CEU eTD Collection D ECONSTRUCTING THE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of International Relations and European Studies IN L ETTING P Supervisor: Michael Michael Merlingen Supervisor: OST Central European University European Central - Budapest, Hungary EARTHQUAKE Catalin Hartwig Catalin Word Count: Submitted to Submitted S ILENCES 17,213 D 2010 By ISCOURSE OF S PEAK H AITI : R EBUILDING CEU eTD Collection economic exploitation, and reproduce global and economic ofinequality. exploitation, reproduce structures and control the notion of political whichsupport in practices causes disaster Haiti the to Theadoption of rationale a neoliberal considerations. security informedeconomic by and are but concerns development and humanitarian beyond go community’ ‘international so-called the of rationalities that argue I silences, to attention particular Paying programs. structuringin discourse Haiti understandpost-earthquake to the implementation these of and forming mechanisms inclusionary/exclusionary the unravel will I framework, theoretical asmy of governmentality relations. Foucauldian concept Usingthe production the power of reveal inHaiti to discourse thedominant of construction the analyzes thesis This instances? informsis that these underlying What rationale of legitimized.the Haiti,subjugation are and economic political suggesting the these practices, how beit asked has to Therefore, long-term envisioning engagementas dueto as ‘intervention’, reforms. radical well an situation the of securitization an with extensive associated onthe ground practices however, needs development and benevolence humanitarian of in terms framed been has Haiti in in post-earthquake of relief reflected US andmilitary. words, deployment UN other the In criticizedfailing for meet to the demand of victims,the as asmilitarizingwell the situation, been has assistance disaster international emergency relief, immediate with responded Although causing thedeath people. community approximately international of the 300,000 On Januaryin 12,2010,aisland hit earthquake theCaribbean,devastating asmall Haiti, A BSTRACT i CEU eTD Collection eeec it...... 56 Reference List...... 54 Conclusion...... Transforming 46 Rationalities into ...... Practices 46 ...... Chapter 5: Deconstructing 18 the Dominant Discourse in Haiti...... 18 ...... Chapter 4: Linking Power to Discourse 15 – The Methodology...... 15 ...... Chapter 3: Understanding 10 the Production of Global ...... Power Structures 10 ...... Chapter 2: Setting the Context- 6 Approaches ...... to Disaster Relief 6 ...... Chapter 1: 1 ...... Introduction Deconstructing the Discourse of i Rebuilding in ...... Post-earthquake Haiti i Letting ...... Silences Speak: 5.2 The Two Main Policy 49 Documents Deciding ...... on Haiti’s Future 5.1 The International Donors’ Conference 46 Towards a Future for Haiti...... 4.3 Reforming the Economic System 37 – Implementing Neoliberal ...... Policies? 4.2 Securitizing the Situation- 28 Extending Dominance ...... and Control? 4.1 Acting in the Name of Benevolence 19 - Justifying ...... Involvement? 2.1 The Advantages of 14 Governmentality Theory ...... for Analyzing Haiti 2.1 The 10 Concept of Governmentality...... C ONTENT ii CEU eTD Collection 2010). In 2010). In way,this ‘international the the community’, US and UNbeing mosthas visible, 2010;Thompson &Cave,providing January16, (Schofield,emergency 19, relief January peaceand wasconceived by aforeignrestore intervention order locals as andorganizations helpwithout (Oxfam, deploymentSecond, the of 2010a). US and forces UNmilitary to victims many left difficulties coordination and demand, meet to failed food of distribution on two grounds. primarily criticized been has assistance disaster First,international island, the rebuilding committed medical care, the establishment of campsto trigger profound social byintroducingchange democratic andeconomic reforms. and shelter as well framedas the situationisachance as Therefore, Clinton, 31,2010;Ban, January, 2010). March the anew’ (Rodham ‘build Haiti or better’ ‘buildback to opportunities as creating catastrophe the regards community international the state, ‘fragile’ or bea ‘failed’ to considered and history reconstruction As 2010). islandforof the (Schneider,is Haiti its February 4, turbulent known humanitarian hasrelief been tolonger extended term programs dealing with recovery the and earthquake the of of Bank.Inthe aftermath cancellation World the including debt the medical foodand support, shelter provision, aswell extensiveas financial assistance p.7). natural leavingdisaster, them injured, homeless, hungry inand despair (Action Plan, 2010, this by affected been have people million 1.5 that estimated been has It authorities. national Haitian the to people, according 300,000 approximately of death the caused areas and Withinminutes earthquakethe aswellsurrounding thecapital destroyed Port-au-Prince known forits smuggling poverty, leaders, underageprostitution. authoritarian drug and On Januaryin 12,2010,aisland hit earthquake theCaribbean,devastating asmall Haiti, Even though the international community reacted promptly to the catastrophe and is and catastrophe the to promptly reacted community international the though Even of form in relief emergency immediate with responded community international The I NTRODUCTION 1 CEU eTD Collection However, practices on the ground are associated with an extensive securitization and securitization an with extensive associated are onthe ground practices However, needs. development and benevolence humanitarian of in terms framed been also has communities (Gunewardena,p. 2008, 4). affected sectorthan corporate the benefits rather assistance disaster that is claimed evaluation Accordingneoliberal tothe 2007; it &Schuller,of policies, Gunewardena 2008). fiscal discipline aswell as down-sizing governmentthe of in of terms spending (Klein,social liberalization, and market investment, foreign direct privatization, with Theseare associated policies. neoliberal implementing for use instrumental an have disasters man-made or natural that capitalism argues disaster (2007), Doctrine” Klein’s“The Shock of as the publication as response of well Basedonthe evaluation democraticthe reforms. disaster 2006 Tsunami based development, is on logicsecurity the and theprerequisitesuccessfuleconomic for that for hand an increasing instance,(2007), goes haspointed to securitization in that hand with increasingly argued for more complex objectives in post-disaster reconstruction. Duffield (Escobar, 1995;Crush, assistancestudies However, recent of have 1995). disaster forarguing democratic reforms andeconomicin growth toreducevulnerabilitiesorder need the based moral on global with of ethics (Donini,development, regard to or 2008) their accordingpopulation needs to the andsubjugate control to asattempts regarded were which interventions andUN intensified is skepticism This reforms. development population Haitian the leaves invisibilityincontrast tothe (Chong,2010), Haitian the process of rebuilding the government in largeinternational (Medicine presenceof The actors, January Frontière, 19, 2010). Sans been accusedof ‘securitizing’ or‘militarizing’ their by operations primarily sending troops Reflectingdiscourses dominant todisaster assistance, relief post-earthquake in Haiti Prevailing discourses have either explained disaster relief in terms of humanitarianism of in terms relief disaster explained either have discourses Prevailing doubting thedoubting adopted rhetoric ofinternational solidarity and . 2 by past experiences of by involvements experiencespast US of CEU eTD Collection 1991). He developed the concept of and to“theHe developed which numerous of ‘biopower’ concept diverse the 1991). relates and controlling a population, inand to improve apopulation, controlling theorder population’s regulating aims at which governmentality agovernmental or rationality have adopted states modern liberal Foucault, to According legitimize rationales. that narratives of construction the through power of exercise the analyzing for be useful to proves governmentality concept of the my value particular, are of analysis. In to Foucault philosopher Michel in constructed 19), theoretical developed (Schuller,discourses 2008,p. frameworks bythe Haiti. post-earthquake gaining contributes to in amore production complex of the structures of understanding power and agents approach texts A hybrid formation considers that the reproduction dominance. of to highlight rationalities informed bysecurity considerations. and economic thatare but concerns development and humanitarian beyond allow go community’ ‘international me to explainso-called of the rationalities the that I argue silences, to attention particular paying the structuralimplementation of these programs. Deconstructing the discourse formation in Haiti and aspectsunderstandmechanisms in formingand Haiti the structuring discourse the to post-earthquake of the inclusionary/exclusionary unravel the discoursewill I particular, relations inHaiti. In power reveal of in production to the discourse order dominant the of analyzetheconstruction will I narratives, development and from humanitarian differ practices As these instances? these islegitimized.economicHaiti,informsof subjugation What are theunderlying rationale that radical envisions reforms. that engagement long-term to due ‘intervention’, an as well as situation the of militarization Considering does that power not only manifest itself in is material the but world Employing discourse an analysisapproach to thatdrawsattention blindserves to spots and political the suggesting be practices, it askedhowthese has to Therefore, 3 productivity (Gordon, CEU eTD Collection rationalities highlight and to instrument an technologiesas be used can sense Foucauldian early inthe governmentality (Rose & Miller, 1992), governance. network namely but power, of modalities also new study to evaluate theories ofto asframework serves italso globalMoreover, policies. asneoliberal as well control of instances governmentality, highlights which an increasingis global power in increasingreflected global of concept the to regard with findings my interpret to contributes governmentality with knowledge and theinterlinked relation asa complex power by understanding power of analyze the production control of the discourse.several advantages. On the one hand, employing the concept of governmentality Onallows me to the other hand, using the concept of(p.4). control” of “societies of creation the causing control, social of mechanisms by complemented (1992) supranationalnational levelsto (Rabinow 2006,p.204).As &Rose, arguedby Deleuze and others, underlying rationalityshapingfrom (Lemke, expanding every 2001,p.201), now discourse theMerlingen, 2006)whoarguethat in contemporary our hasworld, neoliberalism become the increasinginternational (Dean,2009; relations &Reid, Dillon 2001; Negri,Hardt& 2000;Lemke, 2003, deregulation power structures (Foucault, 1972,p.40). rules ofinclusion/exclusion, determined by rationalities the of participants, they reproduce of (Rabinow 2006,p.197; As &Rose, Miller &Rose, 1992,p.173). discourses by are formed the beings human of character economic ‘vital’ the to relate which authorities, competent of behalf 1994, p.262).This is biopower legitimized through creationthe ‘truth’of on discourses system techniques bodies control andthe populations” (Foucault, forof achieving the subjugation of need to be The concept of governmentality for studying the process of reconstruction in Haiti has in Haiti reconstruction of process the studying for governmentality of concept The Foucault’s ideas havebeen further developed bymany inscholars the context of 4 In short, the concept of concept the short, In CEU eTD Collection formation. Intheconcluding I part, summarize myfindings. of discourse The last presents the chapter forthimplications the chapter. in practical the in Haiti, discourse the analyze to applied isthen which inquiry of method my outlines chapter of introduces third governmentality.the The myconcept of chapter second analysis, the underpinnings explain theoretical the To disaster assistance. to approaches contemporary the production of global structures. power issuesto invisiblerendered for allows adeconstruction and thus, critical analysis the of dominant Pointingdiscourse. of the myisstructure 14), the concernedwith 1998, p. analysis importantdiscourses sourcesare highlightmechanismsto ofinclusion/exclusion (Milliken, alternative though Even discourses. challenging neglecting while present, at Haiti rebuilding its actuality. due to yet assessed been sufficiently understanding of production the of relationspower Haiti, in haspost-earthquake not which tothe I contribute normal’ better understand 2002,p.283), exceptional the (Stallings, to in strategy ‘examining the relationsof whicharemanifested Following a society. 76). Similarly, has DeWaal arguedthatstudying invisiblehighlights disasters power p. 1991, (Foucault, aswhat universalandnecessary” subsequently beingself-evident, counts establish a given momentso onwhich at forces, and blockages, play strategies of supports, encounters “the connections, henceanalyzing break of sets of causal practices, the relations supportingFoucault’s socialthat argument on focus shouldresearch studying ‘events’ as they Merlingen, 2006) &Reid, neoliberal 2003, 2001;Hardt& 2000; Lemke, (Dean,2009; Negri,Dillon governance My thesis is organized according to the following structure. The first chapter presents The firstchapter structure. following the to according is organized My thesis narrative in dominant the of is construction the with concerned thesis this However, Studying the production of relationspower after the earthquake is justified by 5 CEU eTD Collection that can that beonly improvedAs bytheassistance of countries. Pelling & developed (2006) Dill a condition be ‘underdeveloped’, to are considered most intheglobal South view, countries (Doty,this Accordingdemocracy promotion economicp. 129). to development and 1996, human liberty.mainly in Policies with perspectivethis are associated poverty reduction, goal and ultimate the of democracy only development can andgenerate economic arguesthat human of basedprogress is idea the on paradigm The communities. development on affected assistancedisaster is asameans andmitigate theexplained impact toreduce vulnerabilities Withinframework, 1995). this (Escobar, beginning of decolonialization since attention the altruistic principles in reducing human suffering. protection of humanneeds, andthe basic of provision and distribution the operations, rescue and- saving, search- dignity. Providers life- focus harm.on activities or Insituations of of disasters, threat and insituations assisted of disaster relief With todisaster relief,regard it has been have be argued thatvulnerable people to protected have repeatedly historicalderived from traditions emphasized universalwhich benevolence.compassion and emphasized obligations, moral and humanitarian of in terms explained their been primarily has assistance public. global media havehuman by increasing coverageandthus,attention receivedsuffering the and catastrophes integration, of Duetoprocesses global p.3). 