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World Policy Journal World Policy Journal http://wpj.sagepub.com/ Living in the Shadows : Navigating Austria's Evolving Asylum Policy Damaso Reyes World Policy Journal 2010 27: 87 DOI: 10.1162/wopj.2011.27.4.87 The online version of this article can be found at: http://wpj.sagepub.com/content/27/4/87.citation Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: World Policy Institute Additional services and information for World Policy Journal can be found at: Email Alerts: http://wpj.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://wpj.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Dec 1, 2010 What is This? Downloaded from wpj.sagepub.com by guest on March 22, 2012 REPORTAGE Living in the Shadows NAVIGATING AUSTRIA’s EVOLVING ASYLUM POLICY DAMASO REYES ienna—Hans Jörg Ulreich grew up in rural Austria near the Hungarian border, far from Vienna. The son of a farmer, V Ulreich left for university to pursue a degree in economics while his brother took over the family business. After getting his master’s degree in business administration, Ulreich worked at Vien- INSTITUTE na’s Bawag Bank for a month before switching to property develop- ment at a small firm called Lenikus. He worked there for seven years POLICY before striking out on his own in 1999. D Today, Ulreich’s company has 30 properties throughout Vienna, and Ulreich is one of the city’s most successful entrepreneurs. WORL He should, given his resume, align himself with the Freedom Party of Austria [fpö], the country’s far right, anti-immigrant party. © 2010 Or, at least, he’s a fine candidate for involvement in the center WINTER 2010 / 2011 87 Downloaded from wpj.sagepub.com by guest on March 22, 2012 REPORTAGE right Austrian People’s Party [övp]. thousands of asylum seekers from Hungary, Instead, Ulreich has become the face of Poland, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. the movement defending Austria’s tens “Somebody was a hero [if they] tried to leave of thousands of asylum seekers. He has their country and come to Austria,” says lent his name to their cause and, even Gerhard Muzak, an expert in asylum law and more surprisingly, he has put his business professor at the University of Vienna. interests on the line. In September, Ulreich Since then, much has changed in central held a press conference announcing that one and eastern Austria. The wall between of the apartment buildings his company was East and West came down. The Cold War renovating would become a safe haven for was shuffled into the dustbin of history. families about to be deported because their And, fast forward two decades, this year’s asylum claims had been denied. Ulreich hotly contested elections in Vienna featured a publicly stated that Austria’s president campaign slogan from the fpö that includes should be ashamed and all but challenged the phrase, “More Courage for our Viennese the authorities to call his bluff and deport Blood!” Party leader Heinz-Christian Strache his building’s tenants. later explained that the slogan referred to a In a city where society revolves around famous waltz, and was celebrating Vienna’s the lavish Opera Ball, where history, tra- multicultural history rather than reliving dition and—most importantly—author- the era in which hundreds of thousands ity reign supreme amid the cream of Eu- of Austrians lined the roads to welcome ropean wealth, this former farm boy from the troops of the Third Reich during the Eastern Austria is standing up to defend Anschluss. While Austrians have long been the country’s immigrants. Many are ask- proud of their historic role as a destination ing, why? But the real question is how for those fleeing oppression, the truth (much did Austria come to the point where such like the nation’s role during World War II) is a question was necessary? far more complex. In 1946, a decade before Chancellor A HISTORICAL REFUGE Raab declared Austria’s holy duty to be a “The granting of asylum has always been sanctuary, Felix Stika of the center left So- a holy duty for us, which we have honestly cial Democratic Party (spö), said Austrians fulfilled in spite of all sacrifices,” JuliusR aab, “must care and spend horrendous amounts Austria’s Federal Chancellor and member of money for these criminals’ camps... of the övp, said in 1959, at the founding These persons should be repatriated or de- of the Austrian committee for the year of ported, because they only cause us trouble.” refugees. While Austria is now at the center Oskar Helmer, a member of the slightly more of a rightward shift in Europe’s asylum moderate spö, took a more tactful approach, and immigration policy, this wasn’t always observing that “although it’s an honor to be the case. After the Second World War, seen as a country where notions of humanity the country’s borders with Hungary and haven’t died, we must appeal to the whole Czechoslovakia comprised 495 miles of the world that our poor country won’t cope with Iron Curtain. Austria accepted hundreds of the heavy burdens when left alone.” Damaso Reyes is an international journalist and photographer who has spent three months in Austria studying its asylum policies under a Ford Foundation grant. 