLA HW 21, Fragment of green bottle glass. Eot mentioned either by Mimro or Curie.

/LOS/4, Mglg.n Bead, IMA HW 17. MIJNRO, 1882, fig. 178. Fragment of green faience. .External diameter, 26 m.m. Internal dian}.eter, 15 m.m. 22 m.m, deen. 20

A/LOS/5. Melon Bead. NMA WI 18, MIJNRO, 1882, fig, 179. Fragment of green faience. External diameter, 16 m,m» Interna,l diameter, 10 m.m. 13 m.m. deep.

.A/LOS/6^ Bronze Dress Fastener. (Romano-Native), NMA HW 28. MRO, 1882, ^Tii725? (Fig. 4/LS 14). Disc-head. Total length, 38 m.m,. Diameter of concave disc, 19 m,m. This belongs to Mrs, FoAnrler's class iv of dress-fasteners. (BLTRLEY, No. 181) 2nd century A.D. There is also a double-headed dress-fastener, (?/ILSON, f., LS 13) (Fig. 4/lS 13), belonging to Gillam's type A, (GIIIAM, 1958, 80, 90 and map 8),,which is probably native,

A/lOS/7''' Bronze RotarvKey. Nf/IA HW 25, KilJNRO, 1882, fig. 176. TFiiTlTS'S 157T Tubular sharfc. 38 m.m. long, Roman keys of tubular shank occur with frequence on both Roman and native sites, see iLSON, f., LS 15. For a Gom-olete description of finds from the site, see ••'ILSON, f;, LS 1-52. Gonelusions.

Lochspouts Grannog was presumably a D8,ranonian Celtic homestead similar to the Lochlee Crannog. The homestead was initially constructed in the pre-Rom.an Iron Age of Scotland, was reconstructed at the time of the first Roman occupation of Scotland and effected contact ?/ith Roman culture 8,t this time. Contact with Rome is more noticeable in the 2nd centur:/, A.D., though occupation of the site probably ceased after that century, apart from a brief reoccupation in the Edwardian period of the Middle Ages. 1.

(9) Seamill Dun, Seaoiill. "IS 20314715« ^See O.S. 6 inch -ma£, 1900, sheet 10 SE, and 1957, sheet NS 2TW}. The form of the defences v/as determined by the natural contour of the plateau on ?^hich the dun was situated. The fort had an Internal diameter of 50-60 feet and was bivallate on the southern extremity, each wall being 5-6 feet thick, and univallate on the northern extremity. The walls were constructed of large undressed stones with small stones and earth filling the interstices. Internally the fort ?/as divided into two compartments by a partition wall. One of the compartments contained paving and it was on this paving that the finds were made. (For detailed plan see IVMrRO, 1882/G, 59).

Bibliography. ALLEl, 1896, 323, BIAGK 1894, 9, Gastlehill ?/nod Di:r. fig.13, GHILDE, 1935, map 4, and 1940, 226 and fig.83, CHRISTISOI, 1898, 316-9j FAIRHURST, fig.32, MAGLi5AH, 102, frmiRO, 1882/C, 59-65, and 1899, 376-77, ISA, Ayrshire, 257, PATERSOI, ii, 129, SMITH, 1895, 7-8, and WILSON, f,, The 1882/G edition of Munro is the basic report though there is additional information in the 1899 report,

Roman Finds, A/SEA/1, Coarse Ware. Lost, MMO, 1882/C, o,c., and 1905, 187. Fragment of reddish fabric with 3 circles of shallow horizontal fluting, A/SEA/2. Window Glass, HIA HR 477-8, ffilJlRO, 1882/c, 63. 2 fragments of green window glass, Q.f. Castlehill, A/CAS/5, For a complete description of finds from the site see WILSOI, f. Conclusions.

There is no find from, the site x?/hich serves as reliable dating evidence, Roman influe,nce is denoted by the fragments of coarse pottery and v/indow glass, but as we have already

seen at Buston Orannog, A/BUS/I, there was a circulation of things Roman in the Dark Ages. "^The open-work roundel of triskdle design, WILSON, f,, SE 3, (Fig. 5/SE 3) can be paralleled in Celtic contexts in the Roman period and later, but the poor workmanship of the roundel offers no clue for precise dating. Thus occupation of Seamill Dun occurred in either the Roman Iron .Age or later.

10) The Sand Dunes, Stevenaton. TSee''~07s7~lla.T> of Roman Britain, 1956). Associated with an unidentified structure at the Sand Dunes, Stevensto.n, were discovered a Roman coin and spoon, (See The Correspondence of the Rev. Robert ffoodrow, ed. Rev. Thomas McCrie, 1842-3, vol.i, 1?2, NSA, Ayrshire, 454, ^lAGDONALD, 1918, 237 f., and WILSON, f.) loman Finds» i./STE/l, Silver Denarius of Faustina I. Lost, ITnteTTF^ffie aftefTlT A.D. See RIG, 344, COHEN, 26, MACDONALD, 1918, 237-8, ROBERTSON, TWO, 160 and table III, SIBBALD, 1710, 110, GORDON, 185 and plate of medals, no.15, HORSIEY, i. 43, NSA, Ayrshire, 454, PATERSON, ii, 445, RICHMOND, (R), 20 aiid 34, MCJAKNET, 5, and WILSON, f., ST 1. 13,

^ ' I s o 1 a-*^ 6 d _Fijid s,

(a) Of Know.n Location. Ardrossan

A/ARD/1, Alexandrian Coin of Maximian. Found in the 1930's on the north shore. The coin is in the possession of a Mrs. Murchie, It is dated 286 A.D. See ROBlRTSOl, 1961, 138, and WILSOI, f,, AR 1,

Auchinleck.

A/llS/1. "Small Bronze" of Gonstans Caesar. Found at a dep^"hofTT^fooTTirihe garden of a house in the Main Street. The coin is worn, has a mint mark, SIMH (Antioch), and is dated 333-7 A.D. See GOHEH, 50, ROBERTSOI, 1961, 138, and WILSOI, f., AV Ballantrae.

A/BAL/l, Sestertius of Trajan or Hadriam Found at Ardstinchar Oastle in lovember, I96O. Very much corroded of either late Trajanic or early Hadrianic date. See ROBERTSOI, I96I, 138, and 7vILS01n f BA 1, Cumnock,

A/OlIM/1. Silver De2iarius of Faustina II under Antoninus Pius. Found in the Cumnock area some years ago. Fairly well worn. Dated 138-161 A.D. See RIG, 502 (a), COHEI, 54, ROBERTSOI, I96I, 138, and'WILSOI, f., CD 1.

Donald's Isle, Loch Doon. IS 494965. (Pig. 5/LD 1). X Glass Armlet. Romano-Native, HMA FJ 144^ Fragment of opaque yellow glass armlet. Late 1st century A.D. - 2nd century A.D. KILBRIDS-JO¥ES, tjx>e 3b. See PSAS, MXi, 1936-37, 330, KILBRIDE- JOIES, 374 and"38Tf., table 1, STEYENSON, 1955/A, fig,2, table 1, type 3b, and WILSON, f., LD 1.

Other finds from Donald's Isle, PSAS, LXXi, 1936-37, 330 f., IMA HT 6-9, are too badly corroded to assess and are unrelated to A/DON/I, though probably related to the medieval pottery from Loch Doon. 24.

Dundonald,

A/DlJN/1 X Steatite Lamp or., Cu^. (Romano ? -Native) MvlA AQ 114 TF5^7™57^ITV'' Fragment of external diam.etsr, 114 m.,m, and projecting handle 30 m.m.. long, .Dr. K.A. Steer has suggested that handled stone cups were being fashioned in Scotland in the pre-Roman Iro.n Age at Dunagoil and are therefore likely to be copies of Celtic wooden cups or la,dles. (West Plean, 243-6). There was occupatio-n at .Dunagoil, however, in the Roman Iron Age, indicated by Samian sherds and a Hom8.no-N8,tive glass armlet. R.B.K. Stevenson thus rejects K.A. Steer's suggestion and su.ggests these cups are possibly a development from Rom.an lamps and lamp- holders.

There is som^e doubt as to the find-spot, (See WILSON, f., DD 1). It was probably from Kemp Law fort, (NS 356338). See W. Alexander, "Dmidonald, Its Church, Its Bell and Surroundings", AHGAW, vii, 1894, 80-82, SMITH, 1895, 119, GHRISTISOFrTsgS, 176, 268 and fig.104, Rev. D. Landsborough, Contributions to Local History, 144, CHILDE, 1946, 13F7~COTfM7™W, and THOliiAS loZl, 20,

.a 2. Copper Cake. Roffl.ano(?)-lative. Dick Inst. DD 13. Broken7~~TTaoieter, 210 m.m, 13 m.m uhick. Professor Piggo t has compared this find with one from Black- burn Mill (PIGGOTT, 1953, 50, B 65), and others mentioned by Ciirle, (CDRLE, 1952, fig.37 and p.343).

Galston

A/GAL/1. Silver Denarius of Vespasian. Found" in"the coal shed of the garden of 113 Orchard Street, Galston by the son of Mr, M. Lindsay to whom I am grsiteful for forwarding the coin for examination. Obv: IMP CiESAR YESPASIAHYS"AYG Rev; POI MAX (T)R P COS YI

Girvan,

A/GIR/I, Orichalc Sestertius of Antoninus Pius. Lost. Found near the bathing station in 1953. Slightly worn. Minted at Rome during the years 145-161 A.D, See RIG, 778, OOHEI, 751, ROBERTSON, 1961, 138, and WILSON, f., GI 1. 25.

Irvine

A/IRY/I. Silver Denarius of Antoninus Piiis. Found in a housing estate. Rather worn. Minted at Rome, 159-160 A.D, See RIG, 298, OOHEl, 360, • ROBERTSON, 1961, 138, and WILSOI, f., IR 1.

A/IRV/2. Bronze As__or Du.pondius of Faustina I. Horth Ayrshire Museurai. ~ Reputed to have been found in a garden. Rather worn. Minted at .Rome during the years 141-161 A.D, See RIG, 1177a or 1196, COHEH, 115 or 269, ROBERTSOH, TgS"!, 139, and WILSOI, f., IR 2.

A/IRV/3. Bronze J>estertius of Gallienus. (Joint Reign with Valerian). Forth Ayrshire Ivluseum. Reputed to be found in a garden. The fact that it is squared reduces considerably the possibility of its being a genuine loss at Irvine, Minted at Rome, 255-6 A.D. See RIG, 211, COHEI, 203, and WILSON, f., IR 3.

A/IRV/4, '[Small Bronze" of Constantine I. In possession of owner. Discovered in the sand dunes about 1930, Slightly worn. Minted at Rome after 307 A.D. See COPIEN, 536, J.P.O. Kent, NO, 6, XVII, 1957, 52 and 74 ff., and no. 478, R0BERTS"0I, 1950, 142 f., 156, 163, and 165, 0,.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956, and 'HLSOI, f., IR 4.

A/lRY/5. "Middle Bronze" of Gonstans. Lost, Found in a garden in 1937. Dated, 337-350 A.D, See GOHEl, 18, EiCDOIAlD, 1939, 243, ROBERTSON, 1950, 156, 163 and 165, O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956, and YvILSOl, f., IR 5,

Kerse.

A/KBR/l. Bronze Coin of Constantine I. Found in a trench cut duriiig electrical operations in the long grass beside the road leading from Kerse to Rankinston, Slightly worn. Dated 330-35 A.D. See GOI-IEI, 254, .ROBERTSON, 1961, 139, and WILSON, f., TM 1,

Prestwick.

A/PRE/l, Dupondius or As of Vespasian, 26,

Discovered in the 1930at no great depth from the surface in the garden of 181, Main Street (NS 352257). The coin is in the possession of R,T. Grier, whose address in 1953 was c/o Dryden, 29 Gladsmuir Road, Glasgov?, S.W.2, Tery worn. Minted probably at Lyons in 77 or 78 A. D. See COHEN, U 1, RIC, 754b, ROBERTSON, o.c., and. WILSON, f., PR 1, A/PRB/2. Sestertius of Marcus Aurellus. Found in a burJcer in May, 1952, on Prestw?ick Golf Course (?), imch oxidised but not. heavily worn. Dated 158-69 A.D. See RJG, 964, COHEN, 544, ROBERTSON,o^, ,and WILSON, f, , PR 2,

A/PRE/3. Alexandrian Coin of Tacitus. Reputed to "have beeiriburid~c„ 1917 during the demol• ition of an old stable situated 200 yards from Prest?/ick Old Cross on the left-hand side of the Prestmdck-Monckton road travelling in the direction of Monckton. Now in the possession of J. Bunyan, Gorrie Terrace, Gorrie, Arran. Fairly well worn. See ROBERTSON, o^i.,j and WILSON, f., PR 3.

Stevenston Sands,

A/STE/2, Alexandrian Coin of Carus. Discovered on the rocks at Stevenston in 1927. A billion piece of Alexandria struck after the death of Carus in'283 A.D. See MACDONALD, 1934/A, 31, ROBERTA- SON, iq50, 162 and 165, NC, 5, X, 1930, 337 f., 0.^.^ Map ofRoman Britain, 195^, and WILSON, f,, ST 2.

A/STE/3. Roman (?) Coarse Ware. Hunt. Mus. B 1957. 359• 11 sherds of coarse grey -vTare. See Wilson, f,, ST 3. A/STE/4.^ Bronze Lozenge-Shaped Brooch. NMA. E1!C 293. (Fig.5/ST 4) 14 m,m. by llm.m. At obtuse-angled corners inlaid with red enamel. At acute-angled corners inlaid with blue enam.el. In centre is a circular cloison from, which enamel has disappeared. Pin is x^/anti.ng as is turned-up part of catch-plate. Hinge plate still shoi-Ts perfor• ation, c.f. Rorfl.an London, LMC3, fig.24/9 and Richborough 17, pi. XXIX/49. See also™OAi;i 'ER, 1933, 27 md fig.l, and SELIGYE, taf. XIl/13, 17.

A/STE/5, Bronze Orescent-Shaped Brooch. (Romano-Native). NM BWic, ^pT^TwirTTsf 517 2^"*m,m, by 19 m.m. Crescent has horns (trumpets) terminating in bosses. On one side the crescent is divided into 2 smaller crescent-shaped cloisons prepared to receive enamel. Hinge a.nd catch-plate unfinished. Hinge is not perforated and catch-plate not turned up at point to form catch, 9,f, Roman Lo.ndon, LMC, 3, 96 and fig.29/33-35. See CALLANDER, 1933, 27 f., and fig. 2, and SELLYE, taf, XVIl/l, Owing to the fact tha,t t.he brooch, A/STE/S^was not corroded to the same ex$:ent as the other finds in the Stevenston Gollection in the National Museum, Edin• burgh, J.G. Callander questioned whether the brooch was a genuine find from the Stevenston Sands, A/STE/6.^ Bron_ze_ Piju NM BMC 295. CALLANDER, 1933, 28, fig.3. iFig. 3/ST 7)Z Fragmentary, Head only survives in the form, of a bird perched on a crescent. On the front of the crescent there are 7 circular indentations and these are continued down the stem, _c.fWARD, 246 and fig. 70/B, Gamulodunum, pi. G/21, Lydney, pi. XXXII./179, and Traprain Lwn^ BIIRLEY, No. 25^7'

For other finds from the Stevenston Sands, see WILSON, f,

('^^ Of JNnkn own Lo c at ion.

A./IINL/1. Sllwr Trumpet ^bula, (Romano-Native) IMA FG 9. CIjfflEr^532,'l77,""and fig.32 (Fig. 5/UL llT" Complete brooch. Coiled s'lpring with axial wire of spring caught in silver collar. Moulding with milling on either side of acanthus knob on how, on base of bow and on base of head-loop. On oatch-plate there is a series of triangles wlVn inserted dots. Antonine. COLLING-WOOD, 1930, class Rii. See ALLEl, 1896, 323, BLACK, fig,5, B&iseum Accessions List, PSAS, XII, 1084-85, 332, SMITH, 1895, 159 and WILSON, fTT™ IJL i. Gurle mentions a bronze trurr.i.pet brooch in the National Museura a..t Edinburgh, also from Ayrshire, GUPLLE, 1932, 2«.

377. There is, homrever, no bronze brooch unlocal- ised from Ayrshire in the National Museum, It seems that Curie w^as confused by his notes and was describing twice one and the sam.e brooch, A very close parallel (in bronze) from Lochlee Gra,nnog, A/LO.G/7, may have been the cause of the confusion.

A/IJIE/2,'^ Bronze Pinaunular Fibula. Romano-Native, Dick Inst, PBif i8Tr~T^5%i7"57ur~2Tr Pinched terminals, doubled back, Mrs, E. Fowler has identified this as belonging to her type Bl, a military type, though also related to her type D2 or 1)5 on account of the rcLnched and grooved decoration on the terminals, (See F0WL:SR, 1960, 152, 166 f,, and figs. 1 and 10), The fibula may have been found In the"Kilmarnock area. (See WILSON, f., UL 2). A/TjNL/3, Bronze As of Titus.. Dated 77-78 A."D. See RIG 786 and COHEN, 217, A/BNI/4. As of Yespasian, Revt FOHTYMA. Leeend and type almost obliterated. Dated 77-78 A.D.

A/[TNL/5. Small, Ooin^^of^^ Ggnstantlne I. Rev: SOLI INYIGTO GOMITI. \ Legend and tjrpe alm.ost obliterated. The coins A/IIIJL/3-5 were discovered in 1904. (See ROBERTSON, I96I, 139).

Dunure:-'^ A knobleas bronze terret with mouJ-ded collars li.iiked to the flat plate, LEEDS, class 7, (CHILDE, 1935, 230; Dick Inst. DE 14), is probably purely Celtic in originI ^IgZ 5/DU 1).

Irvine;- A.F. i'.'IcJa.anet, Royal Burgh of Iryine, 1938, 6, has cu.£ esTed that the Granny stone at Irvine may have been a Roman altar simila..r to one recovered at the^ Roman port of Inveresk and dedicated APPOLLINI GRAITIOI, As the author realizes, this is but mere specuLation*

In the Hunterian Museum, (S.1951, 373), there is a .fragment of a bottle-neck of dark green glass which could be Roman but looks suspiciously modern. 29.

The reputed "Rom_an" sword from Irvine is nf Sr^^ Age date. (For a full description, see^ WILSON, f.

liiJiarMcki- None of the many Roman coins in the Dick Insti- ™® 3:'egarded as Ayrshire, losses. (See WIL^

Ziestmck:- On^;the interesting possibility that a Roman altar

^}rI?'r™^x.''F ^-^"^^ recovered at Kingcase, iMb .14otf:.4d, but now d est roved, see "iTLSON f •unde.r .P.R 3. /' • » i-.*»

C ^ Rog:gl„.„Eor13 .a-ad Na/fcl_ve^^ 0ontacts.

(1) K\e Beg, hov4aovLn Hill. M 606372.

Excavation of the site, first commenced in

1938 by Dt. St. Joseph, was completed in 1948,

Five periods of occupation ¥/ere noted, four of

Flavian date and one of Antonine date. An annexe

WAS attached to the fort during the second Flavian

period of occupation. The discovery of two denarii

of Domitian minted in A.D, 90-91, and showing an

appreciable amount of wear, (ROBERTSON, 1950, 138),

suggests that the Flavian occupation lasted till

around 100 A.D, The pa-ucity of .Antonine pottery on

the site, has been taken to imply that t.he Antonine

occupation was not prolonged, (See ROSWS, 3.88 ff.,

JR3, SXTS, 1939, 201, XXXVII, 1947, 155, and TXXIX,

1949, 98, and D & E, 1947 and 1949.) •50.

There is one Romano-lative find from the site, a bronze terret of unusual type, (Hiint» Mug. If. 1952. 63). The terret has a flat vlate and at the apex of its crown has a circular knob flanked on either side a smaller circular knob. Also discovered on the site were raelon beads of blue faience, (ROS^JS, 190 and Hunt^Mus. F. 1938. 67 and F. 1946, 90). The discovery of these beads may indicate the presence of women on the site, or possibly officer*s wives of Continental or British origin^ 51.

OTMPRIESSHIRE

Asaoelated _gindg

(1) Biirnswark Hill-Top Town^ goddam. SY 185786.

The summit of Burnsv/ark Hill is crowned by a native town of 17 acres containing a fortlet at its west gate. (See Burnswark, 198 fj-^fju? the native fortlet being marked I on plate III). The native tovw-n is siarrounded to the north and south by Roman siege works. It has been customary to assign the siege to the time of Agricola, biit as Professor E.B, Birley has pointed out, (Arch^J., 115, 1958, 234 ff.), two coins of Trajan and Antonine pottery indicate a siege in the second century A.!/. Further the southern siege camp incori)orates in its structure a Roman fort• let of the road-post type discovered in the Antonine period in Scotland, Professor Birle3/ has tlius suggested that the siege at Burnswark may be perhaps associated with punitive mea3u.res after the native rising which led to the destruction of the Hadrianic Roman fort at Birrens c. 158 A.D. The fact that the northern Soman siege camp at Biiri|/yark was never completed has been taken to imply a raising of the siege on a change of attitude by the native population. Professor Birley 32.

has also suggested that the Roman altar set up at

Kirkandrews upon Eden by a OoRimander of the sixth

legion "£b res trans vallum prospare gestas" may

refer to such a Roman victory in S.W. Scotland as

that implied by the raising of the siege at Bumswark,

The hill-top town has never been thoroughly ex• cavated though in the excavations of 1898, two Romano- Native armlets were found in the native fortlet pre- viousljr mentioned as being contained within the hill-top town. It is uncertain which of the five armlets from Burnswark came from the native forlet, thus all five are here recorded.

Romano-lative Finds. (Burnswark, 247) j}/BUFi/l« Glass Armlet. EMA G-P 93. Burnawark, fig.4. Transparent green glass with inlaid cord and spiral spot. Belongs to KIIBRIDE-JOIES, type 2. See STmmsm, 1953/A, 2is and fig.2. Presumably the fragment Barbou.r referred to as coming from the base of the rampart associated vrith the " circumvallation" . (Burnswark, 235).

D/BUE/2. Glass Armlet. MA GP 96a. ^paiue~whr^ glass. Belongs to laLERIDB-JONES, 378, type 3A.

D/BUR/3* Glass Armlet. IMA GP 96b, Opaq.ue white glass. This armlet which is slender in profile and light in weight, illustrates the final form of KILBRIDE-JONES, 378, type 3A. D/BUR/4* Glass Armlet. IWA GP 96d. Opaque yellow glass. Belongs to KILBRIDl-JOIBS, 581, type 3B, 33.

D/BUE/5. Glass Armlet, IMA GP 96c. Opaque white glass with yellox? inlay. Belongs to KILBRIDE-JONES, 384, fig,7/7, type 3D.

As to the distribution of the armlets on the site, two were recovered from the South Gamp, one of opaque glass from fortlet 0, (Burnsf/ark, pi .III), and two were recovered from the hilT-TopT^rtlet, one from the "substance of the enclosing mound of the fortlet". (Burngwark, 242).

D/BUR/6. Bronze Dress Fastener. MA GP 289. Kat'' di¥c~oT~Tiameter, 29 m.m, loop on under-side. Jjoop and edges broken. Probably belo:ngs to GILIAM, 1958, 80 f., type B, or Mrs. Po¥/ler's type ii, BURLEY, 178 ff,

(2) McCulloch's Gastle, Arbifi-land, Kirkbean. MR 996576.

This dun type structure la situ.ated on a sea cliff and surrounded by a semi-circular ditch, 34 ft. wide and 12 ft. deep, of U or Y shaj)e. The internal rampart assoc• iated with the ditch is c. 4 ft. 6 ins. high and built of clay. H'o easily recognizable structural plans emerged within the site but a hearth, ?rtiich appeared to be primary to the site, \sfas located close to the east ram• part and associated with da^table material. Bibliography

McOulloch's Gastie, 118 ff. Roman Pind.

T)/ARB/1, Samian Ware. McQullQOb'g Qastle., 123. MerdoipTatter, D.18/31, of soft orange clay and Central Gaulish origin. Dated second century A.D. There are two other sherds from the site which may also be Roman* Other finds consisted of an iron bar, a stone palette and pieces of hematite. 34,

GoncluBions

McGulloch's Castle is the o.nl.y native site in

Dumfriesshire, apart from Burnswark Hill, which has shown

evidence of Romano-Ntitive contact. The Samian sherd

suggests a terminus post quern for occupation in the second

century A.]},, proba.bly the Antonine period.

B. Isolated (Roman) Pinds.

(a) Of Known Bocation. Aman.

D/Al^K/l. Second Brass of Hadrian. MAODOIALD, 1924, 328. Dug UP _c. 1924 in a garden in Butts (?) Street, See OOHEI, 1665 ROBERTSOI, 1950, 155, 161 and 165, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. D/'AM/2. Romano -Nat i ve Arm-Pur s e. Tullie House Museum, Wund™iir~a'"'stree'r in the town and deposited in 1940 with the J.E.G. Garrick Collection at iCullie House. 70 m.m, long. Bowl of purse, 63 m.m. wide and 35 m.m, deep. It differs from, the normal B.oman type of arm-purse in having no lid or hinge but being cast in one piece with a dot and ring pe/ttern on the handle. (BIRLEY, ig'SS, pp. 16 ff,s no. 8 ar).d fig^4). Annandale.

D/AlD/l. Bronze Skillet_ Handle. CiIRIS, 1932, 301 f,, 369 and fig. 13» Handle onljr survives. 115 m.m, long terminating in a hound's hea,d. Round the neck of the hound is a silver plate collar. On lower side of handle is a silver palm- ette. Dated lst/2nd centuries A.D. o.f._ BQESTERD, 28 f., and pl.IV/73 and 74, MEHZEI., taf. 50 75, RADMDTI, taf. VIl/31, and TOYHI^EE, 1962, 174, no. 112 and pis 127, and 1964 5 319, noa«

The bronse feet from AnnaMale, (GHRIi], 1932, 36g), are medieval not Roman. 35,

Auldgirth*

Dupondius or As of Lucius Yerus/Marcus Aurelius. Dumfries Hus. R 714. Discovered during harvesting on the line of the Roman road up lithsdale, a few hundred yards from the Roman fortlet at Barburgh Mill (see SOSWS, 123). Well worn. Dated 161/2 A.D. See TDGS xxix' , 19 50^-51 J "141 . Gajionbie,

/r< t\-vJ /i ôl*^ Peârius of lero. lY 3976. MODOKALD, 1918, 241. Pound in a field in the glebe to the east of the Chtirch, {NSA,iv, 490). See also Groome, A Short Border History, 1857, 205, DAVIDSOl, 1948, 103, HOmTST)irrTT5O7TJ0" and 1 ctz .L.OJ , ^^'^^ 0.»S. Map of _Roman Britain, 1956. Gastle Oêr,

D/OAS/' Glass Armlet. Dumfries I'lius. 504/4. Tr8jn.slucent bluish glass with ODaaue T/hite scroll inlay. Belongs to KIDBRIDE-JOSfES, type 3, possibly P.

D/GAS/2. Melon_Bead.. Dumfries Mus, 504/4. Whle glass". External diameter, 20 m.m. ' Internal diametarr 8 m.m. Depth, 13 m.m..

There are also fragments of other melon beads, 1 of blue glass and 4 of blue faience, with other finds in the Museum from the Castle O'er area. Closeburn.

D,/0L0/1, Glass Phials. HIIA PR 205, Pragmants of 3 Roman glass phials, one coated with a silverish substance, a second with a bulbous base and a third with a plain base. These are fragments of small Toerfxme flasks, sometimes refei-red to as unguent bottles or lacrymatories.. See OHARIESWORTH, 54, fig. 10/2 and 3 and pl.Y/2.

D/GIO/2, Melon Bead. Dumfries Mus. 1961,59. D & E, 1961, 30. Pou.nd on Glass Rig, near Mitchellslacks, c, IX 955959. Blue glass, External diameter, 22 m.m. Internal dia• meter, 11 m.m. Depth, 15 mi.m. 36,

Diimfries.

D/DlJM/1, Aureus ol^ Augistus. OSA, ?, 1793, I42. Found c, 1790 in the Hith opposite the to\TO mjUs. (c. IX 97427543). See ISA, I?, 12, MAODOHABD, I9IB, 242 and 25' fflJlOHD (RJ7 29, DAYIDSOI, 1948, 103, ROBERTSO-I, i55, 160 and 165,an d O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956,

D/DUIV2. te:eiis.^£f„Ti:a2^,,=r~-T™-r---~-~----~- • Arch. Scot.,^ Appendix. 35. i!oujid m a moss near Dumfries (Lochar Moss?). COKEl 334, MAGDOIALD, I9I8, 242, ElCEMOro, (R), 29, DAVDAVIDS^ 01, 1943, 103, and ROBERTSOI, I95O, 155, 161 and 165.

D/BIJI/3. ilSIS^§ll§ILA02::n of Olaudlus II. ROBERTSOI, I96I, I40, Found in the parish of Dumfries (?), Examined'by R.B.K. utevenson on receipt from Rev, R. Bromlee of Gockenzie. D/DIJM/4. Pi ok -Axe. Dumffrie s Mus. 240. found during operations in the foundations of Grevfriars Church (IX 972763), c, 1867. 490 m.m. long. Slide of ^^^^io.'^^'^ Blade of axe, 215 m.m. lo:Tg. Oval snaft-hoie of diameter, 40 m.m., with side clips. E_cGlef echan.

D/ECC/1. Gold Handle _m _lY 266704. 190 m.m, long, -buffeBufferr terminalsterminals.. One one terminal is the inscription HBLEIVS P(ECIT), and on the other in Toricked capitals^ MB. Found c» 1766, c. 18 inches under the surface on Cove estate. See Arch,, ii, 1773, 40 and pl.III/4, Gough's CAMDBN, 2nd ed., lY, 63, NSA, IV, 1845, 279, and GIL, vii. 1284. Professor Birley comments that the piece ?ras communicated to the Society of Antiquaries of London by the Rev. Dr. Thomas Birch, (1705-1766), and also that though the piece was first published in a paper oontrlbuted to the same society by Bishop Pococke, (who died in 1765), the particular paragraph on the Cove piece reads more like an editorial contribution, D/ECG/2. Bronze Coin of la-entius. Birrens, 1938, 340. Found in 1935 at DockenflatTTHX 235778). See 00-HEI, 27 or 28, MCDCIALD,- 1939, 243, DAVIDSON, 1948, 103, ROBERTSOS, 1950, 156, 163 and 165, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. Dockenflat lies 3 miles iip the Meln Water TroirtE'e Roman site at Birr ens. 37.

friars Carse.

D/PRI/I, Two Bronze Paterae. Dost. fouM~in a moss at Priars Carse in 1790 during con• struction work on the main Turnpike road from Dumfries to Sanquhar. One of the patera bore the inscription AUSIEP (APHR), the stamp of Ansius Epaphroditus, one of the Gampanian bronzel^giaking family of the Ansii. A late 1st century A.D, date is indicated. The paterae are not to be associated with finds from a crannog at Priars Carse, (Grierson Museum Catalogue, 1894, 79» no.161). See Arch.,XI, 1808, 105, GIB, vii, 129, PSAS, IX, 567 and Ixii, "1927-28, 247 f., CURJl?, 1932, 372, RICHWIOND, (R), 30, Dalswinton, 11 f., and Q.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956,

On the cord design bordering the handle, c.f. BOESTERD, pi. l/l5a. Por the raised sharp grooves on the base, c.f. RiiDIfOTI, taf.1/2, 3/13, and 4/18, and BOESTERD, pl.XIIl/l7. On the general outline, c.f. R/lDI?OTI, 46 tjS^, and taf IIl/ll, and BOESTERD,"T^., and T)1,I/14 and 15. Por the stamp, c.f. RAD¥OTI, pi. XVI1/6-8. Gilnockie.

D- 'G11/1, Silver Denarius of Antoninus Pius.

Dug un in August, 1924, in the garden of Irving House, (lY 3780), See CORES, 45, MCDOITALD, 1934, 30, DAVIDSON, 1948, 103, ROBERTSON, 1950, 161 and 165, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956, Hoddam Castle.

D/HOD/1. Bronze Arm-Purse. Brit. Mus., 1851, 7-15. 5 fragments. Acquired by the British Museum at the sale of the Kirkpatrick Sharpe collection in 1851. The object is identified as coming from Hallguards, Hoddam Castle, presumably the same purse as that associated with "Maieguards", Dumfries. (M, Kitson Clarke, A Gazeteer or Roman Remains in East Yorkshire,1935, 81). Pro7essor*^irley has pointed out that other Roman finds procured by the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, at the same sale, came from the Roman fort at Birrens. This would be a more likely provenance, for the purse the^n Hoddam Ga.stle (as also for D/HOD/2). (BIRIEY, 1963, p.14, no. 5). 38.

D/HOD/2, Bronze Disc Brooch. Brit. Mus, 1851, 7-15, 4. The b"rooch has 4 equal convex aides, and is of diameter 38 m.m. In the centre of the brooch is a bronge peg, 6 m..m« wide at its top. On the back is a catch-plate, 30 m.m, long, set diagonally and raised slightly throughout its length but apparently cast in one piece with the brooch. Probably Roman* Kirkmajrioe.

3/inxl/l. Small Brass of Valentinian II. Thrown up by a mole on the farm of Whitehill (?) in the parish of Kirkmahoe. There is a farm of Whitehill (FX 944907) but this does not lie within the parish of Kirkmahoe. A more likely provenance is the farm of Whitehall, (IX 964856). See COEEU, 33, RICHMOID, R, 28, MAGDOM.LD, 1934, 31, and ROBERTSOST, 1950, 156, 164 and 166.

Kirkpatriok-Fleming.

D/KIP/1. Alexandrian Coin of Probus. ROBERTSOI, 1961, 140, Fairly well worn. Coin submitted to Miss A.S. Robertson on 2.8,55 by Mr. D, Mitchell, Hevadmaster of Kirkps^trick- Fleraing School. It had been brought to him by one of his pupils and was said to have been found in the parish, Moffat.

D/MOP/l, Gold Fibula. Los Angeles County Museum. Found at Ericstane Brae (c.HX 060110) c. 1787 in the digging of peat near the line of the Roman road up Annandale. On the find-spot, see The Gentleman's Magazine, 12th May, 1787, O.S,A., ii, 288 and iv, 522, GIL, vii, 1283, and RQS'//S, 22, f.n. 1. Gold fibula with semi-circular bow with open-work lettering, 10VI AVG (usto) VOT (is) XX. (Haverfield*s reading). On the under-side is the inscription PORTO. Professor Haverfield v/as the first to associate the brooch with the Vicennalia of Diocletian, 20th, November, 303 A.D. (Arch. J., 0, 305"). Sir Arthur Evans further suggested that it may ha-ve -formed part of the insignia sent to Gonstantius Ghlorus in Ga,ul, and that its loss m.ay have been connected irrth the Caledonian, expedition of 306 A.D. The fibula undoubtedly suggests some form of traffic on the Armandale road in the early fourth century A.D. On the present location of the brooch, see Bull. of the Los Angeles County Museum, III, 4, 1951, 9, A silver gilt reproduction is in the lational Museum, (MLA FT 96). See also CHAIMERS, i, 134, OIJRIJi, 19327 3-70 f.,an d fig.54, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain^^_ 1956. The brooch belongs to WOOD, 1930, Type T,

Mousewald.

D/MO'O Alexandrian Coin of Antoninus Pius Dumfries Mus. ROBERT SOS —~— Pairly well \¥orn. Pound in the grarden of Oleughbrae. the residence of Dr. R,C, Reid. (MY 065740). Penport.

'B/YEM/1, Melon Bea,do Griarson Museum (?) Gre"en "faience. Pound at Baltford (Boatford?). See G,P. Blacks Catalogue of Dr. Griarson's Museum, Thornhill, 1394, 76, no.TC^, and Palace of HlstoryTTMTTsSFT"" Euthwell

)/RUT/1. Anchor. Dumfries Museum, 262, 850 m.m, long 47 m.m. wide. anch.or blades, 263 mail, wide and 30 m.m. thick. T-sliaped. Mr. A.E. Truckell informs m.e that it v/a.3 found half 3. mile in• land from the mudflats of Priestland and has been identified as Roman by Professors l.B, Birley and I.A. Richmond, A Roman coastal fort has been discovered at Ward law, Gaerlaverock, and a, harbour suggested there. (ROSWSt 117 f«f•) The Priestside anchor may have belonged to a Roman ship attached to a Roman harbour such as that -suggested at Caerlaverock.

Shlllahill, c. BY 108808.

O/SHl/l. Mortarium^^P^^ Dumfries Museum, 7403 Pound in bed"of the river Annan, near Shillahill. Ora.nge-buff fabric, cf, GILDAM,*244 and 245, datec 110-160 A»D. See D (S: E, 1962, 97 Springkell.

D/SPR/1. Bronze Coin of Constantius II. Dumfries Museum., ROBERTSOI, 1961, 140. Mr, A.E. Truckell informs me that it was found one mile north of Springkell Homse during drainage operations on a metalled road lying three feet under the surface of a modern, field track. It is "well worn and was minted at Thessalonica, A.D, 355-361. See COIffil, 188. * 1957, 40.

