THE BATH STONE COMPANY
HARTHAM MINE ENTRANCE, BATH ROAD, CORSHAM
HERITAGE STATEMENT
AUGUST 2019 Wardell Armstrong Sir Henry Doulton House, Forge Lane, Etruria, Stoke-on-Trent, ST1 5BD, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)845 111 7777 Facsimile: +44 (0)845 111 8888 www.wardell-armstrong.com
DATE ISSUED: AUGUST 2019 JOB NUMBER: ST16481 REPORT NUMBER: HER-001
THE BATH STONE COMPANY LIMITED
HARTHAM MINE ENTRANCE, BATH ROAD, CORSHAM
HERITAGE STATEMENT
PREPARED BY:
L Goring Principal Heritage Consultant
CHECKED BY:
C Dawson Principal Heritage Consultant
APPROVED BY:
C Bean Technical Director
This report has been prepared by Wardell Armstrong LLP with all reasonable skill, care and diligence, within the terms of the Contract with the Client. The report is confidential to the Client and Wardell Armstrong LLP accept no responsibility of whatever nature to third parties to whom this report may be made known.
No part of this document may be reproduced without the prior written approval of Wardell Armstrong LLP.
ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES Wardell Armstrong is the trading name of Wardell Armstrong LLP, Registered in England No. OC307138. LAND AND PROPERTY
Registered office: Sir Henry Doulton House, Forge Lane, Etruria, Stoke-on-Trent, ST1 5BD, United Kingdom MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING MINERAL ESTATES AND QUARRYING UK Offices: Stoke-on-Trent, Birmingham, Cardiff, Carlisle, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Greater Manchester, Central Manchester London, Newcastle upon Tyne, Sheffield, Truro, International Offices: Almaty, Moscow WASTE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
THE BATH STONE COMPANY LIMITED HARTHAM MINE ENTRANCE HERITAGE STATEMENT
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2 Definitions of Terms AND PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT...... 2 3 METHODOLOGY ...... 6 4 BASELINE DATA ...... 9 5 FIELD OBSERVATIONS...... 14 6 assessment of significance and setting ...... 20 7 Embedded MITIGATION ...... 34 8 HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 36 9 CONCLUSION...... 39 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 42
APPENDICES Appendix 1 Plates
DRAWINGS ST16481-015 Site Location Plan
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Wardell Armstrong LLP has been commissioned by the Bath Stone Company Limited to prepare a Heritage Statement in respect to development proposals on land to the north of Rudloe Water Treatment Works, Bath Road, Corsham, Wiltshire (NGR centred on ST 84569 70494). The development proposals comprise the construction of a new inclined mine entrance from the surface into existing permitted mine workings and the construction of ancillary surface facilities including a new cutting shed, office, block storage area, car parking and landscaping.
1.2 Permission to work minerals at Hartham Park was granted permission in 1998 (planning application reference N/98/01945/WCM). The size of the underground operation now covers a 6 Ha area with current working faces moving further from the existing, sub-standard mine access which is within a separate lease. Planning permission for a new inclined mine entrance and associated structures was granted on land to the north of B3109 Bradford Road on 29th January 2016 (planning application reference 15/00712.WCM).
1.3 The Bath Stone Company Limited have recently acquired an interest in the bath stone mines and having reviewed the extant permissions seek to obtain planning permission for an alternative mine entrance on land to the north of Rudloe Water Treatment Works (Wessex Water) to better access permitted reserves of premium bath stone within their freehold.
1.4 The site contains no statutory designated heritage assets, nor does the site fall within the boundary of a designated Conservation Area or World Heritage Site. However, the proposed development has the potential to impact upon the setting of designated heritage assets within the vicinity of the site. This report provides a detailed assessment of the significance and setting of the designated assets potentially affected in order to determine the level of harm which may be experienced, if any.
1.5 The assessment was undertaken in accordance with terminology expressed within the National Planning Policy Framework. Historic England good practice guidance presented in the Setting of Heritage Assets (Historic England GPA 3, 2017) has been adhered to as appropriate.
1.6 This report should be read alongside the application drawings (references ST16481- 011, 012, 015, 016, 017, 018, 019, 022, 023, 024 and 025) prepared by Wardell Armstrong. Drawings are not repeated within this report.
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2 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT National Heritage Legislation and Planning Policy
2.1 Designated heritage assets protected by statutory legislation comprise Scheduled Monuments, Protected Wrecks, Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas; nationally significant archaeological sites, monuments and structures are protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979).
2.2 Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas are protected under the Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act (1990). In relation to development proposals, the legislation states that ‘in considering whether to grant planning permission for development which affects a listed building or its setting, the local planning authority or, as the case may be, the secretary of state shall have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses’ (section 66).
2.3 Non-statutory designated heritage assets, comprising Registered Parks and Gardens and Registered Battlefields, are protected under national and local planning policy only. This is also the case for the remainder of the archaeological resource; entries onto a historic environment record or sites and monument record as well as previously unknown features which may be recorded during the course of data collection in respect to a given development proposal.
National Planning Policy
2.4 The NPPF requires that great weight is given to the conservation of designated heritage assets. Conservation is defined within the NPPF as the process of maintaining and managing change to heritage assets in ways that sustain, and where appropriate, enhance their significance.
2.5 A heritage asset is defined in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) as ‘a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions because of its heritage interest’ (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government 2019, Annex 2 page:67).
2.6 The significance of a heritage asset is defined within the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) as ‘the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural,
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artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.’ (MHCLG 2019, Annex 2 page:71).
2.7 The setting of a heritage asset is defined as ‘the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.’ (MHCLG 2019, Annex 2 page:71).
2.8 Where heritage assets are to be affected by development, ‘local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance’ (MHCLG 2019, para:189).
2.9 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) supported by the National Planning Policy Guidance (PPG), which endorses the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment (Department for Communities and Local Government 2014), defines the role of the planning system as to promote and achieve sustainable development and involves ‘protecting and enhancing our natural, built and historic environment’ (MHCLG 2019, para:8).
2.10 In ensuring the statutory duty of the Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act, the NPPF requires that in determining applications ‘great weight’ should be given to the asset’s conservation and that ‘substantial harm to or loss of… grade II listed buildings, or grade II registered parks or gardens, should be exceptional’ whilst ‘substantial harm to or loss of…assets of the highest significance, notably Scheduled Monuments, protected wreck sites, registered battlefields, Grade I and II* listed buildings, Grade I and II* Registered Parks And Gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional’ (MHCLG 2019, para:194).
2.11 Developments where substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset should be assessed against specific tests and should deliver substantial public benefits which outweigh any loss or harm (MHCLG 2019, para:195). Less than substantial harm to a designated asset would require public benefits including the securement of an optimum viable use (MHCLG 2019, para:196). Impacts to the significance of non-designated assets will require a balanced judgement based on the level of significance and the scale of harm (MHCLG 2019, para:197), although non-
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designated assets which are of equivalent significance to designated assets will be considered as such (MHCLG 2019, page:56).
Local Policy
2.12 The site falls within the administrative boundary of Wiltshire. The Wiltshire Core Strategy, adopted in 2015, sets out the overarching policy framework for the county and in relation to the historic environment includes Core Policy 58: Ensuring the Conservation of the Historic Environment. In addition, the Wiltshire and Swindon Minerals Core Plan and the accompanying Minerals Development Control Policies adopted 2009) provide further guidance and principles for minerals development in the area. Specifically, policy MCS 1 (B): General Criteria for Guiding the Location of Minerals Development of the Minerals Core Plan and policy MDC7: The Historic Environment within the Minerals Development Control Policies Document are also applicable. The relevant policies are replicated below:
Core Policy 58: Ensuring the Conservation of the Historic Environment
Development should protect, conserve and where possible enhance the historic environment.
Designated heritage assets and their setting will be conserved, and where appropriate enhanced in a manner appropriate to their significance including:
i) Nationally significant archaeological remains;
ii) World Heritage Sites within and adjacent to Wiltshire;
iii) Buildings and structures of special architectural or historic interest;
iv) The special character and appearance of Conservation Areas;
v) Historic Parks and Gardens; and
vi) Important landscapes including registered battlefields and townscapes.
Distinctive elements of Wiltshire’s historic environment including non-designated heritage assets, which contribute to a sense of local character and identify, will be conserved, and where possible enhanced. The potential contribution of these heritage assets toward wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits will also be utilised where this can be delivered in a sensitive and appropriate manner in accordance with Core Policy 57: Ensuring High Quality Design and Place Shaping.
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MCS1 (B) Generic Criteria for Guiding the Location of Minerals Development
In all cases the process of identifying, appraising, designing and implementing proposals for new or extended sites for minerals extraction and/or recycling of construction and demolition wastes will be guided by the policies of the Minerals Core Strategy and other relevant DPDs and the following [Specific to the historic environment]:
• Likely effects on designated sites and other environmentally valuable features.
