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Kappaphycus Alvarezii) Tesis – SB 185401 KAJIAN LITERATUR KERAGAMAN BAKTERI TERKAIT KEMUNCULAN PENYAKIT ICE-ICE PADA RUMPUT LAUT (Kappaphycus alvarezii) DYAH RIKA AR ROSYIDAH 01311850010011 DOSEN PEMBIMBING Dr.techn.Endry Nugroho Prasetyo, M.T. PROGRAM MAGISTER DEPARTEMEN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS SAINS DAN ANALITIKA DATA INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA 2020 i Tesis – SB 185401 KAJIAN LITERATUR KERAGAMAN BAKTERI TERKAIT KEMUNCULAN PENYAKIT ICE-ICE PADA RUMPUT LAUT (Kappaphycus alvarezii) DYAH RIKA AR ROSYIDAH 01311850010011 DOSEN PEMBIMBING Dr.techn. Endry Nugroho Prasetyo, MT. PROGRAM MAGISTER DEPARTEMEN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS SAINS DAN ANALITIKA DATA INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA 2020 ii Thesis – SB 185401 LITERATURE REVIEW OF BACTERIA’S DIVERSITY RELATED TO THE OCCURANCE OF ICE-ICE DISEASE OF SEAWEED (Kappaphycus alvarezii) DYAH RIKA AR ROSYIDAH 01311850010011 SUPERVISOR: Dr.techn. Endry Nugroho Prasetyo, MT. MASTER PROGRAM DEPARTEMENT OF BIOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND DATA ANALYTIC INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA 2020 iii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN Kajian Literatur Keragaman Bakteri terkait Kemunculan Penyakit Ice-Ice pada Rumput Laut (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) Tesis disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister Sains (M.Si) di Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Oleh Dyah Rika Ar Rosyidah 01311850010011 Tanggal Ujian : 15 Juni 2020 Periode Wisuda : September 2020 Disetujui oleh: Pembimbing: 1. Dr.techn. Endry Nugroho Prasetyo, M.T. NIP: 19731014 200012 1 001 Penguji: 1. Dr. Dian Saptarini, M.Sc NIP. 19690408 199203 2 001 2. Dr.rer.nat. Ir. Maya Shovitri, M.Si NIP. 19690907 199803 2 001 Kepala Departemen Biologi Fakultas Sains dan Analitika Data Dr. Dewi Hidayati, M.Si. NIP :19691121 199802 2 001 iv KAJIAN LITERATUR KERAGAMAN BAKTERI TERKAIT KEMUNCULAN PENYAKIT ICE-ICE PADA RUMPUT LAUT (Kappaphycus alvarezii) Nama Mahasiswa : Dyah Rika Ar Rosyidah NRP : 01311850010011 Pembimbing : Dr.techn. Endry Nugroho Prasetyo, M.T. ABSTRAK Kappaphycus alvarezii merupakan salah satu jenis rumput laut yang banyak dibudidayakan di beberapa Negara di Asia Tenggara, khususnya di Indonesia. Namun, produktivitas dan kualitas rumput laut hasil budidaya K. alvarezii di beberapa lokasi budidaya cenderung mengalami penurunan. Hal ini dipicu oleh kemunculan penyakit ice-ice yang ditandai dengan gejala pemutihan hingga rumput laut mengalami nekrosis. Penyebab munculnya penyakit ice-ice berkaitan dengan interaksi kompleks antara ketidakseimbangan lingkungan, rumput laut, dan mikroorganisme oportunistik sehingga rumput laut terinfeksi. Oleh karena itu diperlukan kajian yang lebih mendalam untuk mendeteksi bakteri patogen terkait dengan kemunculan penyakit ice-ice pada rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii. Kajian literatur ini membahas mengenai keragaman bakteri terkait kemunculan penyakit ice-ice yang telah diidentifikasi baik secara fenotipik yang meliputi karakteristik morfologi dan biokimia maupun karakteristik secara molekuler meenggunakan marka gen 16S rRNA untuk melihat kedekatan antar spesies melalui pohon filogenetik. Spesies Alteromonas macleodii 107, Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii KMM 3549, Aurantimonas coralicida WP1, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, dan Vibrio alginolyticus telah terkonfirmasi sebagai agen penyebab penyakit ice-ice pada Kappaphycus alvarezii berdasarkan gejala yang muncul ketika dilakukan uji patogenitas. Kata kunci: Bakteri, Fenotipik, Gen 16S rRNA, K. alvarezii, Keragaman, Molekuler v A LITERATURE STUDY OF BACTERIA’S DIVERSITY RELATED TO THE OCCURANCE OF ICE-ICE DISEASE OF SEAWEED (Kappaphycus alvarezii) Student Name : Dyah Rika Ar Rosyidah NRP : 01311850010011 Supervisor : Dr.techn. Endry Nugroho Prasetyo, M.T. ABSTRACT Kappaphycus alvarezii is one type of seaweed that is widely cultivated in several countries in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia. However, the productivity and quality of seaweed cultivated by K. alvarezii in several cultivation locations tends to decrease. This is triggered by the occurance of ice-ice disease which is characterized by symptoms of bleaching until the seaweed experiences necrosis. The cause of the emergence of ice-ice disease is related to a complex interaction between environmental imbalance, seaweed, and opportunistic microorganisms so that seaweed is infected. Therefore more in-depth studies are needed to detect pathogenic bacteria associated with the emergence of ice-ice disease in Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed. This literature study will discuss the diversity of bacteria related to the emergence of ice-ice disease that has been identified both phenotypically including morphological and biochemical characteristics as well as molecular characteristics using 16S rRNA gene marker to see the closeness between species through phylogenetic trees Based on the pathogenicity test, there are several species have been confirmed that can causing ice-ice disease in seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii including Alteromonas macleodii 107, Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii KMM 3549, Aurantimonas coralicida WP1, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Vibrio alginolyticus. Keywords: 16S rRNA gene, bacteria, diversity, K. alvarezii, molecular, phenotypic vi KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah melimpahkan segala rahmat dan hidayah-Nya yang tak terhingga sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Tesis yang berjudul Kajian Literatur Keragaman Bakteri terkait Kemunculan Penyakit Ice-ice pada Rumput Laut (Kappaphycus alvarezii). Tesis ini disusun untuk memenuhi persyaratan dalam menyelesaikan Tesis di Program Studi Biologi, Fakultas Sains, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya. Dalam penyusunan Tesis ini penulis telah mendapatkan banyak masukan, bantuan dan bimbingan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, pada kesempatan ini penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: Bapak Dr. techn. Endry Nugroho Prasetyo, M.T. selaku dosen pembimbing Tesis; Ibu Dr. Dian Saptarini, M. Sc., dan Ibu Dr.rer.nat. Ir. Maya Shovitri, M.Si. selaku tim penguji Tesis. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada keluarga atas bantuan doa, semangat, dan dukungan materi, serta terima kasih kepada teman-teman pascasarjana angkatan 2018 atas dukungannya. Dengan kerendahan hati penulis menyadari bahwa penyusunan Tesis ini masih belum sempurna. Oleh karena itu, masukan berupa saran dan kritik yang membangun dari para pembaca akan sangat membantu kesempurnaan dalam penulisan selanjutnya. Penulis berharap semoga Tesis ini dapat bermanfaat dan memberikan informasi bagi semua pihak. Surabaya, 15 Juni 2020 Penulis vii DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... vi KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................... vii DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... x DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Tujuan ............................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Manfaat .......................................................................................................... 3 BAB 2 ...................................................................................................................... 5 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN DASAR TEORI ..................................................... 5 2.1 Rumput Laut (Kappaphycus alvarezii) .......................................................... 5 2.2 Penyakit Ice-ice pada Rumput Laut ............................................................... 7 2.3 Proses terjadinya penyakit ice-ice .................................................................. 8 2.4 Mekanisme Pertahanan Rumput Laut terhadap Infeksi Bakteri .................. 11 2.5. Bakteri dan Patogenitas Bakteri .................................................................. 14 2.6 Gen 16S rRNA ............................................................................................. 15 2.7 Teknik PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) ................................................. 16 2.8 Elektroforesis Gel Agarosa .......................................................................... 18 2.9 Pohon Filogenetik ........................................................................................ 19 BAB 3 .................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Jenis Penelitian ............................................................................................ 23 3.2 Sumber Data ................................................................................................ 23 3.3 Metode Pengumpulan Data .......................................................................... 24 BAB 4 .................................................................................................................... 25 4.1
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