2008, anymore (Gunewardena, placesremote assecludedbe happeningat understood cannot events disasters interactions, contemporary byintensification In our of capital and global world, characterized exchanges Besides humanitarianism, ‘development’ the discourse has receivedincreasing public or relief disaster morality, universal and mankind’ ‘one of ideas on Drawing S ETTING THE ETTING C ONTEXT - C A HAPTER PPROACHES TO 6 1: D ISASTER R ELIEF CEU eTD Collection that dominant discourses serve as a cover to implement neoliberal technologies. neoliberal economic implement to serveasacover discourses dominant that practicesleading ofincreased to control 2007). (Duffield, development, human improving for factors important most the are stability and security that conclusion the leads to logic This be eliminated. needto principles these challenges to or threats possible all development, to linked policies implement to consequence, a As 2). p. 2007, (Duffield, democratic process and economy capitalist of a liberal characteristics context, the growth andconcept democratic developmentcan flourish in only stable In circumstances. this of ‘failed’as the prerequisite for global and human development, this approach positsor that economic ‘fragile’p. 128).Regarding security international national 1996, also(Doty, affect arena the problems states world interconnected increasingly in our that rationale based isthe on This interests. security applies to stateshim,regulation. haspromote Accordingdiscourse development to servedto recently the that do and control of not of technologies adopting the security causing to concerns, connected show the isinstance,hasfor logic Duffield the arguedthat increasingly of (2007), development benevolence andinformed goodwill (DeWaal, 2008,p.xiv)butare byadditional rationales. value. universal have not might which development and morality of ideas Western spread primarily discourses both as neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism of notions highlighted have such as On onehand,studies (2008), the approaches. these Donini have assistance challenged 34), recenttheories explainingdisaster p. framed (Donini, 2008, responses are which disaster impactof catastrophes. natural the isexacerbating failedsame time development resultfailedbutthe at the can besuggest, disasters development of asbeing conceptualized At the same time, Klein (2007) and Gunewardena and Schuller(2008)haveargued KleinAt samethe Gunewardena time, (2007)and simply basedon arenot discourses these that have argued hand,critics On other the in discourses dominant the are developmentalism and humanitarianism though Even 7 CEU eTD Collection sector for disaster relief and security (part 4). foreignpart2), focus reliance private orthe onthe investment, (2008, on strong tourist sector recurringhighlight of patterns a neoliberal includingrationality, the emphasis on rebuilding a GunewardenaHurricane man-made Katrina, and other disasters, Schuller (2008) and international institutions. Analysing reconstruction in post-disaster 2006Tsunami,the increasinglyfrom donors funding and coming and or from donations private governments compete forhaveto butalso NGOs only started companies Waal,made2008, p.xi).Not (De governments, areplaying anincreasingly influential indisaster recovery role beas profits can with hand in hand working often businesses, them, to According reconstruction. disaster (2008) discusses that and the book neoliberal strategiesemployment Schuller’s recentof in realize their goals. to therapy shock choosing by capitalism market radical or neoliberalism of ideology their spread to elites attempts andpolitical corporate of alliance Consequently,an of shock. a state isin asociety when implemented be only can policies these claims, Klein countries, instable (Stiglitz, Due to 2006,p.17). adversethe impactof neoliberal inlow-incomepolicies and social spending with regardto government downsizingof the asthe disciplinewell as fiscal and investment, direct foreign liberalization, economic services, of public privatization social by Policies progress. adopted so-calledthe Washington Consensus envision the is economicfoundedideology ontheideamechanism for liberalism thatunregulated best the byKlein,is an understood as resistance. Neoliberalism, without introduced can beeasily capitalism neoliberal of policies societies, among of shock causeastate disasters man-made UN institutions, the IMF Worldand neoliberalBank, tointroduce As policies. natural and Klein (2007)claims thatdisasters haverather been used, or abused,by USanditsthe allied Klein’s rather radical claim of “disaster capitalism” has also inspired Gunewardena inspired also has capitalism” “disaster of claim radical rather Klein’s 8 CEU eTD Collection must this beanalyzed.Therefore, outlines thesis theconstruction a discourse which of community international by the power of legitimization and construction the experiences, past to regard with especially community, international of the welcome ‘intervention’ the not and regulation as well as neoliberalism. Asit can be assumed that the Haitian population does control of rationalities reflect practices be these askedwhether needs to it capitalism (2008), of the country. strategies (Obama,January whichreform15, 2010), aim to politicalthe and economic system recovery long-term developed also have they disaster, the aftermath of in thedirect assistance emergency While providing country. the in rebuilding interest have the announced as US the well as institutions international securitization, of instances Besides community. international practicesrationalities suggest of inform control regulation and that responsebythe the these as paradoxical, rather seems assistance disaster humanitarian provide meansto military adoption of The canbeobserved inHaiti. exercise power -instances of emergency relief -besides show militarization and securitization extensive of practices as However, narratives. various relief providersjustify within positive of actions connotations, their these disaster andenjoy As wide havepublicacceptance need these received development. discourses for ininvolvement post-disaster reconstruction by tohumanitarianpointing andobligations the p. 4). (Gunewardena, 2008, reconstruction process the of beneficiaries principal the longer no are victims the reputation, and profit bring that 22) 2008, p. view of mostly as “windows catastrophes of will (Schuller, the opportunity” US, the disaster” (2008,p. 18).As multinational firms, NGOs,and international institutions serving disaster situations (Klein, 2007), Schuller stresses the danger of “disaster the dangerof the stresses Schuller 2007), (Klein, situations disaster With regard to the theories of security and control (Duffield, 2007) and disaster its explains community international so-called the in Haiti, media, in the reflected As Whereas Klein warns against the implementation of the “shock doctrine” in post- doctrine” “shock the of implementation the against warns Klein Whereas 9 after the CEU eTD Collection structural structural relations through creationthe of ‘truth’ 2001,p.40, (Jessop, 152). socialstructure power in our isrelations world.words, producesthe other In apracticethat influence discourses, havingp.40), participants ability the to 1972, and exclusion (Foucault, inclusion 37). by in2007, p. As discoursesof (Foucault,rules operate networks 2004, Jessop, isbut imminentin every social inrelation, produced various centers or through a multitude of understanding concentrated is in of social Inhisunderstanding, not reality. power state the indefinite field describablep. relationships”construct 54) of 2001, (Foucault, that our becomepresented, eachof struggling Discoursesthem to dominant. “open are therefore and fields Discourses are inwhichdifferentperspectives orrationalities of worldthe are 2.1 The Concept ofGovernmentality of this with framework regard toHaiti. examine The discusses the structures. section advantages to framework second power global his knowledgeservingas outlines of and theoretical suitable concept governmentality, and power on theories Foucault’s presents chapter this of section first the Therefore, p. 19), linkages and(Schuller, has2008, be precise between the discourse to outlined. power indiscourses isneedmaterialize constructed not but does to power that Considering relations. beunderpinnings have unpackedunderstandto to the complex construction of power dominantdiscourse of benevolence, areused as frameworks guidingmy analysis. security the to neoliberalism,challenge and control approaches which and The domination. of practices and community international the of involvement long-term the both, legitimizes U However, before dismantling the discourse formation in Haiti, several theoretical several inHaiti, formation discourse the dismantling before However, NDERSTANDING THE NDERSTANDING P RODUCTION OF C HAPTER 10 2: G LOBAL P OWER S TRUCTURES CEU eTD Collection Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank (WB), as well as the increasing influence of non- International the (UN), Nations United the as such institutions, international of development governmentality’ Kiersey, This increasing 2009). tothe 2007; ideais (Lemke, related of ‘global concept by tothe in relationsreferring particular inthe international, power explain been hashisincreasingly Mitchell,& Miller,(Rose approach used to 1991), 1992; disciplines control. self and surveillance reflectedmechanismsinnewp. 203), 2006, of work on themselves (Rabinow &Rose, discipline of fact technologies the is visibledueto shift This system. economic the of deregulation increasingadapt tothe control, a society neededto of has shiftedto disciplinary society our 1991). (Gordon, technologies various of implementation the legitimizes which knowledge generate or a ‘truth’ construct to discourse that construct these as valid or‘truth’. The exercise of poweris therefore the ability of formation the iswhich legitimized through 2006,p.184), govern (Merlingen, themselves and ranging strategies, from methods toprogramsdisciplinary thatbring individuals to (in Rabinow & Rose, 2006,p.196).This poweris exercised byadopting various techniques is which ‘biopower’ is theFoucault, power over thelife exercised anddeath of a population achieve to Ch. p.92). According the subjugation population the 1991, (Foucault, of 4, to inby order employed and a government the techniques government’ which practices to refers 2002,p. conceptthe 989).Hence,Gupta, of developed ‘artof governmentality Foucault or governmental rationality which administratingaims regulating at or their & society (Ferguson Not onlyhave ideas Foucault’s have been embraced by scholars of different that and argues of governmentality thisconcept for instance, takes Deleuze (1992), According to Foucault’s analyses, modern liberal states have adopted a mentality or , are now complemented with technologies of the self which bring individuals to individuals bring which self the of technologies with complemented now are because they permit analysis of current developments in modern liberal states liberal in modern developments current of analysis permit they because 11 CEU eTD Collection shifts in public discourses which justified the implementation of neoliberal policies (Rose & (Rose policies neoliberal of implementation the justified which discourses in public shifts have highlighted scholars Some world. contemporary in of our governance new technologies (Chandler,p. 247). 2009, neoliberalism of framework powerunderthe regulatory global of instances as be dismantled can sphere, aninternational national to movinga from liberal discourses, that argue scholars IR Foucauldian mentioned all differences, conceptual some Despite ideology. neoliberal governmentality as global governmental rationality,which heequates with spreadof the the government.population which governs without Kiersey the (2008)understands concept of comparison, understand global governmentality as a formgovernmentality of biopolitical securitization of the to powerrejects the idea of the ‘hollowing of out of government’governments and therefore, directly links to visible growingthe through ofinternational law creation institutions, and Dean (1999) controlis which a government society. a global of notion the explain to governmentality’ ‘global term the Dillonuses and (1989) Fraser Reid Whereas governance. modern of (2001), rationalities and mentalities in the changes in liberalism. of ideology their implementing institutions, sector, NGOsand thewhich corporate buildconquer analliance world the to by order. They stress the notion of Empire, constituted by liberal governments,international controlling the population means,various through become blocks thefounding world our of Empire governedgovernmentality which form the takes we live toargue ‘biopower’ of that inapostmodern by a global ‘network(Rabinow &Rose,2006, p. 204). power’.state actors Biopolitics, in the political sphere, they such argue, as for instance the politics NGOs and business of corporations Recentstudiespower have employingexplain a Foucauldian approach to to tried the to studiesinformed thatpointed other hasalso ‘global The term governmentality’ of Foucault’s conceptapplied prominently, & Most Hardt Negri (2000) 12 CEU eTD Collection explaining why power is structured in a certain way,value I the twofold use of the concept of p.