MDC7: The Historic Environment
In the interest of protecting the rich historic environment of Wiltshire and Swindon, proposals for minerals development will only be permitted where it can be demonstrated through a process of assessment that historic assets of archaeological of cultural heritage importance and their setting can be appropriately protected, enhanced and/or preserved.
Proposals affecting historic assets of known or potential archaeological importance must be accompanied by an appropriate archaeological evaluation. Based on the findings of the initial evaluation, preservation of nationally important remains in situ maybe necessary, or developers will be required to agree to a scheme of further archaeological mitigation prior to commencement of the development or as part of the overall development scheme.
In the interests of recording, preserving and future management of important archaeological features affected by a proposal, the Councils may seek contributions from the developer in the form of a legal agreement.
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3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 The term ‘site’ is used to refer to the red-line application area.
3.2 In order to inform this assessment baseline data was obtained from the following:
• Wiltshire HER;
• Wiltshire and Swindon Local History Centre;
• Historic England GIS datasets (2018); and
• The National Heritage List for England (Historic England website).
Assessment of Significance
3.3 The NPPF stipulates that a description of the significance of each asset potentially affected by the proposed development should be provided in order to satisfy the requirements of the NPPF.
3.4 The significance of a heritage asset is defined within the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) as ‘the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic.
3.5 For a definition of these ‘interests’ a useful reference document is Historic England’s Conservation Principles for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment (2008). The terms used in this document roughly equate to those specified within the NPPF; ‘evidential’ equating to archaeological, ‘historical and communal’ equating to historic and ‘aesthetic’ equating to architectural and artistic. A consultation draft of a revised Conservation Principles (Historic England 2017) reverts to the NPPF terminology and specifically provides a definition of archaeological interest, architectural interest, artistic interest and historic interest (see glossary).
Assessment of Setting
3.6 As stated within the NPPF ‘significance derives not only from the physical fabric of a heritage asset but also from its setting’ (MHCLG 2019, Annex 2 page:71).
3.7 In respect of identifying the importance of setting to the identified significance of a heritage asset, Historic England’s good practice guidance presented in the Setting of Heritage Assets (Historic England GPA 3 2017) will be utilised; specifically, the five- step approach to assessment:
- Step 1 – Identify which heritage assets and their settings may be affected;
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- Step 2 – Assess the degree to which settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset(s) or allow significance to be appreciated;
- Step 3 – Assess if any change to the setting identified would affect the appreciation/ understanding of an asset’s significance (there may be no change);
- Step 4 – Explore ways to maximise enhancement and avoid or minimise harm; and
- Step 5 – Make and document the decision and monitor outcomes.
3.8 A non-exhaustive list provided within the document (2017:11) identifies themes such as:
• Physical Surroundings;
o Topography;
o aspect;
o functional relationships and communications;
o history and degree of change over time; and
o sense of enclosure, seclusion, intimacy or privacy.
• Experience;
o views from, towards, through, across and including the asset;
o intentional inter-visibility with other historic assets and natural features; and
o sense of enclosure, seclusion, intimacy or privacy.
Assessment of Impact
3.9 The NPPF stipulates two levels of potential impact to designated heritage assets. The NPPF references these as:
• Substantial harm; and
• Less than substantial harm.
3.10 Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) discusses how to assess substantial harm where it states ‘In general terms, substantial harm is a high test, so it may not arise in many cases. For example, in determining whether works to a listed building constitute substantial harm, an important consideration would be whether the adverse impact seriously affects a key element of its special architectural or historic interest. It is the degree of harm to the asset’s significance rather than the scale of the development
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that is to be assessed. The harm may arise from works to the asset or from development within its setting’ (Para 19).
3.11 The application of these terms is made on professional judgement and experience. The level of impact expressed by this assessment will be either no harm, less than substantial harm or substantial harm.
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4 BASELINE DATA
4.1 Baseline data has been gathered from Historic England GIS datasets and the Wiltshire Council Planning Explorer (accessed in September 2018). Asset details were gathered on a search radius of 1km from the centre of the site which identified the below:
• 1 Grade II* Listed Buildings within 500m of the site; and
• 14 Grade II Listed Buildings of which 6 were within 750m of the site.
4.2 The assets summarised above are set out in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Designated Heritage Assets Within the Search Area
Reference (NHLE) Name Status 1022808 Rudloe Manor GII* 1199182 Pickwick Lodge Farmhouse GII 1181903 Barn to the south west of Rudloe Manor GII 1199643 Widdenham Farmhouse GII 1022811 Rudloe Park Hotel GII 1022116 Guyers House GII 1283510 Pickwick Lodge Farm Cottages GII 1284018 6 – 10 Hudswell Lane GII 1022809 Entrance gates and screen to Rudloe Manor GII 1021962 Milestone on southside opposite R.N Stores, Copenacre GII 1181579 Milestone on south side about 300m east of Clift House GII 1022810 Lower Rudloe Farmhouse and attached stable wing GII 1022117 Barn at Pickwick Lodge Farm GII 1363593 Foxfire Lodge GII 1022807 Rudloe Cottage GII
4.3 Assets located outside of this area but included at discretion due to historical associations comprise grade II listed Hartham House (NHLE Ref: 1364019)
4.4 Of the designated assets listed in Table 1 above it is anticipated that the asset types listed below would not be affected by the proposals. This is due their significance lying wholly/predominately within their fabric and/or due to the lack of change which the proposals would cause in respect to elements of setting which contribute towards their significance. These types of assets have not therefore been taken forward within the Heritage Statement i.e. the types of assets listed below are considered scoped out;
• Assets in built up areas for which cones of view to/from are not significant;
• Distant farmhouses with no historic links to the land within the footprint of the site;
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• Ancillary farm buildings to which an understanding and a perception of the building is restricted to the principal farmhouse/Manor house and/or the immediate rural backdrop which would be unaffected;
• Distant cottages and houses to which rural setting is restricted with no historic link to the land within the footprint of the site; and
• Mileposts whose setting is restricted to the road and roadside verge.
4.5 Subsequent to this filtering process and following field observations to determine the necessity for detailed assessment, the assets listed in Table 2 below, will be subject to an assessment (of the necessary proportion) in accordance with the NPPF (2018) and Historic England guidelines (2017).
Table 2: Assets Potentially sensitive to Change within the Boundary of the Site Reference Name Status 1022808 Rudloe Manor GII* 1181903 Barn to the south west of Rudloe Manor GII 1022809 Entrance gates and screen to Rudloe Manor GII 1363593 Foxfire Lodge GII 1022807 Rudloe Cottage GII 1364019 Hartham House GII
4.6 Designated assets not listed in Table 2 are considered scoped out of assessment within this Heritage Statement unless otherwise stated by relevant stakeholders within their scoping responses.
Brief Historic Context
4.7 The earliest mapping studied as part of this assessment were the Box and Corsham Parish Tithe Maps of 1837 (accessed online). At this time the site formed part of a larger field, the existing eastern boundary was not depicted, known as Ley Sands. The field was recorded as arable use and was owned by Henry Hall Joy and tenanted by William Robert Hulbert.
4.8 Henry Hall Joy owned significant lands in the immediate area including the Hartham Estate, in which the site falls, and Hartham House, located 2km to the north east of the site. His ownership extended to Rudloe Cottage, recorded on the Tithe Map as ‘Rudlow Firs’ and tenanted by George Lyke, and Rudloe Manor which at the time of the Tithe Survey was known as ‘Rudlow Farm’ which was tenanted by Henry Paulson.
4.9 To the immediate south of the site, the south west half of Rudloe Firs fell within the Hartham Estate ownership and was recorded as ‘Bin Field and Plantation’ and
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tenanted by William Branning. The other half of the extant woodland to the south east of the site, was owned by William Brewer and comprised a house, garden and quarry.
4.10 Neither Foxfire Lodge nor the listed gates were depicted on the Box Parish Tithe Survey. Additionally, the former driveway to Hartham House that defines the western edge of the site appeared to be a public road which is depicted as leading to Chippenham.
4.11 By the time of the first edition Ordnance Survey of 1889 (Map 1) the area immediately surrounding the site had undergone change; most significantly is the enclosure of the road to the west of the site to create a private driveway to Hartham House and the associated erection of Foxfire Lodge and the entrances gates and screen to the driveway entrance to the south west of the site boundary.
4.12 The 1889 map also shows two entry routes from the driveway leading directly Rudloe Firs which appears to have expanded to include the south east half of the site which was, at the time of the Tithe survey, in separate ownership. The woodland is depicted as ‘Rudloe Firs’, a name previously attached to Rudloe Cottage and likely transferred due to the establishment of the plantation.
Map 1 – Copy of the 1889 (Six Inch) Ordnance Survey Map. Red star indicates centre of the site
4.13 The name ‘Brewers Yard’ is also depicted to this area and likely derives from the earlier owner of the quarry on the site, William Brewer. The second edition Ordnance Survey map published in 1901 (Map 2) confirms the area to contain ‘Brewer’s Yard Quarry’ with the excavation banks depicted on the map observed during the site visit.
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4.14 Foxfire Lodge is noted in its listing description as being mid-19th Century in origin and is contemporary in both origin and design as Church Lodge (NHLE Ref: 1182672) and Gate Lodge (NHLE Ref: 1182697) located 2km to the east of the site and defining the entrances into the Hartham Estate from Hartham Lane. The erection of lodges, gates and the formation of a private driveway evidences a period of investment within the estate which in the mid-19th Century can likely to be attributed to the Poynder family who bought the estate in the 1850s following the death of Henry Hall Joy in 1840. The family undertook the enlargement of Hartham House in 1858 (Historic England) and it is possible the investment in the wider estate is near contemporary.
4.15 Within the site itself, little change is observed between the 1889 map and the 1926 Ordnance Survey map (Map 3); the enclosure of the parkland has occurred with the eastern boundary of the site present on the 1926 map.
To the south of the site, Rudloe Firs has a formal means of enclosure along its western boundary by 1926 with no direct access from the driveway depicted. Remains of this enclosure including Bath stone walling and metal estate fencing were observed during the site visit.
Map 2 – Copy of the 1901 (Six Inch) Ordnance Survey Map. Red star indicates centre of the site
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Map 3 – Copy of 1926 (Six Inch) Ordnance Survey Map. Red star indicates the centre of the site.
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5 FIELD OBSERVATIONS
5.1 Field observations were undertaken in September 2018. Weather conditions were dry and slightly overcast. Photographs taken during the site visit are included within Appendix 1 of this report to supplement descriptions and discussions.
5.2 The site and the surrounding area were inspected to:
• to assess inter-visibility with designated heritage assets;
• assess the topography of the site; and
• to enable an assessment of the significance and the setting of designated heritage assets within the vicinity.
5.3 The site forms the south west corner of a larger field that extends north of an established area of woodland, noted on Ordnance Survey mapping as ‘Rudloe Firs’, and the busy A4 Bath Road. The site is in arable use and enclosed along the southern and western boundary by trees and vegetation (Plates 1 – 3). To the east the site is enclosed by a mix of hedgerow and post and wire fencing (Plate 4). To the north the site area is open forming part of a larger field. The site presents a small undulation to its centre which is most perceptible from the south east and south west corners (Plate 7). To the north and west the large field is bound by trees and hedgerows which appeared to form part of larger plantations (Plate 1).
5.4 The site shares no boundaries with public highways; it is physically separated and screened from Bath Road by Rudloe Firs woodland (Plate 7 and 8). Within the woodland, enclosed behind high, palisade metal fencing is Rudloe Water Treatment Works (Plate 10). Vehicular access into the woodland area and the water works is available from a layby to the of the north of the A4. The access is defined by two, large stone piers with the remnants of Bath stone flanking walls (Plate 9). A hardbound surface has been provided up to the entrance of the water works. Public pedestrian access through this area is via a series of informal paths and trackways, some of which lead northwards towards the boundary with the site. The water works are not visible from the site being significantly screened by trees.
5.5 To the south east of the site area, the adjacent field extends southwards to Bath Road where a Bath stone boundary wall encloses the field from the adjacent footpath and Bath Road. The adjacent field has a gentle incline in topography which allows for distant views outwards towards Pickwick and Corsham beyond (Plate 5).
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5.6 Metal estate fencing was observed along the southern boundary between site and the Rudloe Firs woodland area, however much of this has been displaced or has fallen and no longer provides a physical boundary between the two areas (Plate 11).
5.7 To the west the site boundary comprises hedgerows with trees and vegetation behind established on a wide verge that enclosed the historic driveway to Hartham Park and more recently enclosing an access route to the former RAF Rudloe base which was located to the north west of the site (Plate 12).
5.8 The driveway retains highway infrastructure associated with the latter use including highway signage, galvanised lighting columns, tarmac surfacing and a pedestrian footpath along the western edge defined by kerbstones. To the west of the driveway redundant RAF buildings formerly within the grounds of Rudloe Manor (NHLE Ref: 1022808) which served as the Headquarters for the base, were visible through the trees where coverage and density were slightly reduced. These structures were not observed when on the site due to trees and vegetation intervening in views (Plate 14).
5.9 Rudloe Manor is located to the north west of the site to the west of the former driveway. The building and its associated outbuildings are set within large grounds that formerly comprised part of the RAF Rudloe base. Neither the manor nor its associated historic, ancillary buildings were observed from the site (Plates 1 and 3).
5.10 Access into Rudloe Manor or its grounds was not possible however the building was observed from the adjacent public highway which is set down to the west of the manor. Bath stone walling with upright stone copings enclose the narrow access road along much of its eastern edge from the junction with Box Road to the entrance to the manor (Plate 15). The main access to the manor from the lane is slightly recessed and defined by curved, coursed Bath stone walling with four, square, Bath stone gate piers; the inner gate pier supporting two large, painted iron gates (Plate 16). The gate piers have flat cappings with moulded cornices. The wall increased in height rising from the outer piers to the inners and was finished with a more decorative flat stone coping with moulded cornice.
5.11 The stone walling continues eastwards to define the acess, stepping up in height before terminating at matching stone gate piers. The walling encloses the entrance drive as it inclines towards the west front of the manor which is aligned centrally with the gated entrance. Trees also line the driveway, planted on the adjacent higher ground, and frame views of the main, west front of the manor. To the front of the
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manor is a low stone wall presumably enclosing a front courtyard or garden area laid immediately to the west of the frontage.
5.12 To the right (south) of the entrance driveway is the grade II listed stone barn (NHLE Ref: 1181903) (Plate 21). The barn occupied a higher level than the adjacent highway however the trees along the drive and within the site restricted inter-visibility from the highway.
5.13 To the rear of both the manor house and the barn are mature trees that prevent views towards the site.
5.14 New residential development, comprising large, detached buildings, were observed to the north west of the listed building with a new, gated, vehicular access from the narrow public highway (Plate 17).
5.15 Grade II listed Foxfire Lodge (NHLE Ref: 1363593) and Rudloe Cottage (NHLE Ref: 1022807) were observed to the south east of the site (Plates 23 and 24). A short tarmac road that terminates at the grade II listed gates and screen (NHLE Ref: 1022809) provides access to Foxfire Lodge and pedestrian access into Rudoe Firs directly to the south of the site. Access into Rudloe Cottage is from the south, off the narrow access road leading to Rudloe Manor. The listed buildings and gates form a compact arrangement set back from the A4 and enclosed to the north and east by Rudloe Firs and by mature trees along the former driveway into the Hartham Estate. Access into either property or its curtilage was not possible however Rudloe Cottage was observed to have its main frontage orientated south towards Bath Road with the east elevation overlooking Rudloe Firs and the north elevation directly adjacent to a public footpath aligned between the cottage and the lodge.
5.16 Foxfire Lodge is enclosed to the south by the listed gates however it was observed to be orientated to face east overlooking the adjacent driveway which now serves as the parking area for the property. Neither the lodge, gate piers or Rudloe Cottage are visible from on the site and it is anticipated that the woodland area and trees along the former driveway would prevent views of the site from the lodge and Rudloe Cottage.
5.17 In respect to assets listed above in Table 2 the following observations were made on site which will remove the following assets from further assessment within this Heritage Statement; i.e. no further assessment is considered necessary to determine that the proposals would cause no harm:
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• Barn to the south west of Rudloe Manor (NHLE Ref: 1181903) – The barn is located to the south west of the main manor house set perpendicular to the principal, west facing frontage with its own frontage facing north towards the entrance driveway. The barn, along with the house and later stone outbuildings to the north and north west form an attractive cluster of vernacular buildings which through their arrangement, scale and external appearance provide evidence as to the origins, function, status of buildings and the development of the site generally. This immediate farmyard setting and the visual and built relationship it provides with the manor house and other outbuildings contributes to the historic and architectural interests associated with the barn (Plates 18 – 21).
The barn is individually listed and is noted within the listing description as being 17th Century in origin contemporary with the rebuilt manor house. However, a report by Rodwell (2004) suggests that elements of the fabric of the barn are similar to nearby barns which are dated as 14th Century, and it is possible the barn, in part, is the earliest structure on the site. The remaining fabric that supports this earlier date is of high historic and archaeological interest and contributes to the heritage significance of the barn.
The wider setting of the barn and the manor house has an intentional focus towards the Bybrook Valley which is visible to the west (Plate 22). The valley provides for distant views across the wider landscape and the fortuitous aesthetics of the view have been exploited within the arrangement of the buildings.
The site, located over 500m to the east has no visual relationship with the barn and no obvious historic functional relationship; whilst sources, including the Box Parish Tithe Map, record both the barn and the site within the same ownership, they were separately tenanted. Additionally, the route of the former driveway to Hartham Park provides a clear physical separation between the site and the barn. The site is therefore not considered to contribute to the significance of the barn, which stems primarily from its historic and archaeological interest as a 14th Century building that has been significantly adapted and altered to remain functional to meet the changing demands of the manor house.