Wauohope Bridge, c, M 356841. D/^WAJJ/I, Gold Goin of Qtho . Found ol 1782 in the sm.all holm to the south-east of Wauchope Bridge near a reputed Roman (?) bridge abutment. Some uncertainty has arisen as to the other two gold coins reputed to have been found with the Otho. See OSA, xiii, 597, GHALM3PS, i, 139, IgA, Iv, 420, Groome, AjShort Border History. 1887, 205, MAGDOIALD, 1918, 242, "HyiToir Hi story of Langholm, 570, DAVIDSOI, 1948, 103, ROBERTSOI," 1950, lW7"TO~^nd 165, and OjS_^ Map of Roman Britain, 1956. For recent discussions on the possibility of a Roman road in the area, see PSAS, Ixxxii, 1947-48, 233, and TDGS, xxxvii, 1953-59, 128 ff, W'esthille, Gretna.

lj/WES/1. Jklt3x. RGAM, Dumfr., no.266. 3" feet 9 inches high; 2 feet 3 inches broad. The in• scriptions on the altar are probablv ra.odern. The altar was found standing In a field directlv to the north of Westhill farm buildings (WY 2722 6554), some 80 feet from the back waJ.l of the farm house. Ground observation by 0.G.8, Crawford prompted him to suggest a possible site. See O.S. 6_inch jiau, ea,rly edition, sheet Ixiii SE, "stone»'~™ We sterkirk.

DA'ET/1. Coj^,_ofJ^_onst£m^ ROBERTSON, I96I, 140. Found i~lla~19'o'0 in orchsird grouni at Carlesgill, FY 330380. gJ£\ OOKEW, 536, minted at Aries.

('^) Of R.,Pik;»:P^...I^oCf^^fciQ"-* D/mJj/l. Bronze Fibula. EM. FR 666. One-piece broochT Catch; plate and spring hinge. Bow humped in middle vfith little knob at base, D/UNL/2. BroM© IMA PR 667. As iD/lTlL/rinit broken at hinge. This typ^ ofjj^rooch is a type of foreign import dated probabiy/ciose of the first century A.D. See G01LIHGm:)0D, 1930, 246, type B, fig.60/3. Curie termed it "the poor man's fibula". For the donation of the fibula£, see PSAS, xcii, 1958-59, 120. 41,

A d-di t i 0 nal o t ejs»

1. MrkliOa,__D3mfri^^ c. 'SY 977764. "•• A gold"coinTMA PE 35) of BODYOC, a Roman client-king of the Dobunni of Gloucestershire, minted 43-47 A.D., was discovered at Birkhill on 27th lovera.ber, 1861. The circumstances of discover^?', however, preclude the coin being accepted as a genuine find from Dumfriesshire soil. On the coin, see NO, 1862, 153, PSAS, iv, 1862, 432f., Sir J. Evans, Coins o_f__the_Ancient Britons, 1864, 135, DAVIDSOE', 194F," lOlR,P,'Mack, The^C0inage^ ^of Aiicient Britain, 1953, no.395, and P.P. Allen, """A Study of"the Doimniiic Coinage% in Ba^ndcm, 75 ff. 5 and "The Origins of Ooinafje in Britain*. A Reappraisal", in PRI]RE, 1961, 256T 2* Olaygate,, Langholm, c, PY 396791. A RomanTT?")" pick-axe, 560 m.m. long, is reputed to have been found at Claygate on the line of a reputed Roman road leading to a camp - Gilnockie (?). See R. Riddel's letter in Arch., x, 1792, 478 ff. and pi. xl./6. The drav/ing is" insufficie,ntly detailed to identify the pick• axe as Roman.

5* Bur ns¥fark ..Mo s s. "The three-lirik bronze bridle-bit, IMA PA 29, donated to the laticnal Museum in 1875, may well be purely native rather than Romano-Mative. The bit has dual enamelling in patterns of petals and triangles similar to such on a terret from the Roman fort at Birrens. (Birrens, 1938, 337, and fig. 38/1). See PSAS, xv, 320, fig.4, LEEDS, 116, and GHILDE, 1935, 230. 4-» Dryfesdale. "The reference to Roman camps and finds from Dryfesdale deposited in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, ISA, iv, 453, cannot be substantiated, Mr. R.W, Hamilton has drawn my attention to a fuller reference on Roman finds from Dryfesdale in lewis's Topographical Dictionary of Scotland, 1847.? i. 297, The Roman ascription is un- authenticated. 5. Durisdeer. local opinion informs me that the patera from Auchens- keoch Parm, Durisdeer, (BLACK, 18947"l^no. 16, and CURLE, 1932, 370), came in fact from the ditch of the Antonine Roman fortlet at Durisdeer, (On the fortlet, see RGAM, Dumfr., no. 162, 124 ff., and J, Clarke in R^SW|7~T24 ff.) mien last hearF*of the patera was in the Grierson Museum, Thornhill. (See the Catalogue, p.807,no.16). 42.

6. Ecclefechan, lo archaeological significance may be attached to the discovery of a gold billion piece of Alexander the Great, reputed to have been found in a local stream., (ITSA, iv, 292). ~ 7. Lochmaben. The WSA, iv, 386, records the find of a weapon similar to a Roman pilum. or hasta on Lochmaben Castle Loch. The cauldron recovereTTrooi Whitehills Moss is of Iron Age date but purely native. It is a cauldron of a Battersea type with a pattern of oval hammer-marks on base but with rim band missLng, (NMA, DU 6). See PSAS, xxiv, 1889-90, 16, and PIGGOTT, lW5, 40 f.) It may be compared in particular ivith a cauldron from Elvan- foot, (Hunt. Mus. B 1951, 3224). 8. Lochar Moss. There is a tradition of Roman finds from Lochar Moss, (PEMAHT, iii, 88-94, OSA, i, 160, and AIT ON, 19). Also to be noted from L'ochar Moss is a bronze Celtic tore or collar, Brit, Mus. 53, 11 -5, 2, v/hose upper portion consists~of a string of bronze beads of melon type contained within two collars. The lov/er portion consists of a running broken-back scroll with beaded border similar to that on the Wraxall tore from Somerset, (FOX, 1958, 106, and pi,61a). The termination of the scroll is reminiscent of that on the Llandysul tore from Cardiganshire, (POX, 1958, 106, pi.12b). Thus a first century A.D. date is Bu.ggested for the tore which shows certain affinities with tores from south-western Britain, It is uncertain whether the melon-bead pattern on the tore is due to direct Roman influence in south-western Scotland. On the tore, see Arch., xxxiv, 83 and pi. xi, LEEDS, 53, 60 and 110, STEVEISON, 1948, 294, and 1955, 290, B.M. Guide (Iron Agej,, 151 and fig. 188, and FOX, 1958,~T07^ 150 anT*^r7?9b. A native bronze bowl (Brit, Mus. 53, 11-5, l) is associated ?/ith the tore. 9. Middlebie, In Gough'B GAMDEM-, 2nd ed,, iv, 62, there is reference to an iron ploughshare, 355 m.m. long, found 7 ft. underground, and a patera, both found at Middlebie. The finds are unsubstantiated. 43.

10. MMdlebl^ Moss, A hoard of bronze objects was recovered from Middlebie Moss in 1737. (See OURLE, 1913, pi.II and CHIIDE, 1935, pi.XV), Although there are some objects in the ho8,rd which occur in Romano-Native contexts, e.g. the dress- fasteners, IWA PA, 52, 53, 54 and 69, and terrets, IMA, PA 5S-"^87 these are more likely to be purely of native origin in the given context. The hoard is un• doubtedly northern British in origin yet one may detect within it South Western English, possibly Dobunnic, influence, either direct or indirect, (c.f. the open• work dress-fastener, IM PA 52, math t.hat on a bridle- bit from the Seven SisTers hoard, leath (POX, 1958, 129 and fig.78/1 & 2), the linear transversal pattern on the same dress-fastener with that on the linestone cone from Barnwood, Gloucs., (POX, 1958, 112 and fig.71), and the quadratic quatrj.foil pattern in red enamel on the star-shaped mounting from Middlebie Moss, (iffiLA PA 55) with that on a terret from the Seven Sisters hoard, (POX, 1950, 129 and fig,78/3). See also 6ILLAH, 1958, 90 and THOMAS, 1961, fig. 2), 11. Trohoughton. "~A"lToman sandle is reported to ha.ve been found in the east of the parish. " (OSA, v, 142, and PSA, iv, 12). When Last heard of the sandal was in the possession of Robert .Riddle of Glenriddle. The claim is unsubstan.-

0. Romuan Ports and lative Contexts.

1" Birrens, Middlebie. lY 218753.

The site was first excavated by the Society of Antiquaries in 1895, (Birrens, 1897), re-excavated in 1936 and 1937 by Professor E.B. Birley, (Birrens, 1938, 275 ff.), examined from the air in 1946 by Dr. J.?wS. St, Joseph, (ROSWS, 95 ff. and pis.XXXIV & XXXV), and is at jrresent under further exca.vation by the Scottish Pield School of Archaeology directed by Miss A.S, Robertson, (D^^, 1962, 25 f.). The excavations of 1936 and 1937 44.

showed live structura,! periods, the first late Flavian or early Hadrianic, the second Hadrianic-Antonine, G. 122-258 A.D., the third in the latter half of the second century A.D., the fourth possibly Severan and the fifth possibly in the time of Constantius Chlorus, (For a recent review, see EIRLEY, 1961, 227 ff.). The excavations of 1962 recovered evidence of two Flavian forts (late 1st Century A.D.) .and a second century A.D. fort (probably Antonine) erected by legionaries ana subsequently repaired by auxiliaries, (Birrens^ 1963, 135 ff.).

Several Romano-Hatlve and Native finds have been made. In a homogeneous biirnt deposit assignable to 158 A.D., (Birrens, 1938, level II, site VIII), two bronze ferrets and a cheek-piece were disoovered. (Birrena, 1938, 337, fig. 38/1, 2 and 3 respectively). The ferrets are of LEEDS, type 5 and 5, Their enamel• ling is reminiscent of that on the Burnswark Moss bridle bit. The cheek-piece is ornamented with trumpet itioulding of typical Horth British Celtic design, (cf.

.Lochspouts, A/LOS/6), These finds are deposited at Dumfries and indicate the presence of Celtic cavalry at Birrens, Although associated with the burnt deposit £, 158 A.D., it would be rash to assume they belonged to hostile invaders; they may \¥ell have belonged to Celtic a.uxiliaries attached to the fort.

That there was a Celtic element present at Birrens is indicated by other finds, a head-stud brooch, (PMA '^'^ 266, Birrens, 1897, 43), a plain bow brooch, (mA, PP 263), and a stone palette, (IIMA PP 246). A melon bead of blue faience, (PMA PP 253), and an annular bead of translucent glass, (KMA PP 255), may indicate the presence of female company.

Of importance for any assessment of Roman and ]Jative interaction at Birrens, are tj3.ree stone monuments. The first is an altar to Brigantia (CIl VII, 1062; IMA PV 5) erected 'hj the architect AKAPDVS, Por a descrip• tion of the altar, see TOYIEBE, 1962, 157, no,80, pi.77, and 1964, 104, and for further notes see those of 3.IS, Miller in iLrch. J., xcviii, 1941, 36-61, pl.l, and of Professor E.B. .Birley in TDGS, xxxviii, 1959-60, 138 and 146, On epigraphic grounds, a.n early third century date has been suggested for the altar to Brigantia.

The second altar contains the relief of a small horned head ?;ith the inscr-iption l^AD^ll on the lower half,

'^'ii' 1079; Mi PV 19), Dr. Anne Ross has suggested that the head may be connected with a Celtic cult similar 46,

to that witnessed by the reliefs of the armed horned gods from the Carlisle area and the horned head from the Moresby. The cult of the horned god was widespread in Brigantian territory. (See ROSS, 28).

The third stone is the head of a Celtic goddess, now in Dumfries Burgh iiuseum. It is reputed to have come from the "annexe" of the "vicus" at Birrens, (On recent views on the "annexe", see Professor S.3. Birley's comments in Tms, xxxviii, 1959-60, 135 ff.) On the head, see TOYHBEE, 1962, 147, no.45, pi.48, and 1964, 174, and ROSS, 26. Professor Toynbee has sugges• ted a second or third centurs?' A»D. date and assuming Birrens as the provenance of the head, concludes that "it is m,ore likely to be that of a local goddess wor• shipped by the garrison than the portrait of a ?/oman from a sepulchral monument. Its sculptor was undoubtedly provinciaJ. and ¥/as probably attached to the Eomian forces, either directly as an army-artist or indirectly as a native craftsman working for the soldiery."

We thus have evidence of a decided Celtic element at Birrens, a Celtic element of Brigantian association which may imply that Birrens lay within Brigantian territory as Professor E.B. Birley has suggested. 47.

(EIELEY, 1953, 36).

2. Broomholm, LanghoIm. BY 379816.

Tliis fort v;as discovered, by R.W, Feachem and is at present under exca.vation directed by CM. Daniels. Exca,vation so far has revealed a fort of two periods, the one Flavian and the other most probably Antonine, A third period ma.j be present but this has not yet been established. Of interest for Romano-Native con• tacts is the discovery of the remains of native huts, perhaps of the third century A»D,, on the final intervallum road«(JRS, Lli, 1962, 164 and fig.12.)

3. Burnswark, Hoddam. MY 185786.

Reference has already been made to the Roman v/orks on Burnswark Ilil].. Unfortunately the finds from, the sites are listed without any indication of their pro• venance, (Burnsvm.rk, 243 f f.)

4. Carronbridge, Morton. IS 369978.

A complex of Som.a.n structures at Carronbridge ?/ere first discovered from the air by,Dr. J.K.S. St. Joseph, just after the Second World War, a.nd excavations were conducted in 1953 and 1954 by Mr, J. Clarke and Mr. A.B, ebster, (Garronbridge, 9 ff.). It is uncertain whether the licman forts at Carronbridge were abandoned soon 48.

after construction or ?/hether they were never intended for occxipation, being micrely exercise works, i'rom, the ram-part of the Roman, fortlet G, a sherd of native potterjr, Votadinian ware, was recovered, (Garronbridge, 15 and 20), Of greater import for a study of the relationship between Roman and na-tive at Garronbridge, was the dlsGOYerj of a native dwelling of Scotstarvlt type shomng two periods of occupation, (Garronbridge, 26 ff. and pi.I, structure Y). Thus here we have three possibilities, first that the native site \vas taken over by the Romans either by coincidence or as a definite expression of Rom.an policy, secondly Roman and native sites co-existed, or thirdly natives reused a Roman site on Roman ?o.thdrawal, (cf. Broomholm,), The first pos• sibility is certainly 8/ttractive.

5» Garzield,Klrkmahoe. NX 969818.

In the Flavian period the Roffian fort at Dalswinton served as a base for operations in lithsdale. In the Antonine period Caraield replaced Dalwinton as the oper• ational base in lithsdale. The excavations of 1939 conducted by Professors E.B. Birley and I.A, Richmond indicated that occupation had been unbroken in the Antonine period thi^'ough two levels vv'ere noted on an intervallum road, (Carzield, 158 and TDGS, xxvii, 1948- 49, 202). The site was occupied by a cavalry regiment. S Q

A glass armlet of blue glass has been recovered from the site, (13 & 1955, 11 f. ).

6» galloberry, Kirkmahoe. ICC 964828.

This site was discovered from the air in June, 1939. (R03WS, 120 ff.). The significance of this Homan Oarrp in terms of Roman and Native, is its close proximity to a native promontory fort»

Milton, Be at took., IT 092013.

Excavations at the Soman site of Milton (Tassies- holm) were conducted over a peiciod of almost tvrenty five years by Mr. J. Clarke. In the North Field at Milton, two Flavian forts were discovered and a fortlet showing- two periods of construction and belonging to the Hadrianic or early Antonine period. In the middle field another fortlet of Antonine date was discovered showing two periods of occupaticn. Also in the middle field another fort was discovered whose date has not yet been established. In the south, field a temporarj'- camp has been discovered as have t?/o m.ore temporary camps lying beyond the north field.

In the second period of Flavian occupation, an

arjiexe m^as added to the fort. .From the annexe three

blue melon beads of faience were recovered, (Hunt. Mus. 50.

F. 1947-50), as was a circular loom weight with

suspension loop and a lead spindle whorl, \^^^^rbjiy^.> 1950/66/A 10/1), I'he latter should be compared with one from Traprain, (^^ra^rmii^jjaw, 1924, 273 and fig, 18/16). Mr. J. Clarke pointed out that the beads and loom, weight indicated the presence of women in the annexe? (Milton, 1950, 202 and 210). Who were they? Were they women recruited locally for non-militarjr purposes or were they the wives of officers, brought from the Continent? In this connection it is relevant to remember the presence of Titullinia Pussitta and Javolina Monime at Netherby, (Netherby, 23 and 36 f.). It should also be noted that melon beads of blue faience were also recovered from the Antonine fortlet (M§I§™? IC^S' Hunt.Mus), from the obliq.ue ditch of the as yet undated fort in the middle field, (HujitjMu^ Excavns. no.13), and from the north field, (ILiLii' 1962, 27).

8* S§:^]?a£i£oot,__Esk^ NT 251991.

The site was first excavated by J. Barbour in 1897 (TD(Mi? xiv, 1898, 17 f f.), re-excavated in 1946 under the direction, of Dr. J.K.S. St. Joseph, (TDGS, (3) IXIV, 1947, 152 ff. )f and .further excavated under the direction of Miss A.S. Robertson in 1959 and 1960, (S§§i2iIIif.9i2ls 24 £f.). Ihe recent excavations revealed >1.

that of the two Roraan enclosures on the site, the larger enclosure, ?rithin which the smaller enclosure was contained, had been constructed either as a temporary camp anticipating the construction of the small enclosure, or was merely an outer compound to the small enclosure. The small enclosure had one period of occupation and that Antonine, It only remains to note the surprising discoverj'" of a scrap of a melon bead of blue faience, (Hunt.Mas. F, 1960, 13: Raeburnfoot, 47). The significance of this find on such a deserted site is of no ready estimate. ICrRICailDBRIG-HTSHIRS * (TII2 STEmRTBT OP KIRKCUD3EI0IIT).

A. Assooiated Finds,

(1) Barean Loch Crannog, Colvend. c NX 860555.

During drainage of the loch in ].865, an artificially constructed island was exposed. She iirternal area of tl he crannog, 24 feet in diameter, was enclosed by a circle o: oak piles. Wooden flooring was noted. Two bronze Roman cooking--pots were recovered from the site. See O.S. Map £f,Jlomau_^^ 1956.

K/BAR/I. Bronze Cooking_Pot. MA HT 95. ilJERO, 1882, 37f. The ovoid pot is made"!?? thin beaten bronze, is flat- bottomed with bulging sides and has an everted rim. Diameter of base ^'^95 m.m. See TDGS, 1330-83, 71, 1898-99, 38, ROAM, Ho, 122, and CURLE, 1932, 307, 343, 372 and fig. 5^7"" cf. BOEBTERI), 42 and pi.Y/l41, EGGERS taf, 6, type 12, RABIOTI, t)ls.lX/46 and 48 and X,A9, s-^d lewstead, pi, LIIi/l.

(2) Bo25BssJ]ave^^E c. WK 621446,

The cave is situated on the farm of Borness, two and

a half miles west of the mouth of the Dee. On the summit

of the cliff above the cave there is a hill fort, Borness

Batteries, The cave was excavated soon after its discovery

in 1875. (Borne^, 1074, 476 ff,, 1876, 305 ff, and 1878,

PSAS, xii, 669 ff; G.O. Elder, Borgueg The story of a Sea•

board Parish, 1897, RCiAH' no.68, RIGIEiOID, R, 31, and

O.S. Map, of Roman Britain, 1955, i^iBHLJMJioPi§^lo^Nato Finds_.

'^/^OB/^' l^m^B^e,^ MA HM 176. Borness, 1R76, 308 So 17o

^..„...,..^ V, ,4.cj,v xcu-i uuu, J:;, /, 01 lustrous See ClffiliS, 1932, 373 and RICIMOFD, (R), 21 K/BQR/2 Glass Armlet. TO™ 173-4. Borness,1R74, 491, and plIxxiiT'F?'/'' 2 fragments with cord mouldings and spot of enamel in white and blue. (KILBEIBE-JOISS, 374^and fig, 3/lO). This belongs to hjs type 2. 'Bcm/- Glass Armlel^, Bllil EF 172. Borness, IS74, o^c^4 and "pi. '"5x11793 7 Fragment of opaque Avh.ite armlet. (KILmiBS-JOIES, 378 and fig. 4/2). This is the heaviest knovm. e;xample of his tjrpe 3A. K/BOTj/4, E§A 173. Borness, 1B74, (uo_^ and pl/icxii/r53T Fragment of opaque yellow armlet. (KIIBBIBE-JOIfES, 381). It belongs to hia type 3B.

On armlets see also GUBIiB, 1932, 373, and for a distribution map, STEVEISOl, 1955 A, fig,2« K/BOR /5, Bronze Bragonesque Fibula. KMA HI 163. Borness,1874, 492. Only the ear'remains. See CUPtlE, 1932," 373 and fig*56. For a distribution map see BU1M.E,R, 152, no, 05 and fig.l and I'EAGHEM, 38, no, 05 and fig, 1.

K/BOE/6, Diso Brooch. NMA HN 162. Borness, 1874, 492 and pl.xvii/l34 External diameter, 34 m.m. Corroded. Of. Traprain Law, BMLEY, 161, no, 52, where a mid/late 2nd century A.D, is suggested on account of its apparent degeneracy. The Borness brooch is too corroded to assess, thus is as likely to be of Flavian as of Antonine date,

K/30R/7. Bress-Fastener. NllA HI 161. Borness, 1874, 492 and pl.xvii;^797 Edges rolled up and over. This belongs to GIBIAIvi, 1958, 80 f,, fig,l/B, type B, 8.nd is nrecisely paralleled at Midd,lebie''Moss, 'EKA, FA 6°, lewstead, nl.' LXXV/q and Traprain Law, BURLEY, I9I, nos". 320-2. 54.

S/B0:R/8. Bone Ear Sep op (?). Borness, 1874, 494 and pl,XX/l. 171 m.ml long. ' At one end of the stem there is a hollowed-out scoop and at the other a ring. A highly finished artifact. of. Tr-aprain law, BIIRIEY, 183, no.258, though rather^'crude, and Maiden Castle, 288, fig.96/16 and fig,92/7.

Other finds from the site consisted of a remark• able series of bone articles, tog,teles, IMA M 49-59, Bornesg, 1874, 495 f., pl.XXl/6,"32, 35, 71, 102, 124, 137, 1876, 309, no.'""188, ornamented with various patterns of lattice rn'ork, chevron, dot and ring, etc., weaving combs of deer horn and bone, HMi HIT 46-48, Borness, 1874, 403 f., nos, 2 and 127, and 1876, 309, non^", bone spoons, IMA HI 70-75, Boigess, 1874, 495, nl.XX/lO, 11, 112, 118 and 131, Dins, Boiv^ss, mA HI 76 ff., BornesB, 1874, 493, pl,XVII/7 and 140, fragments of iron, articles of stone, polishers, whetstones, hanimer-stones and flints, charred wheat and charred fragments of beech, ash, xvillow and hasel.

Conclusions.

The Rom^an and Romano-IT ative finds from Borness Cave in•

dicate that it served as a retreat during the unstable times

associated ¥/ith the Roman occupation of south-is/estern Scotland.

Closely datable finds, the Samian cup fragment, K/BOR/I, and

the dress-fastener, K/BOR/7, suggest Romano-!Jative contact in

the late first century A.D. The domestic econom.y of the cave

seems to have been weaving to judge from the amount of ?/eaving

combs and toggles. The presence of wheat suggests the inhab•

itants may have been familiar with some form, of agriculture.

Shellfish seems also to have been part of the staple diet of

the cave dwellers*

From mhora were the i;hhabitants retreating? The presence of Roman finds in the cave does not suggest Rome as the enemy. 55.

Borness Gave would serve as an admirable retreat not only

from iniiospitable neighbours on the land but alt-SO from hostile invaders from the sea.

Finally it is interesting to note Elder's dating of occupation at the Gave as from, the first to the fifth century A.D. The only evidence for the continuance of occupation at BornesB after the end of the Roman occupation in Scotland is the similarity between the series of bone artif8,cts at Borness with those in the Yorkshire caves at Bowkerbottom and Settle. (See BSAL, first series, 4, 1859, 111 ff, and Collectanea Antigua, i, 1848, 69-72 and pis.XXVl-ffl.) Yet there is no irJaerent reason for postulating occupation at Borness after the first century .A.I).

(3) Lochrutton Crannog. M 898730

There are two islands, one of which, Button's Cairn, is natural, (TBGS, 1901-02, 128, and 1902-03, 246.) The two objects listed belo?v' came from a Crannog on one of the islands. See OSA, ii, 37, MUIIR.0, 1882, 28, ECAM, no,331, and A.H, Stevenson and R.J.G. Atkinson, "IJotes en Archaeological Material in the Bishop Collection", TBG-S, XXX, 1951-52, 171-8,

Romano -Kat iye Flnd£.

K/LOO/1. lail Gleaner, Hunt,iVIus, B, 1951.882. 55~Br.m.. long. Corroded, cf. Tranrain Lavi^ BUBJJEY, 182, nos, 248-9. 56.

K/l.OC/2, Cagket (?) Handle, Hunt tffus. B. 1951.882. Handle of semi-circular shape. 25 m.ffj. wide. The ends.a,re flat and perforated. There is also a hook-shaped handle in the same collection in the Hunterian. Museum,

Concl^Asiona.

These finds Indicate occupation at the time of the Roman occupation of Scotland or shortly after,

(4-) Milton Loch Grannog I^ Urr. FX 839718.

The loch is situated nine miles from Dumfries and less than one mile south-east of Grocketford, The crannog site was discovered in. 1953 and the larger crannog excavated by CM. Piggott. The homestead had a squarish central element with a hearth and nine foot wide door from which a causeway led to the mainland, "There was no evidence to suggest that the structure had been altered or rebuilt, and it seems ro_ost likely that the vestiges recovered represented the partially preserved floor Eind substructure of a round house of the second century A.D. "(MUton Loch, 134 ff.). See O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956.

Romano-lative Find.

K/MII/1. Disc Dress-Fastener. mA HT 175, Milton Loch, 144 and fig.9» Disc head contains traces of red and yellow enamel. Triangular shank. A Hadrian!c-Antonine date is indicated. See GILIJAM, 1958, 84 f., amd 90. I can see no need to postulate a Pannonian origin for this dress fastener as O.M. Piggott suggested. (Milton Loch, o.c. ). ' The fastener is probably piirely~BrTTisirTn origin and this type of fastener is more likely to have been carried to 57.

Pannonia, (SELLYS, pl.vii), by British auxiliaries in the Roman armv, than vice-versa. (OHEESMAl, 148 and 177), Conclusions.

The crannog is also to be noted for the discovery of a ritually buried plough stilt and head of Boestrup type below the floor, a qjiern, spindle i/zhorl and two wooden gorges,

(5) Mote of_ Mark^ Balbeattie, IX 845540.

The fort stands on a natural eminence overlooking the Urr estuary. The site was excavated in 1913 by A.D, Gurle. The fort was enclosed hj a wall srid behind it a rampart of earth and stone, A floor level wa,s observed though most of the finds came from a deposit of 7 or B inches lying beneath the floor. See Mote of Mark, 125 ff., CURLE, 1932, 374, HARBEl, 149-151, 0.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956, RABFOEB, 1956, 63 f., mm, Kirkcudbright, no.120, RICHMOKB, (R), 30 f., THOMAS, 1959, 108 f., and GOTTOH, 69.

Roman Finds.

K/MOT/1. Samian Ware. WMA HE 231. Mote of Mark, 161. Very small fragment. Surface find. See CUPiE, 1932, 284' and 374.

S/MOT/2. Roman (?) Glass Bowl. mA HH 262, Mote of Mark,156. Gurle rega.rded this fragment as Roman window glass. Br. B.3. Harden has sug,eested that it may be part of the base of ail,ate Roman^bowl. (HARBEB, 150 f., no.22). It was found at a depth of 1 foot from, the surface. The rest of the finds are practically all Darl Age, including the fragment of mortarium, MIA HE 273, formerly regarded as Roman but in fact belonging to Radford's class D of Bark Age mortaria. The Celtic 58.

element of the occupants of the site is revealed in several firdsj (¥MA' HH 112, 114 and 117),

Oonclusions.

The original excavators suggested two periods of occu• pation, the former in the Roman period, the latter in the ninth century A.D, We are on safer grounds in postulating a date range of the sixth-eighth centtiries A.D. for the first period of occupation, (cf. the dating of the glass, pottery, metal-work and penannular fibulae moulds), Thus the Soman finds from the site indicate no more than the general tendency for Roman things to circulate in the Dark Ages,

(6) T orrs Qave, (Dirk Hatteraick G ove), Kirkcudbright.HX 677446,

i'orrs Gave is situated on the eastern shore of Kirkcud• bright Bay at a point where the Dee estuary merges into the Solway Firth, It was excavated in the 1930's by S.V. Morris. Many .levels of occupation were noted, two in the Iron Age, the lower here denoted as level A, the upper as level B. The finds are deposited in Kirkcudbright &iseum. See Torrs Gave, 415-30, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956.

Roman Firid.s.

K/TOR/I, Samian Ware. Torrs Gave, 423. -Iron Age Level. 2 fragments of base of bowl, (D,37)

E/TOH/2. S ami ail ^ Ware. Torrs Gave, o^^Oj^ Chip o.f SaoTian Ware.

E/TOR/3, Bottle Glass. Toms Cave, o.c. Level A, Fragment of large square bottle of blue glass. 59 >

KVT0I?/4. Melon Bead. io:-rs__0ave, fig. 6/11. Blue faience. External diameter, 20 m.m. Internal diameter, 10 m.m, Bepth, 15 m.m.. Conclusions.

As has already been noted, m_any occupation levels were observed at Torrs, The pottery alone from the site spans a date range from pre-Roman to Jacobean. Occupation is suggested during the Roman Iron Age of Scotland. A carved toggle and pins of bone suggest an occupation at Torrs in the second century A.B. similar to that at Borness in the late first century A.B,

Ad(i^ition.al lote.

Although the promontor?/ fort at Gastlehaven, Kirkandrews, Borgue, m.ay da.te to the Roman Iron Age of Scotland, there is no evidence of Romano-Hative contact, (3ee Castlehaven, 68 ff Indeed Mrs. Powler's identification of the peuannular fibula from. Oa-stlehaven, (Gastlehaven, 79, fig.88), as belonging to her type B7, suggests a sub-Roman or Bark-Age date. (FO'fLER, 1963, 146 and fig.4/8).

Roman Goin Hoard.

(1) Haloroft Farm, Corsock, IX 758748.

A pot containing tvrenty or more coins was found c. 1918

on the farm of Haloroft by the farmer Mr. Muirhead. Miss

Robertson has exas.ined tYio of these coins, a fairly well worn

coin of Urbs Roma minted at Gyzicus, (GOHEI, 17), and a worn 60.

bronze follis of Constantine I minted at Constantinople.

GOfflSN, 43). See R0:BERTS0I, I96I, 151.

^' .Isolated Finds.

Balmaghle.

K/BAL/1^ C o_i II of G 0 ns t ant ius Gall us. A much worn bronae coin minted at Gonstaaitinople (?), found i.n 1954, in the ga.rden of Mr. Oha.rteris, Shankioot, situated at no great distance from the Roman fort at Glenlochar, Castle Douglas. See COHEN, 8 and ROBERTSOI, 1961, 142.

Buittle Mill, IJrr. lH 813644,

K/BIJl/l. Silver Denarius of Tiberius,

K/BUI./2, Silver pg-nari'lis of, Hadrian.

K/BU1/3. Silyer Dena.rius of Gommodus.

For all these there is only one authority, OSA, xi, 70. See also GHAIMERS, 1, 106, RIGHMOID, (R), 29, DAVIDSOM, 1948,. 104, ROBIiRTSOI, 1950, 155 ff., and O.S, Map of Roman Britain, 1956. Buittle Mill is sifuated about half a milerTrom. the Moat of Urr and lies close to a ford over the Urr Water. The possibility has been raised of a .Roman signal station at NX 80856375, not far from the find spot of the coins,

Gairnholly. c. .MX 520540.

K/OAI/1, Bronze Jug Handle, NMA PR 244, Handle"" of large bronze jug. At the base of the jug there is a Sea-Medusa head with long ?mvy hair in relief among which are snake heads. On the bend of the handle is a narrow flat triple rib consisting of an altar with entwining serpent, and an animal for sacrifice. The handle terminates in tv/o birds' heads extending on both, sides along the moiith of the jug. The jug is of first century A.D. manufacture in Italy. For a YBTJ close parallel cf. B0E3TERD, 78 and pl.XIl/278. See CBRLE, 1932, 298, 373 and fig.8, for a description of the lu and parallexs from Newstead and Pompeii. See also PSAS, Britain^] 45?"'o :^^&.^l-^^' ^"1 MxJiap of Roman — S^iMinj 1956. On the iigure of IWausa, We~Trrr-Richmhmonc d 61.

and J.M.C. Toynbee, "The TernxUle of Sul Minerva at Bath", JRS, 45, 1955, 103, and TOYIBEB, 1962, 163, and 1964, 135 and 256, Gar lingy/ark Loch ,^ gas tie Bougj^as • c, ,MX 763609. K/GAS/1. Romejio-Mative Hoard. HMA BW 1-87.

In. 1866 two fishermen recovered a large bronze cauldron from the lake bed near Fir Island, Although Crannog structures have been observed in the loch, no definite association has been establis.hed. The cauldron contained a hoard of metal objects and some fragments of glass, A thorough e.xam.ination of the hoard has been made by Professor Piggott to which ref• erence should be made for detailed documentation, (PIGGOTT, 1953, 1-50, C 1-103).

The Roman elem,ent in the hoard is considerable. On the native side, definite Belgic associations have been detected. This Romano-Belgic influence is of interest. It is not certain ?fhether this implies merely the presence of Belgic elements among the mixed refugee population fromi southern England at the time of the Roman occupation of Scotland, or as Professor Piggott has also sug.gested, the deliberate transference to south• ern Scotland of a civil population from south-eastern England at the close of the first century A.B. A2 present there is insufficient evidence to substantiate the latter suggestion.

K/O.A.S/2, Roman Lam|). Ki.rkcudb.right Museum. Ls.m.p of gre;-- clay. Greenlaw House, Grossmiichael. NX 7564. K/GEO/1, Melon Bead. WA FJ 125. Greenish-bliie faience o.f external diameter, 22 m,m. The melon bead wa,s fou.,nd with an annular bead of translucent bluish glass variegated with an opaque yellow and blue wave inlay. The two beads were found, in a mooted "grave mound". (PSAS, LXVIII, 1932-33, 314 and nos. 92 and 93). Little can be made of the suggested site. Sim.ilarly the mooted "Roman cemetery" at Mill Hill marked on the O.S. 6 inch map, carjiot stand enquiry. For a reputed find at Hallferne Farm, see NSA, iv, Kirk cud/, 19 6. Kirkcu^^to See 0_^S_^J^IL.2iLii5l5^ 1956.

K/KIS/1. Silver Denarius of VeBpasian. Lost, Discovered in 'TEe'~Btir^~TEl6ods". It was well worn and dated to 70 A.T). See MACDOIAIJ), 1924, 328, RICHMOND, (E), 29, IjMTDSO'E, 104, and ROBEE0?SOI, 1950, 155? 160 arxd 166»

K/KIB/Z • Bronze Anto^niarius of Humeri an. Kirk w.dbri ght Museum. Pound "by "a miss rafs'oiis ilT'the garden of 2 Castle Gardens, ' f^'I i-'>R2?5104'>. Miss Robertson has identified the coin as , 11 L, and RIO, 380, minted at Tripolis an-' dptin^ to 282-3 AT:D. See R0Ei3E'PS0I, I96I, 142 f.

K/E;iR/''r5, Small.Srass _^£-f ^jRl^-?,j^3.^^' DuA' uv in" 1929 by Mr. "X.l. Taylor in his garden at G-reen,s;at€, High Street, (NX 681510). See'COHEJI, 45? MAGDOIALD, iq34A, 30, RAVIDSOI, 104, and ROEERTSOl, 1950, 156, 163 and 166.

Rajnton, i3-atehouse->.of-Fleet. SX 681510.

K/RAl/1. i^^uxite_J3pind 1 e-Ihor 1, Dumfries Museum, 1093. 'Found dtiring ploijghing. Ma.de of Antriro Bauxite. External diameter, 9 ro,«ffi. 9 m,m^ thick. I'or the in• cidence of Antriin bauxite whorls and beads on Soman sites, see fi.B.K. Stevenson, "Pictlsh Chain, Roman Silver and Ba,uxite Beads", PSAS, LIXXYIII, 1954™55, 228 ff.

r feiP,., o f Rom an Rr it ain,, I9 5 5. l/TWY/1. 'PL-ird -"r^trs 0 in the -Darish, Dated A.D. 317-326. See PSAS, vi l~6'i 6, 233, MACDORAID, 1918, 243, RIOKWOND, (R77"21 '^n-i 3^^, --1^ ^•.(•>T.-:-.rnrar,,.TT^ 1950, 156, 163 and 166.