(2007, 35). structuring toexplain social relations power of exercise the serve complementary accounts as However,by as arguedand Marxisttheories2006, p.170). can Jessop (2006) Selby (2007), it butfails address questionthe in to it is ‘why’ structured a certain (Selby,way 2007; Jessop, conceptalso thatthe stressed might is of explain power governmentality constituted ‘how’ critics processes, international explain to unsuitable for being criticized been governmentality Nothas theidea only global (p.247). of it as “ahistorical reproduces abstraction” contemporary deconstruct failsliberal governmentality biopower and discourses or to of concept relying Foucault’s on fact that the to points (2009) exercise. Chandler power existing might, although military becomesthis increasingly interlinked biopolitical with still of because international in of power the asource remains sovereign power that argue international (Selby, world 338). order Similarly, 2007,p. &Doucet(2008) DeLarrinaga, concepts that his claims Selby societies, liberal modern of context domestic the from been derived cannot simplycannot begovernmentality scaledup international.to the As have Foucault’s theories be used forframework alargenumber studies, of has Selby (2007) Foucault’s tostressed that concept of explain the globalnational and supra-national spaces (Brenner,1999)reflect global processes. dynamicssub- to such of theprocesses shifting as practices of a re-scaling, other Neumann, and 2006) & (Sending NGOs with alliance the instance as for power, exercise their to duegovernments the specificities (Bartelson,global 2006). government regulatory a of legitimize idea the to in order construction or function a rhetorical is society primarily ofMiller,as for 1992;Lemke,2007), instance, Bartelson arguesterm the globalthat civil the While endorsing the criticism related to the limited use of the concept in terms of has asatheoretical served governmentality global conceptof Even though the 13 Others discussed new practices by new practices discussed Others CEU eTD Collection very very suitable here. is power to aFoucauldian approach apparatus, state the aswell borders national expands butgovernmental NGOs, internationalactors, institutions persons. and As private power only include not These process. areinvolvedinmultiple rebuilding the actors that 185). is given In Haiti, 2006,p. governance important, (Merlingen, thisaspect particularly network form modalities inthe of of new explore governance meto approaches enables Haiti. in relations power of reproduction complex the understanding to contributes technologies and rationalities studying of approach complementary The documents. policy adopted not only construction the dominant is discourses isalsoof emphasis butdismantled, puton technologies, it enables a more technical oriented analysis. In the case of Haiti this means that political study with of the is alsoconcerned as governmentality However, analytic approach. which legitimize the adoption policies of or certain technologies (p.187)byusing adiscourse for rationalities studying first it auseful notes, offers toolbox (2006) Merlingen advantages. has several Haiti, concept of With to governmentality Foucauldian the regard using 2.1 The Advantages of Governmentality Theory for Analyzing Haiti rationality. claims aneoliberal global about itto indiscourse highlightHaiti, the linkage between rationalities and technologies, as well as link instructures post-disasterthe Haiti,deconstructit enables as structure the to of dominantthe notionsfunctions of neoliberalism. Thesetwo me allow research to productionthe of power it(1992), also serves as for aframework critically analyzing structures linked global power to political technologies legitimizeddiscourses, indominant as by proposed Rose & Miller governmentality.While itis aninstrument for highlighting governmental and rationalities Second, the Foucauldian understanding of beyond state-centric whichmoves power Foucauldian of the understanding Second, 14 CEU eTD Collection cultural study be ideological to can applied cultural therefore of and dynamics the domination its asociety in over useful.of terms political,as thepower proves economic, Hegemony structures of (Titschner dominance structures knowledgeand beliefs produce or 64). (p. social relations identities, structure can construct oflanguage usewhich are social practices discourses by Fairclough Asexplained (1992), p. 38). social 1992, create (Fairclough, reality is itthat andtextually- andlinguistically-oriented, language understands instrument as an to by structures deconstructing formation the of Itdiffersdiscourses. Foucauldian to analysis in approach of have (2003) an developed Faircloughprevious VanDijk (1992),andWodak chapter, critical discourseExtending ideasoftheinterrelation and Foucault’s discourse as of power, established inthe analysis (CDA) which enables the study of global power coherent and useful analysis, the next chapter introduces my method of inquiry. of method my introduces chapter next the analysis, useful and coherent discourses and infor production structures assessing provide power to of Haiti. Inorder a system economic the of deregulation increasing the balance neededto p.191), and control (Merlingen,linkednotions 2006, discipline of also to is governmentality of concept global asthe However, investment. andforeign liberalization, for problemsmarket-based solutions of market and policies proposing privatization, rely on to logic asthe such ininstances arereflected notions Theseneoliberal technologies. and rationalities explore neoliberal me to enables world, our governs rationale neoliberal As CDA pays particular attention to the mechanisms that generate andgenerate reproduce mechanisms the that to attention As CDApaysparticular Governmentality, serves as for thus a framework deconstructing the dominant Finally, the concept of global governmentality, reflecting the argument that a L INKING P OWER TO et al. D C ISCOURSE HAPTER , 2003, p.145), Gramsci’s concept of Gramsci’shegemony of , 2003,p.145), concept 15 3: – T HE M ETHODOLOGY CEU eTD Collection However, Milliken that beyond(1998) argues text, the key inparticipants discoursethe need issues Ihighlight& 2003,p.32), invisible rebuilding rendered inHaiti’s discourse. Schäffner, in“manipulative toavoid Huckin(2002), rejection silences” order or confrontation (Chilton information,restrictp.46). As (Van prefer to actors 1998, Dijk, political so-called repetition of key concepts situation Haiti.of strategic Moreover, uses oflanguageinstance in for discourses, the or the silencing inframingthe theproduction attention differences to of Idraw (in p. 4), Milliken, 1998, of certain issues, canmechanismsin producing while difference, oneelement is binary the opposition privileged also reproduce hegemony produce dominance. often used strategically to of certain policies (Fairclough inTitschner (Fairclough policies certain of legitimize discourses theadoption relationsas in reproduction Consequently,power Haiti.of logicunderlying of policies contributes tounderstanding andexplainingthe persistence and Highlighting the rangeof determinepolicy the options. that hegemonic the rationalities practical of production power. technologies enables the study of technical in details policy papers andcontributes tothe Merlingen,p. 183).Highlighting 2006, not only related butalsorationalities political morelikelybe translatedpolitical intoto policies and programs & (Rose p. 175; Miller, 1992, are hence discourses in Dominant society. moral justification and for theirconceptualization seek which rationalities political certain reflect fields discursive that argue (1992) & Miller dominantperspective ideology or of world.the and building which actors byshapingtheir alliancesreproduces the with discourse other seekmaintainhegemony by toenact 92). Actors discourses or their(Fairclough, 1992, p. Adopting this method for study the productionof power in fieldthe of Rose politics, Drawing on the work of Derrida, who argues that discourses have to be studied as Translating this idea into a research strategy shouldinto to ideaTranslating drawattention means we aresearchstrategy that this et al. 16 , 2003,p.148), languageconcepts or are CEU eTD Collection rationalities. Nevertheless, it needs to be pointed out that due to the actuality of topic, the of actuality due tothe that out be pointed to itneeds Nevertheless, rationalities. as they practicalthe highlight and of andtechnicalpower confirm aspects study the of important is particularly papers these of Analysis programs. political into narratives dominant Assessment andmostpolicy important also Needs beincluded. namely Post-Disaster Thetwo documents, the the Action Planexclusionary effects in forming the discourse,for but positions and relations between actors need National only the explorationdoes of ‘genre’understanddifferent contribute to inclusionary the and Recovery will is discourse shaped by significantly As media(Milliken, 1998,p.11). the argued above,not then show the internationaltranslation NGOs. In addition, of includinginternational institutions officials, of governmentrepresentatives as aswell I study a variety of news articlesp.7); onthus the disaster,I consider as public key onlybutdocuments must be basedofficial on a range by of texts various (Milliken, authors 1998, documents and speeches by key participants(Fairclough,ch.3). 1992, in disaster formation discourse as bystressingits a social hegemonic practice underpinnings relief, specific the interpreting asfinally, aswell context, social and historical the into practice p.73), Ifirstlevel, (1992, framework assessthetextual discursivethe and agent put then analytical three-dimensional Fairclough’s Extending given. be can structures power of reproduction the of explanation canacomprehensive andis agent-oriented, structure which and by subject position. the their study Only adopting ahybrid approach discourses to of explain Iargue additional focusthat shouldbein structures, to puton agents social the order narratives. in dominant influence shaping in have asignificant participating any discourse given 12) becauseagents bestudiedalso (p. Statements on the formation of a discourse cannot be made by analyzing one text or text one analyzing by made be cannot adiscourse of formation the on Statements studyingConsequently, thetexts languageof embracing theCDAapproach while of 17 CEU eTD Collection well as new technologies of governance and control is evaluated. In order tofully understand isorder In andcontrol evaluated. governance of newtechnologies well as as problems to solutions economic neoliberal highlight that narratives in itself manifest that claimMoreover, the ideology a neoliberal of informing thediscourse contemporary dominant betweenactors. relationship governanceand the network of actors, and technologies governmentality,as Ipay in outlined secondchapter, the particular rationalities attention to relations between Haiti and other actors in the rebuilding process. Drawing on the conceptconstruction of of hegemonicthe discourse then allows me explain to reproduction the of power rulesAnalyzingexclusion. practical the of attention payingspecific programspolicies, and to third section. The fifth highlightschapter translationthe dominantthe narrativesof into is evaluated againstrationalities security,of in second section,the andneoliberalism, in the which two insection tosecurity are outlined related for Rationalities actions. parameters the I dismantleformedFirst, humanitarianismwhich and thediscourse sets around development technologies associated with political control exploitation. and economic control with political associated technologies of adoption causedthe andtherefore discourse the haveneoliberalism determined and security to linked rationalities that show of discourses these Haiti regard to a deconstruction Waal, 2008), highlighting themoral responsibility and solidarity of the actors. However, with De 2008; (Donini, development and humanitarianism of realms the within framed primarily of the hegemonic by discourse dominant to pointing elements offormation and unraveling the structural aspects discourse.present. As discussedat formed as discourse of the implications the fully evaluate necessary to is research further by in the first chapter, disaster recovery is Consequently, the next chapter deconstructs the narratives in Haiti’s reconstruction in Haiti’s thenarratives deconstructs chapter next the Consequently, D ECONSTRUCTING THE ECONSTRUCTING C HAPTER D OMINANT 18 4: D ISCOURSE IN H AITI CEU eTD Collection hemisphere’ & (Weisbrot Sandoval,p. 2;Schuller, 2007, p.143, Schuller,p.4; 2009, 2007a, in country Western/Northern the as the‘poorest country byframing the countries itself. political challenges adds to the notion of its inability to help itself or to be responsible for Haiti’s Referring to the revolutionhighlights potential country,the whileaddressingof recent intentioned aidvanished hardly with lastingof a trace 2010,p.18). progress” (Gibbs, has been aslow-motion fordisaster decades, duringwhichbillions of inwell-dollars “Haiti past, ‘disastrous’ islands the with disaster recent the compares magazine, TIME of the possible contribution of foreign influence in Haiti’s turbulent history, Nancy Gibbs, the editor has never been able tofulfill its potential as a nation” (Clinton, 2010,p.76).Blurring the by in Haitians countryhas1791, the been besetbyabuses caused from It and within without. contemporary history. As Bill Clinton puts it, “Unfortunately, ever since the first slavewhich liberated itself from slavery and foreign itsrevolt anddomination, compared then to difficult reference is made to its hand, On the country in superlativesoppositions and/or one p.211). its 2008b, (Schuller, glorious past as beingHaiti, majority the orarticlesdocuments of referring thesituation by to start framing the theto regard With first connotations. negative other the independentand positive, having side one difference, of colonial state, creation the through structures reproducepower from discourses learned As wehave Derrida, in 1804 4.1 Acting in the Name of Benevolence - Justifying Involvement? powerrelationsHaiti. which in specific technologies structure post-earthquake considerations aswell neocolonial in as arereflected These underpinnings. of adoption the andideological rationalities neoliberal interests, security strategic of intersection show the me to allows This approach rationalities. outline their asthese be presented and response of the spots silences international community, in blind the needto discourse the On the other hand, Haiti is not only compared within its own past but also to other 19 CEU eTD Collection could become aself-sustaining andvery successful country” 2010, p.76). (Clinton, by “I’veBill Clinton always giventhat the rightthought Haiti organization support, and the responsibility engageto in the politics of other states (Milliken, 1998, p. 6). As underlined have even and affairs own their oversee to able are which states strong stable, the to contrast in setsHaiti ‘fragile’ using word the Moreover, situation. Haiti’s difficult to contributed countryto the adverse whichand hides influencesby factors possible may have outside (Milliken, 1998, p. 6). Framing Haiti in these terms shifts the responsibility forits ‘failure’ on (Taylor, aswell as 2002), managesecondly statingis that Haiti to unable thingsitself asa ‘container’ state the and understands thus states sovereign of importance continuing relationship whichproduces structures and power. thus, an into them sets unequal located, are countries other the and inHaiti which hemisphere same the to Referring countries. Northern/Western other the clearly here opposition, are neighbors. countries thatthese he concludes hemisphere, one belong to which between countries close relationship As the heunderlines 4, 2010). (Schneider, February beyond”, it every hemisphere and nation is for that this “anobligation of L.Schneider, stresses to “[help] Mark Group, Crisis of International the senior The vicepresident liberal states. of democratic neighbors”West/North. In other words, Haiti is framed as the lost brother who has returnto to the family and inthe theidea hemispheresupposes countries a closeWestern the between Western/Northern relationship process to helpClinton, Mar2010;USAid Haiti, Comparing Haiti’ssituation 2007). in states other to the theof countryrecoveryalso caused framing popularthe of Haiti as a‘fragile’ (Schuller, ‘failed’ state or 2008b, to becomefrom 2000, p.221; Gros, Schneider,22 Jan 4Feb island’s 2010). The 2010; pasthas IMF, recent thisone of naturalthe other disastercountries of the global Adopting the of‘failedhasrhetoric state’ as significance twofold implies itfirstly the This framing highlightsthe creation of contrasts by favoring one side in binary the 20 CEU eTD Collection expectancy all rank Haiti with most of