Creating Accessible Pdfs with MS Office, Acrobat, and Adobe Coldfusion

Slide 1

Creating Accessible PDFs with MS Office, Acrobat, and Adobe ColdFusion

By Bouton Jones Adobe ColdFusion Summit October 2, 2018 - 11:45 AM - 12:45 PM (PDT)

IT Business Systems Analyst Senior Austin, TX [email protected] [email protected]

My pronouns are he, him, and his.

Creating Accessible PDFs with MS Office, Acrobat, and Adobe ColdFusion

By Bouton Jones Adobe ColdFusion Summit October 2, 2018 - 11:45 AM - 12:45 PM (PDT)

IT Business Systems Analyst Senior Austin, TX [email protected] [email protected]

My pronouns are he, him, and his.

A lot of attention is given to developing accessible web application and web sites but not so much to making accessible PDFs. This session expands on last year's Accessibility session but focuses specifically on creating accessible PDFs. It will cover fillable forms, OCR, redaction, quality assurance, eSignatures/digital signatures, CFDocument, and CFHTMLtoPDF.

Slide 2

Life is too short to be spent photographing PowerPoint slides.

A handout containing all the slides and speaker notes can be found at http://www.boutonjones.com/pub/a11y.html .

#BoutonRocks

Life is too short to be spent photographing PowerPoint Slides

A handout containing all the slides and speaker notes can be found at http://www.boutonjones.com/pub/a11y.html .

#BoutonRocks

Slide 3

Three Visually Identical PDFs They have the exact same content, title, headers, font, and colors. So how are they different?

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 3

Three Visually Identical PDFs

They have the exact same content, title, headers, font, and colors. So how are they different?

Slide 4

First PDF

Read Text Read Headings Read First List

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Tagged PDF with Text

Bouton explains (and demonstrates) navigating a PDF with text and navigation (such as headers and lists.)

Screen readers (such as Jaws and NVDA) will identify headers and list in a tagged PDF.

Audio files: • A screen reader reads the text • A screen reader reads the headers • A screen reader reads the first list

Slide 5

Second PDF

JAWS NVDA

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The Scanned PDF

To users of assistive technology, scanned PDFs are blank.

Slide 6

“Blank” PDF

PITFALL: When you scan a printed document – e.g. a signed contract, police report, corporate policy, or anything requested for discovery – it is no more than an image of the hard copy. It will not be accessible to screen readers in its current form.

“A picture may be worth a thousand words --- but not if it's a picture of a thousand words that you're trying to read with accessible technology.” - David Ondich ADA Program Manager for the City of Austin

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“Blank” PDF

If you can’t “copy and paste” text, it most likely is an image.

To quote David Ondich, the ADA Program Manager for the City of Austin: “A picture may be worth a thousand words --- but not if it's a picture of a thousand words that you're trying to read with accessible technology.”

Slide 7

Trying to select text where there is none

A screen capture shows a PDF with graphical text that can’t be selected as text.

True Text can be selected, copied and pasted into a text document. Graphical Text can’t.

The easiest -- but by no means complete -- method to confirm that the verbiage displayed is actual text and not merely the image of a document is to cut and paste the text into a text file.

People who are visually enabled can recognize the text in the images but computers cannot -- unless an advanced OCR program is run to interpret the images in the photograph but even that is unlikely with a complex image like this.

Also, graphical text cannot be magnified for users of assistive technology.

Slide 8

Third PDF

Read Text Read Headings Read Lists

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Untagged PDF with Text

Untagged PDFs contain true text but they can’t be navigated. Screen readers can read the content but they can’t find the headers or the lists. The tags have been stripped from the document.

Audio files: • A screen reader reads the text • A screen reader fails to read the headers • A screen reader fails to read the lists

Slide 9

Question: WhenQuestion: is a PDF with text an When “untagged” document? is a PDF with text an “untagged” document?

Answer 1 of 2: When you print a document to PDF. The text is saved to the PDF but most tags for indicating structure are lost.

Never Print to PDF! Always Export to PDF instead

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 9 Tuesday, October 2, 2018 Get the slides and notes at http://bit.ly/2y0p5kJ 9

Question: When is a PDF with text an “untagged” document?

Answer 1 of 2: When you print to PDF. The text is passed on to the PDF but any tags for indicating structure are lost.

One surprising exception is tables. I printed (to PDF) a Word document containing a table. Both cells of the table included multiple lines of text. I expected the screen reader to ignore the table cells and read the entire content left to right. But both JAWS and NVDA read all the line of text in the first cell before reading all the lines of text in the next cell.

I tried using Word’s column function. NVDA was able to read a two column PDF printed from Word correctly.

Slide 10

Four Steps to Making Accessible PDFs

1. Creating fully accessible source documents (E.G. Microsoft Word documents “.docx”) or web pages.

2. Validating that the Office documents or web pages are truly and fully accessible

3. Exporting the Office documents or web pages into PDFs

4. Validating that the PDFs are truly and fully accessible

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 10

Four Steps to Making Accessible PDFs

• Creating fully accessible source documents (e.g. Microsoft Word documents “.docx”) or web pages

• Validating that the Word documents or web pages are truly and fully accessible

• Exporting the Word documents or web pages into PDFs

• Validating that the PDFs are truly and fully accessible

Slide 11

Life is too short to be spent photographing PowerPoint slides.

A handout containing all the slides and speaker notes can be found at http://www.boutonjones.com/pub/a11y.html .

#BoutonRocks

Life is too short to be spent photographing PowerPoint Slides

A handout containing all the slides and speaker notes can be found at http://www.boutonjones.com/pub/a11y.html .

#BoutonRocks

Slide 12

Microsoft Office

Microsoft Office (title slide)

Slide 13

Question: When is a PDF with text an “untagged” document? Answer 2 of 2: When semantic markup is not used to tag the structural elements in a document, the document is called “untagged.”

Tagged PDFs:

A PDF file that -- in addition to text and graphics -- contains meta-data for text-extraction, content-reflow, document accessibility, geographic information in PDF containing maps, etc.,

With the correct tags, a screen reader can:

• Understand where headings fall • Follow the correct reading order • Identify footnotes & graphics • Understand the structure of tables • Complete fillable forms

In most cases, tags are necessary in order to make a PDF file comply with Section 508.

(CITE: "What is 'Tagged PDF'?" http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6397984/what-is-tagged-pdf) Tuesday, October 2, 2018 13

Question: When is a PDF with text an “untagged” document?

Answer 2 of 2: When semantic markup is not used to tag the structural elements in a document, the document is called “untagged.”

Tagged PDF: A PDF file that -- in addition to text and graphics -- contains meta-data for text- extraction, content-reflow, document accessibility, geographic information in PDF containing maps, etc.,

With the correct tags, a screen reader can: • Understand where headings fall • Follow the correct reading order • Identify footnotes & graphics • Understand the structure of tables • Complete fillable forms

In most cases, tags are necessary in order to make a PDF file comply with Section 508.

(CITE: "What is 'Tagged PDF'?" http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6397984/what-is-tagged- pdf )

Slide 14

Tagging and Semantic Markup

Semantic Markup (or “Structural Markup”):

1. (In Technical and Business Writing) naming sections of text according to the structural role they play in the document. (CITE: “Highlighting and Emphasis” in Online Technical Writing by David McMurrey at https://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/textbook/)

2. (In Information Technology) the use of a markup language such as HTML to convey information about the meaning of each element in a document through proper selection of markup elements, and to maintain complete separation between the markup and the visual presentation of the elements contained in the document.

10/2/2018 14

Semantic Markup (or “Structural Markup”):

• (In Technical and Business Writing) naming sections of text according to the structural role they play in the document. (CITE: “Highlighting and Emphasis” in Online Technical Writing by David McMurrey at https://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/textbook/)

• (In Information Technology) the use of a markup language such as HTML to convey information about the meaning of each element in a document through proper selection of markup elements, and to maintain complete separation between the markup and the visual presentation of the elements contained in the document.

Slide 15

Presentational HTML vs. Semantic HTML

Appearance vs. Significance

Presentational HTML Tags Semantic HTML Tags • Strong • Title • Bold • Heading • Font size • List • Font Color • Paragraph • Background Color • Blockquote • Strikethrough • Code • Underline • Definition • Cite

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Presentational HTML vs Semantic HTML

IMAGE: a table comparing presentational and semantic HTML tags.

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Presentational Markup vs. Semantic Markup (in Microsoft Office) Appearance vs. Significance

Presentational Markup Semantic Markup • bold • title • italic • header • underline • definition • red, green, blue, etc., • language • borders • numbered list • font-face • table • font-size • label • strike-through • footnote • caption • citation

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Presentational Markup vs. Semantic Markup

IMAGE: A table listing examples of presentational markup and semantic markup.

Slide 17

Presentational Markup for Titles and Headers

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Presentational Markup for Titles and Headers in Microsoft Office

IMAGE: Screen capture

Slide 18

Sematic Markup for Titles and Headers

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Semantic Markup for Titles and Headers in Microsoft Office

IMAGE: Screen capture

Slide 19

Navigating a Word Document

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Screen capture shows the navigation panel in Word.

"A non-web example of the benefits of a structural approach to content markup can be found when using Microsoft Word. If headings are used consistently throughout a document, then a table of contents can be generated auto-magically. If text has only been styled to look like a heading, then the program cannot distinguish headings from body copy, and the resulting table of contents is likely to be meaningless.“

(CITE: http://www.motive.co.nz/glossary/markup.php)

Slide 20

The Proper Order of Titles and Headings

RIGHT WRONG Title Title • Heading 1 • Heading 2 • Heading 2 • Heading 4 • Heading 2 • Heading 4 • Heading 1 • Heading 2 • Heading 2 • Heading 3 • Heading 2 • Heading 3

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 20

The Proper Order of Titles and Headings

Don’t skip header levels.

Right Wrong

Title Title • Heading 1 • Heading 2 • Heading 2 • Heading 4 • Heading 2 • Heading 4 • Heading 1 • Heading 2 • Heading 2 • Heading 4 • Heading 2 • Heading 4

Slide 21

Proper Tables in Microsoft Office

Decorative Table (MS Word)

Semantic Table (MS Word)

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When selecting table styles in MS Word, always choose one of the styles (displayed in the “Design” tab under “Table Tools”) that include headers.

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Properly Tagging Tables in MS Office Microsoft Word

Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft Excel

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Specify column header information in tables (through Semantic Markup.)

Select the table styles that include header rows: • In Word • In PowerPoint • In Excel

Slide 23

Alt Text in Word

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Alt Text in Word

You can add alt text to an image in Word similarly to adding it in HTML. When you export the Word document to PDF the Alt text will be exported as well.

• Select picture and right click • Select “Format Picture” from the Context menu • Select the “Layout & Properties” icon in the Format Picture menu • Select ALT TEXT option • Populate the Title and/or the Description • Close the Format Picture menu. Your changes will be saved.

Slide 24

Validate Word for Accessibility

PITFALL: Recent editions of Microsoft Word include a built in accessibility checker. But in order for the accessibility check to run on a document, the document must be saved with the default .docx extension. If you try to save the document using another format -- such as .doc -- the accessibility checker won't run. Tuesday, October 2, 2018 24

To validate your Microsoft Word document (*.docx) in Word:

• Select the file tab in the Office Ribbon. • In the File view, select the Info option • Select the Inspect Document button. • Select the Check Accessibility option

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Validate Other Office Documents for Accessibility

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All the other Microsoft Office programs come with built in Accessibility checkers in “Info” under the “File” tab.

Slide 26

Adobe Acrobat

Adobe Acrobat (title slide)

Slide 27

Making a PDF Document Accessible Adobe Acrobat XI

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 CITE: http://ncdae.org/resources/cheatsheets/acrobat-xi.php 27

Run “Make Accessible” wizard Select Tools from the upper right corner, then select Action Wizard > Make Accessible from the sidebar. Select Start button.

Add/Change tags The TouchUp Reading Order tool allows a user to quickly add and edit PDF tags and view the reading order of elements on the page. To edit tags, do the following. From the right-hand menu, select Tools. Then select Accessibility > TouchUp Reading Order. If the Accessibility option is not listed, use the Options button to check Accessibility on the menu.

Check/edit reading order The TouchUp Reading order tool can also allow you to change the reading order of the page content so it matches the visual reading order.

Slide 28

How to create a fillable PDF form:

1. Within Acrobat, click on the Tools tab and select Prepare Form. 2. Select a file or scan a document. Acrobat analyzes your document and adds form fields automatically. 3. Add new form fields from the top toolbar, and adjust the layout using tools in the right pane. 4. Save your fillable PDF form and share it with others, or click Distribute to collect responses automatically.

For more see https://helpx.adobe.com/acrobat/how-to/convert-word-excel- paper-pdf-forms.html?set=acrobat--fundamentals--pdf-forms

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How to create a fillable PDF form:

• Within Acrobat, click on the Tools tab and select Prepare Form. • Select a file or scan a document. Acrobat analyzes your document and adds form fields automatically. • Add new form fields from the top toolbar, and adjust the layout using tools in the right pane. • Save your fillable PDF form and share it with others, or click Distribute to collect responses automatically.

For more see https://helpx.adobe.com/acrobat/how-to/convert-word-excel-paper-pdf- forms.html?set=acrobat--fundamentals--pdf-forms

Slide 29

MislabeledRead Empty FormFillable Fields PDF

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Mislabeled Fillable PDF

The NVDA Screen reader mis-identifies every one of the first three empty fields --- Last Name, First Name, and Middle Name --- as “Last Name.”

Slide 30

Editing the labels in a fillable PDF

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Editing the labels in a fillable PDF

You can use the same software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat) to edit the labels in a fillable PDF that you used to automate the creation of the fillable PDF.

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A Properly Labeled Fillable PDF

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Slide 32

Check the Tab Order

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Check the Tab Order

(IMAGE: Screen capture of a fillable form in edit view.)

Slide 33

MislabeledRe-order the Fillable form fields PDF

Label Order

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Re-order the form fields

(IMAGE: Screen capture of a fillable form containing two columns of input fields. Under is two other screen captures showing the function in Acrobat for re-ordering the form fields.)

This table has two columns and three rows of form fields. The logic order is down the columns but the reading order is left to right.

You can edit the order of the fields so that it makes sense to the user.

Slide 34

Making a PDF Document Accessible Adobe Acrobat XI (PDF)

Tuesday, October 2,http://ncdae.org/resources/cheatsheets/acrobat 2018 -xi.php 34

This PDF --- about “Making a PDF Document Accessible Adobe Acrobat XI” --- can be found at http://ncdae.org/resources/cheatsheets/acrobat-xi.php

Slide 35

Some Benefits of Adobe Acrobat DC

Open Scanned PDF in Adobe Acrobat

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Benefits of Adobe Acrobat DC.

The trail copy of Acrobat PRO DC immediately converted the images into editable text. It also includes electronic signature functionality.

“Use Adobe Acrobat Pro DC to edit original or scanned documents, and you’re going to save a lot of time. That’s because you can go from scan to finished in just a few clicks. With revolutionary imaging technology, Acrobat recognizes text automatically, so you don’t have to think about matching fonts or design. Making edits has never been this easy.” https://landing.adobe.com/en/na/products/acrobat/64908-acrobat-pro-trial-em8.html

“Adobe Acrobat DC Tips and Tricks—Accessibility Join Adobe for this onDemand designed to show you how to work smarter and more effectively with Adobe Acrobat DC. Disconnected document processes force employees to spend more time on administrative tasks and less time doing their actual jobs. Adobe Acrobat DC closes the gaps in automated processes, and gives employees more time to focus on high-value work.”

Slide 36

OCR in Acrobat DC

(Image Source: Screen capture from https://acrobat.adobe.com/us/en/acrobat/how-to/ocr-software- convert-pdf-to-text.html )

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ORC in Acrobat.

How to convert scanned PDFs to instantly editable text using automatic OCR software in Acrobat:

• Open a PDF file containing a scanned image in Acrobat. • Click on the Edit PDF tool in the right pane. Acrobat automatically applies optical character recognition (OCR) to your document and converts it to a fully editable copy of your PDF. • Click the text element you wish to edit and start typing. New text matches the look of the original fonts in your scanned image. • Choose File > Save As and type a new name for your editable document.

Image Source: Screen capture from https://acrobat.adobe.com/us/en/acrobat/how-to/ocr- software-convert-pdf-to-text.html

Slide 37

eSignatures with Adobe Acrobat DC

(Image Source: Adobe)

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 37

Some organization might have a repository of signed policies on-line. They might be scanned PDFs of printed and signed policy memos. That means all the policies are completely inaccessible to blind visitors.

One solution is to produce two versions of every policy: • HTML version with the text but not the signature • The scanned document with the signature

Alternatively, you can continued to distribute the policies in as PDFs but instead of printing, signing, and scanning, use electronic signatures.

NOTE: The Adobe eSignature functionality doesn’t require a license for the recipients (i.e. the signers)

Slide 38

Legality of eSignatures

IANAL. Check with an actual lawyer.

The U.S. ESIGN Act (2000) grants legal recognition to electronic signatures.

“No contract or agreement can be denied or unenforced simply for having an electronic signature.”

See https://www.docusign.com/learn/esign-act-ueta See also http://blogs.findlaw.com/law_and_life/2013/06/what-are-e- signatures-are-they-legally-valid.html

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 38

Legality of eSignatures

IANAL (“I am not a lawyer.”) Check with an actual lawyer

There are two major laws governing the validity of electronic signatures: the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act ("ESIGN") and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act ("UETA"). But only ESIGN is current, valid federal law.

U.S. ESIGN Act (2000) grants legal recognition to electronic signatures and records if all parties to a contract choose to use electronic documents and to sign them electronically.

The ESIGN Act is a federal law passed in 2000. It grants legal recognition to electronic signatures and records if all parties to a contract choose to use electronic documents and to sign them electronically. ... No contract, signature, or record shall be denied legal effect solely because it is in electronic form.

See https://www.docusign.com/learn/esign-act-ueta See also http://blogs.findlaw.com/law_and_life/2013/06/what-are-e-signatures-are-they- legally-valid.html

Slide 39

Is True Electronic Redaction in PDFs Possible?

SOURCE: https://acrobat.adobe.com/content/dam/doc-cloud/en/pdfs/acrobat-dc-security-overview-ue.pdf

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 39

Is True Electronic Redaction in PDFs Possible?

From a recent white paper from Adobe:

True redaction

Acrobat DC offers a set of redaction tools that help you protect sensitive or confidential information. You can permanently delete both text and graphic images in a document before you distribute it. You can even search and redact based on patterns, such as phone numbers, credit card numbers, and email addresses. The information you select is completely removed from the file, not just masked as with other tools or methods.

With the Sanitize Document feature, remove hidden information and non-graphic objects such as metadata that may be present in the PDF.

SOURCE: https://acrobat.adobe.com/content/dam/doc-cloud/en/pdfs/acrobat-dc-security- overview-ue.pdf

Slide 40

Additional Adobe Acrobat XI and DC Resources

• Creating Accessible PDF Documents In Adobe Acrobat XI http://ncdae.org/resources/cheatsheets/acrobat-xi.php

• Use automatic OCR software in Acrobat - https://acrobat.adobe.com/us/en/acrobat/how-to/ocr-software-convert-pdf-to- text.html

• Creating Accessible PDF Documents in Acrobat XI (VIDEO) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOVORgxHHGo

• Creating an Accessible PDF with Adobe Acrobat Pro 11 (VIDEO) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQUksaZa42E

• Making a PDF accessible with Acrobat Pro DC (VIDEO) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fIPUYEJWdI

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Additional Adobe Acrobat XI and DC Resources

Creating Accessible PDF Documents In Adobe Acrobat XI http://ncdae.org/resources/cheatsheets/acrobat-xi.php

Creating Accessible PDF Documents in Acrobat XI (VIDEO) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOVORgxHHGo

Creating an Accessible PDF with Adobe Acrobat Pro 11 (VIDEO) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQUksaZa42E

Making a PDF accessible with Acrobat Pro DC (VIDEO) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fIPUYEJWdI

Slide 41

ColdFusion

CFDocument vs. CFHTMLtoPDF

ColdFusion (title slide)

CFDocument vs. CFHTMLtoPDF

Slide 42

CFDocument

• Will NOT convert HTML into an accessible PDF. • Not tagged. • Reading order may be incorrect. • Missing the ALT text. • No language specification. • Adobe will NOT be fixing this bug.

CFDocument Example

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CFDocument

• CFDocument will not convert accessible HTML into an accessible PDF • This document is not tagged; the reading order of the contents may be incorrect • The alternate text for the images will be missing • No language specification • Adobe will NOT be fixing this bug

======

Problem: CFdocument converts accessible HTML in to an inaccessible PDF

1. I started with properly tagged accessible HTML 5:

o properly nested header tags o list tags o alt attributes with descriptions for both images used o language specified in the body tag

2. I wrapped the HTML 5 inside a CFDocument tag set:

.... ....

3. I placed the template on my ColdFusion development server running 10,0,23,302580.

4. I called the template in my browser. It displayed my page as a PDF.

5. I ran the Adobe Acrobat accessibility report and it found the following errors:

o This document is not tagged; the reading order of the contents may be incorrect o 2 image(s) with no alternate text o All of the text of this page lacks a language specification

The accessibility issues can be fixed manually inside Adobre Acrobat but that defeats the purpose of using ColdFusion to create PDFs.

According to the Adobe Bug Tracker, this bug will NOT be fixed for CFDocument. (See https://tracker.adobe.com/#/view/CF-3818467)

"This issue got fixed for cfhtmltopdf as part of bug https://bugbase.adobe.com/index.cfm?event=bug&id=CF-3734792. This fix will be available with the upcoming update of ColdFusion 11."

Slide 43

Adobe Acrobat Accessibility Report for CFDocument

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 43

Adobe Acrobat Accessibility Report for CFDocument.

Here’s the accessibility report I ran in Adobe Acrobat for a PDF I created with CFDocument.

It shows that:

• This document is not tagged; the reading order of the contents may be incorrect • The alternate text for the image is missing • No language is specified even though I specified English in the HTML

Slide 44

CFHTMLtoPDF

• Added in ColdFusion 2016 Update 3. • Replacement for CFDocument. • (CF 11) Converts accessible HTML5 pages into PDFs with limited accessibility. The PDFs are missing the ALT text. • (CF 2018) Converts accessible HTML5 pages into PDFs with full accessibility. The PDFs include the ALT text.

CFHTMLtoPDF Example

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CFHTMLtoPDF

Slide 45

Using CFHTMLtoPDF in CF 11 or CF 2016

What to do if your version of ColdFusion isn’t saving the ALT attribute to PDFs.

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 45

Using CFHTMLtoPDF in CF 11 or CF 2016

What to do if your version of ColdFusion isn’t saving the ALT attribute to PDFs.

The image displays a pie chart: “Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court”

There are two solutions neither of which is ideal.

Slide 46

1. Avoid Images

Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court (Between January 1, 2015 and March 14, 2016) Industry Number of Lawsuits Academic 2 Dating Services 1 Entertainment 1 Financial 1 Gaming 2 Hospitality 4 Insurance 1 Personal Services 1 Restaurant 3 Retail 43 TOTAL 61

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 46

1. Avoid images.

Instead of the pie chart shown on the previous slide, you can use a table like the one displayed on this slide.

Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court (Between January 1, 2015 and March 14, 2016) Academic - 2 Dating Services - 1 Entertainment - 1 Financial - 1 Gaming - 2 Hospitality - 4 Insurance - 1 Personal Services - 1 Restaurant - 3 Retail - 43 61 Total Lawsuits

Slide 47

2. Use Captions for the Images

Fig. 1: Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court
(Between January 1, 2015 and March 14, 2016)

Academic - 2
Dating Services - 1
Entertainment - 1
Financial - 1
Gaming - 2
Hospitality - 4
Insurance - 1
Personal Services - 1
Restaurant - 3
Retail - 43

61 Total Lawsuits

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 47

2. Use Caption for the Images

Let’s see how we can make the pie chart more accessible inside the CFHTMLtoPDF tag pair in a ColdFusion 11 environment (where the ALT attribute isn’t saved to the PDF.)

Fig. 1: Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court
(Between January 1, 2015 and March 14, 2016)

Academic - 2
Dating Services - 1
Entertainment - 1
Financial - 1
Gaming - 2
Hospitality - 4
Insurance - 1
Personal Services - 1
Restaurant - 3
Retail - 43

61 Total Lawsuits

Slide 48

Caption Example

Fig. 1: Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court (Between January 1, 2015 and March 14, 2016)

Academic - 2 Dating Services - 1 Entertainment - 1 Financial - 1 Gaming - 2 Hospitality - 4 Insurance - 1 Personal Services - 1 Restaurant - 3 Retail - 43

61 Total Lawsuits

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 48

Caption Example

Image: the Pie Chart image with a caption

Using presentational markup is not an ideal solution. But if you must include an image and until you upgrade to ColdFusion, it’s the best kluge I can come up with.

Slide 49

The aria-describedby Attribute

Forward Compatible Markup

Fig. 1: Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court
(Between January 1, 2015 and March 14, 2016)

Academic - 2
Dating Services - 1
Entertainment - 1
Financial - 1
Gaming - 2
Hospitality - 4
Insurance - 1
Personal Services - 1
Restaurant - 3
Retail - 43

61 Total Lawsuits

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 49

The aria-describedby Attribute

Even if you’re not using ColdFusion 2018 yet it (and aria-describedby won’t worked) it pays to be “forward compatible.”

Fig. 1: Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court
(Between January 1, 2015 and March 14, 2016)

Academic - 2
Dating Services - 1
Entertainment - 1
Financial - 1
Gaming - 2
Hospitality - 4
Insurance - 1
Personal Services - 1
Restaurant - 3
Retail - 43

61 Total Lawsuits

Slide 50

HTML 5 Figure and Figcaption Tags

Fig. 1: Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court
(Between January 1, 2015 and March 14, 2016)

Academic - 2
Dating Services - 1
Entertainment - 1
Financial - 1
Gaming - 2
Hospitality - 4
Insurance - 1
Personal Services - 1
Restaurant - 3
Retail - 43

61 Total Lawsuits

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 50

HTML 5 Figure and Figcaption Tags

Even if you’re not using ColdFusion 2018 yet it (and these two HTML5 tags won’t make a difference) it pays to be “forward compatable.”

Total Number of Website Lawsuits in Federal Court
(Between January 1, 2015 and March 14, 2016)

Academic - 2
Dating Services - 1
Entertainment - 1
Financial - 1
Gaming - 2
Hospitality - 4
Insurance - 1
Personal Services - 1
Restaurant - 3
Retail - 43

61 Total Lawsuits

Slide 51

CFDocument vs CFHTMLtoPDF

MY CONCLUSION:

• Use CFHTMLtoPDF instead of CFDocument for PDFs. • If you are using ColdFusion 2016 or ColdFusion 11 • Avoid including images. • If you must use images use captions with the aria- describedby attribute with a text caption (and use the HTML 5 FIGURE & FIGCAPTION tags.)

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 51

CFDocument vs CFHTMLtoPDF

My Conclusion:

• Use CFHTMLtoPDF instead of CFDocument for PDFs. • If you are using ColdFusion 2016 or 11 • Avoid including images. • If you must use images, use the aria-describedby attribute with a text caption (and use the HTML 5 FIGURE and FIGCAPTION tag.)

Slide 52

Two Ways to Win $25 Amazon Gift Cards from Adobe

1.Complete an evaluation of this session in the smart phone app.

2.Correctly answer this quiz question: What secret ingredient are some casinos including in their casino chips? (Please don’t google the answer. That’s not fair.)

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 52

Two Ways to Win $25 Amazon Gift Cards from Adobe

• Complete an evaluation of this session in the smart phone app.

• Correctly answer this question: What secret ingredient are some casinos including in their casino chips? (Please don’t google the answer. That’s not fair.)

Slide 53

“Taking your money and running also falls under intense technological scrutiny – the chip- Quizcashing booth Answer is the last line of defense against cheaters. Many casino chips now contain itty-bitty RFID chips in their core. These chips broadcast unique serial identifiers over radio frequencies (hence the term RFID). RFID-reading equipment tableside and at the chip cashing booth are tuned to detect the signal. Counterfeit chips won't sing the proper song – and casinos will refuse to cash them out. Casinos also use the RFID chips for more mundane tasks, like keeping track of the chips they lend to players on credit and tracking play data for specific tables.”

“RFID-embedded chips have already paid off big in at least one major heist. After a man robbed the Bellagio casino to the tune of $1.5 million in chips late last year, the casino simply turned off their transmitters – instantly making the chips worthless.”

"7 Casino Technologies They Don't Want You to Know About" By Brad Chacos in MaximumTech 8/09/11 11:00am CITE: https://gizmodo.com/5829061/7-casino-technologies-they-dont-want-you-to-know- about/

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 53

Quiz Answer

RFID Chips

“Taking your money and running also falls under intense technological scrutiny – the chip- cashing booth is the last line of defense against cheaters. Many casino chips now contain itty- bitty RFID chips in their core. These chips broadcast unique serial identifiers over radio frequencies (hence the term RFID). RFID-reading equipment tableside and at the chip cashing booth are tuned to detect the signal. Counterfeit chips won't sing the proper song – and casinos will refuse to cash them out. Casinos also use the RFID chips for more mundane tasks, like keeping track of the chips they lend to players on credit and tracking play data for specific tables.”

"7 Casino Technologies They Don't Want You to Know About" By Brad Chacos MaximumTech 8/09/11 11:00am CITE: https://gizmodo.com/5829061/7-casino-technologies-they-dont-want-you-to-know- about/ Slide 54

Questions?

Remember: A handout containing all the slides and speaker notes can be found at http://www.boutonjones.com/pub/a11y.html .

You can talk to me later or email me at [email protected] .

NEXT: Lunch

Questions?

A handout containing all the slides and speaker notes can be found at http://www.boutonjones.com/pub/a11y.html .

You can also talk to me later or email me at [email protected] .

NEXT: Lunch

Slide 55

Creating Accessible PDFs with MS Office, Acrobat, and Adobe ColdFusion

By Bouton Jones Adobe ColdFusion Summit October 2, 2018 - 11:45 AM - 12:45 PM (PDT)

IT Business Systems Analyst Senior Austin, TX [email protected] [email protected]

My pronouns are he, him, and his.

Creating Accessible PDFs with MS Office, Acrobat, and Adobe ColdFusion

By Bouton Jones Adobe ColdFusion Summit October 2, 2018 - 11:45 AM - 12:45 PM (PDT)

IT Business Systems Analyst Senior Austin, TX [email protected] [email protected]

My pronouns are he, him, and his.

Slide 56

The NVDA Screen Reader Auditions for Doctor Who

10/2/2018 56

The NVDA Screen reader Auditions for Doctor Who.

Merely a joke at the expense of the NVDA screen reader.

Slide 57

Third Party Alternatives to the CF Tags

• Flying Saucer - https://github.com/flyingsaucerproject/flyingsaucer • iText • XMLWorker • DocRaptor - https://docraptor.com/ • wkhtmltopdf

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 57

Third Party Alternatives to the CF Tags

• Flying Saucer - Flying Saucer is a pure-Java library for rendering arbitrary well-formed XML (or XHTML) using CSS 2.1 for layout and formatting, output to Swing panels, PDF, and images. - https://github.com/flyingsaucerproject/flyingsaucer

• iText

• XMLWorker

• DocRaptor - https://docraptor.com/

• wkhtmltopdf and wkhtmltoimage are open source (LGPLv3) command line tools to render HTML into PDF and various image formats using the QT Webkit rendering engine.

