Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme

LOLLDAIGA HILLS RESEARCH PROGRAMME

NEWSLETTER Tom Butynski & Yvonne de Jong

November – December 2019 (Issue 22)

Cover photograph: Aberrant-coloured (white) adult male Smith’s Dik-dik Madoqua (guentheri) smithii, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, central Kenya. This is likely the same dik-dik camera trapped at this site in 2016 when its coat was grizzled-grey. The Zoological Society of London/Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme Camera Trap Project, initiated in 2013, has ‘captured’ two aberrant-coloured adult male Smith’s Dik-diks on the Ranch. More information about aberrant-coloured dik-diks can be found in Issues 6 and 16 of this Newsletter (www.lolldaiga.com) and at: http://www.lolldaiga.com/gunthers-dik-dik/. A review of the taxonomy, distribution, and identification of dik-diks in East African can be downloaded at: http://www.lolldaiga.com/madoquagnusletter/. Photograph by ZSL/LHRP camera trap.

New to lolldaiga.com • Note: Distribution, abundance, and natural history of Lelwel Hartebeest on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, central Kenya • Blog: Methods used to shine light on the distribution and abundance of the Kenya Lesser Galago on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Kenya • Blog: Improving coexistence between people and wildlife in Laikipia County • Publication: Primates of Africa’s coastal deltas and their conservation • Additions to Heather Wall’s and Johannes Refisch’s photographic portfolios

Adult male Lion Panthera leo with radio collar, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch , central Kenya . Photograph by Heather Wall.

Note Distribution, abundance, and natural history of Lelwel Hartebeest on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, central Kenya Thomas M. Butynski & Yvonne A. de Jong, Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme

The Lelwel Hartebeest (or ‘Kenya Highland Hartebeest’) Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel (Figures 1, 3, 4 & 5) is an ‘Endangered’ subspecies (IUCN 2016b). In Kenya, this subspecies is now primarily restricted to Laikipia County were only about 1,000 individuals remain (T. Butynski & Y. de Jong, in prep.). Hartebeest are strictly grazers that live in habitats dominated by grass, namely open and lightly wooded plains. They typically forage on short grass during the wet season and on long grass during the dry season in areas where drinking water is available (Gosling & Capellini 2013).

Figure 1. Adult female Lelwel Hartebeest Alcephalus buselaphus lelwel with new-born calf, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Laikipia County, central Kenya. Photograph by Yvonne de Jong & Tom Butynski.

On Lolldaiga Hills Ranch (ca. 200 km²; ca. 1,700–2,300 m asl; www.lolldaiga.com), eastern Laikipia County, the altitudinal range known to be occupied by Hartebeest is ca. 1,750–2,100 m asl. The ‘Extent of Occurrence’ (IUCN 2016a) during August 2013–January 2019 was ca. 73 km², or ca. 37% of Lolldaiga Hills Ranch (hereafter, ‘Lolldaiga’; Figure 2).

Figure 2. Distribution of Lelwel Hartebeest Alcephalus buselaphus lelwel on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Laikipia County, central Kenya, during 2013–2019. Map by the authors. 3

Hartebeest were absent from Lolldaiga from at least 1960 until about 1982. Numbers peaked at about 100 individuals towards the end of the 1990s and remained at this level until around 2010 (Robert Wells, pers. comm.). The number of Hartebeest on Lolldaiga varied greatly from August 2013 through January 2019; there were as many as 35 individuals in 2014 but none during much of 2018 (Table 1). Thus, density within the ’Extent of Occurrence’ varied from no Hartebeest to 0.5 Hartebeest/km². These changes in numbers on Lolldaiga appear to be largely due to the fact that Hartebeest moved freely to the east onto and off of the contiguous Ole Naishu Ranch (ca. 125 km²) and Enasoit Game Sanctuary in the west (ca. 17 km²; Figure 2) as grazing conditions and the availability of water dictated. At least some of the change is, however, due to predation, as approximately 20 Lion Panthera leo, 30 Leopard Panthera pardus, 12 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, 200 Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta, and three packs of Wild Dog Lycaon pictus used Lolldaiga during this period. All five of these species kill Hartebeest of all ages. Black-backed Jackal Canis mesomelas and Olive Baboon Papio anubis, both common on Lolldaiga, kill new-born calves (Gosling 1969; Gosling & Capellini 2013).