Africa, in the lowest quarter of is of this lowest most quarter inthe Africa,expectancy true all rank Haiti countries; of with African problems” because its “Measurements of poverty, youth population, and life West country with as“Caribbean is described countries, of concerned Haiti, beingone the Marines Intelligence Corps from Activity, future has estimated which threats 2005-2015. the enslavement of the whole population are notcritically reflected but implicitly supported. by Past characterized encounters 90). p. 2000, (Gelder, like Haiti in places influences cultural African West caused that slavery of history colonial conceals the however, differences ‘Other’ in of terms mysteriousnesstheir (Bankoff, 21). Appreciating 2001,p. the cultural the described powers colonial in which encounters, colonial former from remnants clear faith, which is practiced alongside Christianity” (Clinton, 2010, p. 76). of West African influences” religious and cultural in reflected “persistencethe of voodoo the mix “distinctive its of because unique” “completely as Haiti describes Clinton Bill religion. its influences voodoo its cultural Creole asor exoticrepresented ‘Other’byemphasizing the representations of Haitians. This underlying notion becomes when apparent Haiti is characterizes still which andreason, passion of analogy the with complemented countries as theUSp. (Doty, 1996, 134). This oppositional hasbeen relationship underdeveloped,need who theguidance of developed, rational civilized, mature and which have conceptualized people of colonies asimmature, uncivilized,irrational and encounters colonial former by shaped still is policy foreign US analysis, the to According South. the and North the between representations colonial persisting analyzed has who from a strong, stable state, in other words, aparent which takes care of its child. Portrayingfragile putsitas failed, Haiti into state the the being position helpof inneedof Emphasis on difference is also apparent in a confidential document by US the in document a confidential apparent isalso on difference Emphasis are exoticness itsor topicality in of terms Haiti describing Bankoff, According to by hasDoty (1996), been addresses also of relationship The metaphor a parent-child 21 CEU eTD Collection Haitians. by the long-held and legitimate are aspirations which decides community international their for country” can (Cannon, This January be quote 25, 2010). that even understood the people Haitian the of aspirations long-held and legitimate the meets that Haiti new with the help of the international community.“Together, we are fully committed to building a future mysterious developbetter hasfailed Haiti have entity inthepast, can which to only a itsby potentially79).referring to 2010,p. future(Clinton, As ispositive Haiti portrayed asa doomed” not is “Haiti states that Clinton language, Adoptingsimilar A-10, added). emphasis the is alsoexpressedby Marine Corps’report,“Coups and cronyism are the norm in Haiti, and notion view. This usedtolegitimize experiencesthis are past while the situation themselves, by were accepted publicandmedia.the by similar words Sarkozy for this statement, heavy criticism received Robertson Whereas (PatemphasisRobertson, added). 2010, January Desperately 13, theother. poor.” after beeneverhave But since,they devil. “(they) apacttothe (…) swore of interms history Haiti’s described who Robertson, Pat preacher and politician US influential long (Sarkozy, January Sarkozy’s 22, 2010). words directly statementthe madereflect by the for so “plagued” country has the fate” which a“terrible refers to Healso January 14, 2010). (Willard, French Sarkozy of President in the “curse”, words as pasta by Haiti’s describing as heritage its cultural an andindirectly uses explanation. its ‘underdevelopment’, causes for p. A-10). Comparing Haiti the to “lost” African continent diverts attentionfrom the structural for no Latinother American/Caribbean country” (Marines Corps Intelligence Activity, 2005, self-defeating Representing Haiti in these terms implies the incapacity of Haitians to improve their improve to Haitians of incapacity the implies terms these in Haiti Representing island This notion dominating isstrengthenedsupernatural power additionally of the traditions will likely persist” (Marines Corps willlikelyActivity, (Marines persist” Intelligence Corps 2005,p. 22 cursed byonething CEU eTD Collection photos or texts, that suggests ortexts, that photos emphasis on the destroyed National Palace (Romero & Lacey, January 13, 2010), whether by Haiti’s affairs. Theimage of a weak andincapable governmentis enforced by putting in actors international of the engagement legitimizes invisibleadditionally achievements these rendering February household4, 2010), andmaintained (Schneider, a stable activities economic improved reforms, judicial introduced police, civilian the strengthening implementing policies. Although these reforms have reduced violence and kidnappingsby in Préval of President hidessuccesses also inits failures country the heritage, describing French people” to Haiti (Sarkozy, January more Haiti by Even empathy January French people” to was expressed22, 2010). (Sarkozy, “deeppresident, Nicolas Sarkozy, solidarity absolute the emphasizes sympathy and the of a positionhelp andmorality conscience Similarlyof (…)” (March to 31, 2010). French the [and] their and continuing commitment” stressed “asfellow human beings, werespond from forimmediate response their institutions […] international and countries thankedalso “all the RodhamClinton, Hillary Secretary State, The US March 31, 2010a). (Ban, “friendsHaiti” of called been have donors community, international the of intentions good the stress further To Haiti itsand people” and“today, United the Nationsfor are Haiti” unified (March31,2010a). by saying “the international community has come together…dramatically…in solidarity with his speech instance, opened UNSecretary-General post-earthquake Haiti. the For relating to ‘solidarity’ and ‘friendship’ with the Haitian population, as has been done in various speeches characteristics. opposite portrayedirrational asunderprivileged and countries whereas other have itsurrounding clearly is Haiti community. international the of connotations positive with them comparing The need for helpby internationalthe iscommunity by reinforced stressing the Hence, dominance is produced by Hence, dominancehighlighting isproduced the negativeHaiti,of aspects while Despite stressing consideredHaiti’s problems, political as often cultural its of a result the collapsethe of government. the 23 CEU eTD Collection Considering these rather malignant historical encounters withforeignmalignantConsideringhistorical contributes rather these encounters to powers, political subjugation,later willbeaddressed which indetail (Lennox, 1993,p.696). and exploitation economic for foundations further laid country in the involvement US the abolished, slavery was Although andcontrol. their power population Haitian under keep the force, neededto military of a powerful astheestablishment aswell country’sthe resources increasingly involved in Haiti’s economy. The US occupation markedwas bythe exploitation 1934, based on fearlosing of the area,as influenceinthe Germany and France were drivingto into Haiti bankruptcy and poverty, severe USoccupied the theisland from 1915 to Haiti’s independence in 1804 andimposed financial forsanctions their benefits. In addition recognizereason, France Francenot Forthat andtheUSof p.148). (Schuller, did 2007, causinglabor, years, alife colony island expectancy the becameseven of themost prosperous developed asugarplantation system island. on the Due excessiveto the exploitation of slave withquestionable regard toHaiti’s history, markedby foreign involvement. is particularly community international ofthe benevolence Persistentemphasis on the 2010). forces, and most important, armed of our strength the agencies, development of resources nationalthe capacity: our the of compassion element every mobilizing are “We statement, Obama’s in Barack visible is clearly rhetoric of the Americandual This affairs. in national involvement the legitimizes people” which process rebuilding the (Obama, Januray underlinesand the ‘good’ intentionsinternational ‘moral’ communityof the with regardto 15, ICRC the (Georgieva, May 7, 2010). “When disaster strikes we are all brothers”, citing Georgieva, Kristalina the words Protection, of Civil Henryand Aid Dunant,Humanitarian for the founder Commissioner EU the of In 1697, Francedeclared then Haiti,itsDomingue,called Saint new as and colony catastrophe the of aftermath the in Haitians with felt solidarity the Highlighting 24 CEU eTD Collection (Ban, March 31, 2010b) as well as a “wholesale(Ban, well 31,2010b) a national (Ban,March as March as renewal” 31, 2010a). stated by the Secretary-General“Haiti:Conference –and BuildingBackBetter February Beyond” (Schneider, 4, 2010).As “Our goal is not Donors’ the labeledat his speech Group Crisis of International relief.the Schneider justdisaster to rebuild. It is to “builda discourse which legitimizes the implementationback of various better”reforms that move beyond 2010a, 2010b; Clarke, March31,2010; presentsOxfam, theformation ONE, 2010) 2010b; ‘building Haiti anew’, creating a‘new Haiti’ or‘re-envisioning’ Haiti (Ban, March 31, and power. materialize dominance structural effects. These arevisible inenvisioned policies and reconstruction programs which produce to in relationshipin order be or set havecontext to representations words, other community, that lays the foundations for policies designed by the international community. In theinternational moral goodwill andof solidarity the population, second, and immature intentions. benevolent stressing by reaffirmed internationaldisaster response highlights triggeringthe positive of emotions andaffection feltby the community the relating to inthediscourse increasingly used havebeen terms Thefact these that p. 30). towards the victims of the earthquake. Dominance is therefore Western hemisphere’ draws attention to the close spatial (Titschner spatial relationship close the to attention draws hemisphere’ Western usethe of likewords ‘we’,‘us’,‘our’. Additionally, adoption of like the words ‘in our identity creating feelings attachedcertain requires tothem. solidarity or agroup Emphasizing evoke to in order meanings linguistic often specific terms carry way,used inastrategic community. international the of engagement the legitimizing ‘goodwill’, and as ‘commitment’ ‘solidarity’, based concepts formation on of understand a discourse the Repeated emphasisRepeated has been put on has been placed ‘building better’,on back an hosting state afailed Haiti as first, of narratives, of the is combination the It As presented by Chilton & Schäffner (2002), in political discourses; constructed and in constructed discourses; & political (2002), byChilton As presented Schäffner 25 et al. et , 2003, of CEU eTD Collection from the reconstruction of several communities after the 2006 Tsunami prove this argument this the 2006Tsunamiprove after communities several of from reconstruction the evidence Even marginalization not butalso within only amongthough communities (p.385). reconstruction normally process vulnerabilitiesreproduces inequalitiesand increases and the that Moreradically,(2009)argues reinforcing ideologiesp.493). Lyons them (2009, or markthat adisruption quo,by status the of eitherbreaking with normsexisting and situations represent catastrophes that stresses Katrina, of Hurricane discourse the assessing In politicalp. 262). andeconomic (Welch,a similarvein,when order” 2008, Berger, a over control dictated powers world distant when colonial past a(...) of remaking the ithas 2010b; invarious (Oxfam, been “suggests documents Ban, March stressed 31, 2010a), memories. valuable nation a strong lead collective to history or This suggestscannot that aturbulent population has only a weak or false sense of national identity which is reflected in their past. history or any positive pastan honest one’ 2010,p.27;ONE,2010),implicitly(Gibbs, Haiti has states that novaluable experiences. Taking the words at face value means US. by the considerations well as geostrategic that Haiti’s the economic as well as sector. Implicitly,itmay alsoinvoke notions of economic benefits as in reforms large-scale entails which process rebuilding in the US the of lead the and country Haiti’s situation the experiencesWar to Worldafter suggests atotal II destruction the of influential development economist, Paul Collier (January 13, 2010) as well as others. Linking Dominiqueby Haiti, Strauss-Kahn Managingand (January IMF Director, 22, 2010), the which clearly calls for the need to ‘re-envision’ Haiti (Oxfam, 2010b). Oxfam’s Briefing Paper isevencalled “Haiti: A Chance forOnce-in-a-Century Change” As argued by Welch in the case of Iraq, notes as ‘reconstruction’, usingthat notes by Welch in term the As argued Iraq, caseof the nation, strong a ‘creating or anew’ Haiti ‘creating of rhetoric the adopting Moreover, for “Marshall call forPlan” the a hascaused slate as a country clean the Representing 26 CEU eTD Collection have shed negative light on the international community. Forming a discourse in these discourse a Forming community. international the on light negative shed have by theirpointing benevolence to andsolidarity, whilebeingsilentpast experiences on which to is legitimized involvement Their Haiti theirneeds assistance. that implies countries Western opposition in Haiti Framing actions. the legitimizes development whereas goodwill, different(Bankoff,p.28). 