Slide 58

Adding Digital Signatures to PDFs with CFML

Theoretically digital signature fields can be added to PDFs with the CFPDF tag.

(But I haven’t done it myself and the online documentation is cryptic!)

CFPDF Attributes • action="sign" • signable • signing="allowed" • signaturefieldname="sign" • position • height • width

Start your own research at https://helpx.adobe.com/coldfusion/cfml-reference/coldfusion-tags/tags-p-q/cfpdf.html

Tuesday, October 2, 2018 58

Adding Digital Signatures to PDFs with CFPDF

Theoretically digital signature fields can be added to PDFs with the CFPDF tag.

(But I haven’t done it myself and the online documentation is cryptic!)

CFPDF Attributes: • action="sign" • signable • signing="allowed" • signaturefieldname="sign" • position • height • width

Start your own research at https://helpx.adobe.com/coldfusion/cfml-reference/coldfusion-tags/tags-p-q/cfpdf.html

Adobe Accessibility features I Adobe Acrobat DC

Adobe Acrobat DC Accessibility Features Acrobat Pro DC

PDF file format accessibility features combined with Adobe® Acrobat® and Adobe Reader® allow universal access to documents. Accessibility features in Adobe Acrobat DC and Adobe Acrobat Reader DC fall into two broad categories: features that make the reading of PDF documents more accessible, and features that help create accessible PDF documents. To create and edit accessible PDF documents, you must use Acrobat Pro.

Features to Support the Reading of PDFs by People with Disabilities All versions of Adobe Acrobat DC, Adobe Acrobat Reader DC, Acrobat Standard DC and Acrobat Pro DC provide support for the accessible reading of PDF files by persons with disabilities: • Preferences and commands to optimize output for assistive technology software and devices, such as saving as accessible text for a Braille printer • Preferences and commands to make navigation of PDFs more accessible, such as automatic scrolling and opening PDFs to the last page read • An Accessibility Setup Assistant Wizard for easy setting of most preferences related to accessibility • Keyboard alternatives to mouse actions • Reflow capability to temporarily present the text of a PDF in a single, easy to-read column • Read Out Loud text to speech conversion • Support for screen readers and screen magnifiers • Support for high contrast and alternative foreground and background colors

Features to Support the Creation of Accessible PDFs • Creation of tagged PDFs from authoring applications • Conversion of untagged PDFs to tagged PDFs from within Acrobat • Security settings that allow screen readers to access text while preventing users from copying, printing, editing and extracting text • Ability to add text to scanned pages to improve accessibility • Tools for editing reading order and document structure • Tools for creating accessible PDF forms • Ability to set document properties including title and expose them through the title bar of the application

Though Acrobat Standard provides some functionality for making existing PDFs accessible, Acrobat Pro must be used to perform most tasks — such as editing reading order or editing document structure tags — that are necessary to make PDF documents and forms accessible.

Adobe Acrobat Accessibility I Frequently Asked Questions

Adobe Acrobat DC Accessibility FAQ Frequently Asked Questions

How does Adobe Acrobat provide accessibility for people with disabilities? Adobe® Acrobat® software addresses the needs of both users with disabilities and authors of accessible content. The new features and enhancements and free Adobe Reader® software enable users with disabilities to access, read, and use Adobe PDF documents and forms across multiple languages more easily. And the improved tools for generating, reviewing, and enhancing PDF files available in the Acrobat family make it easier than ever for authors to create and distribute electronic content that is optimized for accessibility.

Which Acrobat products must I use to create accessible PDF files? Although Adobe Acrobat Standard software provides some functionality for making existing PDF files accessible, only Adobe Acrobat Pro software can perform certain tasks — such as editing reading order or document structure tags — that may be necessary to make some PDF documents and forms accessible. (Note: if you are a Creative Cloud subscriber, Acrobat Pro DC is the version included in your subscription.) You cannot use Adobe Reader to make PDF files accessible, but users can export a plain text version of a PDF file using Adobe Reader.

Are PDF files that are viewed in Adobe Reader accessible? The accessibility of any individual PDF file depends upon how well the author prepared the file for accessibility. Adobe Reader takes advantage of all attributes of PDF files that have been properly prepared for accessibility. Better quality content results in a more satisfactory reading experience. Adobe Reader attempts to compensate for certain shortcomings in PDF files that have not been properly prepared for accessibility. For example, it temporarily tags an untagged PDF file so that users of assistive technology such as screen readers can read as much of the content as possible. Adobe Reader DC will also automatically adjust the contrast of documents when it detects that a user has high-contrast mode enabled. Additionally, Adobe Reader has the built-in accessibility features available in Acrobat: • Support for screen readers and magnifiers on Windows and Mac OS X for visual disability • Auto-scroll for limited mobility • Contrast view for visual disability • Reflow for visual disability • Read Out Loud for visual disability and cognitive disability • Read Form Fields for visual disability and cognitive disability • Save as Text (Acrobat supports the export of other formats, such as Microsoft Word, HTML, RTF, and XML) Adobe Reader DC, however, does not have the accessibility authoring tools included in Acrobat Pro DC. For example, it cannot perform optical character recognition (OCR) conversions, nor can it add missing alternate text descriptions to graphics in PDF files.

Adobe Acrobat Accessibility I Frequently Asked Questions

Can I make scanned PDF files accessible? The first step in making scanned documents accessible is to perform Optical Character Recognition, or OCR, on the scanned page image. OCR converts images of alphanumeric characters into actual text that can be searched, read by assistive technology, exported to other formats or copied and pasted into other applications. Acrobat has an OCR text recognition feature that allows you to apply OCR to the scanned pages. The resulting PDF files contain computer-generated text, which is necessary for making the file's information accessible to screen readers and other assistive technologies. You may need to further process the files at this point by using the accessibility authoring tools in Acrobat to add structure (tags), alternate text for graphics that appear in the file, and accessible form fields if applicable. You may also need to adjust the reading and tab order for interactive PDF file components. The Make Accessible Action in Acrobat Pro DC helps to automate many of these tasks.

Can I make fillable PDF forms accessible? Acrobat Pro offers two options for creating accessible, interactive PDF forms. The form tools in Acrobat Pro allow you to automatically recognize form fields in PDF files and Microsoft Word documents. Acrobat form tools can also create accessible interactive PDF forms.

Why must I tag PDF files to make them accessible? The ability to tag PDF documents is part of the PDF specification that allows PDF files to contain logical document structure such as headings, figures, and paragraphs. Tagged PDF files include complete logical structure plus additional information about a document's contents that substantially increase accessibility. Some accessibility benefits of tagged PDF files include: • Allows users of screen readers to navigate by the documents heading levels (H1, H2, etc.) • Support alternative text descriptions for graphics • Allow precise control over document reading order and semantics, including headings, table data, and form fields • Understand paragraph attributes, which is necessary for accurate text reflow • Enable the export of document content and structure to other formats, such as RTF and TXT • Allow accessible interaction with documents, such as filling in form fields and following links • Represent all text as Unicode — a standard for describing text characters — so characters and words are presented to assistive technologies clearly, for example, differentiating between soft and hard hyphens so a word broken across two lines reads as a single word

Does Acrobat comply with accessibility standards and guidelines? Acrobat and Reader were created with the regulations in Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1998 in mind. To help government customers determine their own compliance, Adobe has prepared a document called the Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT) that details Acrobat and Reader accessibility features in the context of Section 508 guidelines. This compliance statement applies to the two applications, not to the compliance of specific PDF files, which must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Adobe Acrobat Accessibility I Frequently Asked Questions

Does the Accessibility Checker automatically create accessible PDF files by fixing accessibility errors? If you want to make your documents more accessible to people with disabilities, you can use the Accessibility Checker to help you evaluate the accessibility of your documents and identify areas that may be in conflict with Adobe's interpretations of the referenced guidelines. Adobe Acrobat Pro DC includes a Make Accessible Action which guides authors through key steps in creating and verifying an accessible PDF. It will help you add tags, tag content as headings, paragraphs, or images, add descriptions of images and charts, and more.However, the Accessibility Checker does not check all accessibility guidelines and criteria, including those in such referenced guidelines, and Adobe does not warrant that your documents will comply with any specific guidelines or regulations. Please consult with your legal counsel for guidance on compliance with the referenced guidelines or any other accessibility guidelines.

If I generate a PDF file from a desktop publishing or word processing application, can I assume it is going to be accessible? Several tools can create tagged PDF files automatically, including: • Microsoft Office applications when Acrobat is installed • The most recent versions of Adobe FrameMaker®, InDesign®, LiveCycle Designer ES, and PageMaker® • The Web Capture feature in Acrobat However, this is not entirely an automatic process. Creating an accessible electronic document requires using both the right tools and proper authoring techniques. Software applications geared toward accessible content retain and encode document content and structure and deliver that information effectively for use by assistive technologies. Authors must also create documents with accessibility in mind. They need to: • Define structure such as headers and columns • Add navigational features such as bookmarks and hyperlinks • Include explanatory information such as alternative text equivalents for graphics, so that a blind person using screen reader software can understand the purpose of the graphics • You may still need to review the results in Acrobat when transforming source files into PDF.

Acrobat provides all of the capabilities you need through a variety of functions, including the Accessibility Checker, Tags palette, and Recognize Text feature, to help ensure that the accessibility encoding available in the source application is successfully translated into PDF.

Adobe Accessibility learning resources I Adobe Acrobat DC

Adobe Acrobat Accessibility Learning Resources Acrobat Pro DC

PDF file format accessibility features combined with Adobe® Acrobat® and Adobe Reader® allow universal access to documents.

Adobe® Acrobat® accessibility training resources - https://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/acrobat/training.html

PDF Accessibility Overview - https://www.adobe.com/accessibility/pdf/pdf-accessibility-overview.html

Adobe Acrobat Accessibility - https://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/acrobat.html

Adobe TV Accessibility Channel - http://tv.adobe.com/show/accessibility-adobe/

Rob Haverty Acrobat DC and Reader DC Blog - https://theblog.adobe.com/author/haverty/

Adobe Acrobat DC and Reader Accessibility Features - http://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/acrobat/acrobat-accessibility-features.html

Using the Acrobat Pro DC Accessibility Checker - http://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/acrobat/using-acrobat-pro-accessibility-checker.html

Create and verify PDF accessibility - https://helpx.adobe.com/acrobat/using/create-verify-pdf-accessibility.html

Acrobat Pro DC PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow - http://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/acrobat/acrobat-pro-dc-pdf-accessibility-repair-workflow.html

Creating Accessible PDF Forms with Acrobat Pro DC - https://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/acrobat/creating-accessible-forms.html

Acrobat Pro Accessibility Guide - http://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/accessibility/products/acrobat/pdfs/acrobat-xi-pro-accessibility- best-practice-guide.pdf