1. i^Achen^U^

The tarret found at Auchendolly (RMA PA 40: PSAS XI,

1385-6, 39b ff») with cbamplevS enamel in red and yellow

on both faces ia of south-easter-n English Eelgic origin

dating to the middle of the first century A.D. (See ISED3, 63.

fig^ 33 type 2)* On cliamplevd enamelling see GORDSR All)

2. Baljnacl^2iHi« The hoard of Celtic metalworlc from Balmaclellan (MA

'FA. 1-14)5 dates to the first half of the first century A.D. The mirror handle contains a Celtic panel related to that fro!^ Slmswell, (See POX, 1958, 99 and fig.65 and 105 and fig,69) and dates c, 50-60 A,I)» Professor Hawkes has noted that the petailed rosettes in reponsse work have closer affinities not so much with the stalky lewstead scroll style but with the basket-pattern engraving on southern mirrors. (See OORnSR KSD HAV^ICES, 348 ff.)

Sir Ojril Fox has noted, that bronze shield ornament with incised running scroll design (gM lA 2) is of northern origin thoxigh Dobunnic in style; he suggests a date £. 30- 40 A.D, (j?OX, 1958, 116 f. and pi.61b),

3. Gjiee

little can be said of the Roman helmet of brass re• puted to have been found in a tumulus near Cree (G-0H,I30N, 172)5 or the Roman axe reputed to have been found in the area, (ISA, I¥, Wigt. 177). The latter may perhaps be the Bronze • Age rapier blade noted in GAlLAUDEEj 1923, 138 and fig,3/6, 64.

4» 2." "^48776, See Oi.S_^_Ma^j5f__Eonia

The Roman date of the silver coin reputed to have been fotznd c. 1935 during excavations at G-lenkiln Reservoir is very uncertain (See ROMTSOI, 1950^ 143). A medieval date has also been mooted,

B. Roman Forts and Fative Contacts*

1 )S]£IlLo£^§ij™„il§sJ.Le^ l^X 734645. Excavation was conducted on the site in the spring of 1952 by Professor I.A.. Richmond and Dr. J.K, St. Joseph and revealed two Antonine forts superimposed upon a Flavian fort. An earlier Flavian occupation was attested by rubbish-pits and a shack. Apart from pottery discovered on the site,a melon bead of blue faience, external diameter, 16 m.oi,, in• ternal diameter, 12 m.m, and depth, 16 m,m», was also dis• covered, (Duiafries Mus«, 1/G/2145)« This ffi,ay indicate the presence of a female element on the site perhaps even associated Avith the annexe attached to the excavated forts,

H1S11£2ME? 1 !£• and figs, I ff.) (2)&atghouse-of-j;ie_et. c. 'M. 597573.

Ihe Roman fortlet ??as excavated in 1960 and 1951 by

Dr» J.K. St, Joseph vfho established a single period of

occupation possibly in the late first century A.D. Of

interest for the present thesis was the unexpected discovery 65.

of native querns incorporated into an oven of normal military tjrpe, just inside the west rampart. Fragments of seven different types of quern were discovered, fragments of a lower quern of dark felsite, burnt and math only a spindle thumb-mark, an upper of white mica-sandstone with virell worn horizontal handle-hole and oval spindle-hole, a lower of white sandstone, an upper of fine white sandstone vvith vertical handle-hole, an uppex' of white mica sandstone andupper of sandstone with a horizontal hand-hole, and a lower of sandstone. These querns are notable not least for the vEirieties of beehive and bun types present. They are deposited in the Burgh Miseum, Dumfries (R 5962). 66.

LAIARKSHIEE

A. Associated Finds.

0-) Biggar Gross ICnowe.

L/BIG/1» Aureusof Vespasian. ISA,vi, 1835, 363. Tradition Indica^fces the existence of a fortified settlement at Eiggar not far from the find-spot oj

ROBSRTSOl, 1950, table III.

(2) Oorkerhill, Glasgow, c. NS 5462.

While excavations were beijag carried out in 1932 on a clay pit at Gorkerhill, the foundations of several pile (?) dwellings were uncovered and associated with theiii several finds, raostly pottery, were recovered. Ihe -ootterjr is of native "DLinagoil" type apart from one sherd which is Roman,

L/OOR/I. Roman Coarse Ware. HMA, unregistered. 1 sherd of a cooking pot of grey fumed ware of a type Yerj similar in fabric and date to those discovered at Yorkhill (see below). I^hat the sherd is not a recent addition is indicated by the fact that both it and the "Dunagoil" ware show the same amount of iron-pan deposit. See The Glasgow Herald, August 11th, 1932, p.7c, and De cernber 24th, I9W, p.9d, and The Soots man, December 27th, 1932, p,6g. 67.

(5) Gallowflat,.Rutherglen. IS 623616.

Several Roman finds were discovered in 1773 in a mound at Gallowflat, The mound which was _c, 12 ft. high, had a diameter of 250 ft. at its base and of 106 ft. at its summit and was surrounded by a ditch. The mound may have been a chambered tuaiulus, Roman Finds.

L/CtAL/ 1 e Col and e r o r D oub 1 e Pa t e r ae. lost. Each had a~3road handle, c. 230 m.m. long, with the inscription GOHSALLYS or OORVALLVS. See'lJRE, 124, ISA, vi, 385, WILSON, 1863, i, 395, OIL, vii, 1373, 1294a, HAVSRPIEID, 1892, 230, CURIE, 1932, 3B0, MURRAY, 2, 5 n^2, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956, I/GAL/2« Melon Bead. JjtlE, 125 and pi. 1/6 opp. p.79- Blue faience. External diameter, 24 m.m. Internal diameter, 10 m.m. Depth, 16 m«m. There were two other similar beads«

(4) Hyndford Orannog, Lanark. BS 90614188,

The Crannog was situated on a small wooden island in a no?/ drained loch close to the farm house of Hyndford, The dwelling was surrounded by at least one circle of up• right piles allowing an internal area for the dwelling of

34 feet diameter. The house had a clay floor and at a height of 30 inches -above this, three hearths were discov• ered, one sep

Bibliography.

Hyndford, 573-337, HuNRO, 1899, 416-420, CURLE, 1932, 581 ff., EOSMJ 129, STEVEISOI, 1955 A, 211 ff., and

Roman Finds,

I/H Samian Ware. IIA HTA 46. GhRLE, 1932, 381 f. 3 sherds, 1 carinated, of a platter. Drag.18, of orange-coloured fabric with good red glaze. Samian fare. miA HTA 47. GURIE, o .c. 8 sherdi including 1 vvdth carination and another which is part of the base of a platter or platters, Drag.18, of well-fired brownish ware with dull red glaze.

VHYI/3. Sarnian Ware, im HIA 59. CURIE, o.c. Foot-stand~of platter. Drag.18 or iW/JT, of fairly hard pinkish ware with good red glaze.

Sasiian Ware. NMA ETA 45. OURLE^ o.c. fragment of rim and wall of cup, Drag,27, of orange- coloured 7ra,:re ¥;ith dull red glaze, l/HITf/5. Samian Ware. IMA HTA 54-56. GURLE, o.c, 3 sherds of carinated bowl, Drag.29, s'-owing rouletted moulding; the sh.erd IMA HTA 54, is larger than the others and shows part of the floral scroll decorating the upper frieze,, The bowl has a good red glaze. l/HIE/6. Samiaji ¥a£e. HHA ETA 52. GURLE, CKC^, fig.64A. fra^ent of rim of flanged bowl with barbotine, (Drag. 35). Soft orange ware with good red glaze,

L /7. I/E YH Samian_Ware. IM HTA 57. V u iU.J 1, £j^, fig. Part of wall of decorated bowl, Drag,37, with good red e:la,ze. see CUR o.c, or description.

-u/ ;.iJ-i

L/iJU/g. Samian Ware mk HTA 53. CuRIiE, o._c. Fragmeni globular vase of thin hard ware with dull red glaze, Dech,58,

I/HYN/10. Samiaji__War&. aaU_; HTA 63. GURIE, o.c. fig.64/2. WalT"sherd "of /Ic-bular vase, Dech,68, of softish ware with full red glaze, showing remains of band of decor- ion divided into panels. here are several other fragments of Samian ware, WM'Mil!!'AA tjrHTp AL\ 40-50H S l \ , L-5. 1 t( ...a smal_ "J ~l. ri. m sher., d.. showin„ g 2 incised linei s at lip), 60-62 (fragments of baSes, 62 be in lake with a potter's stamp), and 64 (a further 11 uaaecoraued wail sherds). The Samian ware from xlynaxora provides very important evidence for the dating of the Orannog for all the sherds are datable to the ^ late l8X century or very early 2nd centixry A,D.

0 Coarse Wax MMA HTA 67. OURLE, o^_, fig.64/5, Sherds of- globular beaker of^^^halift-'pijlbuff'ware, rpv,v m^ K„„01 .Th e Vsherd -~-emains has the remains s ooff aa blachl«oikr surface«..r.fo..n , i:^" ^"""^^^f"' everted rim and slightly expanded Oa,ce, mere are no close parallels in GH-w: 1Q57 tnough a late 1st century A,D. date is suggested; ' r/HIR/12, Ooarsejfa.re. HMA HTA 68, Beaker lid of piakish-buff slightl ;ritty ware, of diameter, 102 m.m.

•'•'•"Yl/13, Coarse Ware, IMA HTA 65. OURLE, o,c. Rim of small Bortariuffi of a very hard red ware witb grey core. Ourle suggested that the rim recalled the profile of a later Qiortarium. This suggestion has not been confirmed,

'L/Em/'U. Coarse Ware, m. HTA 66. OURIJE, O^C._ Pragment of wall 'and base of handle with central longti- tudinal groove, of gritty dark grey ware.

The crannog also produced medieval potterv, ISMA HTA 69-70, l/EYH/15. Bottle Class, mk_ HTA 42-43. Eyndford, 383. Fragments of 2 or more blue-green glass"jars including one fragment of the neck and rioi, another of the neck Oiily, another wit'i iiioulding, another of a base, and two of a base with double concentric circles. There are another 17 fragments (RMA HTA 43a),

L/HI¥/16. Gl,ass Bowls. REA HTA 39 and 40. CIIRDE, 1932, 290 f. 2 fragments of rims of amber-coloured bowls, the edges turned over in the making to form a hollow rim, (cf. parallel from Torwoodleev ODRLE, 1932, fig.52). Curie noted late 1st century A.D. parallels from lewstead. h/m}i/n. Class Cup, MMA HTA 41. Pra.gment of olive green glass m.m, thick. u/lITE/ld, Melon Bead, ERLA HTA "=^5, FralpenT^P transparent cobalt blue glass. 70.

l/HIl/19. Melon Bead. KM ETA 36. Well wor~bead of pale turquoise faience, Ixternal diameter 16 m.m.. Internal diameter, 7 m.m, 12 m.m, deep, I/HW20, Mglqn Bead. NMA HTA 37. Fragment of bright blue faience. External diameter, 15 m.tn,, 11 m.m, deep.

1/^/21. Class Armlet. MM HTA 34. Hjndtod, fig. 12. Fragment of pale green core with outer surface of opaque cobalt-blue glass. For a full description see STEYEl- SOE, 1955A, 211 and fig. 1/2. H.S, Kilbride-Jones considered the frsigment belonged to his type 3C, but R.B.K. Stevenson has shown that it belongs to his type 1. I/H"Y¥/22, Slass Armlet. MA HTA 29. Hyndford, fig, 11. 2 fragments of transparent pale green glass with a single cord of streaky blue and white glass. These belong to KIIDRIDE-JOIES, type 2. See STEVEISOE, 1955a, 219,'2a-b. l/Byi/23. Class Armlet. 'MA HTA 32. Hyndford, fig.13. Similar to l/wni/22 but also containing an oval spot of blue vi/ith curved white lines. L/HYE/24. Class Aralet. IMA HTA 31. 2 fragments 'as L/i!jn/22 but also containing an oval spot of blu.e with a white streak.

The armlets D/HYE/23-24, also belong to KILBRIDE- JOEES type 2. See STEVEESOl, 1955a, 219, 2c-d. I/HIE/25. Glass Armlet. NMA HTA 33, Similar to li/EH'E724 but with 3 blue cords ¥/ith white lines. This also belongs to KIIBRIDE-JOEBS, tyre 2. See STEVEESOI, 1955a, 219, e.

V™/26. Bronze Be ad-Strung Tore. WLk HTA 1. Hyndford, 385 f. and fig,"15. 4 fragments of tore of 10 melon-shaped beads separated from each other by dc^-ep grooves contained ?/ithin 2 rectangular plates decorated with transverse lines and intervening rcms of scallop. The tore is strung on a square-sectioned ircon rod. This tore should be compared with bead-strung tores from lochs.r Moss (WIESOE, 1863, ii, 140) and Lamberton Moor. The deep grooves are a typical Eorth".British Celtic ornament, (cf. Traxjrain Eaw, BUEIISY, 328 and pl.xiii). See STSVEISOE, 1948,294. 71.

h/mM/27. |rorize__Penan^^ mA HTA 2, Hn missing. TreblFliisc end. See Hyndford. 3R7 and fig. 16. Belongs to POWLER, 196o7ty?;i~A3 (iv), o?* ^£EsieM» Pl. lxxxviii/15. There is another sjrai- iar brooch, much corroded, (IMA HTA ^),

l/EYl/28. Bronze Pinger-Ring.. HTA 13. Ring of D-sh.aped section with f ine moulding at each edge. The bezel of the ring contains a central hollow surrounded by t'wo incised concentric circles. The hollow presumably contained an intaglio.

'There are also several bronze spiral finger-rings, HMA HTA 4-12, a very corroded plain finger-ring of diamond cross-section, IMA HTA 14, with other bronze finds. I/HYN/29« Iron Axe-He ad. 'SMA HTA 18. 1^0'~m7m. "long. Shaft-hole, more circular than oval, 50 m.m. hj 71 m.m. Distinctl.y rounded butt. I/HYR/30. Iron Axe-4Iead> M, HTA 19. 203 m.m., long. Shaft-hole, more circular than oval, 58 m.m, by 66 ta,m, 56 m.m, wide at cutting edge of blade. Rounded bu.tt though less so than in L/HII:T/29, Slightly drooping cutting edge. I/EYR/31. Iron Axe-4iead. HffiA HTA 20, 152 m.m7 long. Squared butt. Shaft-hole more rectangu• lar than oval. These axes are jjrobabljr Romano-Native rather than being fully Roman. l/HYl/32. Iron Spearhead. HMA HTA 21. Leaf-shaped, ""Pragraentarjr. Surviving portion of blade 78 m.m. long*

There are other iron finds, shapeless bars, curved bands (Roman hub-rings? cf. Loundoun Hill, Huiit.Mus., E, 1954, 56-73), a wedgeTcf. Balmuildy, Hunt. Mus., P., 1922, 93) and an adze-shaped object, MA HTA 22-28. There are numerous other important finds from the site, e_._g^5 a steatite cup or lamp-holder, HMA HTA 71, Hyndford, fig,8, (cf, A/DUI/1.), a stone palette, WLk HTA 73, Hyndford, fig.3., (cf. WIISOI, f., LS 42 and 43), a rep;ular-shaped whets^c^ne, Hvndford, fig,4, (cf. WILSOl, f., 119), a polished stone axe, MLA HTA 91, Eyndford, 379 snxi fig.2, (cf. WIESOE f., EL 125), jet armlets, EM, HTA 92-93, a clay heoiispherical crucible showing traces of .2:old, IffiA HTA 102, Hyndford, 381 and fie:,7, a sandstone moixld, IMA HTA 75, Hyndxord, 381 and fig,9, (cf- WJLSOE, f., EL 128), a stud of red enamel with brown hemispherical base, reticulated internally but with thin layer of enamel externally, NMA' ETA 44, a lead ingot, EMA HTA 101, and a mass of lead weighing 13 lb. 9 oz.

Conclusions.

Hyndford Crannog was presumably a Damnonisin Celtic homestead constructed in the pre-Roman or Roman Iron Age of Scotland. The floruit of the homestead occurred in the late first century A.D. when contact was established with Rome. The crannog inhabitants presumably acquired their Roman material from the Roman fort at Castledykes which lay in the immediate vicinity. Castledykes, however, was occupied not only in the Flavian but also the Antonine period when there was also a civil settlement on the site. (See JT^, xlvi, 1956, 123). Eo Roman finds of second century A.D. date, apart perhaps from one sherd, have been discovered at the crannog. This presumably implies that the crannog ceased to be occupied after the close of the first century A.D, Indeed a site which shows such a strong degree of Romanization, comparatively speaking, had slender chance of survival after the v/ithdrawal of Roman troops from. Lanarkshire at the close of the first century .A.D, 7"^

There is little evidence to witness the native economy

of the site. A few animal bones suggest a pastoral basis.

The presence of spindle whorls suggests that weaving may

also have formed part of the economy. Of particu-lar interest

is the lead discovered on the site. (cf. Castledykes, ROSWS,

159)» It is possible that the Ronions may have undertaken

some commercial exploitation of the mines in the Leadhills

distrj.ct of lanarkshire and also that natives may well have

been involved in such an enterprise*

Apart from the importance of Hyndford Crannog as a

Romanized native settlement, the site is also important on

account of its fairly secure dating to the late first century

A.D, which could be of real assistance in helping to establish

a typology of Iron Age material in Scotland.

(5) Lanark Castle Hill. HS 8743.

L/LAI/1. S^ilyer Denariua_^_of Paustina. We are told "by General Roy in his Military Anti• quities that this coin was found on the site of a Roman fort on the Castle Hill. It is probable that there may have been a site on the hill though there is no evidence to indicate a Roman origin. Sir Ceorge Macdonald was sceoticEtl of Roy's allusion to the dis• covery of many coins on the Hill and in adjacent fields; that there may be more truth in Roy's statement than has hitherto been realised is suggested by the discovery of a hoard of Roman coins in a field adjacent to the Castle Hill. (See l/bAF/2). Por bibliography see POGOCKE, 46, ROY, 122, PSA. Lanarkshire, 13, IRYIMG-, 18, MCDONALD, 1918, 236, ^SWS, 61, ROEERTSOPi, 1950, table III and 0_.S_.^ Mag ,0fI,Poman Bimtaln,1956. ."-7 fl

(S) Yorkhill, Glasgow. 13 563667=

In 1867 excavations were conducted on the summit of

lorkhill, now the site of the Western Infirmary, Previous

to excavation, faint earthworks had been noted. Although

Roman finds were discovered during the exca.vatlons, these

are insufficient to establish a Roman origin for the site.

Bibliography,

BECH.ANAE, 254-3. Old Country HOUSSE^ of the Old Glasgow Century, 2nd ed.IS'/f^rArficle no.'lOO, Old' Glasgow Exhibition Catalogue, 1894, 310, GEREE, 1932, 38l,

Ii/TO.E./l. "girst Brass" of Trajan. Peoples Palace, Glasgow. See (jOEENV^'485 MACDOEALD, 1918, 237, and ROIEiRTSCE, 1950, table III. i/YOn/2, Coarse^^Waxe, Peoples Palace, Glasgow. Ih."si~m.'ents of dsirk grey fumed ware of a cooking not of GIEL.AM, 1957, type 118, dated 125-160 A.D. l/yOR/3. Coarse Jaxe, Eelvin.Mus. 7g-lB, Frai^ents'"cf grey furaed ware of a coo'tj.n,'?: Dot of GIELAPJ, 1857, type 128, dated 130-130 A.D. ^

7J/YQB/4-. Coarse Ware. KelvinJlEis. 7g-18(7) Fragment of cooking pot similar to l/yOR/3 but with fuller lattice nattern. GIT,E.AK, 1957, type 130 or 132. L)K/5, £oarse War£. Kelvin.Mus. 7g-"ie (l and 3) 2'Trat;mentg of bases of cookj ng rots of GILLAM, 1857, type 132, dated 140-220 A.D. h/jOR/6 ]l2±^i£-,.Slass. Kelvin.Mus. 7g-18 (1,2,5) IE~!EE~ Harden has identified the three fragments as belonging to the wall of a rectilinear-shaped bottle of green glass. 75. l/YOR/7. Beaker or Bottle Glass. Kelvin Mus. 7g-18 (2, 4, 6) Dr. D.B, Harden has identified the freigments as belonging to the wall of a colourless beelcer or cylindrical bottle and assigned to them a late second century or third century A.D. date.

L/YOR/8, Brass Finger ling. (Roman?) Peoples Palace, Glasgow. 'Very "corroded and worn. External diameter,'29 m.m. Also recovered from the site were a further finger ring, a small quantity of wheat and three coins. one silver and two copper, of the seventeenth or early eighteenth century A.D,

Conclusions.

The Roman finds from, the site have onlj^ what can be

described a,s a full Roman "feel" about them and thus suggest

that Yorkhill may have been a Roman rather than native site

lying behind th.e Antonine Wall. This suggestion of Roman,

origin is further confirmed by a, consideration of the strat•

egic importance of the site at the corjfluence of the waters

of Kelvin and Clyde. (See ROSWS, 81). Several centuries

after the initial occupation, the site wa,s re-occupied and

Yorkhill Piouse was erected, (On recent excava^tions on the

site, see D & E, 1961, 32). That in turn was supplanted by

the Western Infirmary,

Additional Hotes,

1, Garnw:ath.

Of interest is the recent discoverer of a broch only

about a mile distant from the souterrain at Yardhouses.

(On the latter see PSAB, x, 45.) Mr. Lloyd R, Laing has 76.

informed me of the existence of another possible souterrain at Lanark.

2' Gartland Crags.

Mr. L.R. Laing informs me that R,oma.n and native finds

are reputed to have been discovered in caves at Cartland

Crags belovf Castleqiia, the site of a probable soutirrain.

3» The Gathkin Hills.,

In his Hi61ory oif Rutherglen, pp. 215 ff., Ere niakes

reference to several sites in the Ca^thkin Hills, at

Gastlemilk, Baldernoch, etc., which produced finds, some

probably of Iron Age date along with urns of Date Bronze

Age type. (See also Piggott in WAIMIGHT, 1955, 64).

One of the finds, ERE, pi. Y/^, opp. p.215, is reminiscent of the ring of a bridle bit discovered at Stanwick.

(MACGRSGOR, 31, figs. 8 and 9/37-50, and THOMAS, 1961, fig.2)

4, Craignethan.

Mr. Lloyd R. Laing has informed me of the existence of earthworks of a possible Early Iron .Age settlement close to

Tillietudlem Castle. An early Iron Age beehive quern has been discovered beside the custodian's house.

5. Dalpatrick^ ES 309436.

In 1833 a tumulus was discovered at Dalpatrick and in association with it finds of a Bronze Age urn, a Roman (?) ll o

flagon (?) of white fabric, c, 152 m.m, high (cf, A/LOL/3), and a lamp (?) (See IRVIHG, 21).

6. Draifan.

Ho trace remaine of the reputed site, Roman or native, at "Draffancrofts". See ROSWS, 61 and J.B, Greenshields, Annals of Lesmahagow, 1864, 29.

B, Roman Coin Hoards,

1) Braco, Shotts 828766^

I/SRA/1, Hoard of Roman Denarii, 'Mk ? Several hundred~siIv'er denarii were discovered at Braco in 1842, (STHART, 1852, 250). On May lOth, 1852, fourteen coins were presented to the national Museum, identified by Sir George Macdonald as Gens Postumia (1), Doniitian (1), Trajan (2), Hadrian (3), Sabina (l), Antoninus Pius (1), Marcus (1), Luculla (1), C ommo dus (1), andirispin a (1), see MODONALD, 1918, 261 f. Six of these coins ?/ere last heard of in the possession of Mr. David .nc son, Glencoe, Cleland, in May, 1921, another six were sent to Sir George for identification; these were Titsis (l), Trajan (2 - OOHEl, 214 and 403), Antoninus Pius (2 •- COHEl, 158 and 571), and Lucius Verus (1 ~ 126). Along with these six coins was a denax-ius 01 Oratian (COHHE R 1:J } which Sir Georgeregarde d as a stray. (See JOHALD, 1924. 329)^ In 1947 another si^^ denarii ?fere submitted to Miss A, S. Robertson for identification; these were Vespasian (1 GOHSl, 306 >5), Domitian (2- OOREl o ,1 n r r ana aOHEH. 273 and KLQ -DO Trajan (7 RIO 165), and Had.rian (2 - OOHSH, 1162 and and COIEM, 1411 and RIC, 274). deposited in Airdrie luseum and Public Librae 78,

(See EOBERTSCNj 1950, 150 f.) • On this hoar>., ....36 . also 0rdnance Gazeteer of ScotlaM, vi, 188ip ^ 350 j J.T. RaiiJ^:in, "iBrsto]^, and ,Statis11 cs^,,oi,^the .l;arij^j^,of Kew MoBkland and AirSrie, 1855» If.» A.S. Robertson, "^le 'Su5n.gDiaticEvidence of Hoinano-British Coin Hoards" in Bseays in Roman Ooinage Presented to H. Mattingly, 2851 and 'Ch^_S^M^ s 1955. Ihe hoard was probably initially deposited at the close of the second century A.D. On the possibility of a Roman site on Alice Hill near the find-spot of the hoard, see (?i Garstalrs« US 93;

AR/1, Hoard of _ Rogian "Brass" . A hoard"~of lTT?7~coTns was found during repairs to a "walk-mill" situated about 1 mile from the Roman fort at Castledykes. Ihe hoard contained coins of Germanicus, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius (?), JaMstiixa. and Marcus Aurelius. See G-ough's OAMDEU, 1st ed., iii, "543 and 2nd ed., iv, 82 ff,, QSA, xviii, 1796, 180, HSA, vi, 1839, 554, MGDQIAID, I9IS, 272 ff., RDSWSs 129 and O^Q±J!in^jyf Roman Britain, I56.9 (3) Lanark. IS 9044, -r / 2. Hoard of B.oman Denarii, The hoard was discovered in a cairn of stones destroyed during railway construction work in a field adjacent to the Castle Hill, The coins were of Kerva, Trajan, Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. See STUART, 1852, 140 and MaDOlTALDj 191s, 259 f. (4) Possll Marsh,____Glasgow. NS 5867. l/POS/l, Iloard of Rotxiaii Denarii. On the"reputed discovery of a leather bag containing two himdred Roman silver denarii see G, Eyre Todd, G].asgow Tramway Guide, I9II, 105, quoted in ROBERTSON, T9in7'"r5ir" (5) Torfoot, otrathaven. IS 442387. L/TOR/1, Hoard of Ro_m.an henarii. In March 1003, a square Roman glass bottle was dis• covered during drainage operations near the line of the Roman road along Avondale. The bottle contained 400 denarii.. The following rulers have been noted^ 79,

Mark Antony, Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, ^'auatina il?), Marcus Aureliiis and Grispjnae See i^^3jaa]^H^ister, 1.803, 378, The Gentlemen'L Magazi^ 1803, 274, GHAIM3RS, 1807,"Tri38riSirT, 181, VI, 303, LIILSAJ, 265, STUART, 1852, 26lT™AWE™ . 1S3, MAGDOMLD, 1918, 260 f, EORERTSOH, 1950, 151, ROSWS, 65 and O.S. Map of Eogian 33rltaln, 1956, ^'5) l-dd.in.g:s_ton,

j/ijJjJj/l« Hoard of RoiggJi,'Brass" , A large q.viantity of Roman coins was found in 1848 during railway construction. The majority of the coinB belonged to the reign of Tetrioius. ?/hen last heard of, some of the coins were in the possession of Dr. John Buchanan, See STUART, 1852." 240 and MACDOKALI), 1918, 273.

» Isolated Ij'lnds.

(a) Of Kno^ni Location.

Airdrie. IS 75586547.

L/AIE/1, ggnarlusofVespasian and Titus» Lost, The coin was found c. 1847 by Mr. A. Arthur during house improvement in the town. See Ordnance Survey Object Hame Book, Airdrie, 39. L/AIR/2. Alexandrian Coin jof Pro bus. ffairlv well worn.' x^^puTeH to have been found in Airdrie, See ROESRTSOEf, 1961, 143, Belstane garm. HS 85085155.

L/BEL/1, Silver Denarius of I'siustina. Lost. See II^TIICt, 20," J.T. RaiOcin, Hotices... Relating to Cai'lulce, 1874, 14, ROSWS, 74, O.S. Ma-p of Roman Britain, ISWT'ind EGBERT SON, 19^1, 143« Blantyre.

•RT; is. J/ -Dij'/^'A 9MllJ~^I Vespasian, Brass or copper coin unearthed by a schoolbov in a garden. See Danl^MOx^ress, 29th November mCBOFALD ±9S4, 32 and O.S. Map of .Boman^BrjJ^a^ 1956. ^ 1929, 80,

Garlufee.

I/GAL/l. Goin of Kero. Sir George Macdonald suggested Castlehill, IS 840520. as a likely find-spot. See 1I1©SAY, 2 62, NSA,_vi, 581, lAGDOlAID, 1918, 243 f., and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956, L/OAL/2. Gold Coin of Otha. Found in 1784 in a ploughed field at Burnhead, (NS 870498). See GOHEN, 14, 16 or 22, Gentlemen's Magazine, 1784, il, p.713, 1786, i, p.33, OSA, vii, 137, IfSA, vl, 531, LINDSAY, 262, laAODONALD, 1918, 243 f'., and O.S. Map of Romsn Britain, 1956. On the possibility of a Roman site at"Oastlehill, see ROSWS,75»

L/GAL/3, Two Al exandri^^^^ „ Q£ijS£.. °» Pound G. M8,j, ' 1934-, during digging in a.n orchard. They have been dated to 284 A»D. and 289 A.D. Both may be recent losses. See MAGDOUALD, 1939, 244, and 0.3. Map o^f ^^Romaii Britain, 1956. Coatbridge. l/GOi/1. gorged Goin ofGlaudius I. Hunt.Mus. P. 1938. 82. Imitation of a UlHidiairTronze as (G.H.¥, Sutherland, lotes and Monographs, no.65). It was discovered by Mr. J.M, Davidson in the upcast of a 3i: feet deep trench. See MAGDOIAID, 1939, 243, f. and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. A similar coin should be noted from lorrie's Law. l/GOi/2. Samian Ware. Hunt, K[us. E. 1938. 83. Base of cirp, Drag. 33, stamped 'MlA^ATIOM (?) of fairly soft red clay with dull glaze. Found at TOiifflet c. IS 734642, Qoldstream. l/GOIi/l. Goin of Gommodus. MS 883499. "Go'pper" coin of size of George III penny. See I'^iSA, vi, 581, lEYIlTG, 20, J.T. Rantin, Notices... RelaH'ng to the Pari§i of Garlulce, 1874, 14, O.'S. Map of Roman Britain, IsWTand ROBBRTSOl, 1961, 143. 81.

Goving;ton. l/C0V/1« Romgjgo-Bri11 sh Penannular Armlet, IMA, Bronze armlet discovered in the parish. External diameter, 53 m.m. Elongated terrainals with mouldings and below one moulding, the inscription WOW. The terminals are similar to POWLiSR, 1960, type A 3 (iv), P'l^S. ef= l/l-IYl/27. The other penannular armlet is zooraornhic and probably of Darlc Age date, (See JBAA; 17, 1861, 112, pia3/S

Crawford,

L/Gm/1. Coin of Vespasian. IT 02262411, Found in a shepherd's house on Crimp Cramp farm near the Grain!s Burn near the line of a hypothetical Roman road. See Ordnance Survey Object lame Book, 121, and IRVING, 6.

OrOTfordj_ohii.

L/CRJ/1. Silver Denarius of M^ar-cus Aurelius. Fom)K'T7TdWr~ See HSA, Tr7~3T537"MCD0HAI]j, 1918, 243 and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. Polphinton.

1,/DOl/l. BronzeJBn^ NM PG 7. 51 mi.m. long, 29 m.m. high, Por similcar bronze bulls, cf. REIHAGH, 281, no.290 and flSNZEI, 20 and taf 31/27. See ClJRItE, 1932,, 380 and fig,63, and THOMAS, 1961, 25 and fig,7a. L/l)0Ii/2. 3r o nze^ T rumpe t P,ibul a. Lost. A fairly early tyne with waist-knob, GOLLimWOOD, 1930, type R (i)„ See IRVIIG, 16 f,, pi.111/17 and IB, and GURRB, 1932, 3BO.

The two objects were found together at Bank Faro. Irving suggested the find-spot at HS 9744 though Dr. St. Joseph has suggested that a more likely find-spot f/ould be at NT 0945, close to the Roman road from the Clyde to the Morth Esk, See O.S, Man of Roman Britain, 1956 and RC)SWS, 38, ' " ' ' """"

812716.

L/EAS/I, Gqrne1Ian Seal. Pound"'in" 179O^at Easter Glentore near the site of a reputed tutinilus,, Vifhen last heard of, was in the 82.

possession of John Watt of Luggiebah!:?:. The seal has the inscription VTERE EEIIX, perhaps suggestive of a burial, of. the same inscription found on the fragment of a lead casket also stamped with a ohi- rho monogram at the Roman site of Ad Pontem (Thorpe- by-le'wark) on the Eosse Way. (For the basket see TOYWBEE, 1953, 16 and for the site, G, Webster, "The E-'man Military Advance Under Ostorius Scapula", Arch. J., GaV, 1958, 53). The East Kilbride seal is, oT~ course, probahly pagan. See IJRE, 129, Wodrow, So£^§II2ii9:£2£S.? 173? Maidment in Analectica Scottca, GOEIiOir 1iL8'aiid. nl. of medals and inta;'3ioi7~nFriTr~ GIL 1327, and MUR:RAT, 2, 5.

G:g:iBgE]lEl3-:. ,M2.SE. • E/GAI/1, Bronze Double 0dander. ITOIA PT 5-6, Only" tlie handles., c_."l7G m.m,. long^ survive. The EM Gstalogue assigns the colander to a find-spot "nea.r Lanark", Curie accerts the find-spot as Lanark but the earliest authority, Alton, clearlv Identifies the true find-spot as Gainerhill Moss. (ES 681398). See W» Alton, A Treatiê__^_on___^.^^^^ Êarth, 1805, 13 and' OUEIiE, 1932, 383,"" For a reputed find of Roman (?) coins and a sandal from Gainerhill, see OSA, ix, 394, EEA, vi, 1835, 303, ÊEEAET, 1852, 259, and ROSWS, 64 1.

IJJJAOUOW

A1 e xandra__ .Pax^k^.

TxA/: This fairly '\i7el,l--worir'coin was dug up in 1955 by boys in the Park and discovered along ¥/ith a well-worn bronze coin of Macedon as a Roman Drovince, See COHEl, 381, SIC 501 and ROBEETSOI, 1861, 144.

Balornock.

!4/GIA/2. Di^pojMjji^ Jjaudlus I. h]iSi*Mii3' '^^ 1956,1. Worn, Discovered In February, 195"6, in a field between Robroyston and Springburn, possibly brought to the surface by ploughing. See GOEEE, 1, RIG 67, and ROBERTSOE, 1961^, 144» 85,

Se2iM£±l£-Ji?lE3jiSi« 6253. h/GLA/3. AntoManus of Piocle-tian. Kelvin Mus. 50.49. ^ ' Wi:^^^^¥ed'Tn^3une '1950 at a depth of c. 3 incnes on the banks of the Clyde near the iiospital. _oee comm. 33, RTO, 256 (Minted at Siscia), ROPjsrilbUn', 1950, 145 anr™0JS^j^Jflan^jD.^^ 1956.

1 j?9:. " ^ S^I'£3^' L/GhA/4. Sestertius of Paugtina II. " Sii~WM"r27frand^cTSrcus, 1S85. h/GLi/5 •> Brongej3oi,_n_o^^ > SeTOOHEi; 44. •f/GM/6. Bronze_C£in_£f Valetinian, I. , See"COHBHj 37.'~

The 3 coins vier^e found on the site of an old brickwork! Thev are well-^rorn. See ROBSRTSOS, 195u, 1 A A J.. T H- 9 OmonJ^ane.

L/GIA/7. Penarius (?) of Piocletian. ^.-M-^O^-^-AT ^ • ' • f^S~i5'X-"fi—tate orpreseryation near the .afexxedral in 1814. See OCHEH, 397, aiid MAO^.:0.4ALP, 1924, 328. Oarmyle* 'i".''r'T.A/8 'Ou-oondius of Antoninus Pius. uLA/L,. ^i^—^-^" r. How in the possession of'H-Vl.r Cotton, 300 Paby.rnu,n Acid, UJdingston. See r-OM-n 1002. -RIO 968 and pcp-'Toatt^ I96I, 145. bhcart. HS 592615.

L/GT.A /q Sestertius of IlLilin Slightly worn. Pound "in vacant ground in Aitkenhaad Road, near the Gaumont Picture House, apparentIv stand• ing on its edge." See COHSH, 51, RIO 17ia and ROBEBTSO'N, I96I, 144. Th£j)l^d£.

I/GPA/IO. Densrlus of Gonstanfius JEI. PEA ? Dug up'"Tn'''"i:he chaiinel of the Clyde c. 1852. See GOHPII, 342 or 343, PSAS, ii, 1854-57, 200, IIACDOIAID, 84,

1918, 244 and 0 E3^_Map_o|^_R^^ 1956, Dru^chajie 1. l/GM/l 1. Bronze Follie of Maxitnus II Qaesar, Pairlj?" well-vrorn. Slinted^at ~A.lexandria. Pound in March 195? on the surface of a road which is the continuation of Blairdardie Road towards Drutnchapel Hospital. In the possession of Mrs. McAllister. 201 Sunnyside Drive,. E.S. 529705. See OOEEl, 40 and ROBEETSOE^ 1961,, 143.

