Advances in Materials Technology Monitor
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OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] ADVANCES IN MATERIALS TO OUR READERS TECHNOLOGY MONITOR Vol. 2, No. 2, 1995 The materials sector of industry has an enormous influence on the econonic well-being and quality of life in a country. but by its very CONTENTS nature the resources are dispersed among many science and engineering disciplines and between the public and private sectors of the economy. Materials are vitally important to our economic LEAD ARTICLE security and quality of life. Thus, the inaemental funding. coupled India's Experience in the with the strategic approach to national goal-oriented planning and Development of a National implementing initiatives in the area of new and advanced materials Facility for Promoting New are essential to enhancing the competith1eness of a country. Materials Dr Pawan Slkka Tedlnological developments in such important industrial sectors as autorr.obile manufacturing, electronics/electrical engineering, energy Materials Policy Development in engineering, machine and appliance building or chemistry, are \lften based on advallCed materials. The further dewlopment and suppor. India: Emerging Issues Prof R.S. Ganapat'1y of materials technology are important precisely because of the very sizeable impetuses, and spill-over effects on virtuaHy all sectors of the processing industry. which result from them. Testing and Evaluation of Materials: Indian Experience At present, there is a clear understanding of the interrelationships KLal between new and advanced materials, technological leadership, co.-npetitiwl! ad;;antagcs ar.d the ct-.alkmge in the 1990s, and be;"Cr.d. Both government and industry should also haw a very clear understanding of the role of materials technology for sustained competitive advantages and long-run growth as well as of the rising importance of advanced materials in the process of industrial restructuring. The global restructuring process also entails an impact L"'IOO's Advances in lfalerials Mooib' is on the demand for traditional industrial raw materials, the global eslablislled ~ • mechanism of cummt llWareMS lo monllor developr>enls Ill lhe malena& sedor and lo resource base, corporate strategies and global location patterns. All inform govenvNflls_ lflduslfy and academia. primarillf these interrelated changes require an urgent increase in the role of .. developing countries governments in promoting national competence in new materials produdiCin and use. which are deemed necessary for current, and The Moolfor is IUUed four hmeS a year and dlslrQiled free cl dlarge to reader5 in deYelopirlg Mure. domestic competitiveness. counlries. It is not a lonnal documenl and has been reproduced willlout fonnal editing Opinions exprased here do not -ily reftecl the views ol The experience of India in the fonnulation and implementaUon of a UNIDO Menllon cl Ille names cl f111'115 and national programme for the development of new materials clearly commercial produels does nor "'" an endofsemenf by UNDO ~ngllled ma1ena1 repoduced in Ille ina!cates what results developing countries may obtain if such Montrormay be quoted only wdh pennission of the programmes are carried out in clear relation to the advances that jOUtllal$ concerned Olhef malerial ~ be quoted OI have taken place in science and technology abroad, and to the needs repRlduced Wllhoul furlhef pennuion Due ~iledgemenl IS requesled of the country's society. These efforts, in !ndia, have led to capacity building in many areas leading towards achieving self-reliance in the Tedlruc:al EdlfOI Vladlrr." Kojaf.-lfdl country. eon,.ng and ed.. ng Joan Roeller-5-nand Edilonal Boan! v Podshtbyalnn. N lloenng. H Yalcmdag. A Bromley. E Vento We have decided to publicize this experience in order to demonstrate that there are many opportunities for developing countries to enter Publllhed in 1995 by Ille Unlled NaftOnS lndUSlnal 0..etoprNnl Ofganlz.toor1 tUNIDO) into various stages c..f the materials and manufaduring cycles, whilst Vien... lntem..iional Centre judiciously building on exist:ng strengths in domestic materials, POBo• 300 A-1400 v-na manufacuturing technologies and human skills. Auslna Tet (4l-1) 21'31-0 F•• (43·1) 21131-8843 E-tnltl vkOfllmovlfChOunodo OtO 1roe1Jer·-il~ldo org Vladimir Kl>Jarnovitch ISSN 102G-2!178 T echn1cal Editor 4 "'f G..'." ,_,.~I' '!II ADVANCES IN MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY MONITOR VOWME 2, NUMBER 2, 1995 UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL• DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna, 1996 - .. t-" . AdvOlt<.·es in Moteriuls Tec:hnology Monitor. J'al_ l. No. 2 (1995) CONTENTS Page A. LEAD ARTICLE . • • • . • . • . • • . • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 1 INDIA'S EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL FACILITY FOR PROMOTING NEW MATERIALS . • • . • • . • • I Semi-conducting materials . 2 2. Ceramics . 4 3_ Glass & glass-based products . _ . 6 4. Polymers and composites . 7 5. Metals and alloys .... _ . 8 6. Mining and minerals . I 0 Education and Research - Microelectronics ............. _ . IO Future perspectives . 11 Bibliography . 16 B. MATERIALS POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: EMERGING ISSUES • • 17 I. Introduction . 17 2. Background . 17 3. Strategy formulation . 18 4. Action plan .................... _ . 24 6. Conclusion . 26 C. TESTING AND EVALUATION OF MATERIALS: INDIAN EXPERIENCE . • 17 I. Introduction ...... _ .. _ .................................. 27 IL Basic considerations . 2s· Ill. Basic infrastructure ..................... _ ................. 28 IV. Indian experience ........................................ 30 v. National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi ................... 32 VI. Quality assurance system ........................ _ .......... 33 VII. Indian reference materials .................................. 33 VIII. Funding ............................................... 34 IX. Some sugg~stions ........................................ 34 x. Concluding remarks ....................................... 34 Acknowledgements . 34 References .................. _ .... __ . 34 Ath·ances in .\laterials Technology Monitor. l"ol. 1. No. 1 ( 1995) A. LEAD ARTICLE INDIA'S EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL FACILITY FOR PROMOTING NEW MATERIALS Dr. Pawan SiUa Director K"ith the Gowmment of India. Department of Scienc:e and Techno/Og_l-. New Delhi. India Abstract I The development of new materials has been an integral part of industrial expansion in economically developed countries. resulting thereby. apart from an impr°'•ement in the effici~ncy of production and the quality of products. in a revolution in the nature of certain industries. I Certain r:iw materials of which India has the largest deposits in the world. were until recently exported. only to be re-imported as a finished product. and that too at " high cost so as to satisfy the needs of certain industries. This necessitated •he need for materials development within the country to satisfy its immediate requirements. It is significant to note here that now. due to the expertise and infrastructure developed in many areas of new materials. research work in materiO?'s science. leading to the development of new materials. has progressed well in many academic and research and development laboratories in India. Most programmes geared towards developing indigenous technology would invariably culminate in the further growth of new industries in these emerging high·tech areas. for manufacturing special materials. The author describes in detail the current scene highlighting future plans of research and development activities in the fields of maki !als science and technology under way in India. Although no single national facility. as such. exists in the country. and projects are being executed at many academic and research and development laboratories. there is a recommendation for the establishment of a National Materials Research and Development Board. to coordinate and concentrate the development activities of materials programmes in India. The world today is