• Hartham House (NHLE Ref: 1364019) – Historic research has identified that the site has historic association with Hartham House falling within the wider estate
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and being recorded at the time of Box Parish Tithe Survey as being under the ownership of Henry Hall Joy, occupier of Hartham House. The estate grounds pre- date Hartham House which was originally constructed in 1790 to the designs of James Wyatt. It was at this time known as Hartham Park with a nearby Jacobean property titled Hartham House. The original Hartham House was demolished upon ownership of Joy as part of his investment in the early half of the 19th Century but the original Hartham House gates were incorporated into the entrance at Gate Lodge (Corsham Civic Society, accessed September 2018).
Hartham House is located c2km to the north east of the site. Whilst the site falls within its wider setting being part of the historic estate it does not appear to have any aesthetic or immediate functional relationship with Hartham House; the site is not part of the immediate pleasure grounds associated with the house and is recorded as being tenanted for arable use indicative of a productive and financial function for the site.
The designed landscape for the hall appears to have extended south west towards the site when the public road to Chippenham appears to have been enclosed to form a driveway into the Hartham Estate. This former entrance is defined by Foxfire Lodge and the associated gates and screen. The site is located to the north east of the lodge and is screened from outward views from the site by Rudloe Firs; no visual relationship with the lodge nor obvious historic functional relationship was observed. Whilst the lodge and site were historically within the same ownership, they had very different functions for the estate and site does not appear to have had an intended aesthetic role in support of the former driveway; the tree lined route of the former driveway to Hartham Park provides a clear physical barrier between the site and the lodge reinforcing their separation.
The significance of Hartham House derives most obviously from its physical fabric as a late 18th Century country mansion that has been subject to enlargement and alteration in the during the 19th Century. The association of the original 18th Century house with the noted architect James Wyatt is of high historic interest and contributes to the heritage significance. The listing description also refers to the retention of the fine, late 18th Century marble fireplaces which provide physical evidence of the 18th Century design intentions for the interior.
The ancillary buildings and structures associated with house are principally concentrated within the immediate grounds of the house or within the small
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Hamlet of Hartham and this proximity with each other and the continuity in materials and designs are built elements of the immediate setting that benefit the experience and understanding the status and role of the house. The site is not considered enhance this understanding due to distance and historic function.
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6 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE AND SETTING
6.1 For ease of reference this section of the report has been sub-characterised to follow the broad, 5 step approach to assessment as detailed within Historic England’s Good Practice Note 3: Setting (2017) with steps 1 to 3 discussed below and step 4 discussed within in Section 6. It is anticipated that Step 5 would form part of any subsequent post-determination monitoring should planning permissioned be granted.
Step 1 - Identification
6.2 The baseline described above established that change within the setting of the following assets had the potential to cause harm to their significance:
• Grade II* Rudloe Manor;
• Grade II Foxfire Lodge;
• Grade II Entrance Screen and Gates to Rudloe Manor; and
• Grade II Rudloe Cottage.
6.3 These assets are shown on Figure 1 below.
Rudloe Manor
Rudloe Manor Barn
Site area
Foxfire Lodge
Entrance Screen and Gates Rudloe Cottage
Figure 1 – Identified designated heritage assets potentially sensitive to change within the site boundary
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6.4 An assessment of these assets’ heritage interests are presented below. These are discussed in proportion with the value of the asset and as far as is necessary to determine the importance of setting to each asset and the potential effect of the proposals on this. The statement of significance is not intended to be a detailed analysis of the assets, for which the reader should be referred to Historic England listing descriptions.
Steps 2 – Assessment of contribution of Setting to significance
6.5 The significance of a heritage asset is defined within the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) as ‘the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.’ (MHCLG 2018, Annex 2 page:71).
6.6 At discretion terminology used in Historic England’s Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance (2008) will also be quoted.
Rudloe Manor (NHLE Ref: 1022808)
6.7 The heritage interest of Rudloe Manor is recognised through its inclusion on the statutory list at grade II* which establishes that the building is of more than just ‘special interest’ (Historic England, 2018). The heritage interest of the building is derived from the sum of its associated historic, architectural and archaeological interests. As access into the building or its curtilage was not possible, the discussion below has been informed by the Historic England listing descriptions and the report on the history and structural development of Rudloe Manor by Rodwell (2004).
Historic Interest
6.8 The historic interest is both illustrative and associative; the historic fabric of the manor presents a tapestry of historic development from the 15th Century through to the 20th Century.
6.9 The house sits within a small manor that is documented from the 13th Century (Rodwell, 2004). Evidence of medieval occupation is presented in the north wing of the main house where there remains a single chamber room with two-bay open roof with chamfered principal timbers and crenelated moulding to the lower purlins (ibid). This part of the building, which is stone faced, would have formed part of a larger house with medieval timbers from a demolished range reused in the 17th Century range. Rodwell suggests that the medieval works are associated with Thomas
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Tropenell who purchased the property in 1465.
6.10 In the 16th Century Rudloe manor was acquired by the Leversegge family and it subsequently passed through inheritance to Sir Edward Hungerford in 1629. The manor changed hands several times afterwards before being purchased by Thomas Goddard in the late 17th Century (Rodwell, 2004). Thomas Goddard, who owned the adjacent Hartham Estate, is credited with the rebuilding of the main range (Historic England).
6.11 Rodwell’s 2004 research notes that the manor and its lands were sold again by 1702 when the manor was recorded as being in the ownership of Jacob Selfe before passing through marriage to the Methuan family of nearby Corsham Hall. However, it had, by the time of the Tithe Survey in 1837 returned to being within the wider ownership of the Hartham Estate. In contrast to the manor, the Hartham Estate remained within the ownership of the Goddard Family being inherited by Lady Anne James (nee Goddard) who commissioned James Wyatt to build Hartham House to the north west of Rudloe Manor in 1790 before being purchased in 1816 by the Joy family.
6.12 The manor, known as Rudloe Farm, and its outbuildings came under the ownership of the Poynder Family who purchased the Hartham Estate in the mid-19th Century. Rudloe was subsequently sold in 1918. An illustrated sales catalogue relating to the sale describes Rudloe Manor as ‘A charming and fine old manor house, with terraced gardens, two cottages’, it goes on to describe the building as ‘most substantially stone- built and stone tiled fronted by lawns’ (Wiltshire and Swindon Local History Centre).
6.13 Rudloe is recorded as changing hands in quick succession between 1918 and 1941; of significance during this short phase is the ownership of Sir Felix Brunner who purchased the manor in 1928. During his short ownership he invested in upgrading the property and creating additional accommodation through conversion of outbuildings and the laying out of a formal terraced garden (Rodwell, 2004). Rudloe passed through purchase to Countess Raben who lived at Rudloe from 1936 to 1941 before the manor and its lands were purchased by the Air Ministry to serve as the headquarters for 10 Group Fighter Command (ibid).
6.14 Association with Hartham House is again presented when, during the war, the upper floors of Hartham House were used as dormitories for the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force who were employed at RAF Rudloe Manor (Corsham Civic Society, accessed 2018). RAF Rudloe became the headquarters for RAF Provost and Security Services and No.s 1 and 1001 Signals Units before being sold in 2000.
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6.15 Rudloe Manor presents historic interest through the associations with local, notable families however these associations are not obviously presented within the building fabric or architectural detailing nor is there an intentional functional or aesthetic relationship with the principal residence of the Goddards and Joys of Hartham House nor the Methuen family of Corsham Court. These associations are best understood through research rather than through direct observation.
6.16 The association with the RAF is more apparent; it being most recent in the buildings development it has left more physical evidence of occupation both within the building and within its wider setting as set out previously.
Architectural Interest
6.17 The architectural interest of Rudloe Manor derives primarily from its external appearance and from its arrangement within its grounds whereby its elevated position and westward orientation represent a conscious response to the surrounding, highly attractive landscape to exploit views. The architectural interest is closely related to the historic interest with the external appearance contributing to the understanding of the historic development of the building.
6.18 The building is of Bath stone construction with a stone tile roof; the consistent use of Bath stone to each building phase of the main house and its associated outbuildings providing evidence of available local building materials from the 15th Century to the early 20th Century and contributing significantly to the local vernacular of the area.
6.19 The main, principal elevation faces westward towards the Bybrook Valley (Plate 25). This elevation dates to 1685 and presents an attractive symmetrical arranged frontage under a deep hipped roof with overhanging eaves. The elevation is defined into five bays with four three-light stone mullion windows arranged to flank a plain central bay that contains two oval shaped windows, one to each floor. Ornamentation is very simple; there is a plinth course and continuous string course that forms hood moulds over the ground floor windows. At roof level, two attic dormer windows and a large, square central stone stack with four diagonally set chimneys conform to the symmetrical intentions (Plate 26).
6.20 Extending northwards from the main west facing range are the remains of the medieval building. This wing has a stone tile gabled roof and is of a lower scale than the main range; first floor window openings are not aligned.