L/GLA/12, Bronze Poll is of Maximus H .Caesar, lorn an"d "apparently burn elf.Minted at Eicomedia. Pound in the spring of 1953 on Eo.l Building Site, Drumchapel. Pound on a road leading from Drumchapel Hospital close to #iere L/GLA/II was found. In the "oossession of Mr. T, Divilley, Tontine Hotel. Glasgow. See GOHEE, 44, E0:BEETS0E, 1961, 143, and 0,^^ Man^of JilHSiLJ^EiiSliis 1956.

The two coins are probably modern losses from the same source.

jUrhlll.

L/GLA/13. •'Small brass" of Grispus. Picked up"on the banks of the Forth and Clyde canal near Firhill Park in 1933. See The Scotsm.an. 1934, s-^^' O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. Elesher's Haugh^ Glasgow Green.

D/GI'A/14. Samian Bowl. Peoples Palace. Found~on '^Ith October, 1876, at the confluence of the Clyde and the Oamlachie and Molindinar burns. The bowl could hardly be described as a ?/ash-do?m from, the Antonine Wall (GERLE, 1932, 380 f.) as neither of the burns flow near the Wall,

Professor E.R, Birley has identified the bowl as unquestionably Lezoux ware and m.ost probably of GIEEAIE/S of the final Quarter of the second' century A.D. As to the figure-types, the Sphinx (OSWALD, 857), the Bear (OSWALD, 1609), the two-legged Hind (OSWALD, 1704Tlmd the Hsxe (OSWALD, 2117 or 211677^11 occur on signed work of GIEEAEVS, The figure of Venus

b 85.

^ee P>^, xii, 1376^78, 254 ff., xxii, 1887-88, r?2 and figa2, PATOH, 17 f, CURLS, 1932, 285 and 3oU £., and 0^.. Map_ of Roman Britain. 1956. Gllshochill.

L/6IA/15. M®2£§Mli§iLô:nêM3oir of Oommodus. Fairly môrnj ~ " — L/G'-T.UA/16A , AJêxanjârj^ j^ Coin of .toelian. Slightly worn.

Both "found in Gilshochill allotments". See ROBERTSOH, 1961, 144. Gpyan. 577632.

L/GLV17. Alexandrian Bron^ze_^Coin__o^Di£C^^ , , , p5^Snd™wIth™a~Tery worn copper penny in xhe back garden of 48 Swinton Drive, Glasgow, S.W.2. It is uncertain if -the coin is a genuine loss. See ROBiJRTSuh, 1950, 145 and 0^_^Map of Roman Britain, 1956, Greenf ield.._ l/GLii/lB. 'Br^nze^lo]^ lErteT'arirexandria. Slightly worn. Pound m 1990 on a road runnin?^ from Greenfield Road to the former site of Greenfield Farm. See COHBH, 43, ROPBRTSOH, 1950, 145 and 0..S. Man of Roman BritMn,,.^j,95o. King* s Rark.

L/GLA/19. AS of Antoninus Pius. • pirSy"^Tr^w5m. Pound c, 1927 during trenching at a depth of 1 foot in the garden of 41 Millport Avenue. 1S"593613. See COHEI, 885, RIG 694a and ROBEKTbOI, 1961, 145. l/GIA/20. Dupond jus or .Ag_qf^lla^gmm^. lii?Ty~lroTnriSOiea natinated. Keported Lo have been found in a garden. In the possession of_^Mrs. J. Orr, Water-works, 'Barrhead. See COHEH, 248, RI£ (Severus) 894 and ROBBRTSOH, 1961, 144. l/GLA/21. Antonianus of Gallienus. . . ^i P^rly~w ell-worn. Said to have been found in the district. See COEEK, 563, RIG 227 and ROBERTSOl, 1961, 143 86.

Kingston, ES 583645

L/6LA/22. Dupondius or As of Faustina I. Much worn. Uiscovered during excavations conducted to a depth of 10-12 feet at the corner of Wallace Street and Paterson Street, Glasgow, G,5, See COHEN, 29, RIG (Antoninus Pius), 1155 and ROEERTSOE, 1961, 144.

Knightswooa.

L/GLA/25. "_S_econd Brass" of Hadrian. !;ju,ch worn, "Discovere'd~F~feet below the surface. See GOHEE, 642 and MAGDOEALD, 1939, 244.

L/GLA/24. Alexandrian Qolii of Maximian. Slightly worn. Found on the ca.nal bridge in February 1953 and now in the possession of Mr. R. Lamont, 379 Inightswood Road, ES 529701. Probably a modern loss and possibly connected with L/GLA/ll and 12, See ROBEETSOE, 1961, 143.

L/GLA/25. Bronze Pollis of Galerius. Fairlv well worn. Reported to have been found in the district. See G01B3E 56 and ROBERTSOE, 1961, 144.

L/GLA/26. Bronze Coin of Justin I, Worn, Minted at Eicomedia. Dug un in garden of 55 Pikeman Road. ES 53366915. See ROBSRTSOE, 1950, 145 and O.S.Map of Roman Britain, 1956.

Mair Street. ES 572645.

L/GLA/27. 2 Bronze Coins of Oonstantine I. Slightly worn. SeeHIOHEfTTET^nd 454, miinted at Thessalonica and Trier respectively.

L/GLA/28. 2 Bronze Coins of Gonstantine II. Slightly worn. "See COHEE, 10 and 33, minted at London and Aries respectively.

L/GLA/29. Goin of Qonstantinopolis. Slightly'worn. Minted at Trier. See GOHEE, 21,

These were all found at a depth of c. 9 inches at 43 Mair Street and are in the nossession of Stephen Yalle at that address. See ROBERTSOE, I96I, 144. 87

Pfaxtick.

L/GLA/30. "FirstBrass" of Vespasian. ^ Dug'un in Partiek before 1918. See OOnEH, 620 (?; MACDOHAIP, 19IS, 244 'and C^J3_^Map of Roman Britain, 1956. Petershill.

II/'GLA/31, Goin(s) of Hadrian, See J. Buchanan's•article in Glasgow Past and Preaent ii, 456, :5A0D01ALD, 1918, 244 and 0^..__..Map .of Roman Britain, 1956. iVGLA/32. Coin (s) of Crlsplna. • Dug un lir gelrden -whence eventually forwarded to the Hunterian Museum in 1925. See STUART, 1852, 259^ and I/iAGD0HA]H3, 1918, 244. PolHookshields. PS 57706317.

L/GLA/5 3. Br o nzG_Goi n j)f C oust ant lus II. Slightlv worn." Minted at Alexandria. Pound in 1942 on the surface of Recreation Park. See COHEH, 95, ROBTCRTSOI, 1950, 144 and O^S . Map of Roman Britain. Queen's ,P,ark. PS 575621.

L/G;UA/34. AS pf_jJTUsxk3, Slightlv worn. Found during construction of Camphill Bowling Greens. See COHEH, 2, RIG, 2b, ROBERTSON, 1950, 144 and 0.,S. Kan,, of Roman Britain, 1956. Tolcross Pa:rk,

L/GLA./35. Sestertius of Psiutstina I. PaTrTT'wial worn. See OOHEH, 154 and RIG. (Ant.Pius) 1076/' IJ/'GIA/36, Prbs Roma Go Fairly well worn. Minted at Trier. See CUHEH, IS. Both reputed to be found in the Parle. See ROBERTSOP, 1961, 145. Unlqcatgd.

L/GM/37. BTJ ge '''cllis of Maxentius, Prjrl™ well worn. Found about 1935 in outskirts. See COxxxP., 21 and ROBERTSOH, 1961, 143. Lesmahagov^'. ES 332355»

L/LES/l. Branze Jug. iIUi]ij_J5lis_« 55. Pound at'Sadle'rhe'e-d farm, in 1807, embedded in clay at the bottom of a small stream. For a full des• cription of the jug see TOYEBEE, 1Q62, 175 f., and pi,128, and 1964, 325. It is of second century A.D. da,te. Poi- further biblioe'raphy, see Arch., xvi, 1812, 350 ff. and pi.51, STEAET, 1852, 220 and pl.Yl/4, J.H. Burton7 History of Scotland, i, 1867, 50, Qjrdriance Gaget'eer of Scotland, iv, 1883, 502, I/iAODOHAlD 1897, 95 ,if»,"and pi.17, PSAS, IGOO, 435, GER;U3, 1932, 298, f., 383 and fig. 9 and 0.S Ma£ of Roman. Britain, '^956. Of. similar jug handle from Cairi&ol'ly, Wigtownshire ('W/OAI/ll,

Also xTQva Lesffiahagow is a bead of darkish green translucent glass with white and red wave of external diameter,, 18 m.,m,, internal diameter, 7 m.m, and depth, 7 01,01,, (EMA EJ 90), which could be Roman, There is also in the Hunterian Museum, B.1951.925, stone lamp of simdlsir type to that reputed to have a been found at Kemp Law, Dundonald, (A/DEM/I), Motherwell,

[I/K0T/1. Bronze Coin of GoE-sta.nt_ius_ II Ga.esar. Pound Tharing ^ezca,vatiorEfor a gatepost at 47, North Lodge Avenue. See G0ID3E, 104, and''ROBERTSOE, 1Q61, 145.

Ru-ttie;rglen. ES 620608.

L/RET/ 1. Brp_nzeGoiri^^of Constantine .ji. Pound in 1947 during excavation in the garden of 179. Stonelaw Road, Euch corroded. See GOHBE, 199, ROmTSOE, 1950, 145 and O.S. Man of Roman Britain,

£aEsbur_gh

V'SAL/1. As of lero Found in^the spring of 1932 in a garden. The revers legend and type are obliterated. The obverse reads iS IMP EERO GAESAR iiVG P MAX TR P PP. See ROBERTSOE, 1950, 145 and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. Thankerton. l/THA/l.. Bronze Goin of Gonstantius II. Hunt.Mus, P,1938. 1, 89.

Reputed to have been found at Thankerton, Well worn. Minted at Alexandria. See COHEH, 46, ROBERTSOl, 1950, 145 and O^S^ Map of Roman Britain, 1956.„ • Shotts,

T,/a^-0/l Fairlv Worn Denarius of MavGVBA^}xel±us.

S/SHO/2. Bronze GoltiofGaxs^^J^^r^^ PalrlTlFeTT worn. Minted at Alexandria, VSHO/3. Bronze Pollis of J3j^cletj^. Rather worn. See COHEN, 106,

L/3H0/4. Wo2LJ^roS^ze_22ilL^

Mi,nted" at Constantinople. l/SHO/5. Wnrn Bronze Coin of Macedonia as a Roman Province.

On these five coins see R0:BERTS0H, 1961, 145. Wishaw,

^^^M^f^k, m a prden^at^East Hamilt^ Street. See GOHEl, 26, RIG, 168, RO.BERTSOP, 19^0, 145 f. and 1961, 145, and 0;^SJa£_oi_Roma^ 1956.

Ther-e are three unprovenanced brooches in the Art GalTer-y and Museum at Kelvingrove. Mr. L. McL. Bxann considered that they belonged to the Sim Collection.

LAJPI/I. Bronze Thistle Brooch. £e3^n,^_Kus. 1926, 59a. m^IM^^t^~^hTjM tail and broad-ribbed bow. BeiongI to GOLLIPGWOOD, 1930, group W and Camlo|pm ^14 ff., tyne X, pl.XCIIl/70 and 71. See also BROGiH^ 153 M-' and fig.2-8 O « I/UIL/2, Bronze Head-Stud Brooch, Kelvin^ Ms. 1926. 59d. Praginentary. ""Pattern of incised triangles on bow, Ploulding at base of bo?«r. Portion of catch-plate survives. Belongs to GOLLIEGWOOD, 1930, type Q.

The third brooch, Kelvin. Mus. 1926. 59c, is too fragmentary for identification. Additional lotes. 1, Birkwood

A full description of the bronze bull's head,

(Kelvin. Mus. 1946, 10.), from Birkwood, Monkstables,

Greenshields, has been given by J.V.S. Megaxv in PSAS,

xci, 1957-58, 179 Kr. Megaw regarded the head as

the product "of some native craftsman remembering enough

of the vital art and beliefs of his La Tdne forefathers

to furnish a tangible expression of that close linlc

betTv'een man and beast that lay at the roots of the Celtic

world, a link which was not fully submerged by the new

society v/hich spranig up in the waize of the Roman Conquest",

2„ Qrossford,

Mr. L.R. Laing has informed me of the discovery in 1957 of an antoninianus of Claudius II in good condition near the Clyde. Grossford is ei village along with Rose- bank, near Kirkfieldbank, It has been suggested that the Roman road running from the Roman fort of Castledykes to the Roman fort at Iioundoun Hill may have crossed the Clyde near Crossford,

3. Douglas.

About 1930 a bronze coin of Ptolem}/ III, Euergetes, was ploughed up with Georgian coins at Scrogtonliead Farm, See ROBERTSOE, 1961, 143, 91.

4. Elvanfoot.

There is in the Hunterian Museum, B.1951. 3224, a cauldron of thin beaten bronze of diameter, 406 m.m. and height, 254 m.m,, with a pattern of oval punch-marks on the base, which is native of Battersea type. There are nine perforations round the rim. Of. the cauldron from Wiitehills Moss, Dumfriesshire,

5. Glasgow,

The sandal reputed to have been found at Einning Park (see TGA3, ii, 191) is unsubstantiated as Romani, On a possible Roman coin hoard at Moray Place see ROBERTSOH, 1950, 144.

6. Hillhead.

A horse-Bhoe described as "Roman" is reputed to have been found at a fair deptPi of soil near the Clydesdale Roman road. See Rankinj Notices.,, Relating to Carluke.,., 1874, p.15 and ROSWS, 73. See also PSAS, ix, 1870-72, 514.

RoPig^n jfort's and latlve Contacts.

(1) Gastledykes, Cajstairs. ITS 928443.

Excavations on the site conducted over a number of years by Miss A.S. Robertson, have established a long and complicated history of occupation. In the Flavian Q2,

period a large enclosure about seven acres in area, possibly a temporary camp laid out in Agricola's Campaigns, gave way to a permianent fort of about six and a half acres internally. Initially in the Antonine period an enclosure of a,lmost six acres internally was constructed on a natural ridge to the east of the Flavian fort and no doubt served as a construction camp for the principal Antonine fort. The Antonine fort was constructed on the site of the Plpvian fort a,nd a civil settlement was established in the area between the Antonine fort and construction camxi). At a later date in the Antonine period, the fort was repaired and reconstructed. See ROSWS, 127 ff., and. ]lj£mJE_, 1953, 1954 and 1955.

Romano-Eative contact at the site is suggested not

only by the establishment of a civil settlement, but also hj the nresence of Romano-Eative finds such as a bronze trumpet brooch with •spring, pin and collar moulding, one of the early specimens of OOTLIEGWOOD, 1930, type R (1954 excavations, no,9), a bronze armlet rounded externally and segmented with broad and narrow raised bands alternating,

(ROSWS, 158, Hjmt_^3. P. 1939.8; cf. Tra^aiji^Law, 1915, 197 ana fig,44/ll), and a Celtic lead terret (RCE3WS, 159 a.nd pi. LIII/5t Eunt.Mus.P, 1937.41). The discovery of a Celtic lead terret amongst other finds of lead, some desilverized, suggests the possibility th-at ne.tives may have b'-:en involved in the commercial exploitation of lead in the area. One thinks also of the mass of lead found at the Romano-Hative settlement at Hyndford Crarnog, (Vide ^yj]^-)» '-^-ke discovery of two n^'elnn beads of ligP-t blue faience, (R0S¥S, 160t IRmtJHuJS. P. 1939. 25) suggests the presence of s. female element, perhaps part cf th.e civil settlement.

'^MiSJ^.' 054214,

The Roman fort at Crawford was discovered shortly before the 1939-1945 war and trial trenching was under• taken by Dr. J.K. St. Joseph in 1938 when he established that the fort had an area of 1.7 acres. Systematic excavation commenced in I96I on.d is being continued under the direction of Mr. G.S. Maxwell. The evidence at present suggests three periods of occupation, one in the Flavian period and the other two in the Antonine period» One Romano-na'bive glass bangle, KILBRIDE-JOPES, type 3P, was recovered from the site, (cf. a similar bangle from Gastlecary, KILBEIDB-JOHES, 386 and fig,3/3). On the ^i'te see ROSWS, 113 f., and D._&.B_, 1061, 37 and 1962, 34* 94.

5FFEEWSHIHE

AsBocl_ated jj^-nds.

(1) '±i^y^iH^L2£3^B2£' 43572S

The Orannog was situated at a fairly strategic point ill the Gljrde estuary opposite Dumbarton rock.

It was excavated in I9OI imder the superTision of Ilr. J* Brace and the ooEraittee of the Glass'ow Archaeological Society. ,'Dissati.sfaction has been expressed at the results then obtained though such dissatisfaction should not be taken as a reflection on the integrity or ability of the excaTators, i'o be noted is the wooden structure of the crannog and the discovery of a Geltio bone comb and a Romano-British penannular fibula. B ib 1 i o g.n aphy^,

Smj'JE, 43-51, and SO^nVElSOF, 1955, 287, J?or a considered oninion on the so-called "niystery sites"5 see A. Lan/r. ^lil£..£lX^e.i&ste£l» 1905, - Langbank, pp. 34 ff. lloniajaq-Br l?ind»

E,.'"LAl/l. ^I^mB^QSLJllk^- MA SO 106. BHIJGl, 44. Bronze""with" '"cotton-?eel' terminals. The swiTelled pin is naralleled at Traprain Law, BhRXjEY, 'No, 59 f ^'^^ xiS^stonbur^;. i, 204." It belonga to I'OWIEEj 1960. type A3 "U'liTT to the first cent^.i.ries A.D. .a Also to be noted is/single-ed^jed round-bached comb decorated with curvilinear design. (IMA HO 105), 95

C one lusi Oils,

rriT. he stT'uctu"^^ of tliG craiino^ ^m<3, the cliaracter ox the findB GGscT^lbed siiggeet a Celtic or Belgio oocupation of th.e site possi'bly In the irnsiiedlately pre-Homan pe'»"iod.

Isolated Jinds.

t/Bi-'i/l„ iiOraa£_j£lj^ Em ¥B. 668. Fragment"'of fiHe""pale ^reen (.;la«s with raised vertical ril) from body of flash or jug. (W.A. Thorpe, English G-lasses, 1935, pl.IIIc, iva or b). Found on the tot) of Eii^ochan Hill in 1/)5B by H.w, leachen.

ME25^1S5lJl2!i5£» 40606922.

^•'^^^2. Bronze^PsJ®:^- IMA '^'^ 9Q, 15T rat."iTTifg?! witfi~Tb.andle 205 m,m, long. Diameter of pan, 241 ra,m« On hsmdle a cable pattern v/ith maker's name (CIPIP' OLIBY Cit^ins Polibius. (of, Dowalton Loch, W/DOW/R). hor parallels see BOESTERD, 8, D1. XYIIT/14 and RADITOTI, pi. X¥ll/l4-19, On the tsatera Itself see liAVBRhlELh, 1892, 200 f., PATOh, is'f., fig,25, PSAS, LXII. 1927-28, 247 7,, OURLB, 193^, 298 f., and 3857 and RIGHMOIh, R, 21 and 25. H/BAR,/3. Pair of Bronze Roaan Handles. :'^AT0h5 18, fig.24. Bow-shaped handles with ends recurved to form hooks. Each book has a solid boss of metal attached to it and on the boss is a human face rising from a pear-shaped disc, i'he bosses ha,ve a flat back to permit attachment to a. vessel, She patera and handles were found together in 1B65 about half a mile of Barochan HouBe. Bishopton (?).

E/BIS/1 ilg3gMEiii!L£2i!Li!£.i^ ROBERTSOK, 1961, 147. Pairly~ x¥orn.

S/BIS/2 2E21i2e^in of Jlpnstai^ ROBERTSON, o.c. Mint of Alexandria. Pai.rly~worn. See OOHEl7~46. Both coins found c. 1946 on Emerson's Farm. 96,

Olarhston, NS 56975792. H/CIii/1. Alexandrian Bronze Coin of Maximian, ROBERTSON, Ojjc. Slightl^T'lrorn.™" Ibund £. "1950 ™at a'deptlri of about 2 ft. in the garden of'"'21 Brumby Orescent, Elderslie. R/EIjh/le As of Domitian Under VesT?asian. Rather"worn. "•"'IDated^ to'Xh. "79, See OOKEI 388 and RIO 728. H/^LD/2, BronzeJJoin of G-aleria Valeria. iiniri}f'Ti:exSMTi8:,~^ Dated'I.D. 292-315.. See GOHEH 5 or 6. Both coins found with a Paisley Communion loken, dated 1809j during bridge demolition at Stoddart's Carpet Factory. See ROEERTSOU, 1950, 147 f., 161, 163, 168 and O.S, Map of Roman Britain, 1956. Erskine (?). R/ERS/1. Coin o f Augustus,and Agrippa. "Second brass" of lemaasus. See lAODOKAIJ}, 1918^ 250 and R03ERTS0I, 1950, 160 and 168, A v/orn "second brass" of Trajan picked up near Erskine ferry was identified by Sir George Macdonald in 1910. Sir George suggested a comection bet?reen the coin and the Antonine Wall fort a,t Old Kilpatrick. The coin may thus have been discovered on the north banlc. Likewise the two inscribed stones reputed to have been found at Erskine (Gough's CAKDEl, 2nd ed., I¥, 87 and pl.IIl/4 and 5) are stravs from the Antonine fort at Old Kilpatrick. See MACDOIALD, 1897, nos. 2 and 3. Gourock. hS 24207772. R/GOU/l. Alexandrian Coin of hiocletlari. Eound while digging foundations for an air-raid shelter in Honeton Street, ' Dated A.D. 287^288. See R03ERTS01, 1950,^147, 168 and 1961, 147, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. 97.

ij-reenock.

R/GEES/I. OaetJl) Oopy of Sestertius of lero. ROBERTSOIJ 1961, 147 f. J'ound in 1959 ata new bulldine site^ Ravenscraig, c. 3 miles from the centre of the town/during the l4yins' of loundations. Pairly worn. Miss A.S. Robertson has suggestea that it may be an ancient cast. of. GOPEN, 3 1 and RIG 90. Hawldiead m •^^/'^- 2£onze Ooin of Qonstantinej;^. Mint oTilcomedia, "liug up_at 426 Crookston Road, cottage m the grounds of Havdchead Mental Hospital a Com m the possession of tenant, See GOHEl ?54 and ROBERTSOI, 1950, 147, 163 and 168. LangbanJc. c. HS 388727.

Bronze Coin of,Ie:ro (?) ROBERT S0H-, 1961, 148. Pound on the north side of the old post road from Greenock to Glasgow, at: about HS 388727. Lo chwinno ch, NS 351591 E/EOC/1. Small Bronze Coin of Theodoslus. Minted at Rome. Pairly worn. Pound ''in the_ surf ace of 8. muddy short cut over waste ground between Ewing Road and Simple Avenue,, Eochvdrinoch, in a new housing a,rea where a fair amount of ground has been turned within the past six years". See COHEI 5, D & E. 1960, 33 and ROBERTSOIT, 1961, 148.

There is another find from Lochwimaoch that m.ay well have been Roman. It was "a ladle of Corinthian ^^®f?,Y^P^ a handle ending in a ram's head," presumably a skillet ^ bee OBk, XV, 68 and cf, RICHBOROUGH, II, 31 and pl.ll\0/2a skillet of mid-first centurv A.D. date. ai H/PAl/l. Small Brass of Vespasian/Titus. "A small brass medal conmiemiOrating Titus'' capture of Jerusalem ?»as unearthed near Stanely Oastle", (C, Stewart Black, The Story of Paisley, 1953, 3 f., and Brown, History of Paisley1875, 20). See ROBERTSOl, 1961, 148. 98.

R/PAI/2. Denarius of Antoninus Pius. Vound c, 1800 in'the vicinity of "Paisley reservoir". See COHEl 164 and RIG Marcus"436. Coin in possession of Mr, Ian Macdonald, 16 Arlin^jton Street, Glasgow, C,3. See ROBERTSOI, 1950, 147,' 151 and 168,

R/RA 1/3. Cast Copy of Bronze Medalll^^ VQ^^^<> Reputed to have" been discovered in a garden at Ralston, See ROEERTSOM', 1961, 148. R/PAI/''4. Bronze o:Ln Clot^ I. Minted at'R~3me.""Pairly worn, Foixnd at a depth of 18 in, in open ground to the north of Incle Street, IS 487642, See GOHEM 519 or 546 and ROBERTSON, 1961, 148. R/PAI/5. Bronze Coin of Gonstantius II. Minted at Alexandria, Much corroded. Pound in 1951 at a depth of £. 1 foot in the garden of 69 Blackstoun Oval, I~.S. 468641. See COHEI 44 and ROBERTSOH, 1961, 148, Renfrew. RS 499911. Ji/REK/1, Copper Coin of Tiberius. MAGDORAID, 1918, 244. Pound on the banks of the Glvde near the mouth of the Cart. See Arch. S^t., v, Arroendix 45 and ROBERTSON, 1950, 160 and 168",

Additional Mote.

A parallel has been suggested between the Roman jug dis• covered at Sadlerhead (L/EES/l) and the jug found at a depth of 14 ft, in a moss at Kirkton, Meilston. See STUART, 1852, 220 and O.S. Object j!Jame Book, 1857, vol.17, p.101, There is insufficient evidence to attest its origin. qo

WIGTOWNSHIRE

A s s_oj3 i at e d P i nd s.

^ 1) .?li3£lLJJOS^LAI^S-IB!^^^ • 113 9 6118.

The crannog was discovered last centijry in the middle of the island in Black Loch, A tumulus, 45 feet in diamet( was observed surrounded by a low wall of 3 or 4 courses of stone. Excavation established that the crannog had timber flooring above which many hearths were discovered. The finds were unstratified.

Black Loch Craigiojg, 388 ff. , MUMO, 1832, 57 ff., and RGM1_^^^^^ Wigt Z" no 3'2T The Finds,

E^bBA/l. i^ifLL^^L^-^.^l- s Armlet. EVLl HixxT 12., ^li r nf n 11 "JTass with three cords of blue and ^ - , ^ ^""s ornament. It belorxgs to KILBRIBE- ' , e 2.__ u(e Black^^ochJ^ra^^ 391, and ^ "-^ , 218 "iETTiFTTr A''BM/2. Romano-Kative Bone Gomb. IIMA IIT 10. Double-edged" corab'7' 70 m..m. across, Pormed of separate plates of bone enclosed between two transverse slips fastened with 3 iron ri.vets and decorated with ruunin?: scrolls and circles, (cf the sc~:-oll design in bronze,

There are other finds from the site, two coins of Charles II and two fraiSCTents of bronze. (EMA ET 11,

Conclusions,

Black Loch Grannog has probably been occupied at many -00.

different periods of history. It was probably occupied during the times of religious persecution under Charles II and also in the Scottish Iron Age. Without stratified finds little can be said save that the armlet and comb belong to the Roman or sub-Roman period.

(2) Castle Loch, RochruiR. RX 293541.

The castle is situated on an island in the loch and dates to the later Middle Ages, A survey carried out in 1950 by Kr. C.A.R. Radford, suggested that the castle had formerly been the site of a Celtic monastery. The dis• covery of Roman finds from the site also suggests an Iron Age settlement on the site.

Bibliography.

Gastie Loch, 41-63, ifflCAW, ?, 7? and ROAR, Wigt., xxviii. Roman Pinds.

y,.c;/i DecorEdsed.^^ Samiau. Ware. Castle Looh, 60, D7. Pfagment of Drag."37. ' Dr. K.I'. Steer identified the find a§4^^^-j^Rsr'e of Hadrianic date.

W/OAS/ go arse Ware. Castle LOC?Q, 60, D8, fig. 7/1. Meck'~'oT"flagon with part of shoulder and stuirip of handle, light pinkish buff fabric with yellowish buff strip. Bated by J.P. Gillam to the period A.D, 40-80, W/OAS/5. Coarse Ware. Castle Loch« 60 D9, fig,7/2. Greater" part of shallow bowl of smooth brick-red fabric flecked with liiica. Dated as i^7/0AS/2. These t\¥0 finds are among the earliest pieces of Roman pottery yet found north of the Solway though, not necessarily earlier than the time of Q. Petilius Cerialis. 101.

W/aAS/4^ Gas^lejfoch. 62.

¥/0i3/5. Soman£j;^ti^ Castle Loch, 62, fig.8/3. Translucent pa"le blue-green glass of external diameter 15 m.m., internal diameter, 5 m.m. Perforation slightly funnel-shaped. It has 8 blue and white aarvered spots,' themselvecnemsei-ves srran,a;earrangedd in a p.rnT-p.ispiral rounT-nT-nd ^th e globula,„^„^„.-I_r -core of ice™green glass. See STEVEESOE, 1955A, 211 and fig,1/5. •g O.A.E, Radford suggested that two spindle whorls P 1 anandd 22,, shoulshouldd probablprobablyy bbee associateassooiat d with the early Roman pottery, (See Oastle Loch, 63), The finds are in the possession of lord Eavid Stuart of the Old Place of Mochrum, C o no Ills i o ns,

A native Iron Age settlemjent is indicsited on the site. The Roman pottery suggests occupation in the second half of the first century or early second century A.D. Prom, what source was the Roman pottery acquired? Prom Eonian troops in this part of the country in the time of Gerialis or from Roman merchants trading along the coastal waters of the westsn seaboard? On the former possibility see BIRLEY, 1955, 31-47* ^5) Dowalton Loch Grannogs, Glasserton,

While drainage operations were being carried out in the loch in 1863, several crannogs were discovered. The crannogs are identified by the islands on which they were located, for convenience here numbered EL 1, the Miller's Gairn, EX 39764656, DL 2, the largest island, EX 40614680, and EL 3. the island first excavated by Lord Percy^ EX 40774694, 102,

Bibliography, Transactions of the British Association, Newcastle, 1865, (Lord Percv's" original" reioort of "his excavations), PSAS, vi, 1864-65, 109 ff,, PSAS, xv, 1881, 155 ff., IRJRRO, 1882, 38 ££" RCAia, Wigt,, no.lO, RICHMOID, ^R), 32, GUELE, 1932, 374 f., CHIIIDE, 1935, 212, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. . -

Roman Binds.

W/DOVl. Samian Ware. RRA Rd 67. PSAS, xxiii, 1888-89, 227 and and fig. 47. fragment of Drag. 37 of soft pink ware with dull red glaze showing part of rim and ovolo. A late 1st century A.D. date is indicated. See OUERE, 1932, 284, 375 and fig, 1/1. W/D0¥?/2, Glass Armlet. IM HU 64. MERO, 1882, 42. 2 fragments of white vitreous paste. A surface find on DL III. Belongs to KIIBRIDE-JORES, 377 f., type 3A. W/D0V3. Glass Arcilet. WMA HU 28. MIJIRO, 1882, 42 and 48, pfagoient of opaque yellow glass. Pound on DL III. Belongs to KILBRIDE"JOIES, 381 f., and fig,5/3, type 3B. l/DOf/4. Glass Armlet. RMA HU 27. MUIRO, 1882, 42 and 48, fig.20. Ha,lf armlet of onaciue white glass decorated with blue inlay. Pound on^DL III (?) "^Belongs to KILBRTDE-JOIBS, 332 and fig.6/1, tjrpe 30. For a distribution list of these see STEVERSOR, 1955A, fig, 2. W,^/D0V5. Kielon Bead. RMA HU 29. MUMRO, 1882, 42, 48 and fig.21. Bead of blue gflass with inner core of bronze, ornamented externally with three twisted bands of yellow. Externalcd diameter 32 ra.m. Internal diameter, 10 m,m. Depth, 15 ra.m. Pound on Dl III, if/DOW/6, Melon__Bead. ERA HU 30. MURRO, 1882, 48 and fig. 22. Green faience. External diameter, 21 m,.m. Internal diameter, 9 m.m. Depth, 21 m,,m, W/i)0V7. Melon Bead. RMA HU 63, . Small fragmenT~o'f green faience. Other beads which may be Rome,n are a wave bead of white glass decorated with blue streaks radiating from 103.

central perforation (MA HU 33s MUHEO, 1882, 48 and fig, 24), a blob bead of opaque v/hite decorated with 3 rows of red blobs (NMA HU' 31: MEIRO, 1882, 48 and fig. 23), an annular bes/d of am.ber~coloured glass (IMA HU 32: MJIRO, 1882, 48) and an ordinary bead of dark blue glass (KMA HE 34J PEE'EO, 1882, 49)* W/DOl/8. Bronze Patera. MA HU 1. MERO, 1882, 41,45 an.d fig.13. Diameter across mouth, 203 m,m. Height, 140 m.m. Handle, 178 m.m,. with inscription P. OIPIPOLIBI, (Munro's reading is GIPIPOLIEI), Externally the vessel is ornamented with a human face enclosed within a movable ring. Internally the vessel is tinned and scored with six gradation marks. Pound between DL II and shore, K, 'fillers has suggested that P,0. Polibius was most active under Claudius and Nero. (?/iilers, Neue Unter- suchimgen uber „^.di.e^ _^?'."oyische BronzePndustrie von Qa-pua lind von Eidermendig/' ISWTT'TWfZ"' A., Radnoti" proposed a Plavian datiTTRADEOT1, 53, and pl.xvii/14-19 ;, ^^ile H.J, Bggers suggested that the stamps of Polybius do not occur before A.D, 50 or after A,D, 150, (Prahist Zeit- schr. xxxrv/xxxv, 1949-50, 92). The Dowalton patera like that'of Polybius found at Barochan (H/BAE/2) and that of LsAnsius Ephaphroditus from Dalswinton (Dalswir^ 11 f,), belongs to the late first century A.D, Por parallels see the works cited above and BOESTERD, 8. See also HAEEREIELD, 1892, 201 and 230, PSAS, Ixiii, 1927-28, 247 f, and GERLE, 1932, 298 ff and 37TT, w/EOE/9. Bronze Basin. mAE[IJ2. MOIRO, 44, fig. 11. 254 m.m. wide a.cro"s3 mouth, 102 m.m, deep, Pormed of sheet metal fastened by rivets. Part of iron handle remains. The vessel has undergone several repairs, (cf. RADEOTI, taf xxxii/8). W/Dm/10, Bronze Basin, MA HU 3. MUNRO, o^ As" above. "305 m.m,. ¥/ide across mouth, 102 m.m. deep. On this type of basin see EGGERS, taf.8/67 and BOESTERD, 57, pi.vi,ii/l94. A lst/2nd century A.D. date is indicated.

2£2M1..Basin. WMA III 4. amiRO, 1882, 44, fig. 12. 305 m.m. wide across mouth ¥rith nrooecting rim. 76 m.m, deep. This basin is a little different from the Roman 104.

basins from Pree Germany, ROGERS, type 67, taf.8, Karte 25, stufe A. It is a little reminiscent of a post- Roman Prankish type. (cf. BOESTERD, pi.IX/211-12). One basin was found near a hearth on DL I, (MURRO, 1882, 40). l/DOw/12. Bronze Cauldron Handle. RMA HU 5. MJHRO, 1882, 45,fie:.46, FoimdRSn DFlllRTlURRO, 1882, 42). Pragmentary, External diameter of ring, 89 m.m. cf. the tub handles from Blackburn Mill, (PIGGOTT, I953"r'42, B 15 and 16), and Roman cauldron handles from Germany, (EGGERS, stufe B, type 4-lC, Earte 11, taf.2,6-8). W/D01fA3. Iron Axe-Head. ERA HU 11. MJRRC, 1882, 41,47 and fig. 17. lS"5 m.m, long. Squared butt (?) tapering to sharp cut• ting face. Recovered from DL IJ('j') of. similar heads from Blackburn Mill and Carlingwark^'PIGGOTT, 1Q53, B 37 and 0 51.

W/D0?'/14. Iron Jbce--HeM5, Rom£m,o~Rj^^ îM 12, MIRRO, 1882, 4ir'l-7 "anriCig^lsT 152 m.m. long^ Sharp cutting face. Oval shaft-hole nearer centre of head than W,'1)0R/13. Recovered from DIi II. W/RÔK/15. Iron Hammer-He ad, RMA HIT 13. WJWBD, 1^82, 41,47 and fig. 19, 2T^~~m,.m. loH;'^* Gvp'l shaft-hoi R at rtpnt-r-sa ^-P i-icort Squared butt taners to blunt cutting edê. Recovered from DR IT, cf .>0RTRRGW00D, 1930, fi^^.65u and Blackburn Mills RIGGOTT; 1Q53, 48, B 37. There are several other iraportsint finds from DowaRton a bronze nenarinular fibula, (RMA HU 'Jt MUNRO, 1882, 41, 46 and fig.16 and ROWLER, 1964,'"109, 141 and fig.4/1), recovered from DL II, which Frs. E. Fowler has classified as possibly type G., a post-Roman type, (POWRER, 1960, 153); a bronze trisk^le plaque ornamented with trumpet- shaned recesses to receive enamel, (RMA HU 62: MURRO, 1882, 49 f., and fig. 26), found on the lake oed in 1830: similar pla,qu,es have been found at Verulamlum, 217, fig. 48 and in a 2nd century A,.D. cremation context .at St. Stephens; a decorated leather shoe, (rodA HU 35'i IRTMO, 1882, 49, fig.25); & numerous other finds of bronze, vvood, stone, iron and lead. 105.

0 oijg luig i 0 n^s.

Lack of allocation and stratification ox the finds froi the Celtic lake dwellings in Loch Dowalton prevents any satisfactory assessment of the settlement. The finds do indicate, however^ that occupation at Eowalton reached its floriuLt during the Roman Iron Age of Scotland, possibly the late first century A,E. (fi/D(M/l and S). That the domestic economy of the villagers WBS both pastoral and agrarian is indicated by the discovery of numerous animal bones, ox, sheep and pig, (M. EE 41-60) and querns (PSAS, vi, 1864™ 65, 121).

(4) Saudhead, Glenluce.

At Sandhead a large number of undressed boulders were discovered concealing the remains of a funeral pyre. Along with white.calcined bones^ charred wood and small burned stones, three Roman finds were discovered,

Sju3EheadJ3tmal^, 146-151, OURLE, 1932, 284 f,, and 375 f., SiSd OjZs^l^^^^^^ 1956.

^«f/SAN/l, Decarad;ed Samiaxi War£. Kelvin Mus. Sandhead, 151. Eragroent of~Dra.g,37 of fairly hard pir^kish ware vrith dulli.sh red glase showing rim and part of ovolo. Second century A.E. date. w/SAS/2. Decora,ten Sa.miaa Ware, Kelvin lEis. Sandhead, 151. 7 "f rR.gmeniJi"Tif' Erilg.~2 of soft orange wars with dull red glaze decorated with diamnnd-shaped incisions, A late second, century A.D, date is indica.ted. On both finds see GURIRR 1932, 284 and 376, R/SAR/3 Ringer Ring. Kelvin Mus. ,§§;nfikead, 150. SeT"R,n;fco"'*''the iron ring is an intaglio of pale green chalcedon3r bea.ring the draped figure of Renus i?)^ with her left hand outstretched bearing a palm (?) branch, Cu-'"le suggested a late second century A.D.

Other finds consisted of a small broken ring of bronae, a large number of oxidised iron objects in• cluding nails and plating, I cannot o.ccept the sugg• estion that one of the fragments Is a snear.

Conclusions,

The finds from the bi.irial suggested cremation in the latter half of the second century A.D., but of whom? He rnay have been a provincial Roman trader. One is reminded IlE££M.§i2£ whose presence has been noted at Bowness- on-Solway. (See BIRLEY, 1953, 81 ff.). On the other hand he may have been .a Roman naval or milita.ry official, 8, ma;n of rank and positi.on. The fact that the burial ha,.d remained undisturbed and intact for centuries may suggest cremation in territory not unfriendly to Rome. Perhaps the nerson was even a man for whom the na.tives had a real degree of respect,

(5) lMiii2£aJ!2i2£I,J231iJ:S^ KR 44454033. W/W. l/l. l^ili ETW. an_^^l^^ . Roughr pilTaf~of'"greywa v/ith the inscription;- TE ROKiRv{M)/LAYD.A,MY(sVlATIRVS/ARRC;Ry fM)/XXV ET/PILIA SYA/ARR(CRYM) IV/(H)TO SI(G)RVR/EICERVT/REPYS/BARR0YA/ DI, This^stone has been dated c. 450 A.D. (See RADPORD a.nd DOIALDSOR. 10 a.nd 38, vdioae reading h,as been adopted above). The p.illar was found at the east end 107.

of the Priory Church near the site of the earliest building discovered during the excavations of 1949 (See Will thorn, 106 ff,). The significance of the stone has been suroiaarized"% W.D. Simpson as, "Here then, in or not very long after... St. Rinian, we have at Candida Oaaa the record of a man bearing the Roman name Latinus, but belonging to a Celtic tribe, who erect to him a monum.ent in bad Latin: he was a l£iym.an as is proved bv his h* vi i~ bad a daughter", (SIRPSOR, 1953, 48). See also RV^AX., Eigt., no.472, ALLER, 1903, 497 and fig.538, QQ]'Tin-'T^-p^ 1923, 205, and 1938, 276 f,, B^GALISTER, 487 ff», no. 520, and SIMRSOR, 1940, 1 ff.

_Ram^an Coin Hoards.

(1) Balgreggan Quarry, Stoneykirk. R.X 0854.

W/BAR/1, Hoa£R E, RomaJ3^_C o iuis. RMA PR 556. One coin in Kelvin .Mus. The hoard was discovered on October 27th, 1913, during the stripping of turf and topsoil at the quarry. The coins were contained within a small white-bodied pot of darkish grey exterior with a zone of trailed, white slip decoration, and glased brown internally, (cf. GILLAM, 1957, 55 and 57, for related types). Sir George identified the hoard as consisting of 125 coins of Helena (1), Gonstantine (2), Constantius ,I,.( 31), Cons tans (24), Ifegnentius (61), Decentitis (2) and 4 were indecipherable, though Miss A.S. Robertson has recently revised this list. See PSAS, xlviii, 1914, 395, EAGDOHALD, 1918, 272, RIGHBK)1ID7"(R) , 20 and 30, DAYIDSOR, 104, ROEERTSOR, 1950, 151, and O.S. Rap of Romsin BiR-tain, 1956,

We may assess the significance of the hoard by posing three questions concerning it. When was it con• cealed? Why was it concealed? How was it assembled? As to the date of concealment, the latest addition to the hoard belongs to the reign of Decentius, thus the hoard was presutaably*£. 354 A.D. As for the reason for concealment 5 t.his presumably stemmed from the very un• settled conditions in the area at the time. In 343 A.D. we learn from a cross-reference in Ammianus Marcellinus, (xxviii, 3, 8), that there was trouble on the northern frontier in Britain and somehow involved in this vv'ere the areani or frontier scouts, DespitDesiDitee * concealed 108.

the presence and efforts of Gonstans to restore order, we may assume from another passage in Ammianus Mar- cellinus, (xxvi,, 4, 5), that/here was further trouble in the sixties when "places (loca) near the frontier were devastated", That there was considerable anti- Roman feeling in the north at this time is indicated in another passage ofAmmianus, (xxxvii, 8, l), inform• ing us that in A.D. 367, the Pranks, Saxons, Atecotti and Scot! concluded a secret treaty to take concerted action against the British province. In fact the centre of operations for piracy by the Atecotti in the western seas, must have been Ireland or south-western Scotland. (See COLLIEGWOOD AID MYEES, 282 f., and RIGEKOED, 1958, 119 ff.) Thus the reason for the de• posit of the hoard is understandable. What is surprising is the contents of the hoard itself suggest• ing some element within south-v,jestern Scotland in direct touch, with Rom.e and receiving Roman money either by trade or as a rev/ard for services rendered. (2) Stranraer. /STR/l. Roman Coin Hoard.

During the Second World War a hoard of at least 90 coins were recovered in a ca.mp near Stranraer, possibly rhe camp at Cairnryan, " One of the coins was ^fjr^^f 2;!^.,?0'^s;Jantine I (Rev. 3AR1ATIA DEYIOTA, with mmtmark PTE). See RO'REBTSOE, 1950, 151,

Mditional lote.

In the Public Library and Museum at Stranraer there is a collection, the Anderson Collection, of 21 Roman coins. Do provenance is given though it has been stated as likely that the coins were found in Wigtownshire. The Collection arranges itself into two groups, perhaps representing two hoards, a) Miillp I (2), Trebonius Gallus (l), Valerian (l), Postufflus (3)s Victorinus (4), Claudius II (3), and Tetric|.us I (2). 109»

b) Goustantine 11, Gonstans, Constantius II and Valentinian I, one coin each.

C. Isolated Pinds. Cif /aown Loca Gar1et on,^ G1as se rton,

E/GAR/I. Romano-Eative Popper Ingot. HMA DT 1. Alm.ost pure copper oTzTJ^) m.m, in diam.eter, 76 m.m,, thick and weighing c, 36 lb. cf. Dundonald (A/DIIE/2) and Blackburn Mill, PIGGOTT, 1953, 50. See also CEREE, 1932, 343, 374 and fig,37. Douloch(?) c. EX 990662, W/DOU/l, Billion Piece of Gallienus. Minted at Alexandria in 255-256 A,D. Last heard of in possession of Mr, T. McCreadie, See PSAS, LXIV, 1929- 30, 294, HAGDOEALD, 1934, 30 f., DA?lCSU¥, 104 and ROBERTSOl, 1950, 156, 162 and 168. Drumdoch. IX 097574. W/DEU/l. Bronze As of Drusus. Stranraer Skis. 1954/74. Struck in reign'of"Tiberius. Dated A.D. 37/41. See GOSSE, Drusus; 2, RIG, Tiberius, 26, and ROBERTSOE, 1961, 150. E/E)RE/2, Bronze Sestertius of G-ordian III, Stranraer Mus. 1954/73. Dated A.D. 238-243. ^e GOEEE, 122, RIO, 300a, and ROEEETSOE, 1961, o^^ Both coins were fo\md in a farailiou.se at Drumdoch though may have been originally found on the farmland. ! Also' found at Drumdoch in a peat-moss were 4 sizable fragments of decorated shoe (?) leather. (Stranra.er Mus: 1951/23).

ifHS^SSil Sand Dunes. V^DEE/1. Slas§_.llSiel- Stranraer Mus. 1954/89. Fragment of D-shaped armlet of onaaue white ^a^ss. belonging to KIEBRIES^JOEES, type 3B. " " no.

galdenocb. ?arm, le?/ Luce, Jl 174618. OUffii;, 1932, 296. W/GAI/I. Roman Melon^.Bead. KM i'J 110. Blue faience, External diameter, 20 m,m. Internal diameter 7 m.m. Depth, 20 m.m, G-lenluce Sands, Old Luce.

¥/''(JL]I!/1. Bronze Coin of Ma(gnen-ta.us, JiOBERlSOIT , I96I5 150. Worn, Poiind in Siand"dunes, See GOHENj 68. In possess• ion of Mis3 D, Lees J 4-0 Edinburgh Head, Stranraer.

upaaue miix¥ ariiil;"! 01 triaiigul?.r section, Eelongs to ' «•^*i.Jj j~c« J. u e 7-1, 'oreciseljr naralleled at lia:n.:..I LaAv, (KILBEinE^JONSS, 37B, fiss»4/5). Melon Bead. IM If J 49. Blue faience. External diameter, 26 n,m. Internal diameter, 11 m.m. Depth, 29 n.ci.

•"/GIS/4. Melon Bead. Mann Oollecn. Kelvin Mus. Elue glass. External diameter, 23 nuoi. Internal diameter 9 m.oi. Depth, 20 ra.m. 'iv'GLE/5. Erqnge Trumpet Eibula, EM A. Glenluee Colleen, Only how SUVYIYBS,' Coiled" waist-knoh. OOELIEGEOOD, 1930, type Si. See OUEIE, 1952, 376, fig»57/2. W/G-Ll/S, Bronze Trumpet Eihula. IMA, Glenlnce Colleen. Only acanthus" bow 'survives. Base and spring loop broken. OOlLIMxEOOD, 1930, type Sii. Oee CuRLE, 1932, 376 and fig,57/1.

W/G-LE/7. Eronze Plain 3ov7 Eibula. Stranraer Mus. 1945/295 a. Only a fragment of"bow survives. Seems an early type possibly OOLLIEGEOOE, 1930, type G.

E/GLJEE3. Bronze Rotary Key« Ei:lA. Glenluce Colleen. 37 ill.m. long with tubular shank, (of, Eochsrouts, l/LOS/7). - • ^

>?V/GEE/9. Bronze Einger-Eing. MA. Glenluce Colleen. External dianeter, 24' ai.m,. vrith hole in bezel possibly to hold an intaglio.

' /GIE/IO. De_cor a t e a Br on z_e _Moii^^ . MA Glenluce Colleen. 5 frsypiients with running scroll design, cf. "chip- carvine" st^le in the Coleraine Treasure,"~B.M. Guide, 195E, 41 and pl.9/46« ———• 111.

Perforated Bronze Ball-IIeaded Pin« Stranraer Mus,1945/128, 43 m.m. l.Qng« cf. Roman "Tondon, fflO 3? pl,zlii./lO.

W/GIJ:C/12, Coarse Ware. Durafries Miis^ H7484. Fragment of soft fine pinlc-grey ware with remains of pink: slip. Found by Mr. W.I. Gormack, There are many other finds froai the Glenlrtce Sands including beads, (MM BHB 1-76), two types of which are Romano"Hative, the" coloured wave bead, (Stranraer Mus. 1945/325A), and the dumfcell bead, {mA BHB 15 and Stranraer Mus. 194'5/321A), bronze brooches, a fragmentary one-piece fibula, (COLLING"VOOB, 1930, type A; mA Glenluce Colleen,), a La T^ne III fibula with bow, spring, pin and catch-Dlate, (ITEA Glenluce Colleen., CIIHLEj 1932, 376^ fig.57/3's cf. Glastonbuiy, 183, 190 and pl.XL/E 128), an annular brooch with swivelled pin, (MLA. Glen- luce Colleen.), a penannular fibula with flattened terminals and central dot, (Stranraer Kus: ICWLBR, 1960, tyne G/E) , a pena:?inular fibula with zoomorphic terminals, (mA FG 253 5 PSAS, 2V, 1881, 274), FOWLER, 1963, 139 and~"fig.2/ll ?, bronze dumb-bell countings, one found with the penannular fibula, IMA FG 253, and numerous bronze pins and hooks, some of which may be Eoman.

W/KIR/1. Christian Latin Tombstone. Rough~"piTliF''"oT~Tn^^^^^^ schist vyith the inscription:- HIO IACEIT/S(A1)C(T)L'^3T PRAiJ/CIPVI SAGEE/BOTSS IDES/ VTVaNTIVS/El MAYBBIFvS. Above the inscription is a chi-rho monograni enclosed within a circle and the letters r~eTTO). Dated to the 6th century A.B. (RABFORL ASD BOMBBSON, 10 and 45, whose reading has been adopted above). For select bibliography see also ROAM, Wigt., no.440, ALLEN, 1903, 495, fig'. 532 and refs., COLLIBGWOOB, 1923, 209 ff., and 1938, 277, MGAIISTER, 494 ff. and no. 516, CBRLE/ 1940, 68 and pl.:XYIIa, and SIMFSOK, 1940, 77.

'^/inii/Z . Qbi^j-gjjig^.. ^.o.JPb^."fc O^";® * Rough pillar' of indurated schist. It contains a chi-rho similar to IJ/UIi/lf and below fm inscription:- . ."7~S™BT7 FLOESFIIVS. This stone has been dated to the late 5th or 6th century A.B. (RABFORB AIIB BOBAId^SOI, 10 and 46). See also ECAli, no. 441, ALLEN, 1903. 495 and fig. 533 and refs.; GOILIIGWOOB, 1923, 211, and 1938, 277, MOALISTIR, 496, no.517. 112.

W/KIE/3. Christian Lcitin O^ombstone. The pillar contaTns a chi-rho monogram similar to W/SIE/l and 2, with the inscriptioni- ... IIITIVM/ET Ellis. The character of the monogram and the letterin suggest a. date slightly later than those above, (RAEEOEE AEE EOEALDSOI, 10 and 46). See also ALEEE, 1903, 495 and refs., OOLLIEGWOOD, 1923, 211 and 1938, 277, MAOAEISTER, 496, no.518, and SIMPSOlf, 1940, 77. ' The Kirkmadrine stones are all later than the Latinus stone from Whithorn, (W/WHi/l). They are to be noted for their ligaturing, in particular the encircled monogram with an open rho« not P. The importance of these Christian monuments is that they indicate the presence of a Romanized element in south• western Scotland long after the withdrawal of Roman troops from the area. Kirkmaiden. w / r/KEE/l. RomanJlelon Bead. PSAS, xxlii, 1888-89, 228 f.,and fig,51 Green glaFs~TTT~ External diameter, 24 m^.m. Internal diameter, 11 m.m, Depth, 23 m.Di. cf. also a bead of blue faience inlaid with yellow, (MA. IJ 24) from Kirk- maiden.

New luce, e. NI 174648. •^^Wl* "Small Brass» Coin of Gonstantius II. Found in the bed oT the river Luce near New luce. See COHEl, 44, MAOEOIALE, 1939, 243, ROBERTSON, 1950, 156, 163 and 168 and O.S, Map of Roman Britain, 1956. lewton Ste?fart. W/NES/1. As of Trajan. ROBERTSOl, 1961, 150. Eairlv well worn. Pound in the garden of Douglas House. See COHSI, 388, and RIG 486, Slateheuf^h Farm, Hull^ Ihilthorn. W/SEA/l. Bronze Coin of Gallieims, The Palace of History", ii, 1911, 865.

E/SLA/2. Br onae^^ .^-^.^..'^.^'I^^pA.'^.-lg... X'k» "The Palace of''History, ' o.£._^ Stelloeh, ffionreith, EX 369413.

W/ST'&/1, Bronze Statuette of Mercury. IMA. PR 226. 113,

The god is standing nude, wearing a winged petasus, with a cloalc hanging from shoulder to half leiigth^of left ai'Di and clasped to shoulder ¥/ith a brooch. He holds a purse in his right hand. The feetaSs missing. Discovered in 1871 during ploughing on the farm of Stelloch. See PSAS, xi,"1874-76, 123, PSAS, xxiii, 1888-89, 151, (here wrongly attributed to the neighbour' ing farm of Blairbuy), RIOHMOIB (E), 20 and 32 f., C-ORIE, 1932, 324 and 376 ff,, and O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. On bronze statuettes of 'Mercury,- see CUMOIT, 78, fig.4G (from Hainanit", and 96, fig. 64 (from lamur), mmSL, 8 and taf, 11/12, and TOYIBEB, 1962, 133 ff., nos. 22 and Will thorn. il/2, Christian Latin Tombstone. Rough pillar of grit inscribed with a wheel cross within a double circle» Below the cross is the in• scription:- (L)0G1/?ETEI APV/STOLI. It formerly stood beside a road, f mile south of Whithorn, possibly the locus of a graveyard which may have been part of a monastery. A 7th centuir A.B. date has been suggested. (RABFORB AIB B0IA:[J)S0I, IC and 38). The significance of this stone has been sucamarized asi- "On this later stone the Chi-Hho monogram had developed into an equal armed '?/heel-cross' set on a pedestal. . -This developoient is a most interesting one, for we shall see that the 'St. Peter' stone at Whithorn is the starting point of the familiar 'Celtic' Cross which is found throu.ghout Ireland and Scotland: also that, more particularly and directly, it is the starting point of the special cross type which can be traced all through the eastern and of Pictland that was served by the (SIMPSOI, 1935, 50). See also 'ROM, no. 471, ALLEN, 1903, 496 and fig. 537, OOILIKGWOOB, 1923, 211, and 1938, 277, B/EAGALISTBE, 4^7 ff., no.519, and CURIE, 1950, 74 a,nd pi. xviiia. W/Wm/3. Bronze Sestertius of Faustina I• Stranraer Mus. 1954/2. Worn and miich "corroded.'~Found"at Chapel Heron farm M 456416. See GOHEB, 12, RIG 1105, ROBERTSOl, 1961, 150, and TBGS, xxxi, 1952-53,"198. i?f/WHl/4. Bimss of_ Mia^ Ijoima. (Greek) M 44604053. Found""!n"1922* in the garden of the Police Office, Whit• horn. See MAOBOIAIB5 1924, 328, ROBERTSOIJ, 1950, 156, 162 and 168, and. O.S. Map of Roman Britain, 1956. 114.

II/m. 1/5. Bronze Coin of 01a,udlus _n:. uir"in"'¥/9;8rf den^ •vfhithorn. See COHEl", 303, MACEOMAU), 1934, 30 and ROISRTSOl, 1950, 156, 162 and 168. (^-^) Of_^JJnkrioim Loca.tix3n, fi/'WSIi/l, Roman Coarse _¥axe, Stranraer lihis, 1956/39. Small ""fragment ot rim of light grejr fabric, ^W2o Wave__jBead. EMA EJ 80. Externar'"diameter, 18 m.m. (Translucent green glass with opaque yellow wave. Additional Hotea. 1. Barhullion Fell. Glasserton.

The penannular armlet discovered here (EMA DO 28; ESAE, xxiii, 1889, 225 and fig.41) has zooaorphic terminals. It belongs to Mrs. E. Eowler'8 type E or E of Dark Age penannular fibulae«

2. Beoch, Loch Ryan.

There is no evidence that the spear discovered here in 1825, was in fact Roman. See ESA, iv, 232.

3. Kirkcowan.

The bead of red vitreous paste with yellow blobs i^rtiich was foimd on tbo shore of Loch Ronald (^ElA pa 96) has a close parallel at Dowalton Loch, (See under '"/uOE/7),

4. EinAmai^djeii,

On the possibility of there being a Ohristian Latin Tomhstone to Ventidius, see W„ Todd, The Glerical History of l^..I^M^LM^^m2A^^s 1860, and PEGS, X3a:vi, 1^)57-

R n ID A -p

5, Marten Hall^

The snear dug up at Merton Hall in 1813, and when las'i heard of in the -Dossession of "Br, Black of Bolton",has been claimed to be Roman. The claim is -unsubstantiated. See ISA, iv, Wigt., 177.

£M_JiUC(5.

The zoomorphic fibula discovered at High Torrs (PSAS, X iv, 1880, 140) is a Bark Age Type. (FOWLER, I96O, type E or F),

17 btranraer.

There is no evidence that the spear discovered in 1835 at Innermessan, sometimes referred to as Herlgonium, was Rornaii. (See Nona Lebuur, Wajid^ri and Gl^nluce, 1907, 4),

A more inte-resting 3,nd genuine a.ntiquity discovered in 1863 in the town of Stranraer was an ancient ship. See A, Symson, .fL2i§XS®.,J;J^,®M.Sjj£^^^ 2,1". ^L^IlBIL^..> compiled 1684, first published 1823, and printed i-n, an appendix to volume 2 of Mackenzie•s History of galloway. See also Axchaeologia SooWum, III, 1831, 51 f., and Antiaui.ty XIE, 1940, 434. There is insufficient evidence to identify the ship as Roman, Viking, or Med3.e-?-al» 116.

8« Whithorn.

Mr. O.A.H. Radford informs me that the monument from Monreith sometimes described as a Roman milestone, is in fact a late 17th century A.D. tombstone. (See TEGS, xxxiv, 204). 117.

Wall (Castlecary - Old Kilpatrick) AucOiendavy. ES 678749.

The existence of a Roman fort at Auchendavy has been known for some time, (SeeEViACDOlALD, 1934, 285 fi.), but only recently detected by Dr. St. Joseph. (See ROBERTSON, 1960, 73 f»)» a pi't apparently lying immedi.ately to the south of the fort, four altars vrere found, all dedicated by Marcus Cocceius Pirmus, centurion of the second legion Augusta. In an epigraphic study of the centurion, Professor E.B. Birley has drawn attention to a reference to a centxirion of the same name in Justinian's, Digest of Roman Law, book xlix, ch.xv, "A woman condemned, for a crime, to hard labour in the salt-v.rorks, was subseo;aently captured by bandits of an a,llen race | in th.e course of lawful trade she was sold, and by repurchase returned to her original condition. The purchase-price had to be refunded from the Imperial Treasury to the centurion Cocceius Pirmus." (See BIREJ3Y, 1953, 87 ff.) Should further evidence confirm the suggestion that we are talking of one and the same man, and if the incident referred to, did in fact occur on the Antonine limes in Scotland, we should have an illuminating instance of a particular aspect of Romano-Eative intercourse - the traffic "in slaves and the souls of men", 118.

In 1728 several Eonian tombstones were disco-vered in a "tuttiulus" or earth-house near Shirva. , possibly part of the fort cemetery at Auchendavy. (See MACDOHALB, 1934, 435). Two of these tombstones are of interest for our present purpose. The first is dedicated to fifteen-year old Salmanes. The root slm is undoubtedly oriental and no doubt implies the presence in Roman Scotland of an

Eastern ne^oMator and his family, (See CIJJ, -vii, 1119, lAGBOHALB, 1893, 56, PIACBOHALB, 1934, 438 f., no.59 and pi. LXXTI/2, and RICHlaOHB AHB STEER, 5). A second tombstone was inscribed to a female named Verecunda, another civilian. Here we may indeed have evidence of a considerable civilian settlement attached to the fort.

On the site see GEL, vii, 1120, ttAGBOBALB, 1893, 67, MAGBOHALB, 1934, 439, no.60, and RIOHMOHB AKD STEER, 5.

2. Balmuildy. SS 5827117.

Excavations were conducted on the site during the years 1912-1914 by Mr, S.I. Miller who established that the Antonine fort was bxiilt of stone and had occupied an .area of 4 acres. • The fort had twice suffered disaster and had been twice reoccupied, though the perfunctory character of the reconstruction work in the finaH pei^iod of reoccupation suggested that it "raay have been a mere episode of the final abandonment". (Balniuildy, 105), Mr, S.N, Miller suggested 119.

that Balmuildy, one of only two stone-walled forts on the Antonine Wall, may have been one of the terminals of the Clydesdale road. Balmuildy was undoubtedly a focal point for it also guarded the Blane Valley gap. Such a point would indeed be convenient as a check-point for native traffic. That there was a civilian element at Balmuildy is suggested by the discovery of women's and children's shoes from "bhe site. (H:unt. Mus. P. 1922. 56 and 571 Balmuildy, 99, pl.EYIl). Several FLoraano-lactive finds should be noted, a bronae head-stud brooch from the fort bathhouse, COLEIEGWOOD, 1930, type Q, fig,61/41 (Evjit. Mus. P. 1922, 122; Balmuildy, 96, pis,LI/6 and LIII/IO), a bronze penannular fibula with milled knob terminals, P0"?LER, type A» (BuntMus. E. 1922.123; Balmuildy, 96, pis.LI/5 and I1II/9), the fragment of a bronze terret with sunk square panels filled with red enamel, cf. Birrens, 1936, 337, fig.38/1 and 2, (Hunt. Mus. P. 1922, 124; Balmulld^, 96, pis.LI/4 and LIIl/12), an iron linch-pin, cf. PIGGOTT, 1953, 23, 14, (Balmuildy, 97, pi,LIT/22), and three spindle- whorls of native type, two of stone and one of clay (-(Hunt.

|PAS.P, 1922, 47, (found in the ditch at the S.E. corner of the fort), 48 (found in the Commandant's House), and 46; Balmuildy, 98, pl,LV/8 and 9)-). The fort also had an annexe of l-f acres crowded with timber buildings and yielding "trench for trench... more potsherds than the interior of the 120.

fort" (Balmuildy. 56 and pl.lviii). Eorsley regarded "the iniins of the Roman town or otitbu.j 1 dinj?;s" as "very remarkable", (HORSBEY, 167), It Ib not clear to what Horsley was alluding though it may have been the Annexe Bathhouse. (MAGBOIl,A.LB, 1934, 313). Finally in considering the degree of civilian contact at Balmrtildy it is interesting to note Stuart's reference to the tradition that there was an anuual fair at the site to ^-^i-hich the natives cairie to traffic with the Ronians, (STU.ART, 1852, 317), On the site see Balmuildy, 1 ff., MAGBOMLB, 1934, 312 ff,, RICHIGOHB ABB STEER, 4 and 6, R0BERT30H, 1960, 78 ff., and STEER,

1960, 92, and TOYHBPS, I964, 68 n,4, 92 and 187.

3. Bar Hill. ES 707759.

The Ro •aan site at Bar Hill was excavated during the year 1902--1905 by Sir George Macdonald and Mr, Alexander Park who. established that the Antonine fort had an internal area of app'roxlmately 3 acres and had stood apart frcm the Wall. The ditches of aii earlier fortlet were discovered on the site of the Headquarters B-uilding of the Antonine fort. It is uncertain wiiether the fortlet la of Flavian or proto- Anto-nine date. The existence of civil settle-ment of considerable extent, possibly 6 acres, is si^ggested by 'the discovery of an altar to Silvanus 240 yards to the north-east of the east gate of the fort, not to mention the ci'vil 121.

character of aiaror of -fche finds reGove-"ed within the fort. Apart from the Giecovory of 4 -inelon beads of blue faience (iiHilLL..J^i§^ 1936,258) and 5 barrel-shaped beads of opaque bluish-green glass (Iiuiit Icus. E. 1936,257: Bar Hill, 79 f»)j other finds suggestive of civilian or natp-ve con•

tact are woraen's and children's shoes {'liuiit^j.^ |ius»F. 1935, 121-124; B^jmH, 101 ff. and figs. 36-38), 4 spindle™ whorls5 one of nrudstone, one of lead, one of an urn of soft grey clay with black slip an.d a fourth of coarse fumed ware (respectively iMli:;LJ^ii£-I''1936. 79, 233, 270. 271: Ear Hill 78) a square sandstone grinding palette of native type (Ilunt.Icus, F, 1^536,81) as contrasted vy-p-th another of greenish slate with bevelled edges which is pres-umablj? a Rom.an type as it ha.s been ciscovered at the Roman fort at Saalburg 453, fig,71/22 (on the native type see EIBSOH, f,, LS 42 ana 43)s 2 weaving combs, one recovered from the refuse pit no.l sn.d "the other iro'-a the H.'^'G corner of the outer ditch of the fort (liunt.Eus,F. 1936,105; Bar Hill, 100 f,), a wooden bobbin found in the refuse pit no.6 in the Priacipia (Hunt JiiU5,F. 1936,103; Bar Kill, 100 f, and fig,24/6), 4 pieces of red-deer horn tools (Hunt.Mus.F. 1936. 115 and 11^; Ear Hill, 9, 61, 63, 122, 127), a Celtic chariot wheel (Bar Kill, 82 ff.) and an al"car with the joint Roinanc--Oeltic dedication to Mars,/Camulus. (Ba£_ja_ll, 85 f,, OIL, vii, 1105, E^., vii, 1093, MAGDOEiiED, 1397, 69, and ATO, 153). On the Celtic god Camulus see 3;tajnwj.^ck. 61 ff. In con• nection with spinning and weaving, it is interesting to note the unusually large type of sheep bred at Bar Hill. (See 3. Applebaum, -'Agriculture in Rooian Britain'% the Agricultural Eistor-^^- Revieiz. vi, 1950, pi.II, 74). On the site see Bar Hill, 1 ff., MGEOEALE, 1934, 271, ff,, RIOHMOED ASD STEER, 5, ROBSRTSOE, I960, 6g ff,, STEER, 1960, 90, and TOEEu.E,

1964, 107,

1. Oaddgr. PS 616726.

The site was extensively excavated during the years

1929-1931 by Mr„ John Clarke who established that the Antonine fort had occupied an internal area of 2,8 acres, Mr. Clarke discovered evidence suggesting that the Antonine fort had three periods of occupation, the last period witnessing major reconstruction. Evidence was also forth• coming to suggest that 'the Antonine fort had been constructed on the site of a Flavian fort which had in turn been preceded by a large marching camp. The Antonine fort had an annexe of considerable extent, covering an area extending for at least 150 yds, 1 and S.E. of the fort and probably covering much more. Another civil settlement is suggested. Several Romano-Hative finds were recovered on the site, a bronze 123,

fantail disc brooch from a pit in the Annexe, COELIIGWOOD, 1930, type S lii (HuntJ(^ P. 1933.47; GaPder, 83 and pi. lxB/7), a bronze knee brooch also from a pit in the Annexe, COEEIEG-'E)QD, 1930, type V (Hunt.Mus. P.1933.46; Sadder, 83 and pi. IXB/6), a bronze dress-fastener (?)

1933.48), an iron terret-ring (?) found in a pit at site lY, (HHELiMli£*^''l933.14; Gadder, 83 and pi. TXB/4), an undecorated armlet of blue-green glass, KIEERIEE-- JOEES, type 2 (Hunt,Kuis.P. 1933.59 ) 1 and two spindle-whorls, one of lead found in a pit in the Annexe, (liunt.Mus.P.1933.10 Caxlder, 83 and j)l,T0/o) and the other of slate. (Hunt.Mus. P.1933.4; Gadder, 82). On the site see Gadder, 1 ff., MAGDOEALD, 1934, 297 ff., RICWOED AID STEER, 6, ROEERTSOE, 1960, 76 ff., and STEER, I96O, 92.

• Qastlecary. ES 790784,

The site was excavated in 1902 when it was established that the Antonine fort had an internal area of approximately 3.5 acres a,nd had an ginnexe of approximately 2.75 acres on the east side, like Balmuildy, the Antonine fort at Castlecary was defended by a stone rampart and may have been the terminus of a Roman road connecting south-western Scot• land with the Wall area. On this latter possibility, however see the summary of Mr. J.M. Davidson's research in ROSWS, 82 124,

ff, Pottery reco-vsred from the site s'uggests a Fla.vian occupation though no structures of that date have been discovered. That there was a vicus at Castlecary and not restricrbed to the annexe on the east side of the fortj is suggested by the discovery of two altars to the west of the fort. Several finds suggest civilian contact at Castlecary, a very corroded bronze trumpet fibula, (HMA FG 205; Oastle- oar^, 339, fig.38), a bronze knee fibula (EM FG 204), a translucent glass s/rmlet with, opaq-ue white lnla3r, (Gastlecary, 338; KIIBRIBE-^JOEES, type 3F, p.386 and fig.8/3), women's and children's leather shoes, (Qastleoary, 341), 3 m.elon beads (IMA FZ 207-209) and 2 spindle-whorls, one barrel shaped (HMA FZ 116), the other one flat with radial lines round the central hole (HMA FZ 117; Gastleoary, 343). On -the site see Oastlecary, 271 ff., MACBOHALB, 1934, 241 ff., RIGHEOHB AHB STEER, 4 ff, , ROBERTSON, 1960, 59, and TOYNBl^E, 1964,

6. Gastiehi11.

The long-standing tradition of a Roman fort of approx• imately 1-1 acres at Castlehill was confirmed over a decade ago by the discovery of the' site from the air. The dis• covery of an altar to the Campestres and Brittania (OIL, vii, 1129, BaCBOIALB, 1897, 35) to the east of -the traditional •1 oc:

site of the fort may suggest the existence of an annexe or civil settlement and it is interesting to note Sir George Macdonald's reference to extensive foundations at no great depth below the surface in this area though these could belong to a fort bath-house rather than a civilian settle• ment. (MACDOEALD, 1934, 32b f.) R. Stuart even suggested that the altar to which reference has been made was not originally situated on its 1826 find-spot. (STUART, 1852, 308). On the site see ii:A.CDOIALD, 1934, 326 ff., and ROBERTSOE, 1960, 83.

Qroy Hill, ES 733766.

Excavations were conducted in 1920, 1931, and 1935 by Sir George Maodonald who established that the Antonine fort had an internal area of 1.5 acres. An earlier fortlet of either Plavian or proto-Antonine date was also discovered. That there may have been a civil settlement at Croy Hill is suggested by the discovery of an altar to Mars (KAGLuEALD, 1934, 424 and fig,52), approximately 100 yards to the south of the fort. On the site see Sir George Macdonald's excav• ation reports in PSAS, LIE, 1925, 288 ff,, LSI, 1932, 243 ff.,

EXEI, 1937, 32 fx., MAGDOEALD, 1934, 258 ff,, ROBBETSOE, 1960, 66 ff,, STEER, 1960, 90, and TOYEEEE, 1964, 148 n.2, 168 and

188. S« Duj£fcochgr. US 495727,

Excavations on the site were conducted during tiie years 1948-1951 by Miss A,S. fiobertson who established tha,t before the constructioxi of the Antonine Wall on the site, there had been an Antonine fort preceded by an Antonine fortlet of the road-post type. On the west side of the fort there was an annexe almost twice as large as the fort itself. While Miss Robertson has pointed out that the annexe had not been sufficiently excavated to warrant, discussion of its use, she also noted that there was no ground for considering that it had housed part of the garrison of the fort, (See Puntooher, 103), 'The amiexe must have been a potential source of contact between Soman and native„ "'Ihe harvest of finds m-as meagre in the ex• treme", (Puntocher, 70), yet one Romano-Hative find was recovered, a square-headed dress-fastener (CjJLIAM, 1958, 80 f., type D), That this type was of native manufacture is sho?

• 01(3- Kilpatrick. hS 460732»

0]he site of the western terminal fort of the Antonin.e Wall was first excavated during the years 1923--1924 by Mr. S.N. Miller and further trenched in 1931 by Sir George 27.

