Birdingfield Report Lucre – Huacarpay

BIRDING FIELD REPORT LUCRE – HUACARPAY LAGOON CUSCO – PERU 2021

Women birders participants near at Lucre -Huacarpay Lagoon - Photo by Ana Amable

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WOMEN BIRDERS PROGRAM Sponsored by Jacamar Club and Vortex Optics www.JACAMARCLUB.com

> A Field Report < Of Birding Excursions and The importance of Empowering Women in the Birding Activities for Enviromental Education in Peru and Bolivia.

WOMEN BIRDERS PROGRAM Sponsored by Jacamar Club and Vortex Optics, Lucre - Huacarpay Lagoon CUSCO – PERU march 27, 2021

Valeri Leon1, Ana Amable2, Richard Amable3 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

The “Women Birders”, a program created to empower women in the good ecological practices of birding & birdwatching in Peru and Bolivia. Through this program the women in the community will be able to increase their leadership and knowledge in conservation and ecotourism. Also, this will make a difference in their communities as they can represent their communities and will lead the changes in local conservation behavior. Finally, it will benefit directly to the conservation of local birds. The Jacamar Club programs perform a series of activities as a preliminary steps to environmental education, ecotourism ideas and conservation of bird habitats in Peru and Bolivia. It is a long way of training, all the participants in our program have been learning about birds both virtually, through various talks, and in situ, twice a month, going out to birch around the Cusco region in Peru, recording all possible birds, taking photos of the birds, places and communities where we do our trainings. In the Cusco region we are 10 from 30 ladies, of three regions of Peru, ladies from different houses of study, institutes, universities that without distinction we learn together from the hand of Jacamar Club; If you want to support us you can find out more here on our website, in addition you will find videos, photos and the selected ones reports of each field trip in the three regions where the program takes place, in Cusco, Madre de Dios and Loreto. https://jacamarclub.com/women-birders-peru/

BIRDING LOCALITIES OF INTEREST

CUSCO CITY Cuzco is a city in the Peruvian Andes that was the capital of the Inca Empire and is known for its archaeological remains and Spanish colonial architecture. The Plaza de Armas is the center of the old city, with galleries, carved wooden balconies and ruins of Inca walls. The Santo Domingo convent, in the Baroque style, was built on the Inca Sun Temple (Qoricancha) and has archaeological remains of Inca stonework. Cuzco has many bird watching places, emblematic places and that ensure the enjoyment of any amateur and professional birdwatchers, they are also very close to the city of Cusco.

LUCRE – HUACARPAY LAGOON Lucre - Huacarpay Lagoon is the eleventh wetland located by the Peruvian State as a Ramsar site of international importance. Its located in the district of Lucre, province of Quispicanchi, in Cusco Region and is accessed by the Cusco- Puno road 25 km from Cusco, at 3020 m. altitude, between 13°36´71´´ S and 71°44´21´´ Lucre - Huacarpay lagoon, constitutes a fragmenting set of lagoons, swamps and surrounding areas due to natural and anthropic activities. Page 2

Lucre -Huacarpay map1

1 VENERO, J. L. 2015. Guia de Macrofauna y Etnornitologia en LUCRE -HUACARPAY Page 3

THE KEY TO THE BIRD LIST

* = Species heard only Red – IUCN Red List Category IOC = International Ornithological Congress SACC = South American Classification Committee

THE LIST OF BIRDS

ANSERIFORMES Galliformes + Anseriformes, collectively called Galloanseres, are placed in the linear sequence to follow Tinamiformes in accordance with a wealth of data that show that these two orders are sister taxa, and that they are basal within the neognath birds, as well as see Mayr & Clarke (2003), Fain & Houde (2004), Livezey and Zusi (2007), Hackett et al. (2008), Eo et al. (2009), and Prum et al. (2015). See Zusi & Livezey (2000), Sorenson et al. (2003), Cracraft et al. (2004), and Eo et al. (2009) for support for the traditional monophyly of the Anseriformes. Cracraft (2013) divided the family into four subfamilies: Dendrocygninae, Oxyurinae, Anserinae, and Anatinae.