6.21 The wing has an ecclesiastical character primarily inferred by the trefoil window
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openings; that to the west elevation is a single light, partly concealed by a later external stack and that to the north elevation is a larger paired opening.
6.22 The south frontage was added and altered in the 19th Century however its design replicates the 17th Century character of the west front replicating the symmetrical intentions where a central projecting gable wing extends to three storeys tying into the roof. The wing contains the main entrance which is accessed through a Tudor style porch with open Tudor archways set under a square hood moulds to the west, south and east elevations. Window openings to the first and second floor comprise five-light and three-light stone mullion windows respectively, those to first floor featuring a single transom. Smaller single openings are present to the east elevations. The simple projecting string course and hood mould detail presented on the west front has been continued across the later works, which along with the 17th Century inspired designs demonstrates a care and attention to ensure new works and additions complement the older phases of the building and suggest aesthetics were important to the building owners.
6.23 Similarly to the south elevation, the east elevation represents a 19th Century alteration which incorporates earlier phases of the building; these are distinguishable by the junctions in the stone. The elevation is arranged into three gabled wings of unequal sizes, that to the centre incorporating the 17th Century stair wing. This elevation presents evidence of blocked and altered openings which provide evidence of earlier uses or intentions for the internal rooms.
Archaeological Interest
6.24 The archaeological interest of Rudloe Manor is derived from the physical evidence it contains and which may only be fully understood through archaeological and built environmental investigations.
6.25 The current building presents a multi-phased exterior; the northern wing is of earliest origins dating back to the late 15th Century however evidence, both secondary and physical as presented within the adjacent listed barn, support the concept that an earlier structure or structures occupied the site and it is possible that below ground archaeological deposits that relate to a 13th or 14th Century house could remain underneath the existing Rudloe Manor.
Setting
6.26 Rudloe Manor is located close to the summit of Box Hill, accessed from a single lane
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track from Bath Road. The building is set within substantial grounds which are defined along much of western boundary with the lane by coursed Bath stone walling (Plate 15). The wider area is rural in character and appearance with fields, trees and hedgerows prominent features within the landscape. The area has a tranquil ambiance with no traffic observed using the narrow lane during the site visit. The traffic noise of the A4 Bath Road was discernible however this was not a distracting quality of the setting due to intervening distance. The rural, open character and existing ambiance positively contributes to the experience of the asset.
6.27 The immediate setting of the building comprises is former outbuildings which form an attractive cluster of vernacular buildings and its gated entrance towards which the principal west frontage aligns to command views west towards the Bybrook Valley. The arrangement, scale and external appearance of the outbuildings provide evidence as to their origins, function and status and contribute to our understanding of the historic development of the main building and its grounds generally. This immediate farmyard setting and the visual and built relationship it provides the manor house contributes to the historic and architectural interests associated Rudloe Manor.
6.28 The building has an intentional focus towards the Bybrook Valley which is visible to the west and comprises its wider setting. The valley provides for distant views across the wider landscape and the fortuitous aesthetics of the view have been exploited within the arrangement of the main building; the alignment of the entrance gates and drive and the linear planting arrangement along the driveway enhances this focus and helps define the west elevation as the principal frontage.
6.29 The immediate setting of the building has undergone significant change through the occupation and development of the asset as part of RAF Rudloe with remaining MOD buildings located to the east and north of the manor. These were not visible in east facing views towards the manor from the access lane being screened by trees.
6.30 More recent changes within the immediate setting include the demolition of former MOD buildings attached to and in close proximity to Rudloe Manor as well as the erection of ten new residential units to the immediate north west and north. Whilst the new buildings are located outside the extent of the immediate farmyard/courtyard arrangement they have introduced a domestic character within the vicinity of the building.
6.31 The site is located c500m to the east of Rudloe Manor and has no visual relationship nor obvious historic functional relationship with the building; whilst sources, including
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the Tithe Map, record both the manor and the site within the same ownership, they were separately tenanted. Additionally, the route of the former driveway to Hartham Park provides a clear physical barrier between the site and the manor house reinforcing their separation.
Foxfire Lodge (NHLE Ref: 1363593)
6.32 The heritage interest of Foxfire Lodge is derived from its historic and architectural interest as an entrance lodge to the former Hartham Estate. Its setting at the entrance to a former driveway and its visual relationship with the adjacent entrance gates and screen are considered to contribute to the overall heritage interest. As access into the building or its curtilage was not possible, the discussion below has been informed by the Historic England listing descriptions.
Historic Interest
6.33 Foxfire Lodge is of mid-19th Century origins. It is noted in the listing description as the lodge to Rudloe Manor however historic mapping included in Section 4 above and the design continuity with both Church Lodge (NHLE Ref: 1182672) (Plate 31) and Gate Lodge (NHLE Ref: 1182697) (Plate 32) to the east and which serve Hartham House, indicate that lodge was also built to serve Hartham House rather than Rudloe Manor.
6.34 The association with Hartham House and the Hartham Estate is of historic interest and the lodge is contemporary with a period of investment in Hartham Hall which, under the ownership of the Poynder family, was remodelled and extended in 1858 (Historic England).
6.35 The lodge, along with the gates, define the entrance of a former driveway to Hartham House which extended from Bath Road northwards before gently curving eastwards towards Pickwick Lodge and Pickwick Lodge Farm and a further inner lodge named Hillsgreen Lodge. The association with Hartham House is however not obvious; whilst the building has a continuity in appearance with Church and Gate lodges, these are located on Hartham Lane the main approach to the house and in close proximity to each other making their association and their role more perceptible. The isolation of Foxfire Lodge prevents a visual relationship or appreciation of this historic association with Hartham House however the relationship with the gates ensures its function as an entry lodge to a house of some status remains clear.
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Architectural Interest
6.36 The architectural interest of Foxfire Lodge stems from its external appearance which displays an Italianate influenced design. The building is of Bath stone ashlar construction extending to one and half storeys in height with a low-pitched slate roof. The building has been subject to modification and has been extended to the south significantly increasing its footprint however the original ‘T’ shape plan form of the original lodge is easily discernible (Plate 30).
6.37 The Italianate design is most obviously expressed through its Roman porch framed by two Doric columns, supporting a deep entablature with moulded cornice. Two ball finials, which are smaller replicates to those on the nearby gates, are set above the columns with two further semi-engaged finials set into the adjacent elevation walls. The bracketed eaves are also characteristic of the design and are treated as an open pediment on the south facing gable, and the east and west facing gables of the north cross wing.
6.38 The windows are important architectural details comprising multi-pane sliding sash windows which are defined at sill level by a raised sill band. To the east and west facing elevations of the cross wing there are canted bays bay windows, that facing the drive to the east being of matching ashlar construction whilst that to the west, being less visible, is of timber construction.
6.39 Interest also stems from the design continuity with the other lodges built contemporaneously to serve Hartham House; their distinctive architectural appearance clearly defining shared ownership and a conscious attempt to present a consistent entrance to the estate as well as evidencing a popular architectural fashion of the time. The architecture employed to the lodge and gates present a formal arrangement which is conscious extension of the architecture and status of the Hartham House.
Setting
6.40 Foxfire Lodge is set back from Bath Road accessed via a tarmac road which follows the alignment of the historic driveway and which now serves as an informal parking area terminating at the adjacent listed gates (Plate 27). The building is enclosed behind the listed gates and screen which provide the formal enclosure to the building along its southern boundary to the road. Bath stone walling which continues southwards enclosing the building and its residential curtilage from the adjacent public footpath which descends steeply down to the access road leading to Rudloe Manner.
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6.41 To the east, the lodge overlooks the former driveway and Rudloe Firs beyond which encloses the residential curtilage to the east, remnants of metal estate fencing were observed along this boundary from inside Rudloe Firs (Plate 28). To the north, a later timber post and rail fence which dissects the former driveway provides enclosure along the northern boundary (Plate 29).
6.42 The lodge is set within an area that presents a rural character and appearance with trees and hedgerows comprising prominent features of its immediate setting; these features positively add to the experience of the building. The mature trees planted along the former driveway are particularly important to the buildings setting enhancing the formality of the route and offering visual enclosure.
6.43 The immediate setting of the building comprises the listed gates and screen and the tree lined former driveway to Hartham House. The lodge and the gates have a strong aesthetic and functional relationship with both intended to define one of the entrances into the estate and providing a visual extension of Hartham House and the family’s wealth and status. This immediate setting and the intended visual relationship the lodge has with the former driveway contributes to its associated historic and architectural interests.
6.44 To the south is Rudloe Cottage. The buildings and gates form an attractive cluster which are unified in their appearance by the consistent use of Bath stone for their construction and means of enclosure.
6.45 Within the immediate area surrounding the lodge, traffic noise from Bath Road was easily perceptible and made the road an obvious element of the buildings setting. The traffic noise diminished further north and was less perceptible on the route of the former driveway, however the lodge was not visible from on the driveway due to intervening trees and vegetation.
6.46 The setting of the building has undergone significant change through the occupation and development of RAF Rudloe to the north and north west of the lodge. The former driveway, with which the lodge has a definite visual and functional relationship, formed part of the wider RAF base with the subsequent highway infrastructure employed to the driveway changing its character. The remains of the RAF base, or Rudloe Manor, were not visible in north facing views through the gates and past the lodge being screened by trees.
6.47 The site is located to the north east of the lodge and is screened from outward views from the site by Rudloe Firs; no visual relationship with the lodge nor obvious historic
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functional relationship was observed. Similarly, to Rudloe Manor, whilst the lodge and site were historically within the same ownership, they had very different functions for the estate. Additionally, the tree lined route of the former driveway to Hartham Park provides a clear physical barrier between the site and the lodge reinforcing their separation.
Entrance Screen and gates to Rudloe Manor (NHLE Ref: 1022809)
6.48 The heritage interest of the entrance and screen and gates is derived from its historic, architectural and artistic interests. Its setting, at the entrance to a former Hartham Estate driveway and its visual relationship with Foxfire Lodge adjacent are considered to contribute to the overall heritage interest. Reference to Rudloe Manor in the asset name appears to be in error.
Historic
6.49 The listing description dates the gates as mid-18th Century however they are likely to be mid-19th Century, contemporary with the erection of Foxfire Lodge and the erection of the Church Lodge and its listed gates (NHLE Ref: 1022024) (Plate 31) and Gate Lodge and its associated listed gates (NHLE Ref: 1022025) (Plate 32) where the stone piers, gates and railings present a consistent design approach to the entrances into the estate.
6.50 The Box Parish Tithe Map did not record either the gates or Foxfire Lodge in 1837 with Rudloe Cottage to the south west of the gates noted in the accompanying apportionment as being ‘Rudloe Lodge’. In addition, the driveway, to which the gates and lodge define the entrance to, appeared to form a public highway leading to Chippenham at this time.
6.51 As with Foxfire Lodge, the historic interest of the gates is both associative and illustrative; the gates, gate piers and railings collectively with Foxfire Lodge and the other lodges on Hartham Lane are associated with Hartham House and its wider estate provide physical evidence of a period of investment within the wider Hartham Estate as well as the main house which was altered and remodelled in 1858 by the Poynder family.
6.52 Similarly to the lodge, the association with Hartham House is not obviously presented within the detailing of the gates for example no coat of arms, motto or initials have been incorporated into the ironwork. Whilst there is some continuity in appearance with the gates, gate piers and railings to Church and Gate lodges, their close proximity
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to Hartham House makes the association more appreciable. The isolation of both Foxfire Lodge and the gates prevents a visual relationship or appreciation of this historic association with Hartham House however their aesthetic relationship with each other and the former driveway is indicative of their historic, formal role giving access to a property of some status.
Architectural and Artistic Interest
6.53 The architectural interest of the gates derives from its composition, scale, materials and detailing. The gates comprise four ashlar piers, those to the centre being larger and supporting the iron gates. The piers are square in form with three fielded panels to the southern face with moulded cornices. The central piers are surmounted with ball finials, matching those included on the lodge porch (Plate 33). The entrance gates and screen extend circa ten metres with the central piers connecting to the outer piers by spearhead iron rails surmounted on a low coped wall (Plate 36).
6.54 The gates and the outer rails include some decorative wrought iron scroll work inset as panels to the western railings and intricate wrought work to the fixings that connect the west railings, which appear original to the central gate pier (Plate 35). The two central gates also include decorative work including foliate panels and heads which have been highlighted in gold to stand out against the black painted finish (Plate 34).
6.55 The symmetrical composition of the entrance is enhanced by the alignment of the former driveway as it extends northwards and by the enclosure created by the mature trees. The relationship with Foxfire Lodge further enhances the composition and there is a strong aesthetic value between built and natural features.
Setting
6.56 The gates are set at the head of the access road to Foxfire Lodge and define its southern boundary. The gates remain operational and provide access into the residential curtilage of the lodge.
6.57 The gates are prominent in views northwards from the junction Bath Road where they form the terminus to the view set against the woodland backdrop of Rudloe Firs and the trees of the former driveway which fortuitously enhances its setting; neither Foxfire Lodge of Rudloe Cottage are prominent being screened by later additions within their curtilages (Plate 24).
6.58 The prevalence of trees around the lodge and lack of built development provide the gates with an immediate rural setting; these features positively enhance the
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experience of the gates. The mature trees planted along the former driveway are important elements of the setting having an aesthetic value and enhancing the formality of the route and offering further visual enclosure.
6.59 The immediate setting of the gates comprises Foxfire Lodge and the tree lined former driveway to Hartham House. As discussed above, the lodge and the gates have a strong aesthetic and functional relationship with both intended to define one of the entrances into the estate. This immediate setting and the intended visual relationship with the lodge and driveway contributes to the associated historic and architectural interests of the gates helping to understand their role.
6.60 To the south is Rudloe Cottage. The buildings and gates form an attractive cluster which are unified in their appearance by the consistent use of Bath stone for their construction and means of enclosure.
6.61 Within the immediate area surrounding the gates, traffic noise from Bath Road was easily perceptible and made the road an obvious element of the setting.
6.62 As with Foxfire Lodge and Rudloe Manor, the setting of the gates has undergone significant change through the occupation and development of RAF Rudloe to the north and north west which included the erection of MOD buildings and the upgrading of the former historic driveway to provide access into the RAF base. Whilst this use has ceased, there remains infrastructure associated with the use and upgrading of the driveway within the wider setting of the gates however these were not visible in north facing views through the gates and past the lodge being screened by trees.
6.63 The site is located to the north east of the gates. Inter-visibility between the gates and the site was not possible due to intervening trees at Rudloe Firs, within the curtilage of Foxfire Lodge and those along the former driveway route and no visual relationship with the gates was observed.
Rudloe Cottage (NHLE Ref: 1022807)
6.64 The heritage interest of Rudloe Cottage derives from its historic and architectural interests. Access into the building or its curtilage was not possible, and the discussion below has been informed by site observations and the Historic England listing description.
Historic Interest
6.65 The historic interest of Rudloe Cottage stems from its origins in the early 19th Century as an estate cottage for the Hartham Estate (Historic England). The association with
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the Hartham Estate enhances this interest however it is not obviously presented in the building fabric; the building is not of the same architectural design as the adjacent Foxfire Lodge nor the other lodges and estate buildings close to the Hartham House on Hartham Lane and is located some distance away from Hartham House.
6.66 The building is recorded on the 1837 Tithe Map as Rudloe Firs, a name which appears to have transferred to the adjacent large area of woodland/plantation that separates the site from Bath Road. The cottage is recorded on the Tithe apportionment as Rudloe Lodge and was under the ownership of Henry Hall Joy who resided at Hartham House. It is not clear whether the cottage was a lodge to Rudloe Manor, then known as Rudloe Farm which is located to the north, or as an early lodge to the Hartham Estate with ‘Rudloe’ referring to its location rather than its function.
6.67 The cottage was tenanted at the time of Tithe Survey by George Lyke who was not recorded to have tenancy of any nearby agricultural lands associated with the estate, including the site.
Architectural Interest
6.68 The Architectural interest of the building derives principally from its Tudor Gothic designs which along with the Bath stone walling and tiled roof result in a picturesque appearance.
6.69 The building extends to one and half storeys with Bath stone ashlar walling and stone tiled roof laid in diminishing courses. The main frontage faces south, orientated towards Bath Road (Plate 37). The building has a typical asymmetrical plan form with a projecting gabled two-storey porch with sprocketed eaves and a moulded pointed archway to the ground floor entrance to the right of the main frontage. Above the arch is a hood mould, corbel course and drip course. At first floor level is a two-light stone mullion window with multi-light metal casements set under a matching hood mould. Matching first floor windows set under gabled dormers with similar sprocketed eaves continue to the left of the projecting porch. To the left again is a later addition of matching style.
6.70 The east gable elevation is prominent from the former driveway overlooking the adjacent entrances gates and Rudloe Firs (Plate 39). Three-light mullion windows with cusped arched heads align at ground and first floor with hood moulds above. A small circular light is set centrally above the first floor within the gable apex. Similar windows are arranged to the north (rear) elevation however they were not observed
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due to the rear boundary treatment to the cottage preventing views from the adjacent public footpath.
6.71 Of particular interest are the decorative, cusped painted bargeboards, pointed finials and pendants to all gables including the dormer windows which add to the aesthetic value of the building (Plate 38).
Setting
6.72 Rudloe Cottage is located to the north of Bath Road and is orientated to have its main frontage facing south overlooking the junctions to the former driveway which bounds the cottage to the east and to the access road to Rudloe Manor. The cottage is enclosed to the former driveway by mid height, coursed Bath stone walling finished with flat stone copings. A modern garage had been erected to the south east corner of its curtilage, the rear elevation directly adjacent to the former driveway. To the south and west the walling continues; hedging and declining topography prevent unobstructed views of the cottage from the lane.
6.73 The cottage is in close proximity to both the listed gates and Foxfire Lodge, where, as discussed above, the buildings/structures form an attractive cluster which collectively draw attention to the former entrance way.
6.74 The immediate setting of Rudloe Cottage comprises its residential curtilage which, as above, is enclosed to all elevations, bar the east facing gable end which overlooks a small area of lawn (Plates 37 – 40). The mature trees present within Rudloe Firs and along the former driveway are perceptible in views northwards rising above the roofline of the cottage and positively add to the experience of the cottage.
6.75 Within the area surrounding the cottage, traffic noise from Bath Road was easily perceptible and made the road an obvious element of the buildings setting.
6.76 The visual relationship with the former driveway, Foxfire Lodge and the gates is important to its setting and is best appreciated from within close proximity.
6.77 The site is located to the north east of the cottage and was not visible in south west facing views from the site. The orientation of the main south front and the east facing elevation of the cottage is directed away from the site and no inter-visibility appears to be have historically intended; the orientation instead suggesting the visual relationship with the road was important.
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7 EMBEDDED MITIGATION
Step 4 – Maximising enhancement & Minimising Harm
7.1 Enhancement measures can be designed to better reveal the significance of an asset, such as through improved access or interpretation, the restoration of an historic feature or view, or the creation of a new view which better frames an asset.
7.2 Harm can be minimised through the creation of long-term visual/acoustic screening or through the recognition of sensitive receptors within sympathetically designed schemes such that built form is demonstrably positioned in order to reduce adverse impacts.
7.3 In accordance with the NPPF (2019) every effort to conserve the setting of designated heritages potentially affected by the proposed development of the site should be undertaken. The inclusion of the following within the design approach for proposed works would be used to minimise any potential harm:
• Layout – The proposed site layout as shown on drawing references ST16481-011, has sought to concentrate the mine entry ramp, new buildings and associated infrastructure to the centre and the eastern half of the site away from designated heritage assets which lie to the west and south west. This will help to reduce the impact of noise output from the works to the wider settings of the designated assets.
Whilst inter-visibility between the site and nearby heritage assets is restricted as a result of existing vegetation within the Rudloe Firs area, the positioning of the new buildings to the east of the site away from nearby heritage assets, further limits any opportunity for inter-visibility when leaf coverage is reduced in the winter months.
• Building design – New buildings within the site have been designed to be low scale, so that they sit quietly within the eastern half of the site (See drawing references ST16481-016 and 017) and are screened behind the existing vegetation of Rudloe Firs from Bath Road.
The proposed office building is to be single storey in height and set under a shallow hip roof to reduce its scale. The use of stone within the external finish compliments the built character of the local area.
• Landscaping – Whilst inter-visibility between the site and the assets assessed in Section 6 is significantly limited and not possible between Rudloe Manor, Rudloe Cottage and the entrance gates and screen the designs provide for a new, soft
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landscaped boundaries to the east and north of the site (See drawing reference ST16481-023) consisting of hedgerows with hedgerow trees. This is intended to soften the appearance of the works within views principally from the east along Bath Road but also from the north in views towards the site from the former driveway. Neither of these views were identified as being contributing to the significance of the nearby designated heritage assets through setting.
The proposed landscape screening of the works, a clearly modern addition to an established historic landscape, with new planting that forms a continuation of the woodland frontage presented by Rudloe Firs, will help to conserve the character and appearance of the wider area generally.
• Access – Vehicular access to and from the site has been designed to use the existing access that serves the Rudloe Water Treatment Works. The shared use of an existing access prevents the need for significant tree removal within Rudloe Firs helping to maintain the existing ‘natural screening’ to the site from Bath Road.
The remains of the Bath stone gate piers to the existing access onto Bath Road are to be retained and re-set to the frame widened entrance point as part of the works. Such features contribute to the historic character of the area and are part of the local vernacular and their reuse will help to conserve the existing character and appearance presented by Rudloe Firs to Bath Road.
• Restoration – The site is to be restored to agricultural purposes on termination of the extraction works and the limited, less than substantial harm experienced by nearby heritage assets as a result of the operation of works will cease.
The Landscape Restoration Plan (Drawing reference ST16481-025) details the approach to the restoration of the site area with the new hedgerow boundary along the northern boundary of the site retained and the land inside the site area, including sections of the proposed access way returned to agricultural use which accord with the wider landscape character of the surrounding area and which will ensure the significance of nearby heritage assets is sustained.
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8 HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Step 3 - Assessment of Impact
8.1 The potential indirect impact to heritage assets as a consequence of proposed development within the site is discussed below.
Rudloe Manor (NHLE Ref:1022808)
8.2 The site is not considered to form an important part of the wider setting of Rudloe Manor; the site does not contribute towards or enhance the historic, architectural or archaeological interests associated with the building.
8.3 In respect of potential indirect impacts to this asset which could be experienced as a consequence of the proposed works on site, it is anticipated that the building would experience very limited changes to current sound levels experienced during operational hours, please see the accompanying Noise Assessment Report prepared Wardell Armstrong (Ref ST16841-0011).
8.4 Having considered the special architectural and historic interest of the grade II* listed Rudloe Manor and the contribution that setting makes towards and understanding and appreciation of this special interest, it is anticipated that there would be limited harm as a consequence of the proposals. This is based on the following grounds:
• Subtle/slight changes in current ambiance through noise generated by the development
8.5 Having considered the nature and extent of the significance of the asset, including the contribution made by setting, it is concluded that the harm arising from the above would be ‘less than substantial harm’.
Foxfire Lodge (NHLE Ref: 1363593)
8.6 The site is not considered to form an important part of the wider setting of Foxfire Lodge; the site does not contribute towards or enhance the historic and architectural interests associated with the building which within its setting are best presented by the visual relationship with the gates and screen where they collectively identify a former driveway to into the Hartham Estate.
8.7 In respect of potential indirect impacts to the lodge which could be experienced as a consequence of the proposed works on site, it is anticipated that the building would experience very limited changes to current sound levels experienced during
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operational hours, please see the accompanying Noise Assessment Report prepared Wardell Armstrong (Ref ST16841-0011).
8.8 Having considered the special architectural and historic interest of the grade II listed Foxfire Lodge and the contribution that setting makes towards and understanding and appreciation of this special interest, it is anticipated that there would be limited harm as a consequence of the proposals. This is based on the following grounds:
• Subtle/slight changes in current ambiance through noise generated by the development.
8.9 Having considered the nature and extent of the significance of the asset, including the contribution made by setting which currently experiences moderate traffic noise from the A4 Bath Road it is concluded that the harm arising from the change to its setting would be ‘less than substantial harm’.
Entrance Screen and gates to Rudloe Manor (NHLE Ref: 1022809) Impact
8.10 The site is not considered to form an important part of the wider setting of the gates; the site does not contribute towards or enhance the historic, architectural or artistic interests associated with the gates which within its setting are best presented by the visual relationship with the Foxfire Lodge where they collectively identify a former, historic driveway to into the Hartham Estate.
8.11 In respect of potential indirect impacts to the entrance gates which could be experienced as a consequence of the proposed works on site, it is anticipated that the setting of the gates would experience very limited changes to current sound levels experienced during operational hours, please see the accompanying Noise Assessment Report prepared Wardell Armstrong (Ref ST16841-0011).
8.12 Having considered the special architectural and historic interest of the grade II listed entrance gates and screen and the contribution that setting makes towards and understanding and appreciation of this special interest, it is anticipated that there would be limited harm as a consequence of the proposals. This is based on the following grounds:
• Subtle/slight changes in current ambiance through noise generated by the development.
8.13 Having considered the nature and extent of the significance of the asset, including the contribution made by setting which currently experiences moderate traffic noise from
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the A4 Bath Road it is concluded that the harm arising from the change to its setting would be ‘less than substantial harm’.
Rudloe Cottage (NHLE Ref: 1022807)
8.14 The site is not considered to form an important part of the wider setting of Rudloe Cottage; the site does not contribute towards or enhance the historic or architectural interests that contribute most expressively to its significance as an early 19th Century cottage built for the Hartham Estate. Its immediate setting where the cottage is experienced as part of a small cluster of historic buildings and structures close to the entrance to a former Hartham Estate driveway is of greater value adding to this historic interest.
8.15 In respect of potential indirect impacts to Rudloe Cottage which could be experienced as a consequence of the proposed works on site, it is anticipated that the setting of the cottage would experience very limited changes to current sound levels experienced during operational hours, please see the accompanying Noise Assessment Report prepared Wardell Armstrong (Ref ST16841-0011).
8.16 Having considered the special architectural and historic interest of the grade II listed Rudloe Cottage and the contribution that setting makes towards and understanding and appreciation of this special interest, it is anticipated that there would be limited harm as a consequence of the proposals. This is based on the following grounds:
• Subtle/slight changes in current ambiance through noise generated by the development.
8.17 Having considered the nature and extent of the significance of the asset, including the contribution made by setting which currently experiences moderate traffic noise from the A4 Bath Road it is concluded that the harm arising from the change to its setting would be ‘less than substantial harm’.
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9 CONCLUSION
9.1 This assessment, undertaken with due respect to guidance published by Historic England and with the utilisation of terminology in full accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework, has assessed the potential impact of the proposed development on the setting of the following designated heritage assets:
• Rudloe Manor;
• Foxfire Lodge;
• Entrances gates and screen to Rudloe Manor; and
• Rudloe Cottage.
9.2 The significance of each asset has been assessed and discussed above in Section 6 and it is considered that the significance of each asset derives primarily from their architectural, historic or archaeological interests which are expressed within their physical fabric rather than within their setting.
9.3 In consideration of the contribution of setting to understanding and appreciating the associated heritage interests of each asset, it is acknowledged that important setting elements in respect to heritage assets potentially affected are predominantly restricted to their immediate settings; in the case of Rudloe Manor this is its built and visual relationship with its former ancillary outbuildings and the west facing views it commands over the Bybrook Valley that contributes to the experience and appreciation of its architecture and scale.
9.4 With regards to Foxfire Lodge and the entrance gates and screen to Rudloe Manor, and to a lesser extent Rudloe Cottage, it is their built arrangement around the former driveway entrance, their visual relationship and their proximity to each other which is important to understanding their historic interest.
9.5 The rural character of the wider setting to each asset is also important with the prevalence of trees and lack of nearby buildings positively enhancing the visual experience of the assets.
9.6 The potential impact to the significance of each asset is anticipated to be indirect and to result from operational changes within their settings likely to be experienced; this would be as a result of potential limited changes to current sound levels experienced by each asset during operational hours, please see the accompanying Noise Assessment Report prepared Wardell Armstrong (Ref ST16841-0011).
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9.7 However, given the current ambience of each asset, in particular Rudloe Cottage, the entrance gates and screen and Foxfire Lodge, currently experience levels of traffic noise from the A4 Bath Road due to proximity and intensity of use, the impact of the proposed development on the significance of designated heritage asset is considered to equate to less than substantial harm.
9.8 The design approach adopted for the works, as detailed in Section 7, seeks to minimise the less than substantial harm and will ensure compliance with Core Policy 58: Ensuring the Conservation of the Historic Environment helping to conserve the setting of the nearby designated assets. In addition, the use of natural hedgerow boundaries to enclose the site boundaries accords with the existing character of the area, and the retention of the remaining sections of the Bath stone walls and gate piers to the existing vehicular access onto Bath Road will ensure non-designated built features that contribute to a sense of local character and identity are conserved.
9.9 In relation to the policies MCS1 (B) and MDC7 of the Minerals Core Strategy and Minerals Development Control, this statement has demonstrated through an assessment process that designated heritage assets of cultural importance within the vicinity of the site can be appropriately conserved.
9.10 The NPPF (paragraph 196) states that when a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm, this harm should be balanced against the public benefits of the scheme.
9.11 With respect to this ‘balancing’ the following public benefits should be taken into account, along with all other material considerations, and weighed as part of the planning balance.
9.12 Public benefits to consider are as follows:
• The works will enable the continued excavation of the valuable stone which will help to ensure that demand for the material for use in the maintenance of historic buildings, both locally and further afield can be met; and
• The proposals will sustain the current number of employees at the mine. The efficiency benefits associated with the proposed development will help to sustain these jobs on the site for the duration of the operations and the wider economic benefits associated with the mine, including local network of masonry works in the local area, which may receive a proportion of the stone produced at Hartham Park Mine.
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9.13 Section 66 of the Town and Country Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act (1990) stipulates that special regard should be applied to the desirability of preserving the setting of a Listed Building. The decision maker (i.e. the Local Planning Authority) is under a statutory duty to give considerable weight and importance to this factor.
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10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Documentary Sources
• British Geology Service (2017) Geology of Britain viewer: Available http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html
• CIfA (2014) Standards and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment, Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists
• DCLG. (2014) Planning Practice Guidance
• Historic England. (2017) National Heritage List for England downloadable GIS data
• Historic England. (2017) The Setting of Heritage Assets: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: 3
• Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. (2019) National planning policy framework
• Pevsner, N & Cherry, B (2002) The Buildings of England: Wiltshire
• Rodwell, K. A (2004) The History and Structural Development of Rudloe Manor, Box, Wiltshire
Cartographic Sources
• Ordnance Survey Maps 1889 onwards
• Tithe Map for Box Parish
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Appendix 1 Site Visit Plates
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Appendix 1: Site Visit Plates
Plate 1 – The site viewed from the south west corner looking north
Plate 2 – View looking east across the site; southern boundary to woodland area to right of image
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Plate 3 – View looking west across the site from the south east corner; trees to former driveway enclose the west boundary
Plate 4 – View north along the eastern boundary of the site
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Plate 5 – View east from the site; new residential development at Pickford visible to centre of image and A4 Box Road to right of image behind stone wall
Plate 6 – Zoomed in view north east where Hartham Park is just discernible in middle ground of image
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Plate 7 – View south east across the site from the western boundary; woodland area screens the site from Box Road to the south
Plate 8 – View east along Box Road; vehicular access into woodland and water treatment works to left of image
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Plate 9 – Sandstone gate pier and stone walling to southern boundary (Box Road) of woodland area
Plate 10 – Palisade fencing to water treatment works
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Plate 11 – Remains of estate fencing along southern boundary of the site and the woodland area
Plate 12 – View north along former driveway
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Plate 13 – View south east from former driveway towards site. Site not visible due to vegetation and trees on grass verge
Plate 14 – Remains of buildings associated with RAF Rudloe located to the west of the driveway adjacent to the western boundary of the site
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Plate 15 – View South along narrow road that leads to Rudloe Manor; boundary wall enclosure to Rudloe Manor to the left of the image
Plate 16 – Entrance gates and flanking walls to Rudloe Manor
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Plate 17 – New residential development and access to the north west of Rudloe Manor
Plate 18 – Stone outbuilding to the north Rudloe Manor
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Plate 19 – Stone range to the north of Rudloe Manor
Plate 20 – View south through garden of Rudloe Manor; listed barn just visible through the trees to the right of the image
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Plate 21 – View east into Rudloe Manor, listed barn to right of image
Plate 22 – View west from Rudloe Manor towards the Bybrook Valley
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Plate 23 – Rudloe Cottage viewed from the access road/layby to the west of the woodland area
Plate 24 – View north towards Foxfire lodge (left) and gates and screen. Site is not visible beyond the densely planted woodland area
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Plate 25 – West front of Rudloe Manor and aligned entrance drive
Plate 26 – West front of Rudloe Manor and extended south front to right
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Plate 27 – View north from junction with Bath Road towards Foxfire Lodge and the listed gates and screen; original lodge not visible being screened by later addition to the left of the image
Plate 28 – View west from Rudloe Firs towards Foxfire Lodge; the lodge is just perceptible in the centre if the background however is significantly obscured by trees. Former estate fencing to foreground of image
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Plate 29 – View south along former driveway towards gates and screen (just perceptible to the centre of the image). Foxfire Lodge not visible in the view. Remains of highway infrastructure associated with RAF Rudloe visible
Plate 30 – South and east facing fronts to Foxfire Lodge
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Plate 31 – Church Lodge and Gates, Hartham Lane
Plate 32 – Gate Lodge and main entrance gates to Hartham House, Hartham Lane
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Plate 33 – South face of entrance gates and inner piers
Plate 34 – Detailing to entrance gates
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Plate 35 – Decorative work to flanking screen
Plate 36 – Gates and screen viewed looking east; Significant tree cover to Rudloe Firs in background
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Plate 37 – View north from junction with Bath Road; south elevation partly obscured by existing hedge boundary
Plate 38 – Part south and east elevation of Rudloe Cottage with later addition to Foxfire Lodge in background
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Plate 39 – East elevation of Rudloe Cottage viewed from the north; Rudloe firs to the left of the image
Plate 40 – Entrance to Rudloe Cottage from access road to Rudloe Manor; Bath Road visible to the right of the image
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Plate 41 – South elevation of Rudloe Cottage viewed from access road to Rudloe Manor
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DRAWINGS
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383000E 384000E 385000E 386000E
172000N
171000N
170000N
169000N
Contains Ordnance Survey data c Crown copyright and database right 2018
168000N c Copyright Reserved
CLIENT DRG No. REV THE BATH STONE Co. Ltd. ST16481-015 P0 SIZE SCALE DATE
PROJECT A4 1:20,000 03/11/18 HARTHAM BATHSTONE MINE ENTRANCE DRAWN BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY SJB
DRAWING TITLE STOKE ON TRENT | TEL 01782 276700 WWW.WARDELL-ARMSTRONG.COM Preliminary BIRMINGHAM GLASGOW SITE LOCATION BOLTON LONDON CARDIFF MANCHESTER CARLISLE NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE EDINBURGH SHEFFIELD
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