Macdonalci, The exoavations estp.'bliejhed the existence of an Antonine fort of 4 1/6 acres and Mr, Miller recovered eTidence suggesting "three periods of occupation, Btriic- tural evidence and B. few finds also prompted Mr. MiJJ er to postulate the existence of a Flavian fort on the site, a su^ -esilon taken up by Sir George Macdonald. Mr. Miller also discovered evidence suggesting the nresence of annexes to the south end east of the fort, here v?e have evMenoe suggesting a civil settlement of some proportion. Several Horaan-Hative finds have been discovered on the site 5 a. bronze how fibula from building III (Himir^ ¥-^.' - » 1928.59; Ol!LM]J2ai,£iS.li> 50, pl,XXry74), two bronze penannular fibulae with bulbous terminals^ jfObCbER, I96O, tjrpe .A.3s also from building XII (Kunt.Mus.3?. 1928.60 and 61? jJJ_JJJ_^1u-ich, '50 pi, T''JY/5 and 6), a native pot, 'Burfc^

.f. 192R.702), a snail melon (?) bead of blue glass

"'"'„/£J:S. Ihl92n.9B; 'j2zLMlJ^^l2l^^ "^0 and •pl,JITV/2), and two spindle-^AiiorlB (OlxiJ^^U 51 and pl.ThViV"!! and 19). 0^ the site see Old Kllps.trick, 1 ff,, IhiniOMnD, 1932, 210 ff., FLiGnChgj'T), 1934, 332 ff, , RIGEMOl'D AID ST7m, 4 ff,, EOBEhfSOh, 19 60,, 86 ff. ^ and SfEER, I96O, 92.

i2Ii§iJiSi® •

A final note concerns the discovery of late Roman coins on Rontan sites on the Antonine Wall (western sector), a 128,

bronze coin of Gonstantine I from Bearsden, a coin of Cociinodus and a bronze coin of Justiriian, I from Kirhin- tilloch. One wonners how these coins came to be deposited on these Roman sites long after the Roman occupation had ceased. 129,

ghe .Prelude^ to the Roraan 0(^]i]2^iS^*

At the recent O.B»A. conference on the Iron Age in Rorthern Britain, Professor Piggott proposed that south• western Scotland be regarded as a distinct province within the Scottish Iron Age. the Solway-Clyde Province. (See ii ott in RI?ET, 25 and fig.l). Within this province Mr, R. . ^'eachera sng^rested on an analysis of hill-fort diB-~ tribution, regional subdivision, region no. 35 being Strathc],yde5 no, 36 Oalloway and no, 37 Dumfries, continuin the regional numbering suggested by Professor Hav/kes. (See Peachem in RIYEP, 29 and fig.2, and Ha'^'dces in PEERE, 1 ff) ^ At the time of the Sonan occupation we are informed by the contemporary Alexandrian geographer, Ptoleray, of tvro tribes living in SRi?. Scotland, the Pamnonii of Strathclyde and the lovantae of Galloway, (See J'R^ ^ ^\ 1958, 138 ff,)

The tribal narae of the Pamnonii suggests a people of n^ining pretentions, (See RATSOl, 24 ff.) It has already been suggested thB.t the Romans niay have undertaken some commercial exploitation of the mines in the Leadhills district of Panarhshire and that natives may have been involved in such. an. enterprise, (See above). The tribal name of the lovantae rather suggests the influx of a new 139 ^

people Into G-a.llo'V'ay, What evidence as there for such an influx immediately iirior to the Roman occupation of Scot• land?

Professor Piggott has suggested that the greater part of Scotland in the earlv Iron Age nrobablv reniained in a retai'uec! fronae Age cultural tradition at least until the firet century B»C. • During the first centuries E.C^/AJ'U it seems likely thaf Celtic refugees froi'i the south cettled in Scotland constituting a warrior aristocracy (see PI99O0]!, 1955, 54-65). Several finds fi-om S.¥. Scotland, particu• larly from the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright in the territory of the lovantae, are of southern }3ritish origin. Sir Cyril fox has identified the large c:^'e3cent of sheet bronze and the narrow rectangular strip decorated in southern British "mirror-styl^e" 5 from Balmaclellan in the Stewartr3r, as of Dobunnic stjrle though of northern origin and dated 30-40 A.lj, (See hOI, 19505 116 f. and pl,6lb). The Jjobiumic gold stater of BOWSiC fonnd at Dumfries and dated 43-47 Aa)», is probably a recent loss, hovrever, (See above). Professor Eaviflses has identified the Baliaaclellan bronze mirror as of Yorkshire origin and dated it c, 50-60 A.D» (See GOBDBR AND HAWRBS, 348 ff, and above). Also from the Stewartry are two finds of Belgic origin, the enamelled terret from Auchendo; (see above) and the tsinkard-handle from the Garlingwark hoard, Castle Douglas. (See PIGGOTT, 1953, 02). Also to 131.

be noted is Pangbanh Orannog on the Clyde in the territory of the Pamnonii wlaich has produ.c'~d two finds, a penannular fibula and a small comb with Celtic cirvllinear decoration for which Mr, R.E,K, Stevenson has recently sug5?:ested a date c. 50 A,P,

Present evidence is insufficient to establish the precise nature of the immigrants into S,W. Scotland iimed-- iately prior -to the Roman occupation; rather they seeoi to be of mixed origin. In S.W, Scotland two types of structure may be associated with the immigrants, the dun (of, Aitnock Oastlebill and Seamill, Ayrshire) and the orannog- (of> Pochlee and Lochspouts, Ayrshire, Barean Loch, Pochrutton and Milton loch, Kirkcudbrightshire, Hyndford, Lanarkshire, Paxigbank, Renfrewshire, and Black Loch and Powalton Loch, Wigtownshire). As for the dun its origins are perhaps to be traced to S.W, England and perhaps even Western Prance and Spain. (See Arch. Ixxvi, 205-40 and VARIxEY, 41 ff,) Such excavation as there has been of duns in S.W, Scotland indicates that the native element wb.ich made contact with Rome was of ultimate '•P" culture, or in other words fully Celtic. The same may be said of the Iron Age crannog complex. The difficulty arises Y/hen one seeks an imm.ediate origin for these two types of structure. The cra;nnogs of the Solway-Clyde pro• vince differ from those at Glastonbury and Meare in S.W. England, in being isolated homesteads not compact lake 132.

villages, A closer analogy is perhaps to be sou,ght in the Manx type of homestead as typified at Ballaoagen, (See Ballacagen, 17.7 ff.)» but even here the analogy should not be pressed too closely for the homesteads at'Lochlee and Milton Loch Orannog I were probably of internal rectangular rather than circular shape,

Thus we see in the first century A.D, in O.W. Scotland an inflrix of Celtic folk of southern and north-eastern Britisl h associations. This influx may be regarded to some extent as a native inoveinent northward ahead of Home,

We have noted the Darnnonii in the region of Strathclyde and the lovantae in the region of Galloway but what of the natives in the region of Dumfries? Mr. R.R. Reacheoi haI S identified the inhabitants of this region 8,s distinct f ?om their neighbours in the west, the Uovantae of Galloway and in the north the Selgovae of Peebleshire and Selkirkshire, The profusion of Roro.an military sites in Duffifriesshire as contrasted with other counties in S.w. Scotland indicates a tighter Soman control in these regions. Who were these natives of Dumfries? Y7ere they of Brigantian association a Professor Birley has suggested? (See EIRIiRBA 1953, 31 ff.) The evidence undoubtedly indicates that the natives of Dumfries were of Brigantian association. 133.

Romanization in the Pirst Century A.P.

Although Roman troops may have entered Scotland prior to the campaigns of Agricola (see BIRPEY, 1953, 31 ff.), the first Roman occupation proper of Scotland commenced in the years 80-81 A.P, but did not end with the recall of Agricola in 84 4.D,, nor with the withdrawal of legio II Adiutrix c. 87 A.P., but continued until c. 100 A.P. Thus as far as the native population was concerned, as Mr, John Olarke recently pointed out, (CLARKE, 1958, 56), there was a period ox about fifteen years of Roman occupation when there was a real opportunity to absorb som.e degree of Roman- isation. Several nativ es show definite signs of Roman contact in this period, Lochspouts Orannog, Ayrshire (A/POS/l), Barean Loch (K/BAE/l), Borness Cave (P/POR/l), and Torrs Gave (K/TO'R/l), Kirkcudbrightshire, Eiggar Cross Knowe

(l/EIG/1) Gallowflat (I/GA!:/1) and Hyndiord Crannog (I/EYP/ 1-11, 16 and 21-26) ,*Blackloch Crannog /ip-'BLA/l), Castle

Loch, Mochrum ()if/CAo/2~3) and Powalton Loch Crannogs {'H/DGYI/ 1 and 8) J '#ig;town3hire. Phe silver denarius_ of Vespasian from, Aitnock Pun, Ayrshire (A/AIT/1), came from the second level of occupation and probably belonged to a small second century A.P, »hoard'. The only native site which shows any significant degree of Romanlzation is Hyndford Crannog lying only a short distance from the Rom.an fort at Gastledykes. Isolated finds of Roman m.aterial of first century A.P, date ^ Lanarkshire, 134,

corne from Prestwick (A/pRP/l), Galston (A/GAI/I) and an

unknown location (,A/B1TI/3 and 4) in Ayrshire, Annandale

CDAWDJ Oanoabie {D/GM/1) , Castle O'er (D/OAS/l),

Dumf ri e s ( ])/DUM/1 ), Pri ar' s C arse (li/FRl/l), Raxa,chope Bridge (D/iAll/l) and an unknown location (D/Ull/l and 2) in

Dnnifriesshire, Buittle Willi (E/BUI/I), Cairnholly (E/CAI/1) ,

an.d Kirkcudbright (K/KIR/1) in Kirkcudbrightshire, Airdrie

{'1J/AJE/1), BlEuityre (L/'BLA,/!), Carlu^ce (l/OAl/l and 2), Coatbridge (L/aQ./v'l)s Crawford (l/ORA/l), East Kilbride

(L/-0A3/1), G-ainerhill (l/OAl/l), Glasgow (I/GLA/2, 30 and

34), Salsburgh (l/SAL/l), and an unknown location (I/OTL/I)

in Lanarkshire, Barochein House (R/BAii/2)s Blderslie (R/EID/I),

Erskine (R/ERS/1), Greenock (R/GRE/1), Langbank (R/LAM/2)5

Paisley (R/PAI/1) and Renfrew (H/EEU/l) in Renfrewshire, and

Drumdoch ? (W/DSIF/1), Glenluce (W/GLE/6 and 8) and Sewton

Stewart i'^/ms/l) in Wigtownshire»

Thus there is but little trace of contact between Roman and Hative in S.W. Scotland in the first century A.D. kr. John Clarke has already noted that in this period in Scotland there is "no series of rich objects suggestive of cultural impact or valued trade richly recompensed". Eis conclusion is no doubt justified - "The total picture is one of an over-^sdielaing militars' domination, making no impression save by its demands and seeking as yet no end but frontier security". (CLARKE, 1958, 58), 155.

Romaniaation in the Second Century A,!)^^

The second main occupation of Scotland 'ifj the Romans began with the reign of Antoninus Pius, 138-161 A,D,, when the northei-n frontier was moved up t;o the Clyde-Perth isthmus, i'hat the Antonine period was no less peaceful than that of the first main period of Romsm occupation in Scotland is indicated by rebellion _c„ 155 A,P. under the Governor Julius Verus, and that 0P7, Scotland was involved in this is indicated hj the reconstruction of Birrens in 158 A.P., at vPaich time also the Roman siege works on Purnswark may hove Peon erected. Th3,t there may also have been unrest in cRW, Scotland during the reign of Rarcus Aurelius, 161-180 A.P., -when the governor was Calpurnius Agricola, is suggested by changes in Roman frontier policy. In the reign of Oommoaus., 130--193 P.P., there was a Par- Parian invasion Prom the north into the Roman province, a situation suf•''iGiently serious to demand the recovery of Roman territory by Pipius Karcellus. In 196 or 197 A.P. an alPied force of Oaledonii and Raeatae swept into the Romai n province and caused devastation to such an extent that the Romans once more sibandoned territorial claims to 3P?, Scotland and retreated to the Solway--Pyne frontier Pine. Thus ended the socond main period of Roman occupation in Scotland, 136.

During the yocond Roman occupation of Scotland once

more there wae a real opportunity for direct contact between Roman and Hative, and during this period Roman influence on native sites in Scotland is perTcaps slightly more narked. In Ayrshire there were two periods of occupation at Aitnock Dun, the first dating presumably to the early Antonine period (A/AIT/5) and the second to the late or post Antonine period (A/A1T/1-"4 ). The cause of destruction at Aitnock Bun is unlcnown. It could have been destroyed by the Romans as nay have been the case at Castlehill Rood, another Daainonian Dun in Stirlingshire (see Bibliographyp, or it could have oeen destroyed by

Damnonian or neighbouring tribesmen rfho were anti-Roman in their sympathies. Rotian contact Is: indicated at Baiikhead, Darvel in the second century A.D. (.A/'BAK/l). At Castlehill Dun there is evidence of Roman contact in the second century A.D. (A/GAS/1-3 and lO); also to be noted at Gastlehill, is the probabilitj:^ of Roman influence upon the native metal-

V,wor k though the uietal-work may be later in date than the second century A.D. At Lochlee Orannog there is definite evidence of Ror-iac contact in the Antonine period (A/LOI/ 1-4s 7 and s)» At Dochspouts Crannog there is evidence of Roman contact not only In the first century A.D,, but also fcUid ffiore ciarkedly in the second half of the second century 137.

A.P. (A/POS/2 and 6), At Btevenston there was what Sir George Racdongild regarded as the burial (?) of a Roman or native (trader ?) in the Antonine period (A/OTE/l),

In Pumfriesshire the most significant site is Purns- wark Hlll'-Pop Town, comprising 17 acres. Pntil this key site is thoroughly excavated, our knowledge of Romano- lative contact in B.P. Scotland must of necessity be in• complete. A Roman sherd has been discovered at the native site of McCrlloch's Castle (P/ARP/l). Romano-Pative finds of Antonine date have been recovered from the town itself

{D/B'UR/IS) although the town was subject to Roman siege in the later Aatonine ])eriod. In the Antonine period we also note the discovery of native finds at the RoDian forts of Birrens and Carzield.

In Kirkcudbrigirtshire there may have been Romano-RJative

contact in the Antonine period {K/BOR/S and 7?) at Borness Cave, at Milton loch Orannog I (ir/?ni/l), and at Torre Gave (K/TOR/l).

In Lanarkshire Romano-Pative contact is suggested at the native site at Corkerhill (l/COR/j) and at the indeter minate sites at Lanark Castle Rill (JJ/LAI'/I) and Yorkhill (L/YOR/I-7), assuming these sites to be native. Also to b noted in Panarkshire are four Roman coin hoards deposited at different times in the second half of the second centu 138.

A.D,, at Brace [h/liiik/l), Gar stairs (l/CAR/l), Lanark (L/LAJJ/2), and Torfoot (ll/TOR/l). In Wigtownshire definite Romano--Jlative contacts occurred at Castle Loch, Biochrum (W/CAS/l), Dowalton Loch Crannogs (Yy^DOY/2-4), and Sandhead (W/SA"!:v''l and 2).

Isolated finds of Roman material of second century A.I

date corae froci Ballantrae, (A/BAI/I), Cumnock {A/CWi/l), Donald's Isle, Loch Doon (A/DOI/I), Girvau (A/GIR/1), Irvine (A/lRP,/! and 2), Prestwick and an uxiknown location

(A/Oin:/l) in Ayrshire, Arman (v/Am/l), Auldgirth (D/AUJJ/ 1), Closeburn (I)/GLO/l), Dumfries (D/mTIj]/2), Gilnockie (D/GIl/l), Hoddani Castle ? (D/iOD/l), Ilousevrald (D/iCU/l), and Shillahill (;D/SHI/1), in Dumfriesshire, Buittle Mill

(K/BUI/2), and Carlingwark Loch (K/GAR/I), in Kirkcudbright• shire, Belstane (D/B1;L/1), Coatbridge (L/GOA/2), Coldstream (l/COL/1), Grawfordjohn (l/CRJ/l), Dolphinton (l/DOl/2), Glasgow (Iv/GLA/1,4,3,14,15,19,22,23,31,32,35), Lesmahagow (l/rR:S/l), and Shotts (L/SHO/l), in Lanarkshire, Paisley

(R/PAI/2 and 3) in Renfrewshire, and .Dunragit (W/DUH/I) ,

Glenluce (W^,^GLE/3 and 7), Stelloch (W/STE/I) and Whithorn (W/3HI/3) in Wigtownshire.

Mr. J.P. Gillam has compared and contrasted the scarcity of 2nd century Roman finds in the territory of the lovantae with the greater occurrence of 2nd century A.D, 139.

Roman finds in the territory of the Pamnonii (see GIPPAM, 1958, 75 f,). Wliile this is true of isolated Roman finds of 2nd century A.P, date which could have been lost by either Romans or Natives, it is not true of associated finds from native sites. In the 2nd century A.P, there are as many Roman finds from native sites in the territory of the Hovantae as there are in the territory of the Pamnonii. Tims it should not be assumed that the Povaiitae were not philo-Roman, The area in S.W, Scotla.nd which is miost li;k:ely to have contained anti-Roman elements is not Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire, but Dumfriesshire. Recently Mr. R.W, Peachem has shown that the ih|iabitants of Pumfries- shire are to be regarded as distinct from, those of Galloway, Po area in S.W. Scotland is mere thickly studded with Roman forts and fortlets, no ei,rea is less productive of Roman finds from native sites and no area can boast siege- works ~ the open sign of rebellion - other than- Pumfries- sh.ire. The m.ost cogent suggestion for their being anti-Roman is that they were in fact Brigantes cut off from the rest of their clansmen by the frontier line of Hadrian's Wall,

Concerning the Pamnonii, one further pointro.ay b e noted. Their territory covers a very large a,rea and thus it is not unlil'cely that there were rival factions -within the Pamnonii though on a much lesser scale thaji within the 140.

Brigantes, In the first century A.P, there is only one Roman find from a native site among the Pamnonii of Ayrshire, while in the same period there were three native sites among the Pamnonii of Lanarlcshire indicating Roman contacts and one of these quite considerable. This suggests that perhaps the Damnonii of Ayrshire held aloof from Rome at first as did the natives of Wales, "At first, native and Roman held aloof, for none of the earliest Roman potteiy and rarely the earliest Roman coins, appear to have reached the native settlements on the hills. Gradually, however, after the first centurjr, th.e natives began to resort with confidence to the forts in the valley, and to barter on a small scale with the soldiery and camp-followers.., After the first wave of instinctive hostility/, Wales appears to have settled dovm to something approaching voluntary ciuiescence". (YffiEi;RER, 1922, 41 f.). In the 2nd century A,P., the picture is re• versed. Contacts with Rome were established at least at four native sites among the Pamnonii of Ayrshire. On the other hand there is only one Roman find from a known us-tive site among the Damnonii of Lanarkshire, If this comparative rarity of Romano-Rative contacts in Lanarkshire in the 2nd century A.P, is significant and not accidental, it may well indicate that the erection of the Antonine Wall had a more sobering effect on the local native population than has P^itherto been recognised. 141,

Roman-ization in^^the Third Century A.p,

In the year 196/7 A.D., a significant one in the history of Roraan Britain, the governor Glodius Albinus transferred a large part of the army in Britain to the Continent to support his imperial claims against those of his rival, Septimus Severus, The depleted northern defences were unable to withstand the ravages of hostile northern tribes. Hadrian's Wall was destroyed. Thus when Severus succeeded to the imperial power, one of his first tasks was to restore order in northern Britain, After several cam• paigns in north-eastern Scotland, all Roman garrisons were

withdrawn frotB Scotland to the line of Hadrian's Wall, The extent to which Birrens may have been used as an outpost to the Wall is uncertain, Roman troops were not again to enter Scotland sa.ve at the most an odd patrol. Trade between Roman, and Dative was now more indirect, indeed, though A.O, Thomas has used the terra sub-Eoman of the centuries immediately following the close of Roman rule in Britain, there is a sense in which the term, may be applied to S.W. Scotland in the period in question (THOMAS, 1958, fig»l). There are no definite Roman finds from, native sites in Ayr• shire in the third century A.D. though Romano-13ative finds from Ashgrove Loch Grannog (A/ASH/I) and Seamill Dim (A/SEA/l and 2) i,n Ayrshire and Mote of Mark (K/90T/2) in Eirkcud- brightsMre siay belong to this or the following century. There are only Isolateci Eoman finis of third century dpte

from 1,'^^ Scotland BIK^ where genuine, itay sue^zes't Boxne fore of trade between Roman and Wative (see LfTHBRIDdd,58).

Isolated Roman finds come from Ardrosse.n (A/A'RIi/l), Irvine, (f/IBf/^), and frestwicl: (A;'PRf/3) in Ayrshire, , Dnrfries (f/Ddh/^), an':^ Airh-^-n/t-^'*''ch-nd.eai.nf' (D/fl'P/l) ir, AnnfriesshirpJ i'-'irhcudb-right (y/hlh/P) i^i. tbe Stewsrtrv,

Airdrie {J/^J.'B/Z) , Carluke {J,/0JJ>/3), GlaPg^nw (h/dW?,7, 9,11,13516,17,20,21,24), Shotts {Jj/dHO/2 and 3), and Wlshaw (l/"'TS/l) iri Lanarkshire, Bishopton ? (R/blS/l), niarkston (fi/OIiA/1) and (roiirock (E/d-Odr/l) in Renfrewshire, and Ronloch ? (W/hny/l), hrnmdoch ? (R/hRlj/2), Slateheugh Farm (It/hIa/I and 2) and ^''-hithorn and 5) in Wi,e-towrshire,

The archaeoloaicel evidence doe=! not nrcvid^e a ^'icture snffieient to outline the sianifioance of RomaniEation in this period. It requires to be supplemented with literary evidence5 i.e. the Rsvenna Oosraography, After the with- drswal of the Roraan garrisons frotn Scotland, it was necessary to reorganize the provlnoe north of the Wall, Under Oaracalla, the tribes in Southern Scotland -were converted into ¥Aiat virtually amounted to protectorates. In the Ravenna Cos• mography we hear of tribal nieeting-places at Majoojii., Mixa,

:?i!ik§i5 ^iij£35uis §J1B2Z2^. ii§iH12Iii» ii§^iii2Si is clearly the loc#^ of the hamnonij.. l£i2£iii ^-^-^ undoubted associations with 143,

the Oeltic god Mapomis often associated with Apollo. Professor Rlc>::nond ha,;;; suggeeted that the loc]is_.i|a£Qni^ is likelj?- to be not oixly a meeting-place but also a cult- centre (RICHMOhD, 1940, 97) and associated with the Clochffl.a"benBtane near Gretna (I.l. RichB],ond and O.CkS. Craw• ford "The British Section of the RaTeiina Oosijiogranhy" in .A.rch., xciiij 1949, 1 11,), though i'hA.E. Sadforci prefers the site of Lochmahen ca.stle as the lpGus_Jfapqni, suggesting that a pre-medieval ^tefaenos Kight be disooYered by exca,vation. (See O.A.R, Radford, ''locus Haponi" 1^11118? xxxi. 1952-53, 35-38). That the cult of Maponus as well as the cult of the horned god was widespread in Brigantia in the second and third centures A.D, is witnessed hj seTeral dedications. (On Maponus see E, Birley "Kanonus, the Eni- graphic Evidence" in [IDGS, xxxi, 1952--53, 39 .If., and on the cult of the homed god see ROSS, 10 ff.). Ihe tribal name of the hovantae is not preserved in the Ea¥enna Oos- niography nor do we hear of it again after the second centvry A.I),

Do return to the protectorate, however, its significance as far as Romanization is concerned, has been succinctly suDimarized by Professor I .A. Richrnond - *'Wha,t former generals had achieved only by a violent and costly occupation, the third century regime effected by a iudicioue combination of force and diplomacy*'(RIGBIIONI, 1940, 97 - on this see also SIEER, 195B, 106 ,f.),

Eooianization in the fourtli Oentury A«D»

At the close of the third century A.D. the Roman htnpire was again torn by internal dissension, The usurper Allectus stripped the northern frontier of its troops in order to defend his imperial claims against Gonstantiiis Oaesar. Hostile northern tribesmen rav8,ged the province not only as far as York hut also as far as Chester, a situation which suggests the presence of the Scotti of horthern Ireland among the sea-raiders threatening the pro• vince » Successful counter-measures were launched by Constantius I and the troops originally withdrawn by Allectus were now restored to the northern province, Ammiaaus Marcellinus (xxviii, 3j 8) informs us that open frontier patrolling such as was committed to the exploratores in the third century A.D., was now entrusted to the areani and it may well be that some of the isolated finds of Roman coins of fourth century date in south-western Scotland were originally the possession of the areani, perhaps as a reward for services given. It is also possible, however, as iliss A.S. Robertson has 8ug;_;ested, "to see a connection between the disturbed conditions in the Roraan province during, the Oonstantiuian period, and the number of Constantinian coins 145,

forind in Scotland, and to suggest that raiders from North ritain may have caused, or at least contributed to, the disturbances, and may have brough.t back with them over the border these Oonstantinian coins'*, (ROBBRTSOI, 1950, 154 ff.

Another crisis arose in 343 A.D. which occasioned the arrival of Constans in person in Britain, The text of Ammlanus Marcellinus is defective on the incidents concern• ing this episode though sufficient is known to suggest that the areani were somehow involved in the crisis. (see RIGHhOKh, 1958, 119 Professor I,A. Richmond has sug• gested that the source of the trouble may be detected in raiding from the Irish Sea. (On the possibility that marauders from the Irish Sea had settled in east-central Scotland while the Romans were in Britain, see WAIhWRIG-HT, 5 and f.n»3). '•'•hat further trouble may have occurred in the sixties when "places (loca) near the frontier were devas• tated" is suggested by Ammianus (xxvi, 4,5).

In 367 A.D, the Franks, Saxons, Attecotti and Scoti made a concerted attack upon the province killing the Count of the Saxon Shore and incapacitating the Duke of the ^British Province. The damage was serious and the , areani were involved and consequently abolished. She Roman attitude to the natives north of the Wall was now to undergo a fundamental change under Count Theodosius, Home was no 146,

longer capable of restraining northern invaders by herself. The time had now come for the native dynasties which were traditionally friendly to Rome to assume full responsibility for maintaining peace north of Hadrian's Wall. I'he change was formalized by giving federal status to the native dynasties of Damnonian and Votadinian descent. Ihey now became foederati or tree.ty-states,

In the fourth century A.B. no Roman finds have yet been discovered on native sites. Isolated Roman finds of fourth-century A.I), found in soutli--western Scotland come from. Auchinleck (A/AuC/l), Irvine (A/lR'V/4 and 5), Kerse

(A/EER/1) , and an unknown location (A/UhIi/5) in Ayrshire,

Scclefechan (:D/}';GC/2 ), Kirkmahoe {D/'KJM/l), Moffat {B/Hm/l), Dpringhel l (D/SPR/1), and Westerkirh (D/VfSl/l) in Dumfries- hire, Balmagble (l/BAl/l), Kii'kcudbright (K/hIR/3), and Iwyriholra (K/lvVY/l) in the Stewartry of Kirhcudbright, Glasgow (L/&M/5,6,10,13,18.25,27,23,29,33,36 and 37), Motherwell

(l/MOT/l), Rutherglen (l/RUl/l), and Ihai'iirerton (L/THA/I) Ir Lanarhshire, Bishopton ? {'R/'BlZ/2), Slderslie (R/RLI)/2), Hawl'diead (R/HAh/l), lochwinnoch (R/LOC/1), and Paisley (R/?Al/4;and 5) in Renfrewshire, and Glenluce (W/&II/1) and hew luce (W/hRW/l) in Wigtownshire. Roman coin-hoards of fourth-century A.D. date corae irora Corsoch iZ./OQ'B/l) in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, Uddingston i'L/um/l) in 147.

lanarkshire and Balgreggan C^f/BAl/l) and Stranraer V^/sm/l) in Wigtownshire 6

Roman!zation in the Fifth Century A.I), and after.

By the fifth century A.D. the development of the Roman protectorate S3^stem had led to the creation of powerful native dynasties in southern Scotland, fhe genealogies of the ruling dynasties are preserved in later Welsh tradition though require to be handled with the utmost caution. The principal group of dynasties is descended from Ooel Hen d-odebog, identified by h.H. Ohadwick as Gaelius Votepa.cus,

"^îôse floruit is to be dated to the first third of the fifth century A.D. Ghadwick identified the name of his son G-arboniaun as Germanianus, a title attributed to the prefect of the Gauls who held office un^âr Valentinian I, and the name of a. grgmdson, Marchiaun as Marcianus, e. title attri• buted to the Emperor -'fao reigned from. 450--457 A.D. (See

OHADWICh, 1949, 143), Ihe area over which Coel ruled is uncertain. He is traditionally associated with hyle, the central district of wbat is no?- Ayrshire, an association accepted by "hi. Watson (WllSOh, 1.27 and 186), If the association cf Goel with hyle be accepted, it is relevant to questj.on the relationship bet^^'-^-en Goel and the La.rk Age kingdom of Aeron as recorded in Canu_j^aliesin. Professor

^"•professor Jackson, however, does ,not accert the inter• pretation 01 Coel as Gaelius (JnUJiWOJi ,1955,80). 14o.

RJR. Jackson and others have sugges-ced that Aeron may be

Ayrshire» (JAO-T'Oh, IQC:-^ /t.-zi i.-rr -T -

nnege:n'.0"o,a wa,.„s. descende, .,...,„„ d from Goel an Id nhus in the second half ox one sixuu. century A.D. Ayrshire may have lain within TlT'-urien'i Sin ' s demesne.

As for the location of RheeiOd, R.J. hatson identified it with Dunragit near Stranraer (-VAISOR, 156, see also R.G. Raid ^"Dunragit", IDGrS, XIIX, 1950-51, 155 ff.). Welsh

tradition, however, associates Urien with UErllsle and Oatterick. Gymmrodor, xxviii, 64, and. HJ.!. Ohadwick has also suggested that Rheged aiay be associated with Rochdale or Recedham as it is recorded in the Domesday Book (GHADWICK, 1949, 144). Ihus the location of Rheged cannot be fixed with certainty despite claim.B for its location in south, west Scotland, (See

"JADE-ETAIS, 1949, 55). Another dynasty descended from Ooel was that ox Morcant and R.M. Ohadwick has suggested on account of his tyrannical action against St. Rontigern who probably spent the earlier part of his life at Roddam near Annan, that Morcant's territory/ may have lain, in Dumfries• shire. (GR-ADWIGR, 1949 J 144).

Another native dynasty in southern Scotland that is reputed to have been related to Goel was that of Ounedda, son of Aetern, son of Patern Resrut ('"aternus of the red toga), the son of Tacit. Gunedda's mother is reputed to have been a daughter of Gael and in the Deathson^; of ^ £ibuS-? sons of Goel and Ouneddei are described as ''kinsmen", (See WAlSOIf, 12S and Sir, J. Morris-Jones, la.lj.esiji, 210), The names of some of Cune''-.da's sons and grandsons are sus~ certible to Roman interpretation, I), Young considers that the ne-raes Donatus and Mariaims even imply Ohristian connec• tions (D. Young, Romerii.zation in^^Sooland, 71), "^e are informed by hennius that Gunedda and his eight sons left Manau Gododin (Manau of the Yotadinl) and settled at G'wynedd (north-west Wailes), an activitsr to be dated to the first half of the 5th century A.D, (hkhllUS, 62), R.G, Gollingwood datod the transfer to 39S A.D, and saw it as one of the measures of Stilicho's reorganization (GOIDIhG™ WOCD AK'D AYRhS, 289), On the other hand, P,H. Blair does not accept a date for the transfer before £, 450 A.D. (BIAIR, 36). A dating £. 450 A.D. is also accepted by E.P, Gharlesworth and H.M. Ohadwick. (See ChADWICK, 1949, 148 f,) What does seem clear is that under Romar} tutelage, Gunedda and some of the Yotadini were established in north-west Wales with the status of foedgrah^^ to defend the territory from Irish invaders.

hot all the native dynasties renuted to have existed in post-Roman times in S.W, Scotland, trace their descent from Goel Hen. Another dynasty is thai of Strathclyde with 150.

its centre at Alclut (Dumbarton). In Columha's time this d.ynasty was ruled by Rhydderch Hael who traced his descent to Dj^fixwael Ken vd-io, according to the ho, Rarleian 3359, +th e oldest of the Welsh genealogical texts, was the grandson

of Oeretic G-uletic or Goroticus, (See GHADWICK, 1949, 149), It has been suge,ested that Corotieus* grandfather and great• grandfather had names susceptible to Roman interpretation. (See JAGK30R, 1955? SO). Iha,t some store was in fact set npon the Roman name in the time of Coroticus is implied in the letter of St, Patrick addressed to Coroticus. (RRIA, ser.iii, IX, 254), P.H. Blair has questioned why such a powerful native dynasty as that of Coroticus established at the western end of the Antonine Wall, should claim descent from an apparent Romano-British ancestry (3IAIR, 27.)• Mr. John Clarke also posed the same question as to whence Goroticus obtained his authority and his fleet (CIARES, 1956, 127). He suggested that Ooroticus' fleet might have been part of the fornier weste.rn fleet 8,nd further surmised on the strength of a gloss on a passage of lennius, that Garausius might have established a naval base on the Clyde to deal with invading Scots a,nd Diets (cuc_j_, 12S).

O.A.R, Radford has identified another British dynasty'- as located in S.W. Scotland, the dynasty whose first ruler was Antoninus (RADRORDj 19495 89 ff.). H.M. Ghadwic': first aooted a location in G-alloway for this dynasty, The only 151,

person in the genealogy who can be identified with cer• tainty is Merfyn Mawr whose death is recorded in 681, This would indicate a date in the latter part of the 4th century A,D. for Antoninu.s and in the second quarter of the 5th century A.D. for his grandson Tudwal, (GHADWIGK, 1949, 146). If this family did belong to Galloway then Tudwal would be identifiable with the wicked King Tuduvallus who is recorded as opposing St, Kinian both in the life by Aelred (c.4) and in the Miracula lynie Bpiscopi, ch,4 and 1.104, (See OHADWIGK, 1949, 146, CHAD^nCE, 1949, A, 27 and RADPORD, 1949 s 89 ff.). 0-he first king of the dynasty, Antoninus, traced his descent from Magnus Maxiraus, P.H, Blair is sceptical of such a claim as this, yet the claim bears further investigation (BLAIR, 31). Native tradition associates Magnus Maximus with the Roman fort of Segontium at Caernarvon, G.E. Stevens has identified a reference to Segpntiacl in the Notitia Dignitatum, and suggested that the men of Segontium may have accompanied Magnus Maximus on his continental campaign. This possibility coupled with the fact that the Roman legionary fortress at Chester was now abandoned, would deprive the area bordering the Irish Sea of troops necessary for its defence, Haximus would thus be expected to recruit new levies to replace the withdrawn troops. Professor I,A, Richmond has thus suggested that the British Kingdom of Galloway may now have been converted into a client-kingdom. Also at this time the Atecotti were pressed into Roman military service, a fact which could well accord with the reference in Prosper Tiro, that Maximus strenuously overcame the Picts. Professor Richmond has suggested of Maxiraus that "It may well be that he in• stituted changes of wider import than hostile historians have seen fit to record'', (RICHROMD, 1958, 123).

Thus by the beginning of the 5th century A.D. v/e observe the establishment of native dynasties in 3.W. Scot• land whose rulers boasted Roman names, even wore insignia, suggestive of Roman investiture and bore titles reminiscent of Roman command, Ihese dynasties produced "not only a new stability in native politics, but a power with which Rome could deal upon a new basis ... In the present state of knowledge, it would, perhaps, be rash to assert without qualification that the establishment of these kingly houses was a Roman arrangement. Yet the claim is a strong one", (RICHMOID, 1940, 113 f).

What became of the Romanized British kingdoms in south-western Scotland after the close of the Roman period? To what extent did the withdrawal of Gunedda and his tribesmen from the Lothians upset the balance of defence in southern Scotl8,nd? It is alleged by tradition that the Picts li);u

nov/ occupied the area immediately to the north of Hadrian's Wall (See GIiOjas i^H-W. There is m) archaeological evidence for a Pictish invasion or settlement in the fifth century A.D. in south-weBt Scotland. Even in the sixth and seventh centuries A.D., evidence for Pictish intrusion is

meagre (See R.^'W Peachem, ;:pSAS, MXXIY, 19^9-50, 207,

V/AIIWRIGHT, 40 f f., and JWACQTtEER, 1961, 127 ff,). It would aTipear that the vifithdraml of Vots.dini under Ounedda did not unset the balance of def.ence i.n southern Scotland. 0}hfi British kingdoms grew in strength and were firmly established by the middle of the sixth century a.D, The real enemy of the Britons was no?/ the Angles and we are informed hj the writer of the niu5_toiu3_ that c. 5S0 A.D, four British kings, Irienj Rhydderch, Guellanc and Wnroant,

united against Hussa^ " ' W''- 53)? ''i . Reprisels against the Britons were undertaken by Aeilielfrith (532~-616 A.D.) to sued an exttuit thet AedaTi mac Gabrain, who became king of the Scots of Dalriada in 574 A.D., tried to halt the northern advance of the Bmilish but was ':'?ecisively defeated by

Aethelfrith at Degastan in 603 iWD. (DB])E, i, 34)» ITorthum- brian supremacy ever lLhe,:,ed was sealed by the marriage of Oswiu to Riemmelth, great-granddfUifjhter of Wri.en c, 63S A,D. Ihe Pritons of Strathclyde were now i.solated, although sufficient]V strong to maintain their independence. Although

Oswiu concpiered the Picts c. 655 A,D. (BEDB, iii, 24) there is no clear reference to a nnrthumbrian conquest of the

otrathclyde Britons,, Britons ivore involved in the defeat of Ecgfrith at Rechtansmere in 635 A.D» helping Picts and. Scots

to regain their freedom, (B,RDRj iv, 26), Despite their defeat, the English control of o.W, Scotland does not appear to have relaxed. Ounningham in northern .Ayrshire lay within lorthumbria In G96 A.D. (:3EDE, v, 12 - see W.R. Kermacks '*Early English settlement in S,W. Scotland^', Int, s xv, 1941, 83 ^ff). Continuing Rorthumbrian control of Galloway is indicated by the establishment of an Anglian bishopric at

Wlilthorn shortly before 731 A.D. Meanwhile the Britons of

Strathdyde were engaged against the Scots of Dalriada in 711 (AjT^., 222 ; A^^, 1, 160) and 717 (ARih, 2261 A.IU, 1, 166) and the Picts in 744 ? (SlPiM, i, 38) a.nd 750 (A^^, 251; ARg», i, 212), In 750 .A.D. Eadberht annexed Eyle (0, l-'lumm,er, Venerahilis Eaedae Opera His tor lea, i, 1396, 1, 362: see also J.AOKSOl, 1955, 35). D.P. Kirkby amends the date to 752 A.D. and, suggests that the main reason for Eadberht's annexation of K^^'le was his taking advantage of a change of aucceosion at Dumbarton (RIRKBY, 83), He thus concluded tha.t previ-^us to 752, Strathclyde embraced Ayr• shire, It shc?uld be remembered though, that Bede mentions Cunningham as lying within Rorthumhria in 696 (BBDK, v, 12). In 755 A.D. Eadberht and Angus forced terms on. Duoinagual, king of the Britons at Dumbarton (SIMEOR, i, 40 f,) and in 155.