88 WORLD POLICY JOURNAL Downloaded from wpj.sagepub.com by guest on March 22, 2012 LIVING IN THE SHADOWS Jörg Ulreich, left, defends Austria’s asylum seekers, including Dorentina and Daniella Komani (pictured, bottom right). Top right: an FPÖ ad that reads “Because I believe in you.” Half a century later, the asylum de- ly, Ulreich’s demeanor changes and his voice bate still hangs on Stika and Helmer’s becomes even softer, barely a whisper. “No sentiments. Anti-immigration arguments one wanted to get involved. They hid behind either reference crime rates or the econo- the law. This made me very angry.” my—though Austria is among Europe’s Ulreich is proud that his business suc- wealthiest nations. cess stems from the fact that everyone knows “It’s a shame for our rich country to throw he always keeps his word, and he promised out children who speak like us,” Ulreich his son he would do something. After more says. He is sitting in a building he owns—an than a decade of battling steely bureau- empty restaurant under renovation, around crats in city government, Ulreich was fed the corner from the apartment block where up with a culture that, he says, is unduly he houses asylum seekers. He describes him- deferential to authority. The Kosovo boy’s self as fairly apolitical, never joining so much case surfaced the developer’s long-felt dis- as a soccer club let alone a political party. enchantment and moved him to action. What spurred him to action was the depor- tation of his son’s young friend, a nine-year- A NEW ENEMY old boy whose family was from Kosovo. “He During the reign of the Soviet Union, REYES was as good as all his classmates,” Ulreich Austria had defined itself as a frontline recalls. “He spoke perfect German. I didn’t opponent of communism which, unlike AMA D SO even know he was a refugee.” Ever so slight- America, lived right next door. After the WINTER 2010 / 2011 89 Downloaded from wpj.sagepub.com by guest on March 22, 2012 REPORTAGE fall of communism, with the enemy gone, asylum cases, which sometimes stretch politicians of all stripes cast about for a to ten years. But to understand Austria’s replacement. Jörg Haider had movie-star current policy, it is essential first to un- good looks and the political acumen to derstand Dublin. match. He and his Austrian Freedom Par- In 2003, the EU passed the Dublin ty [fpö] rose to prominence in the early Regulation, legislation concerning asy- 1990s on a wave of anti-immigrant sen- lum seekers—specifically, who should timent. During his campaign in 1993, deal with them. Under the new regula- Haider released a 12-point “Austria First” tion, passed just before a group of East plan that put a stop to all immigration and European nations joined the EU, the first added a constitutional amendment affirm- country asylum seekers enter is responsible ing that Austria was no longer a country for their asylum applications—a boon to that welcomed, or even accepted, immi- Austria. As a country surrounded by oth- grants. It was a shocking move at the time, er EU members, Austria can only receive and though it didn’t pass, many of Haid- refugees that first pass through another na- er’s ideas have entered the mainstream. tion. If proven, then the refugee would be “We needed a new enemy because sent back to Greece, Slovakia or Hunga- communism no longer existed,” says ry—countries whose asylum policies make Anny Knapp, director of Asylum Coor- Austria look like Club Med. dination, an umbrella group for organiza- “Dublin can only work if we have a tions working with asylum seekers. She harmonized asylum area all over Europe, began her work more than 20 years ago, so that it really doesn’t make a difference just as the rightward shift in Austrian whether the person is processed in Greece, politics gained momentum. Like many Italy, Spain, Austria or Sweden, because Austrians, she stresses the mentality of the result will always be the same,” says her fellow citizens, and how that directly Christoph Pinter, head of the legal unit of informs the country’s politics and out- the United Nations High Commission on look.
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