2001, inferior,hence weakand as considered societies arethesewhich vulnerable are geographies, on specific (Bankoff, dependentdiscourse disaster-prone Asdisaster’s are 2001). embedded in a historicalimaginations constructions or which be linkedcan colonial to are his natural to would According disasters havecausedlessercausalities. argumentation, sociopoliticalliveimpact.Would in lesspeople thesuburbsPort-au-Prince, of the earthquake ispoverty thatnatural hazards tobe areonly when disasters considered ithas a devastating 2009, p.385). (Lyons, countries hit developed developinglikely than aremoreto disasters fact the that in is reflected also This aspect disasters. to prone evenmore which communities of recreation impactthe and which inequality of policies dynamics vulnerability,stir the leadsand thus, to particularly vulnerable (Lyons, 2009; Gunewardena & Schuller, Failing 2008). consider to make that acommunity structures socio-economic by political or ortriggered often caused are disasters “natural” isthat 2006Tsunami the after reconstruction of disaster large evidence ignoring for Haiti’sThe mainproblem contemporary structural situation. of neglects causes historical and highlightscultural past, theignorance of international the community and with history,to rupture henceanopportunity negativepractices. past (Lyons, 2009),in case of isHaiti, disaster the framed still as a positive turningin point As the deconstruction of the narrative has shown, humanitarianism highlights humanitarianism shown, has narrative the of deconstruction the As alsoBankoff p. 24) problemthe avoiding(2001, arguesthat about adebateabout Framing situation in the in Haiti asaradical its history point turning its devalues 27 CEU eTD Collection distribution distribution place (Gibbs,2010, p.27). dangerous it was people more that the desperate more “The became, inthat edition TIMEspecial the reported to help them” and also American Nancy The prominent points” January Gibbs, essayist, (IMF, 22, 2010). that the “crowds referring theof “reports lootingshooting, ofshops,and mostly distribution small atfood riots got out of control” by (…)” rapidly may deteriorate situation security the “fears - [that] by earthquake the at the UN food people affected of number the presenting emphasizes -after impact brief earthquake on the (Ban,in 31,2010a)werefrequently March Theaddressed official and public IMF discourses. looting, andinstance sexual abusesin streetriots, instability, forrampant termscamps of as in catastrophe the framed also have they process, reconstruction in the intentions moral and arising problems. to thereof needsandpoint basic security over prioritizes that discourse the of construction is not the purpose to dismiss the importance of security at all, this part draws attention to the that security is a prerequisite for successful democratic and economic reforms. Even though it is which formed discourse logic toincreasingsecurity The hence point around concerns. the rationalities practicesDuffieldadopted relief reflect in them. (2007), disaster to According framing particularproblems and presenting their solutions, asitappears logic orrational for differencesAs theand analysis setting has shown, structures4.2 Securitizingthem the Situation- Extending Dominance and Control? intoof dominance a context.and power are room forconstructed all kind of actions and maneuvers, as outlinedDominant in the following section. free community by international the creatinggives goodwill, and solidarity of image an Constructing actors influence anetworkalliance sharingconstitute variousparticipants sameideas. or the of appear to the discoursenarratives by contributes to structure the relations between foreign actors and Haiti, which Although internationalthe influencedcommunity the discourse by theirpraising good 28 CEU eTD Collection to stabilize and indicate need the These representations 2010). February 4, (Schneider, successful rebuilding restore ordera for foundations asthe law security of and rule the prioritizes progressive, often considered in the country,stronger Haiti” (May emphasis14, 2010, added). Similarly, International the Crisis Group, and hence justifycountry, NGOs suchaccording as for instance, CARE International technologies also aspires to “buildcalm (…) overall security situation” (IMF,January 22, 2010). back a or which a“fairly U.S. troops” to, and contributed arrival the andof of police, 9,000 UNtroops ‘bad’ Haitians is inalso apparent IMF the whichevaluation, the helppraises “presencethe of the UN and of efforts the to US condition this troops. attributed community international the calm, This rather been has contrast between the ‘good’ international clearlythisargumentation. response supports the community and thecommunity, power structures over the Haitian population are reinforced. The militarization of by international the areproposed practices Asthese securitization and control. to related escape the of in criminals mediaJanuary public the (BBC, 22, 2010). causing of prisons damage the bystressing strengthened was situation security deteriorating womenagainst and children (Ban, January 31, 2010a).Theimage of and a dangerous violence sexual of reports in particular, and, camps in the conditions living difficult “the Ki-Moon, during the Ban instance theUNSecretary-General, suchfor Donors’as by statements, is population reinforced Conference, ‘dangerous’who situation described as ‘crowd got out of control’. This negative image of the Haitian the situation causinga Haitiansitcare of described as‘desperate’, UNwhilethe to contrasting in Haiti in terms of Framing the situation in these words implicitly acknowledges the benevolence and benevolence acknowledges the implicitly inthesewords Framing situation the But notonly have governmentofficials underlined theneed in for security the Even though some have NGOsandUN thatthe agencies argued situation repeatedly Representing and Haiti as unsafedangerous legitimizes the adoption solutions of 29 safer , CEU eTD Collection mandate to restore peace and security in the country since the exiling of former Haitian of exiling the since country in the peaceandsecurity restore to mandate a has which Mission, Stabilization MINUSTAH the by activities on relies mostly UN the that show General Secretary the of speeches various of analysis An UN. the by response situation. problematic the to solution be only the to as appear of they army forces employment the normalizes therefore security (Tierney personnel military of employment by the disaster the of legitimized securitization the social disorder of construction an image of lootingrampant andviolent andbehavior dangerous (Tierney Tierney media, influenced which theindividualas well official tothe as catastrophe responses (p. 58). myth”disasters “disaster analyzed and thereporting aboutcreation inthe resulting a the of creation of discourses with regard to other recent disasters. Tierney disasters. recent to other regard with discourses of creation security. governance linkedto andspreadingnetworked rationality NGOs, thinkinternational tanks, institutions and others. Thisreveals aspect of notions instance for as such actors, other various also but military UN or US the by emphasized the Haitian of regulation and control increased at aiming policies, of implementation and legitimization population. trigger use to the may has functional the that disaster a indicate earthquake before the also It becomesfocus Considering onsecurity the sustained 2009). (Maguire, growth” poverty and promote also apparent areusedeffectivelystrengthen security and publicsafety,improve resources] to relieve that neededHaiti’sby “ensuring tosuccessis[urgently argues that that determined theroad focus on Haiti in on for its Peace Special Report asUSInstitute earthquake, before the promoted also security iswas so. This aprerequisitesecurity for development of as todo inpolicies rationale order not only This rationale of This bymilitarizingin of isrationale prioritizing the security situation apparent the Frequent reference to the security has the been acknowledged during situation also security the reference to Frequent et al. ’s study has shown that in the case of Hurricane Katrina, the media constructed the Katrina, ofHurricane in case the that shown has et al 30 ., 2006). The repeated emphasis on threats to et al. (2006), for instance, (2006), et al., 2006). The CEU eTD Collection environment to ensureenvironment we’re to everything able to can” we (CBS,January 17, 2010). a safe secure and create need to wherewe operation assistance of a humanitarian component al. who stresses the ‘stable’supplies, shelter, and medical help is also outlined by Admiral environmentRogers of the Joint Task Force necessaryresponse. for the distribution of assistancethe international military (Kirbypower, easily able to control the island. butalsoclose UN, the not US and collaboration the This reveals of Shah,15, 2010). January & (Mills police Haitian the than rather personnel UN with work to prefer US the that stated Raj in by interviewproviding given who Shah, an Administrator security,reflected USAid situation. thechaotic to contrasting coordinatecontrastingits theit unstable humanitarian ability and situation, to to assistance, aftermath of is earthquake the legitimized byhighlighting its provision stability,of in the The increasemilitary troops of 25, 2010). January is (Mulet, operating National Police policemaintain to officers peaceand order, on the thatonly grounds a third of Haitian the Besidesof 2010). thedeployment staff,extra UNhas traininglocal the the announced also of present (Ban,18, January June asexpectedat until and67percent presence of police troops to secure situationthe in Haiti (UN, March312010). This will be an addition of 30 percent of means precisely anincrease military of are employedand who 1,500police, 2,000 personnel February situation This 18, 2010;Ban,Ban, February January 24, 2010). 18, 2010; (Ban, in mission of MINUSTAH the the the importance addresses General primarily Secretary the disaster, the to WHO,haveresponded WFP,UNPF, UNHCR, UNICEF, OCHA, president, Aristide,in Bertrand 2004. EvenUNagencies, namely UNDP, though other , Janurary 18, 2010). In similar terms, Lieutenant K.P. Keen claims that “security is the key It is also important to note the hierarchy of priorities adopted by US disaster adopted the note priorities hierarchy of the is to important It also The US has also declared its close cooperation with the UN MINUSTAH in terms of The priority of security over direct emergency assistance in form of food food in form and water of emergency assistance direct security over The priority of 31 et CEU eTD Collection hemisphere and beyond opportunity and fostering and opportunity institutions] help, with itour will become an engine for progress and prosperity generating to find work”. “And if Haiti can do all of those things [create strong, transparent, accountable addressing the problem of migration, “so that Haitians don’t have to (…) Haitians don’t have to that migration, “so of problem addressing the byindirectly law economicstrengthening opportunities andcreating through the ruleof Haiti stable a building in interest US the legitimized speech Clinton’s Rodham Hillary international community is also highlighted by the control of borders and migration flows. actors. dominant of the thepower strengthens primarily and Haiti of inthecase negative effects various As outlined here,adopting arationality relies on that security solutions to problems has principles. own their impose but structures local circumvent therefore and police Haitian the in UNandignore the US factthat the instance reflected isfor This community. international also opens possibilities ofincreasing control regulation and of by Haitian the population the are stillFinally, onmilitary experiences in means from past. their these relying traumatized many military forpeople as regimes, history Haiti’s to regard problematic with particularly is This force. of use the justify may that criminals to victims of position a from people subjects of sexual abuse. Second, adopting a rhetoric that legitimizes military control moves shelter andhouses would alsodiminish thevulnerability women of and girls tobecoming looting of thelikelihood obviously focusingdecrease andstealing. rebuilding Moreover, would demands their Serving victims. the of needs basic the on focus primarily should other forms of disaster over security prioritizing from arises that of problems is a set relief. earthquake, the of aftermath First, in the direct aftermath of the disaster, emergency relief Even though this analysis has shown the growing reliance on security practices in the in practices security on reliance growing the shown has analysis this though Even The increased possibility to subjugate the Haitian population to the dictates ofthe dictates the subjugatethe Haitian population to to possibility The increased ” (Rodham ” (Rodham 31,2010, Clinton, March emphasis added). greater stability for 32 itself and for countries the countries throughout leave their country CEU eTD Collection permanentresident Whilestatus. between 1972 and1980approximately 50,000 Haitians fled inthebeginning, butrefused refugees USonly the severe economicrecognized deprivation, and rights human of violations massive experienced who refugees Haitian the to asylum grant claiming to FrançoisJean-Claude Duvalier.Initially Duvalier, dictatorshipsthe and of most two The significantwaves arrivinginin Haitian of refugees the the 1960sand USwere 1970s under Haiti. in conditions economic and political problematic the to contributed need beencounters to examined in depth. past go tothe aspiring US, to migrants understand caseof the Haiti country, to the to burdens economic constitute migrants that claim the on based policies immigration restrictive devastated lives and proximitymany andlargeitis that Haitian obvious leave desirediaspora, Haitians to their country. Although it the othercountries.their Dueto or of to the eliminate outflow ableandHaitians even restrict is common practice that states aim to implementcontrol of Haiti’s airportafter the disaster. historical perspective a as aswell approaches these theoretical Applying apopulation. of regulating importance to Haiti serves the underlines control which of of Deleuze’ssocieties concept beto linked controls can also to explain the state. Similarly, asshowedbyWilliam rationaleWalters (2006),increasing emphasis border on of the and society of US breakdown the lead tothe this would as society of their identity collective with regard to the the could challenge that fear threats States identity. social their of cohesion with concerned conceptarguing of states are by Waeversocietal security, that Ole (1993), developed the is extended to population therefore Haitian the Controlling(Zanotti, p. 543). 2008, military which ledcoup the exiling to of Bertrand president former the Aristide in1991 Haitian migrants have never been welcomed in the US, and the US has often even often has US the and US, in the welcomed been never have migrants Haitian This quote highlightsThis quote the problem of experienced flows, refugee bythe the US after As the airport servesAs airportthe thelinchpin, as Haiti the outside connecting to USis world, the 33 CEU eTD Collection of his of (…) his political opinion”. (International Conventionon Relating account to the Status of Refugees,be threatened 1951, Art. would 33 life (1)) his where of territories frontiers the to whatsoever manner any “in a refugee junta in power failed resistancethe of tothe largely 1996),however,thisidea due Haiti to soldiers (Pastor, (Doyle, Aristide,by democracy Jean-Bertrand send the anda exiledformership of president, US 1994, p. 56).Instead Similar policiesof changing were also theobservable policy, under theBush Clinton administration was committed to restore 1 interdiction, sea 2433), the policy and detention 1994, p. of (Koh, Shattuck John administration, Clinton in the Labor and Rights Human Democracy, for of State Secretary the instance for such as officials, andgovernment activists rights though strictthe USpolicy Haitianagainst was largely refugees bylawyers,criticized human 56). Even (Lennox, Doyle, 1994,p. refugee “Haitian US,the tothe crisis” 1993; migrants flowsfurther of conditions thatcaused consequentadoption against Haiti, of sanctions comingfrom boats tointerdictwere authorized Haiti. US coast guards p.703), (Lennox, 1993, administration Reagan by national the problem” refoulement of ignore the principle to delicate weretoo which for cases home the became and back majority the sending before refugees the hosted facilities prison-like These facilities. in Second, USfacilitated incarceration 1980s,the the of the detention inso-called Haitians from tofifteeninstance interviews wereshortened hour one minutesp. 700). (Lennox, 1993, for as procedure, fair a them denying systematically by arrival before Haitians of deportation influxes. further preventing 1982)and boat people’ (Stepick, ‘Haiti’s deporting at aiming additional techniques Despitetothe 1993, p.700). denyingHaitians, status of theUSemployed refugee majority the atrocities of their dictator by boat to South Florida, only 25 were recognized (Lennox, The principle of principle The The 1990s were also marked by political instability, several military andthe instability,several military markedcoups, The bypolitical 1990s werealso First, the policy of accelerated deportation meant that it was decided on the 1 . As as“seriousa third prevent moremeasure regarded to arrival of the Haitians, non-refoulement is an established preemptive norm in international that prohibits the return of 34 refoulement has been hasbeen continued. non- CEU eTD Collection ‘Other’ to the own national identity. Similar conclusions can be drawn today when explaining when today drawn be can conclusions Similar identity. national own the to ‘Other’ functions asoutlines by thatsocietal the constructing immigrants securitization threatening alsopastp.38) encounters. LeneHansen (2006, can be back to traced that discrimination argued by Lennox in 1993,the immigration Haiti policy towards has been shaped by undermines individualfreedom and self-determination (Lennox, 1993,p.712).Thus, as Thisideological based communism the rationale1982, p.173). that was discrimination on fled5% who to regimes to95%fleeing incontrast rightist communist (Stepick, countries (Stepick,refugee 1982,p.16).Forinstance, status in 1975 and USgrantedasylum 1976,the all permanent received Cubanalmost whorefugees, to in contrast recognizing refugees, sanctions whichprimarily affected ordinarythe p.population (Lennox, 1993, 704,706). sand economy, byimplementingthe an embargos other circumstances the USworsened the With interests regardto (Koh,theirbrutal served elites,more asthese 1994,p.2392). Haitian claimed tosupportdemocratization inprocesses itmostlyHaiti, allied with rightwingthe and supportof the ordinary the andp. 38).Even rural Haitians (Hallward, 2004,US the though had who parties and occupation, the during US by the trained forces, military Haitian the and struggle elitesbackedupby the US power between the wasbased on persecution constant the The and p.165). persistent severepolitical devastatingthe in conditions 1982, (Stepick, Haiti establishedof massive violations reports humanrights andhiding any incontributing to role all ignoring thereby migrants, political not economic, all are Haitians that claimed US the justified by “fearthe of mass migration” (Wasem, March 31, 2010,p.15). in residing USreceived temporary (Preston,the protection January status This is 15, 2010). and also already asonly p.6) byObama (Wasem,Haitian March sustained are 31, 2010, Second, as Haiti was not a communist country, there was no geopolitical interest in forReasons denying in Haitian’s asylum the USarebased arguments. on two First, 35 CEU eTD Collection well as “prevent any large-scale movement by Haitians to take to the sea in dangerous and dangerous in sea the to take to Haitians by movement large-scale any “prevent as well nightly flights of cocaine to Haiti and the Dominican Republicfrom the Venezuelan coast” as the “interrupt it can because bluntly quite military US of the importance the summarizes countries. LatinAmerican the between (Sullivan, This fear 2006,p.9). hidden is by often highlighting drugsmuggling activities policies US contemporary of variety in a isreflected which continent Latin American rivalries dateof communist socialist or countries, such as forback instance Cuba and Venezuela. Although these to the past, the US feelsbased on samethe language,it aims expand to its influence by demonstrating power. threatenedengagement their justify might who French, the of influence increasing an of is afraid US the by the emerging relief.inintensity andconsiderations As a determiningpost-disaster nature play role of the leftistisland and anti- statementon point to the militarization of Haiti by the US, butit also shows the interest of in the the parthelpingnot about Haiti, occupying Haiti”(Schofield, January Notonly this 19, 2010). does is about France’s,“This by saying sentiment a similar expressed Joyandet Alain Minister Cooperation flightsThe French January (Schofield, &Cave,January 16, 2010). Thompson 19, 2010; who military US to priority had giving while personnel and commodities relief carrying airplanes been theFrontière, Program, RedCrossandWorld Food whoargued that the USwas turningback former forMedicinesans such organizations, instance been as largely byhumanitarian criticized colonialHaitians, the US can also regulate of the inflow of emergency assistance. This point has master. Geopoliticalhegemonic structures in favor of the dominant powers, in this case the US. global thefor after which airport controlling rationalereproduces the earth-quake, Roberts’ publishedRoberts’ article (January Foundation, 13, 2010), bytheinfluential Heritage In addition to threats of former colonial powers, the US also fears growing influence But not only does the control of the airport enable the US to eliminate the outflow of 36 CEU eTD Collection institutionalization and, in a following step, the implementation of economic restructuring economic of implementation the step, following in a and, institutionalization Haitian the legitimizes of regulationand by the state society controlling the in the previous sections, adopting a whichhighlightsthediscourse fragilityinstability or of development and long-term recovery which is considered to be beneficial for Haiti. As shown This section lays out the construction of a discourse that draws on the logic of economic 4.3 Reforming theEconomic System –Implementing Neoliberal Policies? reforms. to economic regard with areobservable effects community. Similar of meet affected demands the direct failure to as the nation as well extension of control by foreignexcessive and the politicalactors subjugation Haitian the of US. the for benefits and economic considerations security national tothe related rationalities the reveal clearly statements in These region”. the States image United of the public “improve the US” to the of as“opportunities situation describingthe theearthquake by the readerto introduced dismissed, especially when consideringUS, proved amongst by others KleinNaomi (2007),these abridgements shouldsimply not be that this is an adjusted version. The previous article relationsin governance power structuring post-earthquake Haiti. network of notion the underlines and organization humanitarian the and US ‘conservative’ ishomepage for links Red donations, Cross the an which allianceto points between the in January good” and in Interestingly, continent thethis world(Roberts, the 13, 2010). for force “powerful US, the will reaffirm camp”which Castro-Chavez from the emanate to counter negativethe certain public propaganda to effortstrong andvigorous diplomacy a shouldimplement “the U.S. Moreover, illegally.” U.S. the enter to try to watercraft rickety The with associated problem this securitization isand militarization hence the in is the influential highly tank Heritage factFoundation the that Due tothe a think 37 CEU eTD Collection functions of these phrases. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke, for instance, addressed the for addressed instance, Gary Locke, Secretary Commerce phrases. of these functions deconstructing the speeches and proposals by highlights rhetoricalthe and manipulative Haitian and Reconstruction emphasizing onApril20,2010.Still themutual Business foropportunities US businesses, ininvestors general, intentions USeconomic were finally duringunfolded the Haiti the conference in business. experience their held as favored large-scale companies they are provide alargecan jobs number andhave of by the US Departmentprivate investors coming toHaiti as the main promoters of economic development. Moreover, (Rodham TheseClinton,15, 2010). highlight focusthe January phrasesclearly foreign put on of Commerce,factories.” and “opening contracts” “signing from theworld” were businesses all over referred tothehopeful future of hitisland thebefore earthquake Haiti bystating thatthe “500 internationalhotels”two During she Clinton,chain March abriefing, 31, 2010). (Rodham ineconomy phase by pre-earthquake the “openingofnewthe factories” and the “launching of jobs”,growing the “needs of to the referred who Clinton, Rodham by Hillary Conference earthquake. the after again economy their ‘jumpstart’ to population Haitian the help therefore and opportunities, and jobs create will companies that emphasizing by legitimized is influence is restructuring with interlinked foreignfor the opening country Thisforeign investment. economic from discourse, the ascanberevealed However, of poverty. out population the move to able mechanism only the system, economic whole the reforming with hand with subjugation. canrather future beassociated Haiti’s for implications programs, aiming to stabilize the country in the long term. However, as laid out, practical Whereas Rodham Clinton was primarily referring to the importance of foreign of importance the to referring primarily was Clinton Rodham Whereas Donors’ the at delivered speech the analyzing when revealed be can rationale This Accordinglogic, the dominant to long-term goishand envisionedrebuilding to in 38 CEU eTD Collection therefore more appropriatetherefore future andfor engagement suitable of USin the AsHaiti. outlined appear ‘key role’ words The USeconomy. the benefitting clearing influence, economic and inpower imbalances from obvious attention the the divert therefore representations equal implies abalanced or independence’ between USandthe relationship Haiti. These economic ‘greater ‘fruitful On as ‘partner’,partnerships’, hand,usingterms other the of a nation. development the isto ‘meaningful’ contribution a only growth economic Locke, though they are of huge importance for national recovery fornational they huge(Cox importance though recovery are of ignored, even and andemotional consequences psychological are economic opportunities, of development.economic solutions Asto is framed disaster the primarily inproperty losses infor progress problem general.with framinghand,is onthe The this one overemphasis the stress is put on the opportunities for both countries and economicinvolvement, development their justify To US. as the an engine to profits brings this as process rebuilding in the sector added). emphasis of beginning “markthe thisthat conference April 20, 2010,emphasis added).Hestrengthened importance the of USbyhighlightingthe community plays a progress contribute people can the and Haitian economicindependence, greater rationale oflinking economic growth with human by progress stating that “Haiti can gain “Haiti to Aprilhas tremendous economic potential” healso (Locke, 20, 2010), the adopted April United(Locke, Besides stressing investment States” benefits20, 2010). mutual the due these opportunities and trade through investmentthat benefit will people inboth Haiti and the audience of 300 UScompanies, saying “the sector will private play a critical role in providing These statements clearly reveal the interests of the US to incorporate their private their incorporate to US the of interests the reveal clearly statements These of their nation. The U.S. government is there to be a to is there government U.S. The nation. their of key role in Haiti’s reconstruction and recovery” (Locke, April 20,2010, (Locke, inHaiti’sand reconstruction recovery” 39 fruitful partnershipsfruitful partner et al. where the U.S. business , 2008). In the words of in that effort” (Locke, effort” inthat meaningfully to the to CEU eTD Collection “[creation] of agencies that will be able toplan, design, and then implement adesigned principle thatfor “tax forexemption US companies investingin long-term Haiti”we and “agreesthat with the will be in an emergency statevisiting foreigners. for for thehave might it whereas population, local the next for function symbolic or meaning any have 18 month”. This populationthe is poorandlives in towns aroundshanty city,the Hotel the notMontana does allows the majority of the that hotel. Considering the rebuild to arecommitted owners the factthat the based April on Haiti”20, 2010), of (Delatour, reconstruction and“symbol of whole the the then resilience” symbol of as the“national earthquake the during Montana which collapsed tourism. andinternational roads ports,in airports, order to developindustry agriculture, garment and restructured by investing in decentralization includingand infrastructure, the building of three be hasto economy the that argues Delatour arrive there, To state”. open state, competitive state, dynamic state, a“mother tobecome in order of country the “reconstruction” of instead “refoundation” the pointed to Delatour Haiti Dialogue, the Business speechhis at keynote During reconstruction. Haiti’s for foundations the laying of in charge and Assessment Needs invited to the Haiti Businesswho was Patrick Delatour, minister, The Haitian tourism US. the with people cooperating Dialogue, is now leadingsupport the commissionthe engagement of theshould Post-Disasterof thenot dismissedUS in Haiti. per Therefore,se, because the attention US is working to compete worldreconfirmthe market,on andtherefore, dominance. their economic should closely also able are who with actors, hegemonic be benefit Haitian primarily paid rationality neoliberal a underlying topolicies officials the who Delatour also addressed the interests of the US by his efforts to adopt laws that allows Despite bemoaning the loss of “most of the hotels”, Delatour mentioned the Hotel as‘partnerships’ countries between framingthe economicrelations the However, 40 CEU eTD Collection systemslegitimizes therefore the engagement of IMF the by loansproviding tothe economic andcollapsed incapablegovernment weak, the to Pointing p.3). January 22, 2010, government’s collect underminedrevenues to capacity through taxes and customs (IMF, and the infrastructure economic destroyed The IMFReview emphasizedalso Haiti the of by focusingeconomy” sectorApril the involvementof (Strauss-Kahn, on private the 1 2010). interests. The IMF is alsovery open about the “unique occasion to try to rebuild Haitian 38), the IMF can also be understoodandmaintaining dominance and control over discourse. the as an between US the and local officialsimportance underlined the networking forally strengthening of the US,The collaboration Alexander, 2008). Stonich,communities (Gunewardena, 2008; 2008; as it primarilyprimarily led tothe segregation and marginalization of localthe from population theirnative promoteshave sector tourist the focusingon efforts reconstruction capitalism, disaster of theory US the sustainable and inclusionary rebuilding process of the country, because according to the in extending ‘partnership’. beingFinally,minister this of the may be