ANATIDAE: DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS / PATOS, GANSOS, Y CISNES

1.-Puna Teal - Spatula puna - Pato de la Puna Seen two of them, common here. Anas puna and A. versicolor are sometimes (e.g., Peters 1931, Johnsgard 1979, Carboneras 1992f, Dickinson 2003) considered conspecific, but most classifications (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1948a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Blake 1977, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990, Dickinson & Remsen 2013, del Hoyo & Collar 2014) consider them to be separate species. They form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990), and genetic data (Johnson & Sorenson 1999) confirm that they are sister species. SACC proposal to treat puna as conspecific with versicolor did not pass. Johnsgard (1965) proposed that these two species were most closely related to African A. hottentota; genetic data (Johnson & Sorenson 1999) suggest that this is correct.

2.- Cinnamon Teal - Spatula cyanoptera - Pato Colorado Seen a pair only. Anas discors and A. cyanoptera were formerly (e.g., Pinto 1938, Hellmayr & Conover 1948a) placed in a separate genus, Querquedula, but see Delacour & Mayr (1945) and McKinney (1970). Genetic data (Johnson & Sorenson 1999) confirm that they are sister species (as did Eo et al. 2009).

3.-Yellow-billed (Speckled) Teal - Anas flavirostris - Pato Barcino Seen over five, common here. Johnson and Sorenson (1999) found that North American carolinensis was more closely related to A. flavirostris than either was to Old World A. crecca, but NACC delayed treating the two as separate species pending analysis of contact zone in Bering Sea and additional (nuclear) DNA data.

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Cinnamon Teal Photo by Ana Amable

Yellow - billed (Speckled) Teal Photo by Nay Ruth

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PODICIPEDIFORMES PODICIPEDIDAE: Grebes / Zambullidores

4.-White-tufted Grebe – Rollandia Rolland - Zambullidor Pimpollo Seen three, Rollandia rolland was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in genus Podiceps, but recent classifications usually follow Storer's (1963) analysis of morphology and display behavior in use of Rollandia for this species and microptera. The subspecies of continental South America, Rollandia r. chilensis, was formerly (e.g., Peters 1931, Pinto 1938; see also Fjelds√• & Krabbe 1990) considered a separate species from nominate rolland of the Falkland Islands.

White-tufted Grebe Photo by Nay Ruth Leon

COLUMBIFORMES COLUMBIDAE: PIGEONS AND DOVES / PALOMAS Y TÓRTOLAS

Jarvis et al. (2014) and Prum et al. (2015) found that the Columbiformes were sister to Old World Pterocliformes + Mesitornithiformes. The monophyly of the Columbiformes has never been seriously questioned. Traditional classifications (e.g., Gibbs et al. 2001) treat the huge, extinct flightless pigeons of the Mascarene Islands as a separate family, Raphidae, but recognition of this family would certainly make both families paraphyletic because it would seem impossible that the three species of "Raphidae" are each other’s closest relatives, but instead represent three independent colonizations of separate islands with subsequent convergent evolution . Within the Columbidae, Goodwin (1983) recognized five subfamilies, only one of which, Columbinae, occurs in the Western Hemisphere.

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These subfamily designations do not correspond to deep splits in the family. In fact, genetic data (Johnson 2004) indicate that the New World ground-doves are a distinctive group that are the sister group to a large sample of Old World and New World genera. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of genera to placed ground doves first. Pereira et al. (2007) confirmed the distinctiveness of the New World ground doves but did not find that they were the sister to all other columbids, but rather that the Columba group was; they also found strong support for the sister relationship between Columbina and Metriopelia. Gibb and Penny (2010) also found that the Columba group was sister to all other pigeons. Cracraft (2013) and Dickinson & Remsen (2013) placed the pigeons in three subfamilies: Columbinae, Peristerinae, and Raphinae (extralimital). SACC proposal passed to recognize two subfamilies and to modify sequence of genera. Dickinson & Raty (2015) determined that Claravinae or Claraviinae, not Peristerinae, is the correct subfamily name. Sweet et al. (2017) found that the relationships among the genera in the Claravinae are not reflected in traditional linear sequences. SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence.