Table 1. Approximate range in the number of Lelwel Hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Laikipia County, central Kenya, during each year from mid-2013 through January 2019.

Year Number of Hartebeest

2013 16–19

2014 20–35

2015 17–22

2016 9–12

2017 20–23

2018 0–8 Figure 3. Adult female Lelwel Hartebeest Alcephalus buselaphus lelwel, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Laikipia County, 2019 22 central Kenya. Photograph by Yvonne de Jong & Tom Butynski.

Size of Hartebeest herds on Lolldaiga during 20013–2019 ranged from 2 to 23 individuals. Mean herd size was ca. 8 individuals. The number of herds on Lolldaiga at any one time varied from none to three, and the number of lone adult males on territories ranged from none to two.

Twenty-five calves are known to have been born during this period. Calves that lack horns are <1 month of age (Gosling 1969). The monthly distribution of births is as follows: 5 in March; 7 April; 2 May; 1 June; 7 October; 1 November; 1 December; 1 January.

Figure 4. Adult female Lelwel Hartebeest Alcephalus buselaphus lelwel, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Laikipia County, central Kenya. Photograph by Heather Wall.

As such, there appears to be two birth seasons, both focused on the two wettest periods (March–May and October–November). Only one birth (January) was recorded for the two driest periods (January–February and July–September). This bimodal pattern of calving has also been documented for Coke’s Hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii in Nairobi National Park (Gosling 1969). Calving at the start of the rains helps to ensure that there is abundant green grass and water during lactation and early weaning and, again, 7–8 months later when calves are fully weaned (Gosling 1969; Kok 1975).

A gestation of about 8 months (Gosling 1969) means that Hartebeest on Lolldaiga mate mainly during August– October and March–April.

Figure 5. Adult male Lelwel Hartebeest Alcephalus buselaphus lelwel, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Laikipia County, central Kenya. Photograph by Yvonne de Jong & Tom Butynski. We thank the follow for providing data used in this note: Mike Roberts, Robert Wells, Julius Mathiu, Paul Benson, Per Aronsson, Heather Wall, and Jim Wall.

References: Gosling, L. M. 1969. Parturition and related behaviour in Coke’s Hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei Günther. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (Supplement) 6: 265–286. Gosling, L. M. & Capellini, I. 2013. Alcelaphus buselaphus Hartebeest. In: Mammals of Africa, Volume VI. Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids. Kingdon, J. & Hoffmann, M., eds., pp. 511–526. Bloomsbury, London. IUCN. 2016a. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. www.iucnredlist.org. IUCN 2016b. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, 2016. Lelwel Hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/811/50181009. Kok, O. B. 1975. Behaviour and ecology of the Red Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama). Nature Conservation, Bloemfontein, Orange Free State Provincial Administration, Miscellaneous Publication No. 5.

African Black- shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, central Kenya. Photograph by Heather Wall.

Blog Methods used to shine light on the distribution and abundance of the Kenya Lesser Galago on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Kenya

Grace Ellison, Simon Kenworthy & Amelia Ramage, Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, Manchester Metropolitan University

Galagos, or ‘bushbabies’, are nocturnal primates distributed across much of sub-Saharan Africa (Butynski et al. 2013). They are the oldest extant primates, occupying the basal position in the phylogeny of the Order Primates (Perelman et al. 2011). Reviews of the taxonomy and diversity of galagos highlight the lack of data available on currently acknowledged and potentially new species (Grubb et al. 2003; De Jong & Butynski 2012; Butynski et al. 2013). Research on the behaviour and ecology of free-ranging populations of galagos is urgently needed in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressure (Bearder et al. 2003). The Northern Lesser Galago Galago senegalensis is the most widely distributed of the galagos, yet the literature on its behaviour and ecology is limited (Nash et al. 2013). Figure 1. Kenya Lesser Galago Galago senegalensis braccatus, Tumbili Estate, central Kenya. Photograph by The main aim of our study is to assess the distribution Yvonne de Jong & Tom Butynski. and abundance of the Kenya Lesser Galago G. s. braccatus (Figures 1 & 2) on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, eastern Laikipia County, central Kenya. We collected habitat data and used distance sampling, camera traps, and passive acoustic recorders to detect their presence. We spent just under 5 weeks (28 June 2018–30 July 2018) on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, based at Dik-Dik Research Camp. Here we describe the methods used during this study and provide preliminary results on the effectiveness of these methods.

Figure 2. Kenya Lesser Galago Galago senegalensis braccatus, Mukima Ridge, central Kenya. Photograph by Paul Benson.

We used a map of the tracks on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch to predetermine transects for distance sampling (Figure 3). Each night, between 19:00 h and 23:00 h, we slowly (<10 km/h) drove one randomly chosen transect. We drove 100 km of transects in total (N=15). With the help of torches, at least three researchers searched for galagos from both sides of the vehicle. We found galagos by their yellow/orange eye shine and leaping locomotion. We encountered galagos 178 times (total of 220 individuals). When we spotted a galago, we marked the location and altitude using a GPS and noted: number of individuals; estimated distance perpendicular to the vehicle; height above ground of each galago when first sighted (ground; <0–4 m; 4–8 m; 8–12 m; >12 m); and habitat Figure 3. Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, central Kenya, with the transects and (e.g., grassland; woodland; bushland; grid points used to collect data during this study of Kenya Lesser Galago riverine). During the day we repeated Galago senegalensis braccatus. The red dots are where galagos were detected by camera trap and/or passive acoustic recorder. each transect to map habitat and note the most common tree species.

We generated a 2 x 2 km grid across Lolldaiga Hills Ranch and referred to the corners as ‘points’. We divided the entire area into four sections (NE/NW/SE/SW) and visited 8–10 points in one of the sections each week. At the nearest and safest place to the point we placed: (1) a Bushnell (www.bushnell.com/) camera trap baited with chunks of pineapple and banana; (2) a Reed temperature and humidity data logger (www.reedinstruments.com; (3) a passive acoustic recorder (Audiomoth; Hill et al. 2018; [www.openacousticdevices.info]) at seven points; and (4) a Song Meter (www.wildlifeacoustics.com) at one point (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Simon placing a camera trap, our supervisor (Dr. Caroline Bettridge) attaching a temperature and humidity data logger and Audiomoth, and Amelia waiting to place fruit in view of the camera trap. Photograph by Grace Ellison.

We had several equipment failures, including two broken camera traps, scheduling failures on the one Song Meter and on one of the Audiomoths, and water damage to one of the Audiomoths. Fortunately, all but one point always had either a working passive acoustic recorder or camera trap. We aimed to sample each point for 5–6 nights each but, due to equipment failures, the number of trap nights varied. We sampled 33 points for 1–6 nights each, totaling 142 trap nights. The bait was effective in attracting galagos to the camera traps (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Kenya Lesser Galago Galago senegalensis braccatus with a piece of fruit on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch. Camera trap photograph by the authors.

Preliminary results show that galagos are more abundant in woodland areas dominated by Whistling Thorn Acacia Acacia drepanolobium than in other habitat types on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch. We will use these data to determine habitat and temperature preferences of G. s. braccatus on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, estimate their population density, and Figure 6. Kenya Lesser Galago Galago senegalensis braccatus investigating an predict where other un-chewed sugar-baited string on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch. Camera trap photograph by the authors. populations may be in Laikipia and, potentially, other areas across the species’ range.

As part of Grace’s PhD research, we used a non-invasive method for collecting saliva for genetic analysis. This method, successful in northern Tanzania, involves hanging sterile nylon strings baited with either sugar syrup or honey (Smiley Evans et al. 2015). We hung baited strings at sites where we saw galagos during transects. These sites were usually areas dominated by Whistling Thorn Acacia. We monitored the strings either by camera trap or by examination the next day to see if the strings had been chewed. No galagos chewed the strings placed on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch (Figure 6) but we obtained 15 chewed strings from Mukima Ridge, south of the Ranch (Figure 7). We plan to export the samples to the UK for genetic analysis.

Figure 7. Sugar-baited nylon strings that were chewed by a Kenya Lesser Galago Galago senegalensis braccatus, Mukima Ridge, central Kenya. Photograph by Grace Ellison.

We are grateful for the opportunity to conduct research on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch. We thank Caroline Bettridge, Tom Butynski, and Yvonne de Jong for their advice and guidance, Paul Benson and Eleanor Monbiot for use of their compound at Mukima Ridge, and Charles Muhoro, Jackson Muraguri, John Theuri, Per Aronsson, and Paul Benson for assistance in the field.

References: Bearder, S. K., Ambrose, L., Harcourt, C., Honess, P., Perkin, A., Pimley, E., Pullen, S. & Svoboda, N. 2003. Species-typical patterns of infant contact, sleeping site use and social cohesion among nocturnal primates in Africa. Folia Primatologica 74: 337–354. Butynski, T. M., Kingdon, J. & Kalina, J. (eds). 2013. Mammals of Africa. Volume II: Primates. Bloomsbury, London. 556 pp. De Jong, Y. A. & Butynski, T. M. 2012. The primates of East Africa: country lists and conservation priorities. African Primates 7: 135–155. Grubb, P., Butynski, T. M., Oates, J. F., Bearder, S. K., Disotell, T. R., Groves, C. P. & Struhsaker, T. T. 2003. Assessment of the diversity of African primates. International Journal of Primatology 24: 1301–1357. Hill, A. P., Prince, P., Piña Covarrubias, E., Doncaster, C. P., Snaddon, J. L. & Rogers, A. 2018. AudioMoth: evaluation of a smart open acoustic device for monitoring biodiversity and the environment. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9: 1199–1211. Nash, L. T., Zimmermann, E. & Butynski, T. M. 2013. Galago senegalensis Northern Lesser Galago (Senegal Lesser Galago, Senegal Lesser Bushbaby). In: Mammals of Africa. Volume II: Primates. T. M. Butynski, J. Kingdon & J. Kalina, eds., pp. 425–429. Bloomsbury, London. Perelman, P., Johnson, W., Roos, C., Seuánez, H. N., Horvath, J. E., Moreira, M. A., Kessing, B., Pontius, J., Roelke, M., Rumpler, Y. & Schneider, M. P. C. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLoS Genetics, 7(3), p.e1001342. Smiley Evans, T., Barry, P. A., Gilardi, K. V., Goldstein, T., Deere, J. D., Fike, J., Yee, J., Ssebide, B. J., Karmacharya, D., Cranfield, M. R. & Wolking, D. 2015. Optimization of a novel non-invasive oral sampling technique for zoonotic pathogen surveillance in nonhuman primates. PLoS

10 Neglected Tropical Diseases 9(6), p.e0003813.

Blog Improving coexistence between people and wildlife in Laikipia County, Kenya Darcy Ogada, The Peregrine Fund

Some of us are fortunate to live life one step removed from the tumult and chaos that plays out daily in surrounding communities. It’s often a harsh struggle for existence for humans and animals alike, which is why notions of wildlife conservation and environmental protection do not top anyone’s agenda.

Wildlife conservation in Laikipia County, central Kenya, is often linked to reducing human-wildlife conflict. While conflict with predators and elephants is well known amongst Laikipians, there is little awareness about lesser known sources of conflict. Dogs represent the biggest source of daily conflict, while birds (guineafowl, cranes, quelea, etc.) are a growing problem as human populations continue to expand. At the same time, most of us know the current shameful state of environmental protection in Kenya, from decimated forests to stinking rivers and the inherent loss of biodiversity.

One common thread linking conflict, communities, and environmental degradation is the widespread abuse of pesticides, some of it unintentional, some not. What is nearly universal is the almost complete lack of understanding about the dangers of using highly toxic and readily available pesticides to poison wildlife, as well as to produce those perfect red tomatoes occupying your kitchen.

One of the ways in which The Peregrine Fund is tackling wildlife poisoning in Laikipia is through creating awareness about the hazards posed to humans and livestock by rampant Cows after eating pesticide abuse. For contaminated grass at a example, it does not benefit poisoning site on ADC your farm if you poison the Mutara Ranch, Laikipia feral dogs that are eating County. Photograph by your maize and then your Joseph Wahome. chickens consume the poisoned dog vomit and also succumb. Spraying Round-up around the perimeter of your shamba (= garden) to poison the livestock that prefers eating tomatoes to Cows after eating contaminated grass at a poisoning site, ADC Mutara Ranch, Laikipia dried grass nubs doesn’t win County. Photograph by Joseph Wahome. you a Good Neighbor Award.

Over the past 1.5 years, The Peregrine Fund has conducted community-level training in Laikipia aimed at reducing wildlife poisoning and the conflict that triggers it. Our main interest is in reducing the unintentional poisoning of vultures. Poison has decimated their continental populations and has resulted in the recent up-

12 listing of six species of vulture to ‘Endangered’ or ‘Critically Endangered’.

Above: Adult Rüppell’s Vulture Gyps rueppellii. Photograph by Darcy Ogada.

Left: Poisoned White-backed Vultures Gyps africanus and Rüppell’s Vultures Gyps rueppellii, ADC Mutara Ranch, Laikipia County. Photograph by Joseph Wahome.

While our initial training focused on creating awareness about the toxicity of pesticides, their environmental hazards, and how to safely respond to a poisoning incident, in June 2018 The Peregrine Fund began additional training in partnership with Living with Lions. This is aimed at teaching people how to construct low-cost predator-proof bomas (= corrals). Community response to both training exercises has been amazing and overwhelming.

Collectively, our team has trained nearly 1,000 people representing 54 community and self-help groups, Government Service Unit officers, Kenya Forest Service rangers, bird club members, community health workers,

13 and employees of the Laikipia County Government based in Rumuruti. We have focused initial efforts around

Rumuruti due to high levels of conflict and poison use, and have started working with communities around Solio, another hotspot of wildlife conflict and poisoning.

Laikipia County’s Community Development Assistant (CDA) recently confirmed that our trainees successfully averted the poisoning of a lion pride at Lorien. This would not only have resulted in the deaths of the lions but also, probably, of tens of vultures and other scavengers. She reported that the trainees took the lead to hold-off the angry people to avert the poisoning of the lions (which were later translocated). She also mentioned that she recently met with a trainee from Bobong’ Community who was walking hastily and carrying one of our Poison Response Kits. Out of curiosity she stopped the man to find out where he was going. It turned out that he was on a one-man crusade, given the urgency of the issue, to educate a fellow local who had vowed to lace a lamb carcass with poison to kill a dog that was eating his chickens. His crusade was successful.

Employees of the Laikipia County Department of Environment receiving one of The Peregrine Fund’s Poison Response Kits from Martin Kahindi. Photograph by Martin Odino.

Our bird club trainees report a decrease in poisoning of ‘Endangered’ Grey Crowned Cranes. A number of trainees have conducted poisoning awareness barazas (= meetings) within their communities. Predator-proof boma construction is on the rise around Rumuruti. After the current dry season we will begin evaluating their progress. In October 2018, The Peregrine Fund began collaborating with the NGO Lion Landscapes to train their Lion Rangers and people in more communities throughout Laikipia.

Our team includes Martin Odino, Martin Kahindi, Steve Ekwanga, and Alfred Koech. The Peregrine Fund is grateful for financial support from San Diego Zoo Global, Disney Conservation Fund, National Geographic, Bowling for Rhinos, and Detroit Zoo. You can follow our progress on the Coexistence Co-op Facebook page, or write: [email protected]

Publication Primates of Africa’s coastal deltas and their conservation Thomas M. Butynski & Yvonne A. de Jong, In: Primates in Flooded Habitats: Ecology and Conservation. Nowak, K., Barnett, A. A. & Matsuda, I., eds., pp. 244–258. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

There is little information on the non-human primates of Africa’s deltas or on the importance of these deltas to the conservation of primate diversity on the continent. This chapter is concerned with the conservation of Africa’s ten largest coastal deltas and their importance to the maintenance of primate diversity. This chapter also draws attention to (1) the need for much more research on the distribution, abundance and conservation status of the primates that inhabit Africa’s large coastal deltas, and (2) the fact that the biological values of most of these large coastal deltas are being rapidly degraded and are in dire need of targeted conservation actions.

The information presented derives from a detailed review of the literature, extensive correspondence with colleagues, and our own work in the Tana Delta, Kenya, and along the Lower Rufiji River, near the inland apex of the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania.

Find more information about the book at: http://www.lolldaiga.com/an-annotated- checklist-of-mammals-of-kenya/

Adult male Tana River Red Colobus Piliocolobus rufomitratus (left) and adult male Tana River Mangabey Cercocebus galeritus (right) at Ndera Conservancy, Kenya. Both taxa are globally ‘Endangered’, endemic, and restricted to a small area along the lower Tana River and Tana River Delta, east Kenya. Photographs by Yvonne de Jong and Tom Butynski.

Publications and Reports

Publication

• Butynski, T. M. & De Jong, Y. A. 2019. Primates of Africa’s coastal deltas and their conservation. In: Primates in Flooded Habitats: Ecology and Conservation. Nowak, K., Barnett, A. A. & Matsuda, I., eds., pp. 244–258. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. • De Jong, Y. A., Butynski, T. M. & Dekker, N. F. H. 2018. Babies from the bush….meet Kenya’s galagos (Part 3). Komba 3: 4– 7. Website: www.wildsolutions.nl/kenyas-galagos-part-3/

In press

• Cunneyworth, P., De Jong, Y. A., Butynski, T. M. & Perkin, A. W. IUCN/SSC Red List assessment for Peter's Angolan Colobus Colobus angolensis palliatus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland. • De Jong, Y. A. & Butynski, T. M. IUCN/SSC Red List assessments for 55 taxa of African primates. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland. • Kenworthy, S. P., Butynski, T. M., De Jong, Y. A., de Kort, S. & Bettridge, C. M. Intraspecific structural differences in loud calls of the Small-eared Greater Galago (Otolemur garnettii). Folia Primatologica. • Kivai, S. M., Butynski, T. M., De Jong, Y. A., King, J., Loyola, L. C., Mbora, D. N. M. & Ting, N. Tana River Red Colobus Piliocolobus rufomitratus / Critically Endangered. IUCN/SSC Red Colobus Action Plan. IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland. • Rovero, F., Davenport, T. R. B., De Jong, Y. A. & Butynski, T. M. IUCN/SSC Red List assessment for Sharpe's Angolan Colobus Colobus angolensis palliatus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland. • Svensson, M. S., Butynski T. M., De Jong, Y. A., Bearder, S. K., Schneiderová, I & Nijman, V. Geographic variation in the loud call of the Northern Lesser Galago (Galago senegalensis). Folia Primatologica.

In preparation

• Butynski, T. M. & De Jong, Y. A. Conservation of Africa’s colobine monkeys. In: The Colobines: Natural History, Behaviour and Ecological Diversity. Matsuda, I., Grueter, C. C. & Teichroeb, J. A., eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. • Butynski, T. M. & De Jong, Y. A. Preliminary report on the distribution and abundance of Lelwel Hartebeest in the Ewaso Ecosystem, central Kenya. • Butynski, T. M. & De Jong, Y. A. Primates of Southern Africa: Pocket Identification Guide. • De Jong, Y. A. & Butynski, T. M. Biogeography, taxonomy and phenotypic clines of Olive Baboon Papio anubis and Yellow Baboon Papio cynocephalus in Kenya and Tanzania. In: Baboons. Wallis, J., ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. • De Jong, Y. A. & Butynski, T. M. Primates of Northeast Africa: Pocket Identification Guide. • De Jong, Y. A. & Butynski, T. M. Vocal pattern of the loud call of Somali Lesser Galago Galago gallarum Thomas, 1901. • De Jong, Y. A., d’Huart, J. P. & Butynski, T. M. Biogeography of the Desert Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) and Common Warthog Phacochoerus africanus (Gmelin, 1788) in the Horn of

Africa. 17

Rainfall on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch Rainfall data kindly provided by Peter Karani.

Monthly rainfall (mm) on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch Rainfall (mm) at four sites on Lolldaiga Hills 2018 (mean of four sites) Ranch during November and December 2018

300 90 262 79 80 80 250 70 66 66 200 60 52 160 48 50 150 35 99 40 32 84 100 30 61 50 44 53 50 20 14 19 0 0 10 0 0 South West Central North

November December

Monthly rainfall (mm) on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch 2013–2018 (mean of four sites) 300

250

200

150

100

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Subadult male Impala Aepyceros melampus, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch. Photograph by Johannes Refisch.

Above: Adult male Lion Panthera leo and Spotted Hyaenas Crocuta crocuta at a Reticulated Giraffe Giraffa reticulata carcass, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch. Camera trap image by Johannes Refisch.

Right: Adult male African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus nasutus, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch. Photograph by Heather Wall.

Species totals as of end of December 2018

Mammals Lolldaiga Hills Conservation Landscape……..106 species Mammals Lolldaiga Hills Ranch.………………………………….99 species Birds Lolldaiga Hills Ranch………………………………………..407 species Birds proposed IBA/KBA……………………………….………….633 species Reptiles Lolldaiga Hills Ranch………………..…….………….….33 species Amphibians Lolldaiga Hills Ranch...... 12 species Butterflies Lolldaiga Hills Ranch………………….……………135 species Moths Lolldaiga Hills Ranch...... >200 species Except for moths, species list for the above taxonomic groups can be viewed at: www.lolldaiga.com

Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch. Photograph by Per Aronsson.

Best Zoological Society of London/Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme Camera Trap Project photographs on Lolldaiga Hills Ranch (November–December 2018).

Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta and White-backed Lion Panthera leo Vultures Gyps africanus

Leopard Panthera pardus Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta

Savanna Elephants Loxodonta africana Savanna Elephants Loxodonta africana 21

North African Crested Porcupines Hystrix cristata Steenbuck Raphicerus campestris

Common Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia Smith’s Dik-Diks Madoqua (guentheri) smithii

Zorilla Ictonyx striatus Common Warthogs Phacochoerus africanus and Red-billed Oxpeckers Buphagus erythrorhynchus

Common Warthogs Phacochoerus africanus Common Warthogs Phacochoerus africanus

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus Aberrant-coloured (white face, white stockings) Smith’s Dik-Dik Madoqua (guentheri) smithii

Aberrant-coloured (white) Smith’s Dik-Dik Madoqua Aberrant-coloured (white) Smith’s Dik-Dik Madoqua (guentheri) smithii (guentheri) smithii