tourism forproblematic is interested and country the with relations he close holds it beassumed that can companies, American havingAmerican other USembassyand the company Haitian constructed and Being from an projects. benefits in supplierreconstruction majorHaiti, concrete Delatour opened 2000 with his & (GDGConcrete cousin AsConstruction, 2010). this iscompany the he that Company & Construction Concrete GDG the of website, the on stated as ‘sabbatical’ nowon is vicepresident, the Delatour of all, First seem rather striking. background minister. of the hesitations silences and servinglike of appeared andreproducinginterests the US,underlinedby the amarionette 2010).Duringhis Delatour speech, decision country”the of (Delatour, developmentof But not isonly theUScooperating with Haitian the official elite (Hallward,p. 2004, Whensuitability evaluating for his position,concerning this several aspects his 41 CEU eTD Collection sustainable economicby growth the islandopening tounfairinternational competition, by introduced IMFhadthe p.11) because a“double (2008, effect they whammy” undermined government’s stabilize ability to the situation significantly. words, In Gros’ policiesthe agricultural industries, policies compellinglift the country to customs duties weakenedthe main Haitian of thedestruction p.17). Inaddition to 2009, (Rosset, comingfrom US the due inability compete withto the industry cheap poultry out to was wiped the products 2008). Similarly,Haitian Haiti’spoultry vulnerability demonstrated (Gros, and dependence in riots increase the in the price food consumers, the rice following of world 2008 Although it be can argued subsidized that the rice flowing intohas Haiti benefitted its from lostof largeparts government revenueimporttariffs. which was formerly extracted 2009,p.intodumped the 17).Despite suffering island(Rosset, the many of farmers,rice the Haiti’s food sovereignty deficittrade state. and the weakened in rice Haiti’s increased caused inflation, butmarket, export theagricultural of stimulation expected production,in resultthe not from did USdollar the gourde the detached that reform currency consequent as The market. highly world the to economy its open fully to has Haiti that argued was it development, subsidized to contribute and growth possible thebest generate to advantage comparative their exploit rice fromby Washington the Consensus2008, p.7). (Gros, Based on ideathe countries that should the US was received loans conditional by thatdemanded theimplementation IMF the policies as adopted due in implications. areimportant totheirspots discourse the practical Adjustment Programs with experiences loansStructural andHaiti’spast problematic adverse effectof IMF (SAPs) are not acknowledged commonly the economy, mentioned the on focuses IMF the though Even government. in the discourse at any point. These blind Likewise, the policy of liberalization,Likewise, policy IMF,destroyed the the trade bythe of asdemanded With endof the in Duvalierthe Haiti, dictatorship indebted ahighly 1986, country, 42 CEU eTD Collection highlights the “relatively low costs of labor” and “quality and efficiency of production” of efficiency and “quality and labor” of costs low “relatively the highlights which also forsector the textile report by a research been supported has notion exploitative into force”andindustry incorporation textile (Gelb, Haitian the This work 2010,p.6). numberforunderemployed unemployed “alaborpool training of or people, readily available has alarge countries inCaribbean and Haiti other are cheaperthan side”, production costs andinvestment[…]” (Gelb,p.2). Moreover, stated the report “on 2005, that positivethe U.S. trade to barriers of law, elimination rulethe the of rights, private property protects that large number of reforms, such as “market-based economy,minimum government interference reports for theUSCongress (Gelb,2009). 2005;Hornbeck, policy has primarily benefittedUSinterests, by an which isargument supported confidential standards leave punished with (Bell&Field, 5,2010).Itappears May thatthis ‘benevolent’ by Moreover,unionsshirts. forbiddenlabor and are constitutions the about complaints 2005, p.3).Second, still quotas apply apparel and certain has been excluded asforinstance t- US.Intwo-thirdsthe from imported yarnsfabrics2005, about were of and US(Gelb, the most components, expanded, yarns need in and fabrics from textilebusinessesoriginated the even of First, though (Hornbeck,poverty reduction of rules have 2009,p.5). origin been duty-free accessfor Haitian apparel exports, so far,it has notyielded positive results in terms isof program to this benefits the industry thattextile a Haitian claimed due development Although it in Act’ in between 2008 (Hornbeck, 2009). expanded 2006, and USandthe Haiti economicbenefits for Haiti,as proposed by the preferential trade agreement (PTA) ‘HOPE control instability.country to consequent the anddecreasedof the ability p.3) the declinedsteadily (Hornbeck, 2009, income growth Haiti This states that ifclearly would only it for aPTA,had implementedqualify a generated not has industry textile the developing shown, has past the as Finally, 43 CEU eTD Collection questionable whether these programs contribute tosustainableindependentquestionable contribute whethertheseprograms development and production are still mostlyimported, from US(Hornbeck,the 2009,p.10),itremains rather for 2010). Additionally,as components May & Field,standards(Bell 20, arespecified remain is and restrictive,certain minimum only included, no apparel orfixedlabor wage quotas However, whichmarket. UStextile tothe theduty-free earthquake, access the expands well as causing the firing of hundreds of employees (Hervé, May 8, 2010). increasing influence of foreign investors and the loss of control by the Haitian government, as of a main source morerevenue and jobs,marksgovernment of than provider 5,000 the May 2010, weekof first inthe TELECO company national of the telephone privatization the Haitian officialsframe this event as“a fabulous Easter gift” (Bell, May 17, 2010). Moreover, due destroy seeds biodiversity, agricultural the to the on sector ability to traditional the sacks (475tons). Whereas Haitian farmers rightly describe this donation as a serious “attack” modifiedcompany has seed of and theleadingproducer genetically donated60,000 seeds, multinational US-based an Monsanto, First, in Haiti. imposed as rationality neoliberal widened theinequality in country the (Hallward, 2004). show, opening the investment markettoforeign of the hasnotmoved of Haiti butpoverty out experiences As past institutions. international and US by rationality neoliberal a adopting forquestion onehas causes the market, to world on the are competitive businesses that aswhileconsumers large-scale Haitian government, the well as benefitting weakening for traders. USaswell Haitian aspect positive is2006). The additional Apparel Report,an (Textile geographical proximity and Research With regard to trade policies, the former HOPE Act was extended by HELP Act after In Haiti,highlighting several arepost-earthquake for ongoing cases representative the and farmers hurt in Haiti implemented as policies neoliberal that established Having 44 CEU eTD Collection discourse. hegemonic ofconstruction this andeffects practical structural the isputon Emphasis chapter. next the of subject are processes, reconstruction further for foundation the lay that documents also be revealed when analyzinginitiatives, the only lastingengine for improvement progress and of national well-being, can policy proposals. (Gunewardena & Schuller, 2008).This ignoring problemof The regional expertise and local context of the drafting population of Haitian the interests serving the system economic less vulnerable and the two industry and development prerequisiteslocal the loss two ownership, of for asustainable and responsibility for contributing to the situation. this from questionattention divert to try intentionally might IMF the Hence, p.4). 2010 22, January (IMF, of reasons natural vulnerability not it answerdoes disasters, to thequestion iswhy actually Haiti so poor for Haiti’sthe in is contributes by argues thatenvironmental which to degradation turn caused poverty conditions,earthquake by vulnerability the triggering populationthe of disaster. Althoughto the IMF the the of impact devastating the because contributed largely have conditions these is that here point The it fearsimpoverishment by of is consequent Haitian foreign influences.the which dictated population to be challenged the prospects sector, industrialof in employment citiesthe (Davis,p.14),and the 2006, on its 2009,p.17).This(Rosset, is slumification theresultof destruction the agricultural the of excessive to contributed also have policies Haiti, in system economic independent and urbanizationsustainable and thus, sectors. economic any affected other the extensiveinfar, Haiti.So any industry textilehasgenerated the not andspill-over effects positively development of slums around the capital The most significantproblem with associated neoliberal is policies lackthe ofnational Not only haveneoliberal past reformsbuild underminedanya to opportunity 45 CEU eTD Collection in Haiti” anddonor as well as the involvement of the UN,its legitimized by its “long-established valuable role abilityFAQ leaflet, to “mobilizethe dominance NGOs,from weresidelined conferencethe (UN,March According UN’s the 31, 2010a). to of the US is a onlytruly “natural” actors,such delegations,stakeholdersand MINUSTAH state as for instancelocal government globaldue to their status response” as non- and opinionsin bystate process, themajor shaping rebuilding haveother the a role played principle (UN,Envoy to Haiti,March Bill Clinton, and the US State31, Secretary, Hillary2010a). Rodham Clinton, appear to technologies. into rationalities their translate who can actors certain of dominance itthe reaffirms isrestricted, proposals Therefore,policy engage(Milliken,p. 8). in asaccess to andcontribute 1996, discussions to discourses of mechanism the exclusionary reflect participation rules of special the states, conferencethe in inthe wasorganized andUN headquarters New York invitedmember all of decide international the longercommunity term disaster. Although tothe to on responses wasthemost gathering important 31,2010 onMarch Conference The International Donors’ 5.1 The International Donors’ Conference Towards aFuture for Haiti legitimized by discoursethe and production the thus, of global relations. power implications practical the outlines chapter This Conference. Donors’ International chapter. involved Actors indrafting presented the their documents proposal at the twokey farthe have my been soinwhich adopted theforth documents confirm analysis forAs possiblenationally the parameters policies, and globally. setthe of rationalities range socialandeconomic whicharewidely believed reforms togenerate stability progress rationalities security concerns and hasinof as highlighted The Haiti,shaped discourse, Whereas the Haitian government, UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki Moon, the Special the Moon, Ki Ban Secretary-General, UN government, Haitian the Whereas T RANSFORMING R C ATIONALITIES INTO ATIONALITIES HAPTER 46 5: P RACTICES CEU eTD Collection such as educating programs, are not incorporated policy into proposalssuch the educating are not as programs, coordination as investingwell as in social capital best-practice(Oxfam, 2004), techniques, basedlocal Management approach, onstrengthening and Community Based Disaster capacity Although(UN, 2004). forCuba serves model as a successful role increasingly the renowned known also is Cuba its emergencyfordue management to itsrisk extensive natural with experience catastrophes system, care health praised highly its to addition In Haitians. treats and in lives countries isactively are Cuba engaging saves which pledged, process rebuilding the many medical staff as USthe (Kirk& Kirk, April 1,2010). Whereas financial from donations relation to GDP, Cuba’sin Moreover, of Canada. that as twice almost and France of asthat is four-times contribution donation is 155 timesCuba. As byKirk has been calculated that of in the doctors Haitian training to UScommitted is also and and system health national provides entire the reform three times as to Cubahas majorsuch as promised humanitarian of assistance. providers havebeen Cuba, werenotsupport givenavoice. This implies in-kind countries that humanitarian provided extensive have that assistance or financial made long-term for contributions speak.recovery andare invited reconstruction to have countriesHaiti, which 31,2010a),only UN’sFAQ leaflet (March 2010).Consultingthe whichhadin-kind pledged billion no 2.1 and contributions of (Government Republicof the million more 2.5 billion in than two and donated inkind, contributions US, tothe comparison such asfor instancemarginalized. VenezuelaandCuba are countries, 31,2010a), of “major (UN,March Haiti” bybeing supporters justified conference, the to as Franceco-chairs andSpain EU, the Canada, has Brazil, invited UN the Whereas This decision is particularly meaningful when meaningful that isThis countries, taking into consideration when particularly decision thestructural This highlights effects asVenezueladiscourse pledged dominantthe of et al. (April 23, 2010), the monetary value of monetary the (April value23, 2010), of Cuba’s 47 . Hence, the CEU eTD Collection number of NGOs, as they and envisioned reforms,continuously they have to take charge of them and can thus, be blamed for failure. proposals policy the to contributed not have officials, Haitian including Haitians, of majority provide the Eventhough results. expected the generate if donot reforms scapegoat them makes the general publicidentifiedby scholars Brenner such the thelocalsas responsibility (1999)transferring to services,minimal involvement of the Haitian population in the drafting process. Moreover, as has been as health‘local‘Haitian-led considering ownership’,‘Haitianresponsibility’ reconstruction’, the and care, in like becomes visible terms façade also orfake. This rhetorical as non-credible community rhetoric clearly international against principlethe bythe thedemocracy, adopted rendering of policy (UN,March This proposals 31, 2010a). civil instrumental society approach to runs the visions their into necessarily doesnot translate interests their acknowledgingof process, voice back. gives them their who international community of the benevolence well as additionally implying the invisibility Haitianthe of civil society and stressing the whichinclude aims to the viewsof population ironical Haitian the therefore seems rather as The title document the of (p.2). of population total the percent 0,02 opinion, constituting 2010). In seriesfocus around of have the country 1750 Haitiansgroups been askedtheir 31, (“A Voicefor theVoiceless”,March could beheard” and development reconstruction consulted in order to “ensure has been society civil the Voiceless”, the for “A Voice titled in document, As stated the that the opinions ofbeenhearing. giving a not have actors also important other from contributions; marginalized