5.-Eared Dove - Zenaida auriculata - Tórtola Orejuda Seen two of them. Mayr & Short (1970), Goodwin (1983), and Baptista et al. (1997) considered Zenaida auriculata and Z. macroura, along with Z. graysoni, to form a superspecies; these three species were formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Hellmayr & Conover 1942) placed in a separate genus, Zenaidura, but most subsequent authors have followed Goodwin (1958) for its merger into Zenaida. Although genetic data (Johnson & Clayton 2000b) confirm that they form a monophyletic group, recognition of Zenaidura would make Zenaida paraphyletic, thus supporting Goodwin's (1958) merger of Zenaidura into Zenaida. Although some genetic data (Johnson 2004) suggested recognition of Zenaidura may be required, because "true" Zenaida may be more closely related to some Geotrygon species, subsequent sampling (Johnson & Weckstein 2011) confirmed the monophyly of Zenaida.

APODIFORMES For continuing support for monophyly of the Apodiformes, see Kitto & Wilson (1966), Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Bleiweiss et al. (1994), Johansson et al. (2001), Livezey & Zusi (2001), Mayr (2003), Fain & Houde (2004), Ericson et al. (2006), and Hackett et al. (2008). The Apodiformes and Caprimulgiformes are likely sister taxa (Cracraft et al. 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Livezey & Zusi 2007), at least if Caprimulgiformes is narrowly defined to include only Caprimulgidae (Hackett et al. 2008).

Most classifications use three or more subfamily designations within the Apodidae, based on Brooke et al. (1972) and references therein, e.g.). Chantler (1995), for example, recognized two subfamilies: Cypseloidinae for Cypseloides and Streptoprocne, and Apodinae for everything else, but divided into three tribes (Chaeturini for Chaetura and six Old World genera, Apodini for Aeronautes, Tachornis, Panyptila, Apus, and two Old World genera, and Collocaliini for another two Old World genera). Price et al. (2004, 2005) corroborated many of those groupings. SACC proposal needed to add subfamilies.

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TROCHILIDAE: HUMMINGBIRDS / COLIBRÍES

The monophyly of the Trochilidae has never been questioned. The use of the subfamily level of classification marks the major, deep division of the lineage that is supported by many data sets (e.g., Zusi & Bentz 1982, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Bleiweiss et al. 1994, 1997, Altshuler et al. 2004). However, recent genetic data (Altshuler et al. 2004) indicate that Topaza and Florisuga are basal to the two traditional subfamilies. Altshuler et al. (2004) found strong support for at least four major groups within the traditional Trochilinae, with formal recognition awaiting additional taxon-sampling; those groups are congruent with the groups found by Bleiweiss et al. (1997). McGuire et al. (2007, 2009, 2014) updated the phylogeny presented in Altshuler et al. (2004). SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of genera. Cracraft (2013) recognized six subfamilies: Florisuginae, Phaethornithinae, Polytminae, Lesbiinae, Patagoninae, and Trochilinae. Proposal needed to add subfamilies.

6.-Giant Hummingbird - Patagona gigas - Colibrí Gigante Widespread and fairly common on west slope of Andes and in intermontane valleys, 2000–4300 m. Occupies open, relatively arid habitats: montane scrub, hedgerows, and open woods (including Polylepis). The largest hummingbird, and easily recognized by large size. Wingbeats noticeably slow; may be mistaken for Andean Swift (due to pale rump and wingbeat). Dull, with no gorget or brilliant colors but contrasting pale rump. Underparts variable, dull rufous or light rufous scaled with grayish brown.

Giant Hummingbird Photo by Ana Amable

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GRUIFORMES RALLIDAE: Rails, Gallinules, and Coots / Rascones, Pollas de Agua, y Gallaretas

7.-Plumbeous Rail - Pardirallus sanguinolentus - Rascón Plomizo About two seen in diferents sites. Pardirallus sanguinolentus and P. nigricans were formerly (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1942, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Blake 1977, Ripley 1977, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990, Haverschmidt & