Panorama Des Médias Et Situation Des Journalistes SRI LANKA

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Panorama Des Médias Et Situation Des Journalistes SRI LANKA SRI LANKA 7 septembre 2018 Panorama des médias et situation des journalistes Avertissement Ce document a été élaboré par la Division de l’Information, de la Documentation et des Recherches de l’Ofpra en vue de fournir des informations utiles à l’examen des demandes de protection internationale. Il ne prétend pas faire le traitement exhaustif de la problématique, ni apporter de preuves concluantes quant au fondement d’une demande de protection internationale particulière. Il ne doit pas être considéré comme une position officielle de l’Ofpra ou des autorités françaises. Ce document, rédigé conformément aux lignes directrices communes à l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information sur le pays d’origine (avril 2008) [cf. https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lignes_directrices_europeennes.pdf ], se veut impartial et se fonde principalement sur des renseignements puisés dans des sources qui sont à la disposition du public. Toutes les sources utilisées sont référencées. Elles ont été sélectionnées avec un souci constant de recouper les informations. Le fait qu’un événement, une personne ou une organisation déterminée ne soit pas mentionné(e) dans la présente production ne préjuge pas de son inexistence. La reproduction ou diffusion du document n’est pas autorisée, à l’exception d’un usage personnel, sauf accord de l’Ofpra en vertu de l’article L. 335-3 du code de la propriété intellectuelle. Sri Lanka : Panorama des médias et situation des journalistes Table des matières 1. Cadre juridique .................................................................................................. 4 1.1. Constitution sri-lankaise ................................................................................ 4 1.2. Droit à l’information...................................................................................... 4 1.3. Loi antiterroriste .......................................................................................... 5 1.4. Autres mesures juridiques pénalisant les journalistes ........................................ 7 1.5. Le Sri Lanka Press Council ............................................................................. 7 1.3. La Press Complaints Commission of Sri Lanka (PCCSL) ..................................... 9 2. Situation des médias à Sri Lanka avant 2015 .......................................................10 2.1. Persécutions à l’encontre de journalistes ........................................................10 2.1.2. Assassinats ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2. Disparitions et enlèvements ................................................................................................ 10 2.1.3. Intimidation ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.4. La situation des journalistes dans la province du Nord....................................................... 11 2.2. Menaces contre les journaux et les ONG de soutien aux journalistes ..................12 2.3. Contrôle gouvernemental direct et indirect .....................................................12 3. La situation des médias à partir de janvier 2015 ...................................................13 3.1. Amélioration globale de la situation ...............................................................13 3.1.1. Tendance à l’amélioration ................................................................................................... 13 3.1.2. Pas de cas d’enlèvement ou d’assassinat relevé ................................................................. 14 3.1.3. Baisse du contrôle gouvernemental et amélioration de la liberté d’expression ................ 14 3.2. Principaux titres actuels ...............................................................................15 3.3. Incidents relevés .........................................................................................16 3.3.1. Manque de liberté éditoriale .............................................................................................. 16 3.3.1. Rétablissement du Sri Lanka Press Council ......................................................................... 18 3.3.2. Domaines sensibles et actes d’intimidation ........................................................................ 18 3.3.4. Le cas des journalistes tamouls ........................................................................................... 20 3.3.7. Invitation au retour d’exil .................................................................................................... 23 3. Attitude des autorités ........................................................................................24 3.1. Critiques publiques de la liberté de la presse ........................................................................ 24 3.2. Impunité ................................................................................................................................. 24 4. Les ONG nationales de soutien des droits des journalistes ......................................26 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................28 2 DIDR – OFPRA 07/09/2018 Sri Lanka : Panorama des médias et situation des journalistes Résumé : Malgré l’existence de plusieurs lois qui limitent la liberté de la presse, le droit à l’information et la liberté d’expression à Sri Lanka, la situation s’est améliorée depuis l’élection du président Maithripala Sirisena. Cependant, des incidents ont été relevés depuis 2015 : des pressions exercées sur les journalistes pour qu’ils diffusent une information en accord avec des intérêts politiques ou économiques, le rétablissement du Sri Lanka Press Council, des actes d’intimidation perpétrés par des membres des forces de sécurité, des arrestations ou des interrogatoires effectués lors de retours de journalistes en exil. Dans ce contexte, les journalistes tamouls sont particulièrement visés. Abstract: Despite the existence of several laws that limit freedom of the press, the right to information and freedom of expression in Sri Lanka, the situation has improved since the election of President Maithripala Sirisena. However, incidents have been noted since 2015: internal and external pressure on journalists to disseminate information in line with political or economic interests, the re-establishment of the Sri Lanka Press Council, intimidation by members of the security forces, arrests or examinations carried out after the return of journalists in exile. In this context, Tamil journalists are particularly targeted. Nota : La traduction des sources en en langues étrangères est assurée par la DIDR. 3 DIDR – OFPRA 07/09/2018 Sri Lanka : Panorama des médias et situation des journalistes 1. Cadre juridique 1.1. Constitution sri-lankaise La liberté d’expression est reconnue par l’article 141 de la Constitution sri-lankaise. Cependant, elle peut être limitée dans certains cas définis par la loi : « dans l’intérêt de l’harmonie raciale ou religieuse, ou en relation avec un privilège parlementaire, un outrage au tribunal, une diffamation ou une incitation à commettre une infraction »2 ou encore « dans l’intérêt de la sécurité nationale, de l’ordre public et de la protection de la santé ou de la moralité publique, ou dans le but de faire reconnaître et respecter les droits et libertés d’autrui, ou de satisfaire les exigences du bien-être général dans une société démocratique »3. Le paragraphe 7 de l’article 15 précise que le mot « loi » désigne également les « règlements pris en vertu de la loi en rapport avec la sécurité publique »4. 1.2. Droit à l’information En 2015, l’article 14A5, qui reconnaît le droit à l’information de tout citoyen, a été introduit lors du 19ème amendement de la Constitution. Cependant, ce droit peut également être limité dans quelques cas énumérés par le deuxième paragraphe de cet article6. Selon le l’organisation non-gouvernementale International Media Support7, ces articles peuvent donc être soumis à interprétation8. En 2016, une nouvelle loi relative au droit à l’information, le Right to information Act (RTI), No. 12 of 20169, a été adoptée. Selon cette loi, l’accès à l’information peut être refusé dans 21 cas10, notamment : - lorsqu’il concerne des informations privées qui n’ont pas d’intérêt public11; - lorsque la révélation de cette information peut menacer la sécurité nationale ou l’intégrité territoriale12 ou endommager la relation entretenue par le pays avec un autre pays13 ou menacer l’activité économique du pays14 ou empêcher de prévenir un crime ou révéler l’identité d’une source15; 16 - lorsqu’il concerne des informations qui relèvent du secret commercial ; 17 - lorsqu’il concerne des informations médicales sur une personne ; 1 Article 14(1)(a), Constitution de la République démocratique de Sri Lanka, url 2 Ibid., Article 15(2). 3 Ibid., Article 15(7). 4 Ibid., Article 15(7). 5 Constitution de la République démocratique de Sri Lanka, url 6 Ibid., Article 14A(2). 7 Créée en 2001 et basée à Copenhague, cette ONG a des bureaux également en Irak, Tunisie, Kenya, Birmanie, Ukraine et Pakistan. Elle lutte pour promouvoir la liberté de la presse. 8 International Media Support, Secretariat for Media Reforms, Rebuilding Public Trust – An assessment of the Media Industry and Profession in Sri Lanka, 05/2016, p.16. 9 Sri Lanka, Parlement de la République démocratique de Sri Lanka, Right
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