average Haitian citizens on the country’s Haiti’s future and reaffirms thestructural effects of dominantthe discourse formation. sidelining of certain countries mirrors their exclusion from drafting policy proposals for Equally important andEqually important vital the reconstruction is process to inclusion the largeof the rebuilding inthe population Haitian the of interviewing limited rather the Despite camphavebeen ideological in located ‘wrong’ But notonly the countries 48 CEU eTD Collection international actors in Haiti but also directly legitimize their involvement in the long-term in the involvement their legitimize directly also but in Haiti actors international of dominance the only not reaffirm phrases function. These have rhetorical asimple appear to very tight schedule, key sectors of Haitian society the because,wereis despite Haitian like “this proposal phrases earlier, described rules exclusionary consulted” (Action Plan, 2010, p. 3) reconstruction]” (PDNA, 2010, p. 2) is acknowledged. Considering these terms as well as the positive support of bilateral internationalfor our future” the (…) partners (Action 3) and“the thatPlan, 2010,p. strong, donors, of who expectations of the aware [Haitians] madeus have “talks instance for suchas statements, have exhibited a greatcommunity. influence The of international the community is clearly visible included through interestinternational the and representatives in Haitians by effort the joint in drafted were exercise these as policies, [of of USandthe UNin identifiedtranslating of set problems of into situation the solutions or future. and majorlayingthe constitutes documentfor foundation in the far-reaching reforms the Haiti p.3), whichincorporates (Action Plan) (2010, ofthe policy assessment the proposals in Development and Recovery National for Plan Action of part” integral “an is community country.a This assessment, joint draftof Haitianthe governmentandinternational andthe population the of needs examination a as aswell earthquake bythe losses caused and damages of the evaluation is atechnical (PDNA) Assessment Needs Post-Disaster The 5.2 The Two Main Policy Documents Deciding on Haiti’s Future as it lays the framework for policy choices. The next section outlines the adopted policies. discourse dominantthe impactof practical in the reflect terms of conference the participation in rules exclusionary the Hence, conference. attheDonors’ presented andbriefly summarized several for NGOs events organized 25;however, March before their are contributions only therewere According UNdocument, tothe 2007b, 2009). (Schuller, education,sanitation The two documents, presented at the conference, additionally mirror thedomination mirror additionally conference,the at presented documents, The two 49 CEU eTD Collection and therefore a reallocation of land ownership, because Haiti’s officials are determined not and areallocation aredetermined officials because landHaiti’s of therefore ownership, thatterritorialhighlighted landfor of demandsthe appropriation publicuse rebuilding private students and citizens (mentioned access inthis sequence) totheirneedsIt is also(p.13). highways,of threeinternational and giveairports ports are envisioned to tourists, patients, in areasinfrastructure land asnew A new devastated the andurban as well network planning. ‘territorial inrebuilding’ the first chapterwhichinclude the cleaning and reconstruction of development and includinginfrastructure, ports suitable“economic roads, airports, for social and needs” (Action ascooperation and partnership governance. reforms well institutional relating to as Plan,communityinternational the of (Actionrecommendations 2010, adopting thereby action”, our to central [is] state the Plan, 2010,p.1). p.1). with “newmustcope cooperate” disaster befoundthe ways to This aswellthe“strengthening showsThe that Action the lawtwo (PDNA,priorities of rule the 2010,implementing and security providing policies Plan p. to referring are5).especially governance, newThe prefaceformsoutlines of of the Action and emphasis human lives,infrastructure is affected on environment, restructuring of put Planprimarily disaster the clearly that demonstrate programs documents both Although donors. of expressesinterest the in that in order of implement structural ininstabledescribe to changes whichareexploited situations andfragile to “windows to is arguesthat of term increasingly p.22) used the Schulleropportunity” (2008a, the foundations for “lay and assessments” a post-disaster fresh traditional than further “go proposals these that stating start in the country’s “window history” ofopportunity” “rendezvouswith Plan, and as aswell (Action 2010,p.3), development efforts” (PDNA, 2010, p. 1). have. Haitians than theprocess over havemore control actors international met, are ‘interests’ and ’expectations’ astheir Practically, process. reconstruction First, this means the building of “regional partnerships” and the development of Both documents begin with stressing the importance for regarding thiseventas a 50 CEU eTD Collection into policies, concerns security verbalized Transforming marginalized. are democratic to empowerment increases the institutions contributingjudiciaries, programs and bureaucraciesandthepolice, civil prisons, only the disciplinaryinstitutional istheof institutions. simplerebuilding preservation state Whereas include these and coerciveMorley p. 363)andothers focusingMcGillion (1997, argue that theand problem on of power of the state. As theMarch 40). 2010a, p. (Government of Haiti, rebuilding is heart” of process atthe restructuring(…) “institutional 10). Adoptinglong 2010,p. term (PDNA, asimilarthat rationale, Plan states Action the the in system prison and police justice, in the reforms as well as instruments, international conformity guarantee with inthejusticesystem to reforms structural corruption, combat increase productivity implementingand system to penal the preventivereform measures,the justice protection and vulnerable the of security, police the bystrengthening people force and provide which includebeinfrastructure outof theimprovement to amongableto others set are A list of proposals security. justice public and law, of state improving the focuses on primarily PDNA the promotion, democracy and governance’ ‘good with associated be might governance Whereas of ‘governance’. framework the under reconstruction institutional on foreconomic foreign incentives investment(Schuller, p.23). 2008a, systems,more, enhances hospitals improved same andatthe infrastructure and an time reconstruction education to Profits islandwith from bemade rebuildingwork, regard the can international community. the of interest economic the clearly reveals regional partnerships intervene”judicial 12). capacity (p. to “to return to the prevailing situation before the earthquake. […] To do so, the State has the Although mightsuggestastrengtheningthis andHaiti’s of state thus sovereignty, focus the this to linking control, mean increased canalso increased access Moreover, Addressing the infrastructure in linkingbuilding itto new ways of cooperation and 51 CEU eTD Collection composed by Fund Multi-Donorthe Asthrough is Trust HIRC Worldthe the andadministered Bank. of thirteencarries out the policies and distribute the funds accordinglyforeigners (p.52). Donations are collected Plan, a Haiti Interim Action in the Committee As outlined proposals. these and implementing for of rules legal the the considering when Reconstruction twelve (HIRC) has been established, Haitians, which land appropriate benefit.their to economic co-chaired will primarily actors international that beitcan assumed community, international the by thecannot be challengedHaitian by the population. As in the case andwhich isin landhands state the of ofof the and in resources, reallocation reflected the Haiti, thePrime state works closely with isalso actors in of state power or the possession subjugation of to population the consequent an improved ‘governmentability’ of people,the business-friendly causing aThe environment. but people emancipation the of or empowerment necessarily imply the not does itblurred, as itsin development longerthe term Themeaning (p. 1103). of governance hastherefore been institutionsensure becausethe suitable itthat creates political underlying capitalist rationality economicfor society production. to theneeds unregulated can be adapted regulated and disciplined a only as neoliberalism, to linked be can policies these informing rationale The power. notion of linkingFoucault’s disciplinary it to measures, oncoercive reforms on highlightedsociety. mission thefocus Zanotti’salso assessment(2008)of MINUSTAH the the toregulate government Haitian of the in support community international will the the of institutionalization law by the justice ruleof the of system reforming underlines prison and their dominance,Haitian government aligns and allies itself with internationalthe community or is co-opted by it is an extended mechanism of control by foreign actors. Hence, this This argument of This argument of notionthe of governance as a mechanism of control is supported Similarly,institution Shamsie building(2004) arguesthat canalsobe toan attributed 52 CEU eTD Collection organizations, such asthe organizations, andfor “Leadership HIRCstatesthat inhighly Director efficient structured experience parliament(Palmers, Interestingly, May 5, 2011). for job Executive the announcement fundsnational by priorimplement measurestake approval power without the to and office longer than his expected term, ending in February 2011, as well as giving the HIRC the (Palmers, May Adopting5, 2010). emergencymeasures allows PresidentPréval stay in to the state of emergency for another eighteen months, causing the suspension of the rule law of extended governmentthe April 8, 2010, emphasis on added).Asaresult, Plan,p. 52, 2010, Haitian population. Haitian strengthening veto (Action p.52), measuresPlan, 2010, andpolicies adopteduntil present rather assume the ofto right the has Préval economic President Although liberation. national and development sustainable and political to contribute willnot efforts reconstruction that be it expected can state, emergency the of extension the controland process rebuilding the in foreigners of domination the Considering of the internationalneoliberal economic reforms, described as“disciplinary neoliberalism” by Gill (1995). community over added) emphasis the emergency in order to haveto “ in order emergency community. international the favors slightly Minister, Jean-Max Bellerive, and the UN special envoy, Bill Clinton, the power balance Hence, there is a clear linkage between policies of control and discipline and discipline and control of policies between linkage is aclear there Hence, As stated by the Action Plan, the HIRC mandate must be carried out in a state of military necessary powers necessary , is an advantage” (Korn/Ferry (Korn/Ferry isApril an , advantage” International,2010, 53 tocarry out its mission effectively ” (Action CEU eTD Collection between various actors have been highlighted. Therefore, it can be seen that the so-called it can beseen the that Therefore, have highlighted. been actors various between explaingovernance issuitable to the production and power of dominance as alliances structural aspect of discourse. construction the of conceptof dominantThe the networked Haiti. of subjugation economic and political the with be associated can which rationalities, dominant these of implications practical the has demonstrated major documents two of the assessment The and Reconstruction. Recovery for National Plan Action andthe Assessment Needs Post-Disaster the as evaluating foreign and as Haitians between actors encounters well were revealedbyananalysis of past development. Haiti’s for policies long-term in and process rebuilding the in of militarization the reflected wereclearly These considerations. security linked economic inform and concerns to canalsobe that discourse the rationalities highlighted, has analysis the as However, needs. development and solidarity humanitarian of formed narratives around has adiscourse shaped international community revealed thatthe has earthquake in the after Haiti discourse the of deconstruction The analytic inequality. and structures global power reproduces that discourse the of construction complex outline the others; we use itto lift ourselves up”. subjugate power to would “Weuseour version adjusted Considering say an Haiti, caseof the earthquake Haiti, this quote by USpresident,the BarackH. Obama,is heavy irony.with After having the analyzed construction of discourse dominantthe andits implications in post- In addition to the analysis of rationalities and technologies,The rather adverse effects of I these dominanthave rationalities, at least in the case of Haiti,outlined the The Foucauldian concept of governmentality has served as a fruitful framework to weuse others, itlift to them up” (Obama, January 15, 2010). been factwe doinnotsubjugatepower founded the parton useour that to That is who we are. That is what we do. For decades, America's leadership has andhelps. forward America steps of United States the of “In tragedy, times C ONCLUSION 54 CEU eTD Collection communities and alter global andalterglobal structures. communities power to disasterinequality. thisto rethink provides thesis point astarting Therefore, approaches contemporary relief,global to and contribute thus, actors countries bydominant affected economicof exploitation and control political further to lead will relief disaster and to rationality neoliberal a Maintaining develop community. needs to in affected of bereformedmeetthe the has order to assistance disaster strategiespopulation when policies areinformed by a neoliberal rationality, Ipropose futurethat which disasters. Havingcontemporary theimplicationsadverse forresponses to showed Haitian the will variousexercised through in techniques case the of itHaiti,serves foras an example serve the needssubjugation of country.the of economic and political the to leads however, rationality, theneoliberal a by informed in Haiti affecteddisciplinary power and coercive control, on the other. As this case has outlined, disaster relief of practices hand, and one the on liberalization and deregulation emphasize economic that neoliberal rationality world.which governs our This in is reflected adoption the of policies is contemporary the toconceptualize useful the that theory of global governmentality actors. by thedominant thecontrol reaffirm that of governance Moreover, discourse. co-optionthe localof officials andelites has techniques highlightedthe countries such instance for as Cuba andVenezuela been havelargely from excluded the whereas NGOs, international various and IMF, and WB institutions partner its and UN the governments, Western other US, the by constituted primarily is community’ ‘international Whileis has in thisthesis howdominance outlined constructed and discourse shown have I dominance, economic and control political of notions these Considering 55 CEU eTD Collection CARE International. (14 May 2010). 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