Transformasi Nelayan Di Pesisir Kepulauan Bengkalis

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Transformasi Nelayan Di Pesisir Kepulauan Bengkalis Transformasi Nelayan di Pesisir Kepulauan Bengkalis (Studi Tentang Pergerseran Pola Interaksi Sosial, Agama, Alat Penangkapan, dan Perubahan Ekosistem) Oleh: Hurmain1 dan Puriana2 Abstract Fisherman Transformation in Coastal of Bengkalis I slamds (Study About Shifting Patterns of Social I nteraction, Religion, Tool Arrest, and Ecosystem Change) Development paradigm shift toward people-centered development (people centered development) who appreciate and consider initiatives and local differences. Therefore, local communities should be able to explore and develop the potential socio-economic as well as manage the diverse socio-economic potential in order to develop independently and sustainable community development through community based. The results program that spends money without a clear purpose. Fishing effort in Bengkalis has huge potential if it is able to manage the opportunities and strengths and to minimize weaknesses and threats coming from inside and outside the business. During this time, due to lack of knowledge about good management, the management of its potential is still quite large and underutilized. Keywords: Transformation, Fishermen, and Coastal Pendahuluan masyarakat lokal yang memiliki ciri tersendiri menganut Islam taat dan memiliki adat melayu Penelitian ini berupaya memahami tentang yang kuat. Dengan ciri tersebut, pengaruh fenomena sosial komunitas nelayan Melayu perkembangan investasi, teknologi, dan manajemen Bengkalis3 hingga terjadinya perubahan dengan dalam menggerakkan industrial akan mengalami menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif4. Melalui studi artikulasi. Artikulasi dimaksud adalah munculnya ini akan terlihat kecenderungan, pola, arah, dan ciri perkembangan industri yang berbeda dari ciri interaksi, serta banyak fakta yang memacu terjadinya perkembangan industri pada masyarakat barat. perubahan. Selanjutnya akan teruji secara mendalam Perbedaan demikian terjadi karena adanya ke dan rinci dari satu konteks, serta akan terjaring eksistensi antara ciri tata produksi kapitalisme atau beberapa subjek atau dari satu kejadian khusus. Alur industrial yang dimunculkan oleh perkembangan pemikiran penelitian ini terstruktur secara skematis investasi, teknologi, dan manajemen dengan ciri dalam gambar berikut ini: produksi feodalisme atau non-industrial yang KERANGKA BERFIKIR merupakan unsur asli dalam masyarakat. Pergeseran Nelayan Melayu Konsep transformasi dalam telaah ini akan dikaitkan dengan transformasi industri. Transformasi Interaksi Sosial industrial adalah proses yang melibatkan Alat Penangkapan pengembangan teknologi dan metode kerja (Ponsioen, (Pengembangan Teknologi) 1969: 158), perkembangan, organisasi kerja dan ETOS KERJA manajemen produksi (Schneider, 1986: 108) dan Perubahan Ekosistem (Lingkungan Laut) NILAI-NILAIBUDAYA perkembangan investasi masyarakat (Rostow, 1964: TRANSFORMASI 291). Dalam transformasi industri, industri perdesaan merupakan bentuk transisi yang perkembangannya Skema di atas dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut: dapat berfungsi mengakumulasi dan mentransfer komunitas Nelayan Melayu di Bengkalis adalah modal dari tata produksi berciri feodal atau non 13 Toleransi, Vol. 5 No. 1 Januari – Juni 2013 industrial ke tata produksi berciri kapitalistik atau transformasi sosial diartikan sama dengan perubahan industrial (Saith, 1986: 170). sosial. Transformasi industrial di Indonesia dicirikan Bagi Weber, bayangan transformasi itu tidaklah oleh dualisme antara industri prakapitalis dengan lewat suatu proses dialektika linear sebagaimana industri kapitalis tinggi (Boeke, 1962: 26-27). Dalam pikiran Marx, namun proses transformasi dan kaitan ini, industri yang dominan berkembang di perubahan itu melalui proses evolusioner yang mana perdesaan lebih mencirikan bentuk transisi menuju berbagai unsurnya saling berpengaruh atau saling industri kapitalis tinggi. Menurut Saleh (1936: 11), mempengaruhi dalam sebuah tipe ideal masyarakat. industri kerajinan dan rumah tangga di Indonesia Dari pemaparan tersebut, sebenarnya pengertian terutama alat penangkapan ikan merupakan transformasi itu dikenakan pada sejumlah objek keterampilan lokal bermodal kecil yang kebanyakan sehingga sebagai konsep, sering merupakan sebuah menggunakan bahan baku dari lingkungan terdekat diskusi yang panjang. Dari rintisan para pemikir besar dengan harga jual relatif murah dan diproduksi secara itulah, lahirlah berbagai pendukung dan pemrotes. massal. Namun, transformasi itu mengabsahkan pendapat masing-masing pendukung atau pemrotes dalam Nelayan merupakan Industri perdesaan berskala konteks teori-teori besar yang memiliki ideologi. Perkembangannya melibatkan keterampilan lokal, Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya teori-teori pemodalan, dan organisasi produksi yang, berbasis sosial yang dibangun oleh dua tokoh tersebut semakin pada masyarakat komunitasnya sendiri, sebagian juga berkembang yang kemudian melahirkan pendukung karena peranan pemerintah melalui bantuan modal seperti Talcot Parsons yang kemudian melahirkan dan teknologi. Sebagai Industri perdesaan, nelayan teori kapitalisme di pihak Weber. Kemudian dari Melayu yang berkembang di Riau dapat digambarkan pihak Marx muncul para pemikir sosial berhaluan sebagai bentuk transformasi dari industri prakapitalis kritis yang menganjurkan model sosialis, seperti ke industri kapitalis tinggi. Tahap transformasi tersebut Antonio Gramsci, Habermas, dan Foucoult yang telah berlangsung lama dan dalam perkembangannya senantiasa mempersoalkan relasi sosial sebagai biang kemiskinan, kesenjangan dan ketergantungan masih keladi munculnya ketidakadilan. ditemukan. Ini berbeda dengan sistem industri Dari pemaparan tersebut, meskipun terdapat masyarakat Barat yang perkembangannya dari ciri perbedaan, penulis simpulkan bahwa teori prakapitalis ke ciri kapitalis tinggi tidak memerlukan transformasi sosial disamakan dengan perubahan transisi yang lama. Untuk memahami fenomena sosial, dan perubahan sosial adalah reproduksi dan ini, pemikiran Tiryakian (1992) tentang dialektika transformasi. modernitas dalam perubahan sosial dijadikan acuan teori. Menurut Tiryakian (1992: 79), dalam perubahan sosial atau modernisasi, terdapat dua proses Kerangka Teoretis dan rasionalisasi tindakan. Dikatakan bahwa dua Istilah transformasi memiliki pengertian proses ini yang menentukan sejauhmana perubahan perubahan menyeluruh dalam bentuk, rupa, sifat, sosial atau modernisasi tetap diikuti oleh integrasi watak. dan sebagainya. Dalam hubungan timbal masyarakat dan terhindarkan dari patologi sosial. balik sebagai individu-individu maupun kelompok- Dalam penelitian ini, diasumsikan bahwa diferensiasi kelompok (lihat: Ensiklopedia Nasional Indonesia). sosial dan rasionalisasi tindakan merupakan faktor Timbulnya transformasi sosial bukanlah yang harus dianalisis karakteristik dan keseimbangan tanpa sebab, tetapi dipengaruhi oleh ragam faktor. perkembangannya. Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan adalah timbunan Tiryakian (1992: 91) juga menyimpulkan kebudayaan, kontak dengan kebudayaan lain, bahwa dua proses tersebut tidak berlangsung penduduk yang heterogen, kekacauan sosial dan linear, melainkan terjadi proses, baik dalam bentuk perubahan sosial itu sendiri. Dalam transformasi sosial dediferensiasi untuk diferensiasi dan dalam bentuk akan melibatkan penduduk, teknologi, nilai-nilai derasionalisasi untuk rasionalisasi. Dianjurkan kebudayaan dan gerakan sosial. Dalam ensiklopedi bahwa perubahan sosial atau modernisasi dilihat nasional Indonesia disebutkan pula, seringkali istilah dengan pendekatan dialektik antara diferensiasi dan 14 Hurmain dan Puriana: Transformasi Nelayan di Pesisir Kepulauan Bengkalis (Studi Tentang Pergerseran Pola Interaksi Sosial, ... rasionalisasi dan mempertimbangkan dediferensiasi Orang Melayu Bengkalis di masa lalu seperti dan derasionalisasi sebagai proses baliknya. Dalam etnis lain, seperti etnis Bugis sangat dicirikan oleh penelitian ini, diasumsikan bahwa diferensiasi sosial hubungan patron-klien berhubung keadaan alam, dan rasionalisasi tindakan tidak hanya dilihat dalam kekacauan keamanan dan perilaku elit memang hal karakteristik dan keseimbangan perkembangan mengkondisikannya (Ahimsa Putra, 1998: 159). antara keduanya, tetapi juga pada proses batik Hubungan patron-kilen tersebut menjelma tidak terhadap keduanya dalam bentuk dediferensiasi dan hanya pada masyarakat maritim tetapi juga pada derasionalisasi. masyarakat pertanian dan kalangan pedagang (Felras, Dengan acuan teori yang demikian, perkembangan 1981: 1). Dengan demikian, pergeseran hubungan patron-klien ke hubungan industrial sangat relevan investasi, teknologi dan manajemen pada komunitas nelayan Melayu akan mendorong terjadinya dijadikan indikator bagi transformasi industrial pada komunitas maritim di Bengkalis. diferensiasi sosial dan rasionalisasi tindakan. Dugaan ini didasarkan pada argumen bahwa perkembangan Hubungan patron-klien adalah hubungan investasi, teknologi, dan manajemen adalah stimulan antara dua orang yang berbeda kedudukan sosial- perubahan sosial dalam konteks transformasi ekonominya, pihak yang berkedudukan tinggi industrial, dan karena diferensiasi sosial dan memberi perlindungan dan keuntungan yang dibalas oleh pihak yang lebih rendah dalam bentuk dukungan dalam perubahan sosial, berarti perkembangan atau jasa pribadi (Scoft, 1972b: 8). Hubungan investasi, teknologi dan manajemen Akan mendorong tersebut dicirikan oleh ketimpangan pertukaran diferensiasi sosial dan rasionalisasi tindakan tersebut. (inequality of exchange), sifat luwes dan meluas ( ), dan ciri mempribadi (face to Pada tahap transformasi
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