•^PO^Duiribarton was burned (A.OA, 1, 250), Ihere was a revival of military power by the Britons of Strathclvde in

the tenth centurv A»Do wiien they ertended their nc^'er sout''"i of the Solway. The revivaj, was brief and soon the Britons were absorbed into the ''Anglo-Picto-Scottish" kingdom of Scotlsn.d,

'••fe ha?e thus seen from historical cal sources that tbe aiiiaed BrliW^Bh hingdoms of Scotls.nd d i not 6ec?iv wi i the departure of the Roma,ns, Obey survived until the advance of Porthumbria in the seventh century A.B» and one bhngdom. Strathclyde, seems to have withstood Anglian domin• ation. Wbal a.rcbaeological evidence is there for Romanized •'tritons in south-west Scotland in the sub-Roman period? Three sites should be noted, Bnston crannoa and Castlehill fort ini Ayrsbi/fe, and Bote of "ark in the Stewartrv. The discovery of e forged A•p~l o~S'axon coin, inltative of an issue of the Anmlo-Baxon mint of london (615 A.D.). in the lowest ill2ia;tipm of the rabbis ID Disherit and also a Dark Aa_:?e comb til A 1 ntirar.+• 'ii -cue lowest J.evel of occunatic^ •"esijS a. date in tbsj rdddle of the seventh century A.D, as xne terminus a quo 2:or. occupation at Buston crannog, (See ' '01, 213-4, STBvEBSOh, 1951, 172, catalogue B, and ""1 . "',26 (map), 43 and 88, jio.55a). .dven if the coin b-* dl'-'"" - *ded as having slipped through the rubbish-pit, the Dark Age pottery from the site best fits a seventh century date, (KBBRO, 1830.^ figs» 250 and 251 and THOM.AS, I059, 98 ff.). As Buston lies in Cunningham and according to Bede Cunningham lay within Korthurobria by 695 A.D., British occupation at Buston probably ceased b'xore the end of the century, (BRDE, V, 12), A stronp' Roman tradition is to be noted. Contrasted with Roman Iron Age crannogs in Ayrshire, there is more than a mere survival of things Roman at Buston (i/RJo/l-"^), there 3.3 a.lso a sum:vested survival of Roman, cultural tradition, perhaps reflected not only in metal- working but also in working in bone, pins a.nd perhaps combs^

(See '''^TDSOR f.). Ihe latter also reflects a change in dress compared with, the first-century A.D. crannogs of S.W. Scotland, Is this change in. dress another aspect of Roman- iaation? Some real degree of fusion of Roman and British culture is suggested.

Ihe first period of occupation at Castlebill was in the Hadrianic-Antonine period. She original exc8.vator con• sidered that th.e Dark .Age glass and penannular fibula indi• cated reoccupation in. the eighth and ninth centuries A.D. Ihis is uncertain. Mr. R..B,K. Ste'venston informs me that the Dark Age glass has been examined by Dr. D,B. Harden and psrallelled with that from Mote of Mark dated from the sixth to the eighth centuries A.D. (HARDER, 150, figs. 27 and 28). Mrs. E. Bowler informs me thai: the penannular fibula from Castlehill is likely also to belong to the sub-Roman period 157.

(SMITH, 1919, 128 ^ff. and fig, 4/2). The glass-rods of Roman type (A/GAS/7-9) probably also belong to this period and it is just possible that the iron spearheads which sugt',est Roman influence (4/OAS/II)and 12) are also of Dark Age date»

The original excavators at Mote of Mark suggested two periods of occupation for the site, one during the Roman occupation of Scotland, and the other in the ninth century A.D, 'While the two periods of oocupation may be accepted, the original dating of these cannot be. Most of the finds came from a homogenous stratum associated with the first period of occupation. Dr. B,B, Harden has identified the Dark Age glass as Hercvingian of the sixth to the eighth centuries (HARDER, I41 ff»). A.O. Thomas has ide^itified the early pottery, his "B" ware, as dating 'to the sub-Roman period (TK;OMA3, 1959, 108 P,), One sherd formerly regarded as Roman, ffliA 'Efl' 273, is a fragment of mortarium belonging to Radford's class D cf Daric Age date, (RADPORD, 1956, 65). Thus a date during the sub-Roman period has been suggested for the first period cf occupation at Mote of Bark. The two Roman finds, a small fragment of Samian ware and part of the base of a late Roman bowl (E/KOT/I and 2) may thus be regarded as survivals in the sub-Roman period.

It should also be noted that Roman coins were still 158.

circulating in, coirthern Scotland after the fourth century AJ3« as is witnessed by the discovery of coins of Arcadius and lionorius at Traprain Law (MAGDOHAIiD, 1924, 326 f.), Isolated Rom8.u coins of Justin I and Justinian I have been found in S,"% Scotland at Enightswood, Glasgow (L/'^GLA/'26) and Shotts (L/sno/5) respectively.

We thus have not only literary but also archaeological evidence for the survival of the }3ritons in 3.¥o Scotland after the close of the Roman period. Both the literary and the archaeological evidence testify to the Ronianizing tendencies of the Dark Age Britons in S»W» Scotland. The degree of Romanization observed at Buston Grannog, Ayrshire in the seventh century A.I), is perhaps the raost niarhed on any native site as yet known in S,W« Scotland. It is indeed possible as R.B.K. Stevenson has suggested that "The Romaniz• ation of Scotland niay even have gathered moceirfcum. after the end of the Empire". (STBYEhSOI, 1955, 263).

One final aspect of Romanization renains to be discussed the spread of Christianity in S.W, Scotland, ^he spread of Christianity in G-allov;ay and beyond at the close of the Roman period was to a large extent due to the raissionary activitieB of St. hinian of Whithorn, Traditionally St, hiniaii's activities were dated c. 400 A.D.s on account of his alleged visit to St. Martin of Tours in the 12th century 1 c59: .

life of linian 'by St. lilred of Rievaulx. (On Ailred see

aHADWICIl, 1949a, 19 ff. and bibliography), TtiGre is no

reference to Sinia.n's visit to Tours iri the M^iracula I^;7gi._e

B£iscopi, aa 8th century poem written at Wliithorru (See

W. Levison, "An 3igM"}. Oentury Poero on St. Kinian", Ajit.,

xiT. 1940, 280 ff,). Thus the ?«/hole episode of an linianic

visit to Tours cannot be accepted on the available evidence

and thus the activities of St, linian may be dated to the

first half of the fifth century A,D, or more precisely to

the second quarter of the century, (See RABFOHI) AKD DOIJALB-

SOh, 5 ff•)• So rauch for the date. Uext we must consider

the nature of St. linian's activities.

W.l). Simpson, accepting the traditional dating3 regarded

linianic Christianity not only as "one special element in

late Eonian civiligation, superiraposed upon a people partly

Romanized^.. But also as '"a measure of iijiperial policy

directed to a RoRanised population outside the frontier**

(SBTSOS', I94O5 1 and 94\ furthermore he considered that

the foundation of St. hinian^s monastery at Gandida Casa

"was itself a detail in the Stjlichonic reorganisation".

•'i.Ti f'"% 1'"-40, 66). Although one may not accept such a precise identification as this, one must a.gree with h.D.

Simpson in empbasizing the essential Romani'tas of the

Jinianic raission. The first v?riter to stress this point was i.G. Oollingwood who also noted the influence of hinian in .60.

OunfDria. (CJh""'"'o AJJIIJ MYllES, 310 f,)» Bxcavations

conducted at; '.i^lbo ^ in July. 1949, discovered beneath

the Preiaonstratensian prior;y, the remains of an earlier

building which could nossibly be the original Gendida Oasa

iteelx. (See mOjFO'BJ), 1D49, :il3 ff.). The Latin inscrip•

tions discovered at '"hlthorn and Kirkmadrine (W/WHI/1 and 2

and Vy^inii/l-J) tesilfj^- to the existence of Romanised Christian

communities in &allo¥ray in sub-Roman times^

O.A.,:h Radford has elso drami attention to the spread of Christianit;/- in Strp.thclyde = ™e have the letter of St,

Patricj addressed to Coroticus accusing his subjects of actions uiMorthy of •^citizens of the holy Romans", A onristian ploture of Strathclyde c. 500 arso given m tne rtnuys iiie of St. Gildas, O.A.R. Radford consider, it inherently probable that hinian may have exerted his iJifiuence in Strathclyde as is suggested by an account in

Joceljni'R life of St, Kentigerri. that wile n tne saint reached Glangon, he foun^' "a certain ceoieteiy formerly consecrated by St. liniahh, (See RADPORD, 1949^ 93 f, ).

Thus ?/ith a brief survey of St, Elinian and his signi• ficance we conn; to tie conclueion of this survey on Roman- isation in S.w, Scotland, ^here is but little evidence of

Ronanization in tne .laae firp't century n,.I)., a more marked deg-i-'ee in the second century AJj„j aii indeterninate degree

1" t'le third and fourth centurie;- and perhaps the most narked degree after the closn of the Aoaan occu'nati

3, £j.. -c-owrer euggeBted that the pattern of Eomarlv;atiou m£,y have consisted of acciuisition at first, followed by aseinilation and developiaent. (buAIA;", 131). A sitiilar patt^eir'n ip suggested for S.^g Scotla,nd» IF ATASFIPE

frobable Lines

"We have no reaso:; for believing that Ayrshire "/as

ever occupied by the Aomans," (MGl)OhAJ,I), 1893? h23) , So

wrote Dr, Jaaies liacdonald at the close of the last century

and his words no doubt echoed •che coinrictions of manv

scholars of hie day. That there was a reliable tradition

of Hoiuan occupaxion in Ayrshire is 7/itnessed by the des•

cription of the Eonian fort at Lou^doun Hill ae recorded by

the writer of the account for daleton. parish in the hew

little store is set on traditiont thus it was only with the rediscovery bv iJr. St. Joseph, in 193S of the Aouan. site on the Beg at Lou^doun Hill, that the tradition of Aoraan occu• pation in Ayrshj.re ceased to bo regarded as taere conjecture.

let we know little of the pattern of Eomaa occupation in ixyrsnire, ouu it is desirable to examine possible lines of conmunication, as a preliminary to further research.

An Irvine Yaj

^Jie discovery of the Roman fort at lou^doun Hill established the existence of a Roman road into Ayrshire from lanarkshire along, the Avon valley. The course of

the road has beon traced by Br, St. Joserh as far as Lou/idoun

Bill, (See RSSjyS, 60--65 & pis. xxiv &. xxvg and MARBABJ, ii. 204 ff. 5 no. 79b), What of tfce course of the road -"rest of lou^ldonn Hill? Observation from both ground and air suggests tliat there may ha;ve boen a Roaian road by-passing the fort, running through the Windy V/i2zen close to the line of the modern A 71, coinciding with it at Allanton Bridge and continuing witb it until cloee to Rriestland, (See ROSffS^, 65 and pi. xxv/c and Air Ministry photograph sortie 540/602: 4 July 52 ~ R.Sc, print 3303). ^Re modern A 71 preserves the line of the Turnpike road in the Bou;?!o5.oun Hill area* The pre-Turnpike road ran on an entirely different line. (See the maps of ROY and ARMSTROMG, 1775). Yet prior to tb.e building of the Turnpike road, there vias already a road rimring through the Windy Wiasen to Priestland. (See the map of AlhSlIE). Burtherraore Ainslie identified this pre- Turnpike road through the Windy Wizsen as Roman. Thus map evidence coafirms both ground and air observation as to the probable course of the Roman road at and immediately to the west of the Roman fort at loui^xioun Hill.

What of the objective of the road west of Bouj^fdoun Kill? Roy siAggested that there was a reason for believing that the Roman road led to Ayr (ROY^ 106), This being so, Oiie would have enpectec; the road to have run along the hi^^h 1 a A

ground to the south of the river. An interesting road on such a line has recently been drawn to my attention. It runs through the northernmost tip of the Laufine Estate and though it may well be an old estate road, it does not appear on the Lanfine Estate map. Its course if continued west• wards, has now been obscured by the construction of the Darvel-Kilmariioch railway embankment. Also to be noted is a site lying between Kilaiarnoct and Ayr which has been

suggested as a poseible Roman fortlet (AEDERSOH, 1953sl20). Tiifi site lies close to Oraigie Castle at ES 403521, and my attention was first drawn to it by Mr. John Clarice. The

main element in the earthworh seeras to be the ditch vfhlch has shan-p-angled corners« This fact taken in considerEvtion

with its proximity to the castle, suggests a medieval date. Dr. K.A. Steer suggests that the site is a medieval home• stead moat similar in form, and position to one at Amisfield in Dumfriesshire, Eot far away from Craigie Oastle there

is a site at Barnweil, ES 407301, for which Roman origins have been mooted, (See EEJJ;A_^5 Ayrshire J 765. PATEE30E, i, 334, SMITKj 1895, 128 f., and GHRISTISOl, 267)» I can see no valid reason to postulate a Roaan origin,

A more likely objective for a Roman road along the

Irvine valley would be the river port of Irvine« Such a road would have made for the high ground above Darvel and

Eewmilns. Substance is given to this suggestion by a reference to a "Roman military way" on this side of the Irvine by the same writer as described the Roman fort at Louj?fdoun Hill in the H e.w S t ert is 1n.£al Ac count.

Recently a very interesting stretch of road on this line was discovered by Mr. T.A, Hendry and Dr. John Straw- horn, in a plantation on both sides of the Kuggin Craig burn (See 0_^^_j5_ij2nh^ rev.1958, sheet MS 53 HW, and

also a report on the stretch in OAAS, 6, 1958-60, 245 ff.). This stretch of road is significant for its topographical lie, its construction and the method employed to negotiate the burn. As for constraction, it consisted of a solid bottoming of largish cobbles, a build of smaller stones and a gravel surface, possibly slightly cambered, all contained between kerbs allowing for a width of almost twelve feet. Land' drainage has destroyed any evidence for side ditches in the plantation where the cut was m.ade (HS 536381). Ditch marks seen on an air photograph of a field to the east of Balwhatswood farm mxight conceivably mark the line of the road nearer Bouj^doun Hill (See Air Ministry sortie, o.o., print 3393). West of Dalwhatswood farm the road negotiates the Huggin Graig burn by means of a zig-zag to provide a reasonable gradient, and a ford. On the other side of the burn the road is slightly terraced. A Roman origin for such a road cannot be established in an area where John Loudon HcAdam first put into practice his ideas on road-making; in 166.

fact the well-preserved state of the road rather militates

against a Roman origin. The significance of the above

stretch for the present purpose is that if a Roraan road is

to be expected in this areaj one shoulci require one rusming

on the same topographical line, running in the same direction

and negotiating the HuKgin Craig burn in the same manner as

does this well preserved stretch of old road.

West of Eewmilnsj one would expect a B^oman line running

between Loudomi Castle and Alton. It may perhaps be sig•

nificant that near the latter place in Timothy font's map

of 1654 is Oldwaes, Entil further research has been carried

out west of the Lou^^doun Estate, little can besaid wj.th

profit on the course of a Roman road heading for Irvine,

It should be noted though that the Irvine valley road would

iiave met the projected Roman road, from lithsdale into .Ayr•

shire in the vicinity of Hurlforfl. This being so5 the

poasibilitj?" of a small Roman post guarding the road junction

and the Hurl ford across the Irvine, is worth, bearing in. luind,

An_lh)j)er EiHdisdale Route,

In dlscusaing the significa,nce of the Roman fort at

EaHswinton in lowei h.I J-.sdalCj Professor I,A, Richmond and

Br„ J.K, St. Joseph .n.ie...ested that the large and hl/:dily aohj.llsed striking force baaed on that foT^t, "stood poieed to repel a thrust doi'ni Bj.thsdale or to operate with effect

far beyond the valley, in Kyle and GunningB.am" (Bal^wirrto^

13), The clearest expression of Roman nenetration in

Scotland Is tiie Romar roo.d. Thus if we assnma that the

Romen oecupa.tion of south-western Scotland followed the

norn]al nattern of Roma>i occiipe.tion, we may expect to dis•

cover a Romar' road in upper Hithsdale and beyond. As for

an objective, that of the Roman road along the Irvine Vallej'-

from Boujidoun Bill to the coast way be suggested^ though

Br. R,n, Reid considers the western end of the Antonine Wall

was the objective. (See RBIB 1959, 132 if),

In recent years a fair amount of research has been

carried out in upper Hithsdale and beyond with a view to

establishing the line of a Roman road. Bor an interim

report more detailed tB.an is necessa.ry here, reference should

be made to the transactions of the Inim.friessBlre Society.

(OBARKE M'B WHS ON, 135 if.; see also O.aAS, 1958^60, OA A an. .). At nirkcornel., centrally situated in the valley of

i:ipper BithsdalC;, evidence has been forthcominp for the

rresence there of two probable Roman temporary c3.mps at

Baaldaead, ITS 747122, and Buttknowe, BS 724130, sind a fortlet,

also at Bankhead, BS 7''WD.18, which ma,y we]B_ belong to the type of Roman road-post prevalent in the Antonine period,

.As excovations liave not been completed on these sites, the 168,

flnoE. ^'?ord yet remains to be epoken» ^he very e3d.ste,noe of these sites, however, removes from the realm of mere hypothesis, a Roman penetration and occupation of upper Eithsdale^

Considerable road research, has been carried out an,d .Is

being underta,ken at present. There are grounds for su.ggestini:

that a Roman road in n.pner Eithsdale msx have continued over

th.e fords of the lU:t':ar ot Cum.n.ockj +;he Ayr at hingenclsugh.

the Cessnock ne^.r Eorgour, aiid the Irvine at Hurlford* The

evidence obtained from the excavations at the Cessnock ford

is of particulo.r significance in consideT'ing the suggceted

li'-'O. Roma.n finds hove been m,ade at no g-=cat dietanco firm

the line^, Emm. the Cumnock area, a co^.n of Eau.ati'ia II hac

recently bee,n diecovered (A^'ohE/l). from the garden of a

houee ia the Eala. Street at .Auchi.nleckj hae come a coin of

Oonstans, (A/Ay-O/l), possibly an original loss, lying at a

olstance of only two ffl,iles from the suggested lEne, is the

crannog of Eoehlf-e from wixich have come Roman finds securely

da.ted to the sf^cnnd century A.E, (.a/lffj/l, 2, 7 and a)» One

or alone, however, can eetabliah the Roman occupation o: this line, the dieeovetar of pa series of Roman structurea long it.

A_g}o2n_¥aE,.ley Route»

Although oar knowledge of the Roman occupation of both 169.

iiyrshire and the Stewertr]" of Birkcud.bright Is as yet

partial, the discovery of tB.e permanent Roman fort at

Wlenlochar, Oastle Bouglas, leaves u,s in no doubt as to

the firm intention of Rome to control efficiently the whole

'^'rea, (See Sin;29m)^cl;iaj^ 1 ff.). B firm control would be

required of communications not only from east to west of

the fort, but al.so from south to nooth along the natural

corridor provided by the valleys of Bee, Ken and Boon. TB,e northern line of renetration has been coDfirmed by the dis• covery of a Roman, road leaving the north gateway of the fort at Slenlochar and heading north. Professor I.A. Richmond and

Br. J.E. St. Joseph expressed the implications of this dis• covery when they stated that "The Roman road visible from tb.e air heading northward from the newly discovered fort at

Glenlochar ur the Bee valley hints at a subsidiary route into Ayrshire, and so at the normal Roman system of cordon control". (Glenlochar, 2; for a ground survey of the road, see O.G.S. Orawrford's report in TJ;^^G;S, :sxxi , 1952-^3, 22 f, )

The Roman signal station discovered to the north of Glen- lochar may have been used for signalling along either the road to the north or the road to the east or both (S[/Qrfn JOSBBH, 1951,

The course of a road up the Dee valley has not yet been established, though the natural line of communication would 170,

run via Hairy, Oarsphairn, and Ealmelljngton. It is possible that tb.e writer of the 0..J.A. account for Hairy parish magr have been i?eferring to s'^ch a road ¥rhen he stated that "there are still vestiges of a great road through the head of th.is parish, from .Ayrshire to Dumfries," ii2jJix±z.> xiii, 69). Mr. John Clarke has recently pointed out to me an interesting stretch, of road running SSS from Hairy at E3 673757<. This stretch, remains to be cut.

That there may have been an important medieval route .running from I)a.lme].lington to Ayr, is hinted at by a ref• erence in the earliest known charter of the burgh, of Ayr to a toll check-point at Lachtalpin, There is some dispute as to the preciee location of the site. Br. R.G. Reid, (mjIH, 1959, 133 f.), follows W.E. Skene, (Celtic Scotland, i, 292) in locating it near the borders of Ayrshire and Wigtownshire. The weight of authority, however, suggests that the location is at Halmellington, NS 458077. (CHAJ.iMERS,

i, 302, PATERSC'l, ±, 374 ff., MhRRAY, ii, 404, and E;RYHE, 13 f).

There is a tradition of a Roman road running MW from

Halmellington to Ayr. Hr. James Macdonald considered that

the Roman tradition was invented by Josejih Train, the cor•

respondent of Oeorge Chalmers. The tradition refers to a

Roman road running along the valley of the Doon, making for 171.

Ayr after being joined by a branch from lithsdaie in the

Dalemllington area, (See GHAJx R2, Znd ed., i, 138, v,

236, and vi, 448-9, f.n. (k), BnTBuS^'f, i, 3, and SMITH, 1895, 159-"162. The account in Ohalmers is reproduced in ^-'^ ilT§..'A.zj Ayrshire pp» 39 ff« ) • Br. James Macdonald rejected the Roman tradition on tv/o grounds. The first was tho.t the road recorded by Train seemed to have been the pre- turnpike road in use when Roy completed his military survey

of north Britain (1747-55). That the pre-turnpike line

could originally have been a Roman line, he dismissed however,

on the second, and for him the decisive ground that "We have no reason for believing that Ayrshire was ever occupied by

the Romans'', (BAGBOHABD, 1893, 423). As the Romans did occupy Ayrshire, we ffl:\Ast now return to Dr. James's initial road suggestion that the pre-turnpikisy^along the Doon may mark, at least in limited stretches, an original Roman line. To take up this suggestion, it is relevant to note the objective of such a route. The town of Ayr itself is the obvious objective, and taking into consideration the tradi• tion of a Roman, road running on the line of Mill Street within the town (Paterson, The Obit Book of Ayr, p.72), the site of the Ororawellian fort and medieval castle vvould afford suitable terrain for a Roman station. It should also be iioted that the suggested line of the road, the pre-turnpike, immediately south of the town, would be one most commendable 172.

to Roman engineers as running on a natural ridgeway and

thus affording a com.manding prospect. Thus a. complete

survey of the "Train" line is required, a avirvej which

should be prepared to encounter a road sequence as complex

as that discovered on the line of the A 76 at the crossing

of the Ceasnock below the farm of Bargour, (See CE«.REH AIID

WILSON, 143-50), The only genuine Roman finds recovered

along the line are a coin of Gonstantine I, found at Kerse,

(A/lEiR/l), arid not far from the line of the road at Bonald*s

Isle5 Loch HooUs a Romano-Eative glass armlet (A/'nOE/l),

The "Roman" tripod from Lindston Loch (see E.S.A., Ayrshire,

279, MAODONAIiD, Itm, 53 ff. and fig. 11, 1893, 430, and

E T~'",, 1895, 174) and the "Roman** pitcher from Perdevyan,

EEf^A^, ME 731, (see E._S.A,._, Ayrshire, 279 ^ AIT.0E, 150,

PATER30E, ii, 436, EACHOEAED, 1878, 80-82 and fig.l, 1893,

430, SHITE, 1895, 175, W. Robertson, Old Ayrshire Hays,

1905, 26 f. and H.S.A.3_., EE, 1935-36, 23) are of m_edieval date.

Even if the tradi-bion of a Roman road running in approximation to the pre-turnpike road be finally rejected, the poeaibility of a Roman road along the Eooa valley cannot be dismissed. Oonsideriag the Rom.an practice of using rivers for heavy transaort, it iiiight pejEiaps be mere reasonable to expect a Roffl.an post at the mouth of the Hoon rather than the

Ayr. Members of the Society, with encouragelaent froDi Mies 173

.A.S. Robertson, have been carrying out researcB. on a Rom.au line in the Boon valley, tB.ough their efforts so far B.aFe been unrewarding. (See G_t±j^z^i ill, 1950-54, 159-62, and iv., 1955-57, 239).

So iflucB. for a Roman road along the valley of the Boons

What of a Roman road linking the valleys of Doon and Bith?

David Murray states that the Roman road in upper HitB.odale threw off a branch to Ayr via Stair (MBRRAY, ii, 405). Bo authority is ciuoted for tb.is statement. Should lutiu'e research, however, add substance to the statement, any con• sideration of the westernmost line of such a road would in• volve an estimate of the significance of the road discovered by I)r, J.C. Eustarde at Beggieshill, Ayr, IS 348198. running

E-W ^Djij.; 1.956, 11). Chalmers records an entirely differen"

IL-e "JO ' i-^man llrik. between the Kith and the Doon,

(w. P. u, ^ 0 ed., i, 138, & v, 236). Kir. 3. Willy of the i ij j • ^ 1 "ision of the Ordna.nce Survey has retraced the rente which Ohalmers nresuraably learned from Joseph that Train. TB.is road looks like a pack road, bul/tB.ere may be that more to it thari/is suggested by a single cut m,ade at the ascent of Mid Hill of Greeniiead» (See OBSOBIB, 1952, 116 f. ;

While the road does not conform to tbe reauirements of a major Roman road, being nnly 10 feet wide wltB. a lightly metalled surface lying under peat, it is distinctive for its purposeful course and raethod of coustructiou.

3-urvej and excavatiori of tlie line IB required, parxiGuiarl'oarti y or a possitle Git- at the ilolu of Dalquliairn, to -rich tiie Tom. is ruuiiing a.nd ^•^hloh lies beycud a slie9pfold aarlted on tlie u»S. 6 inch uap.

£L,_£iZA- >>^oastal Route.

Ooiitrol of thae etresxer n flank of the Antonirie fall mist

have been essential to the efficient functioning of th-

zidt£h a riiii.rf:r3'- and economic unit, i o coum,enact the uesfmesB on, the v/ectenn flarh of h£drio.n'B hatlj the

v/all wao entended in principle donn the Cuijiherland coast„

(See BIRIET, iqbj., 126~1-?1 u-Uia Dihliodraphy). fhat sone

similar type of system naa required on the western flarik of

the Antonine Wall is sugnested by the fact that while the

Ihn;£s a contiinious barrier nas terninated at fid hilpatricl the Olyde v/as fordable Virell belo\'; that pointy

Part of a Clyde coastal Roman defence systen has been reco'vered with the discovery of the Ronan fort at hhiteruossj fishopton, (m 41372I5 i3fhhR, 194-9? 28--32, and excavation reports ±n ^ji^j^, 1951, 1952, 1951, 1954 and 1957)5 and tae Roman fortlet at lurg Moor, Greenock. (FS 295757

J.R.S., nliiij 1555, 105, aacl f, 1952 and 1959;. the ulyde coastal eysten is to be regarded as an extension in principle of the Ij-oes is uncertain tliough it is interesting

to noxe thst the d,ist:3zs,ce betvj-een the iioiaan forts of Old

Kilpatrick and tl:iite:noes is practically tne same as that

between forts on the ''^'all, a^id also that -^hitenoss is

only Eoiurn fort in sovithern Scotland lying off the Ma.

•which has revealed three Axitonine periods of OGCupation,

thus we ia.ay expect a chain of Horaan posts along the south

bank of the Clyde and this chain may have continued do?m

the Ayrshire const. It should be noted though that no honan

road has been traced nost of Vsdiitemoss or west or south--weBt

of hurg Moor, fhe evidence at WhiteEoso indicates a road

rnnninfe, north and south of the fort5 and at ^Lurg koor the

road runs south for about a quarter of a aile before turning

south-east, fhis suggests the possibility of a Roman truifc

road runninr; across the interior of Henfrewshire and recent

research by the Henfrewshire group of the G-lasgow Archaeolo•

gical Society under the leadership of Kr, hraif- f ewell has

produced evidence suggesting the existence of such a trunk

road rurming Srom the faisley area to the outshirts of

Inverhip*

'What evidence is there of Roraan occupation on the Ayrshire coast? fhere is no direct evidence. In a by now

nororious passage in Chalmers on the Ilomans in Ayrshire

claimed that "fhey erected their villas all along the fine^ 176,

shore of the Clyde-frlthj froci helleyburn to Irvine, and

on. this coast the remains of their baths hsve been discovered

where so nunw hig establishments have been recently

formed'h (v. f\..;:i....,j...C, 2 nd ed., fj.i, 441). '-^hB possibility

of the occinn-encc ot horaan villas in Scotland similar to

those in the fully Hornanized province of southern Britain,

must DC dismissed as inconsistent ?/ith the known pattern of

Roinanization in bcotland, fhie was tersely siarimarised by

James Gnrle vdien he said, "fhe Roman occupation of Caledonia

was never very secure; nor was it of long duration, ho

towns sprang up under its shelter. The villas and farms

cornion iv. southern fritaln are abeent'h (OUEIE, 1932, 277).

having said that, we anist also be aware thet the word

"villa" has a different sense of meaning to that used above.

''It is necessary to point out that the use of the Latin term

'villa*, as applj.ed to the agrarian township in Celtic

Scotland, iB to be distinguished from its use in Romanised hritaiUj Miere it meant a farm or estate owned by a aian in severalty, and worked by rneans of slaves" (hcKERRAL, 52-64).

If then we think of the use of the ?;^ord 'viilal to denote the Celtic agrarian township, was Chalmers trying to keep alive a tradition of Sonanisation such as revealed by ex• cavations on the native Ayrshire sites of Aitnock, Buston,

Castlehill, Lochlee, lochspouts, etc? Most of these sites lie close to rivers or are at no great distance from, the 177

coasts As for the 'Roman' baths to which Ghalmers alludes, there is nothing i}R3.erently impossib].e in the existence of these on the Ayrshire coast, not isolated but in association 77ith Roman forts.

travelling down the coast let us look more closely at some of the indirect references to Roman sites. Over the Kelly Burn there is a bridge -whose falsely attributed 'Roman' origin persists to the pregent day (See ShITHs 1895, 1 a,nd McJ.R' 'D, 6)» Simxile.r 'Roman' bridges occixr over the Glen hater near Loui^oun Hill, at Iirverkip, beside the Roman fort at hothwellhaughj. and at aiany other places in Scotland. They are of 18th century A.R, construction and adequate treatment of them, as such has been accorded by Rr. James Macdonald in considering the 'Roman- bridge at Eoth-well- haugh. (MAORORAI]), 1896, 312-322). The origin may well lie in the proximity of some of these bridges to river crossings used by the Romans,

There ma2-'' be some sifostance behind the claim for a

Roman bath at Largs. The reputed Roman bath -^-as situated in hade Street where in 1820, a pa\/-em.ent of square-shaped tiles of red fire-clay was discovered in the garden of the sub-postmistress, at a depth of 18 inches. Of the tiles themaelves, it was stated that they -were "sciuare, 11 j inches across Euad 2 Inches deep, of a very ponderous, red gritty 78.

fireclay quite unlike anything of recent formation" (J.E. i^^'^'if £yfdS£SL.iii™ii^ 1864, 24). Associated

with the tiles was a reputed find of Roman coins which when last heard of, were in the possession of the Earl of Eglinton. It is undoubtedly ei-roneous to assert that the site was an isolated Roman bath or a bath associated with the alleged Roman site on Knock Hill (J, Gunn, Ihe Snell^ and Glory of Largs^^ 72). fhe surviving structure on Knock Hill is certainly not Roman. (On Knock Hill see COlfOh, 71 and bibliograpliy ). Qhie possibility still remains, however, of a Roman fort or fortlet in the Largs area related to a Rotnan. coastal road.

South of Largs, the na.tive fort at oeanifll has produced at least one Roman find. (See above A/'SEA/l). There is a tradition of a 'Roman' bath a,t Ardrossan. (DB' ^ n 13, • 2:,id ed., iii, 449, PATSlRSOh, i, 10, mCBCRALI), 1893, 431,

1 . I'h, 1895, 23, fJRllY, ii, 48, f^, 2, and hod.- ....h, 6), The erection of fontine baths at the close of the 18th century A.I),, on the site of the recently constructed Western S.H.f. omnibus station at Ardrossan, mav have given rise to a classical ascription other than fontine to the baths unless soraethi'^'g of Roman origin was discovered during the construc• tion of the fontine baths, as Chalmers is inclined to sugge

pamphlet in the Alexsnder Hood Memorial Library, Burgh

Gha.mbers, Ardrossan, 'latalogue, 1938, press m.ark, M6.),

Any consideration of a Roman road down the Ayrshire coast must include an assessment of sites which would

commend themselves as natural harbours. In Cumiingliara there

is only one site, Irvine, and in Kyle only one site, Ayr,

ih-1 ''^o^^l-^ pesitively commendable to the Romans (See

^ ,1.5' R15-125). Rear Irvine is Stevenston Sands

"wliere numero-us Roman finds ha,ve been made and a Romano-

Rative (?) site has been discovered (see a.bove A/S1'B/16) ^

The choice of Irvine as a likely site for a Roman port is

strengthened by two farther considerations, Rirst, there is

a reference in Ptolemy (-wlaose ££0£ra]ohy was compiled in the

early 2nd cent-ury AfO.,) to Irvine Bay, VlhhCGfRA SIFVR, and

to an associated site, YlhhOGARA, which might be Roman.

(On Ptolemy see RIOHMflh, 1958, 131 ff.). Secondly the known.

nattern of Roman occupation in south-western Scotland s'ug- coastal site near the mouth of the river Irvine, linked by geste a Homsri/road -«.th the Roman site at Loudoun Hill ajid

hence with Gaatledykes. (See Ri'RR, 129, Clarke in RIOJRREu,

1958, 48 and 55, hllRRR, 194B, 15-19, and m h__., 204 and

208, RICRVOID, o..c_^, and St, Joseph in RCRRTS, 65, the being the fj,rst to make the suggeption). The folio-wing references from the older antiquaries to the Romans at

Irvine should be noted •- 5IREAIJ3, 1707, 35, POOOOre, 57, 2nd ed,, vi, 449, i^n,_ (k), STRART, 1852, 259 ff., 180«

and r ' ' ^ i» 1'^"' f* and 11 j 82, Roman finds from the Irvine area have been noted afove (See A/lRh/l-?). fhe uiost likely site for a Roraan fort et Irvine would be on the right baoik of th.e river in the vicirhtj' of the Sear,ate C;.;,stle. fhe Roiaan finds from Irvine do not establish Roman occupation: ab wool they are but indications of trade in Ronian times.

Reference "^:ias alrea.dv been, mad - to toe ••>ossibi.lit'^'' of

a Ro";a;'! site in. the Ayr area whether at the north of the

Ayr or the Doonj a.nd the proper context for the disenssi.on ol

such a possibility is that of a Roman roan entering Avw iron

Callowcp' along --he vBlR.ey of the Loon. It is no neojis

innossible tl.L'^1< th^ Rcnn.s,ns nia^' have hs^ horbours at both

Irvine one" Ayr ps eug;"ested bv Cibbi..J,.d, In lat^-r times it is tT';'ue that it wes net rs,:rarded as a sound nilj.ts.j'^y oro — position to have b;asss at both sites, (see the in-ilitary reper on the districts of Gu.ojiingh.am, Kyle an,d, Cs.rrick, prepared during the years 1563-76. Ahi.C..A.Rsh . iv^- mn.! -n o-^. _ . rc3op, p«k;.5 - 'iste for fortification"), but tRiat is true of la

es IS not necessariljr true of Roman tines. Roman mifitar policy savT f j t to create twin Roman harbours on the east coast o.f Scotland tit fnveresk and Cramond, hhile several

Roman find.s have been 'iiad.e at RrestwlGb;^ (see above A/fRR/

1-3), there is no genuine Ronian find from Ayr, fhe 'Roman

Ditcher and kettle found in the fownhead quarry, now the 181.

Bite of the railway station, are medieval. (R.S.A., Ayr- shirs, 40, RAODdTiLLID, 1878, 83-84 and fig, 6, and SMITH 1395, 158). The Roman ascription probably arose through the unfortunate description of the pitcher as of "Tuscan" shape» Roman watergates have been claimed for Ayr (PATRR- SOR, i, 155, and RCR9PT30N, 1905, 26). The drains are probably no earlier than medie-val and may well be later in date. The "Roman*' 'urns from Oontent are nati've, (f RgJl., Ayrshire, 120, RATRRSOh, i, 10, and McJARRET, 6), as are the Bronze Age urns from Morikton for -which a Roman origin has been mooted. (See 0.S.A., xii, 402, and Hewat, A Idttle Scottish. World, 86), Indeed several rather loose statements have been made about Roman finds in the Ayr area. The writer of the account for Ayr in the R.S.A.. Ayrshire, drawing upon GiiALMl-RS, 2nd ed., vi. III., in commenting upon a reputed battle in 360 A,D. in which the Romans under the prefect haxiraus together with the Riots, are said to have attacked the Scot?-' at the Water of Boon, claimed that "Throughout the •whole of this place, Roman and British sepulture places are found, with Romfan armour, swords, lances, daggers, pieces of mail and braiaen camp vessels'' (liuoted in PATE180R, i, 11, and RORlRToRR ig08, 111). The claim is as completely uns'ubstartiated as is the ba.ttle.

What of a Roman coastal route south of Ayr? Sou-th of Ayr the most obvious site for a Roman port is somewhere in the area of Loch Ryan near Stranraer. Two considerations strengthen the possibility of such a site. First, in Ptolemy there is reference to both. loch Ryan, RhRfhOIIVS

SIHVS, and an associated site, RRRIGOhlVM, which like VlhhOGARA could be a Ronian site. Cecondly an. obiective is required for the Roman trunk road across Galloway - Dalswinton - Glenlochar - Gatehouse-on-Rleet ? fhe coastal • site of Rerigoniuai would provide the necessar^r objective, (On Rerigonii.ini, fJiT, 130, Clarke, in

MSHMOND, 195B, 48 and 55, -RARh. 1958, 135^ and y.fu.,^<, ,1 \ J'-r J .

fhe possibility of a Roni,an. coastal road connecting the

Stranraer area mid central Ayrshire nresents considerable

difficulties, not least that of terrain. Yet perhaps such

a road may be regarded as an essential part of an efficient

Roman coastal patrol system. If so, as Dr. R.O. Reid assumed

(ElIR, 1959* 133 f.) J Rorostn. forts or fortlets or signal-

stations are to be expected between Loch Ryan and Irvine or

Ayr hajr. On. topographical grounds, Ballantrae and Glrvan

could be regarded as possible sites at the mouths of the rivers Ctinchar and Girvan respectively, where Roman finds have bepn made, though whether genuine losses is guestionable.

(See above, A/BA,.b/l and A/GHJ/I.) Also to be noted are

Rotrian finds fr:-,:ffi the native site of Lochspouts several miles lip the water of Girvan. (See above, A/LOS/I, ) finally to be noted is the suggestion mooted several years ago of a Roman signal station at Oirvan. Dr. St. Joseph has flown over the area and informs m.e that he has seen nothing look• ing like Roman work.

A^ Route^ _.j(R9£ .J^-jl®. ^:^'^y^.^^:^^._...9.P?'^± R.Q.....^^,„..Ali^L2M?l§.. ..fgj:! *

The existence of such a road has been suggested by

JJ:R Davidson, "31 f.), and indeed seems a necessary link for efficient co-ordination between 'the military wing on the western sector of the Antonine Wall and -the military and possibly naval arm on the Ayrshire coast. (Or the last possibility see RIRLOR, 1948, 15-19.)

Thus ass-nming that the Irvine area is a most likely spot for a Rom.axi na.val base on -fche .lyrshire coast, three possible lines of com.munication. suggest themselves between it and the Antonine '*'all, one ro-ute along the -valley of the Oarnock

•through the Lochwirmoch. gap, another along the Rugton water and -fche third along thf= ri-ver Amick. If Old Rilpe.trick was the obiscti-ye5 the darnock -valley route woiR..d have been chos-ej if Ralmuildjr, the lugton -valley route; if Oadder, a route along -Rie .Annick would have been preferred.

first let us look at a possible ro-ute to the Romaai fort at Old Rflpatrick. Along -the G-arnock valley Roman finds of Antonine date have been disco-vered at the native sites of Aitnock (hS 27SQ5077^ see aboveiDove,, A/jai/l^-bjR/.dri/l ar.d Oastlehill (hS 285^5361: - see shove, A;/CAS/l-12), both at Ral-ry. .Also at hairy a Romano-Native bone spoon has been recovered frooi Cleaves Cove. (dee ebo-^^e A/GRS/iJ Recently

of Rdeodosius was discovered at fochwinnoch, (IR 351591^ see

R.i...jR.2i» ? 19G0, 33), though this sounds like a no'^ern loss. Ihhhin a mile of focAfinnoch, sbout 1750 there was discovered vdio.t sounds very much jJ..ke a Ronian skillet vrith a handle terminating in a ram's head, (See 0 .o,A., 3tv, Go), fhe Roman finds from Aifnock, Castlehill ar-d Cleaves Covo indi• cate trade between Roman and native along the Garnoc]:: at least in the Antonine period. Perhaps shey m.ay also suggest the possibility of a Rom.an trade route, from, the hochwinnoch area a Roman road to Old Kilpatrick would have m.ade for the Roman fort at ^doitemoss, Rishopton, passing through houston and Baroehan, At Houston it wor.ld have crossed the suggested .Roman tra';''t road fr^-'m. the Paislej' area westvra,rds. xrc Barochan. two mspsrats genuine Roman finds have been made, a BJ1H££ (RAO.A., Rf 90) of P. Cipiue folybius found in 1856 about half a mile to the north-west of the mansion house of ..oarochan, (see „rlfVi;;LO:/R.BhD, 1892, 200 f,, RAfOR, 18 f. a,nd "hi*Ixii, 1927-R8, 247 f., CRRhR, 1932, 299 R

383, -"ud rj'--' '- i, (R). 21 a. 25: see BORSfRRB, 8, pi. xviii/

14 I', .fi.. 1 ill, pl« :xvii/l4-19j for parallels), end a fragment of fine pale green glass with a raised vertical rib from the body of a Roman flask or jug (RRRA.^, PR 668}

found by Mr. HRiR Reachem on 'the tor of Barochan lill. -hile examining the possibility of a Roman post in

rhe area, (for a parallel see W.A. Thorne "'''•-•^-'Mi£lisi^ R dlasses, 1935, pi. iiie, iva or b). At Rhitemoss itself a Roman road

has been discovered ru:.iaing north and south of the fort.

Prom ""Riitemoss the Roman road from the north gate must have

run to the R-amhuck ford snA thence across the Olyde to the

Roman fort at Old Rilpatrlck, That "bhere was a Roman road

runring frop-; the fort at Old Rilpatrick to the R-uuRjuck ford

hss already been suggested by Sir Oeorge Macdonald-. (fee

jLsiliA.iiLi.? IXVl, 1951-32, 239 ff•) George's suggestion

was that the military Ray did not terminate at the Roman fort

at Old Kilpatrick but continued beyond it to Dumbarton wh.ere

the Romans probably had a harbour. Thus a Roman road from

the Irvine area crossing the Clyde at the Dumbuck ford, on the line suggested, would have the additional value of pro-

-vidiug a direct means of cammunication not only between the

Ayrshire coast and 'the Antonine Lime^3_ but also between a probable Roman harbour on -the Ayrshire coast and a probable

Roman harbour at Rumbarto-n.

The second route 've must examine is a route from -the

Irvine area to ths Roman fort at Balmuildy. Such a route to be direct would have 'bo run along the Rugton water to the Paisley area and thence across the Clyde near its function

with the Kelvin below Torkhill, to Balmuildy. S.R. killer

suggested Balmuildy as a convenient termii-ras on the Limes

for a Roman road from the coast at Irvine {'R»£itji<>]l-Si^$ 214),

such as that suggested by J.M. Davidson (l^O_RRR^ 81 f.).

Assuming the possibility -fchat the site at Yorkhill, R8

563667, which has produced a "first brass" of Trajan, fumed

ware of Antonine date, and Roman glass dated to the 2nd

century A.R. by Br. R.B. Harden (see P.S.A.S^., xii, 1376-

78, 256 f.) was Roman,, Mr. Bavidson suggested that a Roman

post here would ha-y-e guarded a. crossing of the 01yds by a

road from the '7a,ll crossing the Clyde at Yorkliill and running

to Paisley, (J, Kapler, Rotes ..and Remlniscences^^ of Partick,

1873, 6 f, and R. Greenholme, History of Partick, 550-1-912,

46). What of the tradition of Roman occupation at Paisley?

Three possible sites >!.ave been suggested for a Roman

fort at Paisley, Oaksha-whead, Oastlehead and Roodside. The

earliest reference is that of Principal Bunlop in SIBBARB,

1707, 36, whence G, Crawford, A ^.GgneraR I)esjoiRp-'b 1.on the

Shire of Renfrew, ed. G. Robertson, 1818, (wiitten £.1710);

R, Rami It on, A_ l;^e cirip-bion^ .^P:^ ,'lR^4'R\:^.4:g5Q.,..o.^.. ...li§S§£j£QM-XS

§S;fl_ii£^i±)i£E^ pub. Bannatyne Soc, 1831, 123, (written c. 1710); RORSLRT, ii, 377; POCOCRB, 53; 0. Ross, I^eJ?ra^

Ve 11 er' s.Guide _ to^Jjoohl9i9l£5£L....§5:4., io^^ i^'^?12iM? 1782 ; Gough's it; / .

CAMDRR, 2n.d ed., ir, 86; CHALEAilS, 2nd ed. , i, 156 f. J.B, Sturrock, ^witing on "Yanduara or Rompn. Paisley", in .^M-JiiM51iS£I> 4-2, 1906, 458-60, pointed out that the Romans were reputed to ha;i;-e had their m.ain caan at Oaksha,wh.ead and outposts at Rood.oide and Ca.stleheaR and concluded that "All things considered it seems highly probable that Paisley was the Yanduara of the Romans". Yanduara is presumably a derivative of Vindogara ^liich. is to be associated with Vindogara Sinus, Irvine Bay. Mr. Rrahlr Rewall has carried out trisl trenching at Oakshawhead which confirmed his opinion that the site on Oaksha^siiead was more probably medieval than Roman, fhus while the Romans may have had a station at Paisley possibly at Castlehead, the degree of probabilitjr is not as high as that suggested by Sturrock and Paisley was almost certainly not Yanduara as he and ear• lier aAithorities asserted.

Roman finds have been made in the Paisley area. Prom Elderslis, IS 44436239j come coins of Romitian and Galerla 'Valeria (R.l.C, 728, and COHRI, 388, and COHkl, 5 or 6, respectively: see ROROiRfSOR, 1950, 147 ff.) At InoleOtreet (IS 487642) and Blackstons Oval (AS 468641) in Paisley itself have come coins of Constantine I and If (GOIRDl, 519 or 546, and COIiEJhj 44, respectively) , Prom the Ralston area has come a coist copy of a bronze medallion of hu.cius Yerus. Hone of these coins, however, sounds like a genuine Roman loss. T O O

Thus the evidence for a Rooian site at Paisley is incon-- clusive and unconvincing at present.

What of a route south from, the Paisley area to the

Irvine area along the Lugton water? As yet there is no

evidence on the ground to suggest Roman penetration along

the lugton water. Before concluding our consideration of 'fclse

possibility of a Roman road from, the Irvine area to Balrauildy,

it should be noted that recently Mr. Prank Rewall has been

carrying ou.t research on a possible line between Paisley and

Caldwell and on this line a brass Roman coin commemmorating

the capture of Jerusalem by Titus was discovered in 1829 at

Stenely Castle, (C.l,.„:B2ra£k, 5Ri^tjDry^^_of^^^ 3 f.)

The third hoiite suggested was that along the Annick

msking for the Roman fort at Gadder by a crossing of the

Clyde below the Cathedral^ That a direct route between

Irvine and Gadder is possible is indicated by the course of

two m,odern roads', the B 769 and the k 803. Both of the

roads concerned have a considerable history (see ROYt, .A

T)aved ford of ancient ds.te was discovered crossing the Clyde

below the Cathedral near the site of the present Jamaica

"Bridge, in 1787, Tool-marking discovered on the stone was

com.pared with Roman tooling, (See A. MacGeorge, OlRJRlai^^

1880, 258 ff.) It has also been su.ggested and sometimes

assei'ted, that there wa.s a Roman fort close to the site of

the nresent Cathedral, that the Roman road from. Clydesdale 189^

-t-^-ar west-wa:;ds frora the Oathecral area ^ind that there was a

road running i''03?th frcr'' "che Oathedi'al areii rn the .Antonine

5Ri,ll. (Or -these snggestions and Rom.an finds in the area,

~'2™f:lRf".l .:.Z h 9r "'o '•"^'-'R^-x^ ld52, 259,

•'R --'-a.' - • , "1^-^' 'u "^t__TrR '•^g^ ^, 1 ""S If? 455) • ' ' .-25R_:.T,L-.J.f91^'R_„„r J)-i™. rO: ? etc,)

.is yet tbe-i-'o is nn e-v'tdenee of substance to s-upport

ary of the ab'^-v-p suggestions. (On the exca-rations co-nduoted

lift" vears ''..••;o -to examine the nstu'r^- of the ancient h-o.ilding

foundefions discovered, below the Royal Infirmary, see •iR.OAgRS

ru_s,, vi, pt.l, 1.912, 207 ff, ; for an authoritative account of Roman finds in the Oa-thedral area, see HAOR-IARD, 1918, 2A4 rnd R0BERT8'R-R 1950, 160, 161 and 166).

A.fter a brief examination of the three possible routes,

a.tentative assessment may be made,. The most importaiR: of

-the three fo-'?-t sites was presumably Balm-uij.dy which -was

distincti-7e on the western sector of the V/all as being the only -"ort to have a stone rampart. This being so, the

second route me,y perhaps be regarde;; as the most likely.

The first route, however, has the special merit of directly connecting two probable Roman hg.rbor.rs. The third rente apart from its topogra;phicalffeaslbi3..ity, bg.s no real meiRt of its own.

In conclusion it must be repeated ths.t any suggestions and conclusions offered in this section niust be regarded a,s decidedly tentative until further research c&:n add

uibstance to theru 'J loped that they msM provide soraf local research. IQl

1 h-r • f, T r r t f 1 printsd in p I T1 1" '

iO T'6 ^1 th.e yj t;he t hy and 1 ^

.Arehae oi ogi a A e 1 i ana 5 ~W Ar Ciias 0 J. Oil 1 )rica,l Collections Relatj.ne: rjSIilS. 'X "Ainslle'^'llig^l^ 1789-1800, 1 RilR Alton, iL.Trg.g'tise on «.» Moss-Earth, 1805 = i oon, A G-eneral View of the ',fc-riculture of .iVjrrshire J 1311 SI', 1396. JJi. Allen "Notes on 'la^te-Geltic' AI-H^ X, 1896, 321--'^6 ,R. Allen un p t Scotland, 1103. AilEirigOlTJAR, iller), 1904. 2.,f .AADAASON, 1953. A.A. And h "Aestern Scotland: A Specnlat 3 r :9-A:5. Ant. Antici^iuty,

AlffiSAROMQ., " 3Anii^t?ong7"T'le-£ £llJ*ArsMre,.,, 1775, h^'^ji. ASl2i^£f .J^S£I!B£^i/^'"^ ^'^okesrj'lteTOe J]eltiqiie,xvi i,1896. AiiU. iillli§;i£.ili._Iil^ vol.1, ecu A.A, Hennessyf jgif/— AAR' The Ant on i tie 'iall Renox-t, 1899. !feliiaderrY'Tr'"'''"'H7~'C^^ "Bslinderry Crannog No.l", ""~lQj;iJir, 430, 1935-37, 103-239. BalinjiexTY"'27 A» O'l. RenoAeDj ''Balinderry Crannog So.2" , -Ojii^tAj'' Aalla.cap:en.. Bersn, "Celtic Homesteads in the isle of Man", Touinial JA;;_ JA Y, 1946, 177 ff. y 3alj7mlTdj7SJ1~Miller', 'ihe Roman Port_ at Balmuildy, 1922. ^ li?'''""^S?3n'' ^' Maeaonald andT7^ PaxE7'"^he lioma ~~180B', RRiAS, Bede, A Eistorn of the Anglish Church aBd Peonle, ea.. 1 Q?

X dlhUDTj 1953. dh Birlev, Iioman Britain and the .Ronaa ArsiVs 1953. hIEM, 1961. nirley, Research on"Ha.dria.n' s 'Wal.1, 1961, BiidrEYj 1963« E, Birley, "Soman. Brcnie Axti-^mrses", AMj xlij X Sj,rx^n£, 1897^ h. Odristison^ J. Barbour, J. Macdonald, E. Brown "and J„ Anderson, "AccDunt of the excavation of Birren^,,. in 1895", BSAds :xxi, 01-199» ^ BiduQ^^j 1937. Brie Birley, "Bxca.vations at Birrens, 1936-1937'', X Biu'rens, 1963. A. Eohertson, ''Birrens. 1Q62~3"5 BBGrS, sli^ ~'19 62--6 3, 135 ff. B^BIGE, 1994^ G«B. Black, "^descriptive Catalogue of Anticiuities Bound in Ayrgiiire and '••'intovmshire", A.K.O.A.d,, vii, 1894 1-4'/A Blacli 1)0I y *Ît ' . , i. i'ynile, 'BJotice of the Examination ""of c ""h'l" 1 I ' 1 i r"" Oi-^h,.,'*, KBiB, Ix, S'g'B ff, BBAIR. ,,,.ce iu,-..d,,,.... „oui.dd=.. B.M. GrUi^ { , _r J' id _ 1 - i-- Ûif 6, BOBBBBtdd, I . i. . c't 3oo'-t(ru, Be£cîn}tion of the Oollectlons in j?l§-Jli?''*^ J^„<- .d^^.. ,>-d^ d ^B ilie Bronze Vessels, 195b. ,goi?-e.5S» 1874, A.J. Corrie, B.B. Clarke and A.R. Hunt, "On A Ca;v-e Oontaining Bones and Objects of H.uman WorknansBln, Borness, Birhcudbright'*, BSiiB, x, 1874, 476-507» Bornesa, 1876. BdB. Clarke "Botice of Excavations in the Bornes|.,d ^ s Cave in the oummer of 1974", BdAS, xi n c _.o Borness, 1873. '^".B. Clarke, "Final EenorT oB the Boruess Gave Bxcavation", IBBB, xii, 1376-.78, 669 ff. BID GAB, 0. Brogan", Rojnan ^xaul, 1953» ~~ BBuGB, 3. Bruce, "Report and Investigations on the Bangbahk Bile Dsfelling", TBAS, IUS_J_, ii, 43 ff, BSAS, x, 338. X BBOHidS'ABuunUAiMAn,, 1878id/b,, J, Buchanannuchanan, '"Botic'-Botice off "th thee Bi Biscovers y of a Horaan Bowl in Gdasgo'-r Green, and Eoaian Remains at YouBBill"' BSAB, xii, 1876-78, 254 if. X >>irrMBn.^ ^_BB Bultaer, ''Bragonesque Bibulae", Ant. J. ,xvili, 1933, -40--.•53. X BBTLIBY. Elizabeth Burley, "A Catalogue and Curvey of the Metal- ;7ork from Traprain Baw", BSAS, Ixxxix, 1955-5', 113-226. BUEBB H,A. Burn, .%ricola an.d RonanJBritai^, 1953. SJiI!lswS££» ^hristisonT" J. Barbour and J. Anderson, "Account of the Excavation of the Camps and Barthworks at Burnswark Hill, in Annandalo, Bhdertaken by the Societv in 1898'% ?§A3J xxziii, 1898-9, 198-2^-9. GAAS-f Gollec1:ions of the^.jÊfî9d9 r^rpQ^".®ff^BEB^^'"^7• X Cadj-dr. ' J. Clarke, ghe__Rorna at Gad.dor, 1933." ^!^niarvon.. B,.B«B:. ilieel6?r7 Segontlum aM_'tliê^^^ Occupation 'iOii££» 1924. ddJjBANBBtl', I9I8. J»d, Callander, '9dotice of a Harp-shaped fibula found on the Bstate of Bolmaise, Stirlingshire, BSAS, lii, I917-I8, 26-31. ' ™ GihiBiiBnjBB, 1923. J.B, Callander, "Scottish Bronze Age xioards", 193.

Ivii, 1922-^23, 123 ff, 1928, J.d. Oallanderj "Early Iron Age Jet Ornapients" , iOAo, l;Kii, 1927-2r-28? , 228 ff, 1933» Oallaader, "a. Collection of Prehistoric Relics frora Otevenston Sands" ^ POASJ Ixyii, 1^^32-33, 20--2g. AAIA W. Camden, Britâi:iTii.a, ed. R7~ôn.gh, 2nd.ed., iv, 1806, ' " '"edlah8r71;:g:o_avat j 0 i;- at GaEerton, 1958« u aniu.1 o oni^ > .ihO, MarOAcs "and h.R." Hull, Oamulodimusij RRAAAA, xiY, "1947 0.i cinci cir>^ .1 6 D 3 il ienor r Birl anc: J-O J;.. OliilL ' . n io . £ ii , 19 1 O «1 n x*r s ti D U d Ma rI "L<'ivit" "A Uastleci ;-3 A r b ' ™ 2 !! IV,-, •iA' 1. Don of a 1 ci* n r J L 3 •t •^ • •'- « e< 'H.y i::.; e " 11 1 ij n 5 t r- !!• r-i .ngsnire s £, } 0, 1 n r, "™57. tl il.cl CIX ft fi r-, c! ! --A„ U J- JJ OA.V« O ^.i, U.UX ^ ^J.J.î..i !5 o 4 0 ™ 50, 41 —5 ^' « v„l ' i

jaledonia 3 YOls. :L3"G, ec v.v. # .1 _n'

, hi J 8i ijou u±c 5 1 I ; r ;ish -Lo.1. ;lana h ^g-' 9. xo.. u'f_L(V3t- o c lu oc-ix.. \ 180: j-n^ 1. u u. hi "1^1 ( I O 9 V-^ .i„ C sn'mrcls m ^" 5 AA'^ 1 :i-: -•iijt, 0 C 0 *G i, c

? -'- 0 la, A 'J -Lli .Li. XV S 1 " . 1 1 V t _

O ""18+ I 1 ( ,o Lil_£ _v_ lu 'j,J I \UX~., < .It. « U" » jgitain, I93O J:-U';'/OUB, 1937* VuB ^ .n (a Colllngwood, Borthuiiibrian Crosses o: tB.o jyro-EoTuia.ii , rfcor'Xoc-$ 19 3 7. BB'B'X'Bj po^p^ Collinpvvood. '•BBe BirBnadrine inacri pt ions'' , BBBS, : 'I B.' d' '• ' ' -•' • ou d. Collijiguood and J "/^ "f- H-'-'! r Ronian Britain Cv.j-iB;. uj Iv BjijglisB Settlements. 2nd ed,, 1 CdBCOB.Ar"B J,B;dB,B. Gorco"ran,' "Celtic (JinCts Tn Ronan Britain" , pt. 2, iiil£M££::Blniiii^ 1961, vol. 75 no. 1 Pjj. S fi. CORBBE ABB MBBBS, B. Corder and CJJBC, BaiB-es, "A Bsnel of Celtic Crnauient Bron Blraswell, B. icrks", Ant,J., xx, 1940, J J U 1 ,L . COOdDOB. B-.A. Cotton, "BritisB Caarns with limber-laced Bamparts'B iU?cn_^^, i 1 i, 19 0-1, 2 d —105. Q£§]l90]l™9,..,jih-^3. Bt. Gen. Bitt Rivera, B3ccavaBi_^ Oranbourne '"chase, 4 v6"ls,, 1887-93 !:B9^;;^B, ,,,f * Cunicnt, £oma£jufcJ^_B fut romanisee , IQH, oj^^-'.!,, ^ûrle, "Roman Drift in'~GaledolSi^7~J^ 1932. J. Curie, "An Inventory of Objects of Romanând Brovincial Ronian Oripin Bound on Cites in Scotland not Befinitcly Associated vith Roman Construction", BiiSBL-? lx;vis Id, 1940. C. Curie, "lB.e Chronology of the Early^Christii Bunuments of Scotland", IBBRj, Ixxxiv, 1939~40, 60 fi, an * Bisco very_ an (9 jaxcs^yation |__S q 011 and. •^^-IÊM^'S^~ rTXridiabiooTrc "Ihe Roman Borts "™t"Bal5xirton" , 1 BdS, xxxiv, igdS-So, 9-21. BAvIBSCB, J.Bavidson, ' "Coin Binds in Dumfriesshire and G-allov/ay" , BWiS, XXVi, 1947-48, luO-113. BRABBBBORBP. B, Bra.gendorff, "0:erra BipillXata'B Bonner tfahrb.; xcvi and xcvii, 1895--96, Bad81'lochadcrlocn, J,, BocRitchieh Breig,, ''IBe Lak_ e .Dwellin?ats; Ixscvii;"'p or OrÛT"'^"! .4 ^ in ..i,j',.rU-n.. 1 O c: 1 E.J. 'Cgpers , Der ^doaiisah.en Impor o xtp Brîeri Berganien,

^JLELZ. ^i2?-''^-5i?^i^LBi 1872-1905. BBIEHBR3B"r Ti. Bairhuri"t, "The Clyde in Brehistory" , '^^^..^l^BMIL Re^gicm., ed. Miller and fivy. The British Asoocia.tion, 1958, 119-128. idlACBllB E.B. Beacheca, "Dragonesaue Bibulae", -AdiLtii? ^cxxi, 1950-^51, 32-44 , BB'BDI!R, 1960, B. Bowler, "dhe Origins s.nd Bevelopment of the Benannular BrsocB. in Burope", BBS, 26, I96O, 149-177. BO'B.BB, 1963. E, Bo^fller, ''Celtic Betalwork 01 the Bifth and Sixth Centuries A.B.", Archj_J^,cxx, 1963, 98-160. BOS, 1958. Sir Cyril Box, Falruern and Burx)0ae, 1958. 195.

FBEItB. h 1. S.S. ih'ere, Piy^hletns^^^ Age in J3oirthern Britain« 1958. T dlA-i-AA, 1957. J»?. G-illamj "lyres of B.ocian Coarse Potterj Vessels in Northern Britain", AA4, xsxy, 1957, 180-251. X OIAIOAA 1^58. J.A, Olllam, "A.A. 12?-197% in RIOELOJAD, 1958. 'A^Sg-j^H^'^lSZ• ^' Bulleid and K. St, G, G-rav, Glastonbury Lahe miaê, 2 yolf?,5 1911« " ^ A2;^li2£ii§£«"" I-«A„ Richmond and. JAR.8. St. Joooph, "The Roman fort at Glenlochar, KirkcndDrightghire", TROS, xxz, 1951- 2 , 1 1 i A ARRREEA I),3, Harden, "Glass Vessels in Britain and Ireland, A AD. 400-1000% Bark Aj^;e Britain, ed. Harden, 1956, 132-167. lAlVARRIBRB, R. HaverfieL%'~^:iorriano--Eritish Inscriptions'-, Arch.J,, xlix, 1892, 172-204 and 215-233. .RORSBSY, J. Horsley, Britannia Romana, 1732. HuMRAi BLAIR. P.A. Blair, ""The'Origins of horthumbria" , AM, xxY, 1943, 1-51* Hypdford. R, Miinro, "Rotlce of a Orannog at Hyndiord near 'f""'- £SAS? 3ca:ilij 1899, 373-387", " / " /. Irving, "On the Ancient Oaoips of the B'pper Ward of *«.n TT/ilre", JBM, x, 1855, 1-52. ) V. , 1"93, K. tTackson, Language and History in Early Britain, 1953. ' ^ "™ "~ . I A''' ] 5 5» R. Jackson, "The Britons in South Scotland", .2ai_%, 29, 1955, 77-88, ^-^SA" Journal of the British Archaeological Ass^cjjalnio^ X 1 r .i.f "l-JORES. PRE. Eilbrlcie-Jones, "Glass Armlets in Britain", xoaS, Ixxi i, 19 3 7 -3 8, 3 6 6 -395. Ar- ichv gaer. G.H. Jack and A.G.E. Hayter, Excayations^ on the Sitê or the Roroanq.British Tovm^j3f MafrOiaEen^^^ ter_ Hefef ^ •' '1. ' ~ . ' . DAP. Kirfcbyj "StrathcljA'e and Gutabria: a su.rvey of torical deyolopnient to I907", TCWAS, n.s., Ixii, 1962,77-94. oja o OA 0'.KA Rencken. "Baaore GrannogÂ PRIA, 530, 1950~51j

„en , i AJ.,^9, -0 ,0.3.,.....1.0 A•.j^.'...•> 1333. uiiXlIh . ^ u ^1 3 , I er Al° 1 I'ld A ^xrnts", 1950. iR J, ^1 o'"c Yi K. Ox ^ 'V-^ 0 "c,..._ .HRQ^lfit^j:.* BQ45f h 1 i . -n I lO Ifc , ] 3 p_:;-^--pr7 ^ L --jOnc i_ K " 2, _^£'i:_.AJ16 • loi „ ' P-3Ughc 1. , L_ " U^^ L ? f ar ' rannog" 5 UJA3 ? ii , X ' 5 - « b J„9J„. A* .1 . I p " u R . heeJe ^ '^Leicd; on the Excayation r... ^« i__ I .„^,ÂR™ ^ -1 ol J ' , u BJ, xi, T932, i. eltiAPRc T ji ,. e(. .^ I L.< JT ! r1 c Ot i7 Rj. (• Is '".xonum Insularua 1 '* lôch't u tl . , Tf . T. •> Jr I - ij I o u, "McOulloch's oiK^tle, t-ô-'^ 'ji 5 i ), -"-Ij, 1 "7 f •'1 196«

J a Macdonald, "Botes on Some Ayrshire Examples 1 CT oOf Supposed to be Medieval", ijlCilB, i, 1878, 80-84. J. Macdonald, ",.„,. Ancient .Bro.nze Imolements AHCAB, iv, 1884, 47-54. d, Macdonald, "Ronan Eoads in Ayrshire - , 1892-93, 417-432. ' -BB, I J u J. Macdonald, "Bote on the 'Eoiuan' Brid-se near 'ot .11', d_,4B, ns,, ii, 1896, 312- 1 Q !••- n J. Macdonald, Tituli Hunterlani, 1897. .1. .J 'J J s Ajj.i.) 1 Q T 1 Sir 0, BB.cdonaTa7']BhF^'jlc^

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0 T ji >nj > », 1 BATBOTI, A. Radxioti, Die EtBuii^cl^ von Bannonien, ilM9MBil.M£MB,. 314, "'TeFr'^'?7 '"^'o I'd'', X Hnisburnfoot. A.S. BoberÊson,' "Excavations at Raoburnfoot, ~~ldskdale!f;n.ir, 1959-60" , TBdS, xxxix, 1960-61, 24-49. 'ii^îM^,. E.oyal 0onna.ssion on Aricient Monucients. ffiilB, 1959. B.C. Eeid, "Bore Botes on Roman Roads^', BmS, xxxvii, 1958-59, 123 if. EBIB.riBB. , S. Reinach, Iji-oiLzes Bigjûres^^ de la_ Gaule^ Romaine, 1894. RIG_,^ H. Mattingley, B9.d7"Bydenha!:!C a.A.d, Carson, B o igan ^ I rap e rial 0 o Bnage, 1923-51. î£;i!d£I2M=^ •" J"-6 Busii.e -B6x7"'Birgt ..,^^.Q.90.Bj:.i tBBBn .B-BB. if our t'^. lleporUi cii the Bxcavations of the ^bmiii Forf at RiSiboroul^r^^ dlRO , 192b, vii, '1928,' x," 1932, "s-rid xvi, l'B1-9 5 reopectivilj'T BICtB,.iOKlj, 1940. I.,B, E.ichmond, "Bhe Romans in Redesdale", lorthuiiiberlanc. p-unty; Bisto^ry;^, xv, 1940, 63-154. uOlB, '194-27" ""'1717 RicB-mond, "A Potsherd from Wingraa Hill and Sorae Kindred Tvpes of Bottery", Arch.Ae 1, xx, 1942, 121-133. J''" B'-, 1955. I.A. Richmond, Roman Britain, 1955. X EICEMBBB, 1958. ^ l.A. Richnond, XedT) jBpman _ând ^s:t±j(^^_ln _ÔTIII Britain, 19p8. ~ " ' '"' "~""' RICEBBBB TR) • I«.d. Richmond, ''Ancient Rome, Calloway and Ayr• shire", in J. Robison, Kirkcudbright. X RICmdh^B AdB STEER. l.A. Richmond and E.A. Steer, "Castellum Veluniate and Civilians on a Roman Brontier'', BSAS, xc,

X RIYET. A.B.B. Rivet, "Okie Iron Aa:e in Borthern Britain", Anx., 36, 1862, 24 ff. X ROBBRTSOB, 1950. A.S. Robertson, "Roman, Coins Bound in Scotland", BSAS, Ixxxiv, 1949-50, 137-169. X dOB'dEdSOB, 1960. .A*S. Robertson, The A.vit0ine Ball, I96O, X ROBEr^TSOB, 1961. A.S. Robertson, '"R!oii.n''lJbins Bound in Scotland, 1951-60", BSi§» ^^civ, 1960-51, 133-183. ROSS. A. Ross, "The Buoian Head in .dagan Celtic Religion'', BSAS, xci, 1953-58, 10-43. ^ SQjBiE' ^^'^' S.l. BdE.ler5 The RoGian Occupation of SoutB. Western S£^Dtta;nci, 1952. X ROY. If. Roy, Th£_Jw,ili_-'j_'^ A tig; ities of tBe Romging _i:a Britain, 1793J and Ear of"! ) ~ ^ uc->-n, surireyed, 1747-1755."" iEi:C»jiEj.^ Report of tB.e ac • c'-'rca -'ommittee of the Society of -AntlquB.rie.3 of lionaon, X ST. JOWErm^'lsWl jTrnT7"St. Josen'- , in ROSES. J.E.S. St, Joseph, ''Air Reconnaissance in 9 .„0 tain, 1951-5% BBS, xlv, 195^ X E^-' .T-quu, [, I96I. J.E,3» St. Joseph, "Air Recoifinaissance m Britain. 1958-1960", JRS, li, 1961, 119f f Saalburg. B. Jacobi, Bas"RSmerkastell^ • der liohe, 1897. -J0 QJ

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V T 7 See CC

Addendum

MCJAI€fET, A.P. McJannet, Royal Burgh of Irvine, 1938. .aOa3 0"'^RAUi

I wish to OApress my grateful tharPcs to a large nuraoer of friends wiio gave freely of their ticsie and services and helped Euch in the compilation, of the iiryentory:-- Professor E. Birley and his staff at the Department of Archaeology of the Burhaci Colleges in the 05iiyersity of Burham, Mr. JAR Brailsford and colleagues ou. the staff ox the British MUBOUD, the late Mr. J. Olarke, Mr. n. Cook and, his sta"A at the Gnildhall Museum, Air. G.O. Elmslie, Curators Peop].e's Palace, Glasgov^, Mr, JR3, lorsytP.e. Bibrariaa at the Carnegie Bihrary, Ayr, Mrs. E. Bowler, Mrs. H. Guido and Oliss J. du Plat Taylor of the Institute of .Archaeology in the universitj'" of Bondon, Mia 0, Kelly of the north AyrsPire Museum, Riss E. McCaig, • formerly Libraria.n5 Wigtown County Library, M.r. G. Haxwell, Idr. P. HAiwall, Mr.'O.A.R. Eadfordj Mr, A. Ramseyj erlain, Ardrossan, the late Br. P.O. Reid, Mr. A.P.P. formerly Assistant Archaeology Officer, Ordnance Survey, and his staff, Br. A.3, Robertson and staff at the Hunterian Ruseum in the University of Glasgow, Mr. J.G. Scott, Curator of Rrchaeologjr, Art Gallerjr and Museum, Kelvingrove, Glasgow, Mr. R..3RR Stevenson, Reaper of the lational Ruseura of Antinuities of Scotland, and colleagues on his staff, Mr. A.O. Thora,as of"the Bspartment of Prehistoric £ind Classical Archaeology in the Bnivereity of Edinburgh, Mr, JA8.T, Thorrison and staff at the Pick Institute, Eilmarnock and Rr. A.E, Truckell, Curator,, Burgh Museuta, Bumfries. In particular I am indebted to Br. A.3. Robert• son and Mr. R.ERA Stevenson who read over the proofs in the initial stages and made valuable suggestions. In conclusion 1 must once more acknowledge my considerable debt to Professor Birlejr, luider whose tutorship I haye received constant advice and encouragement»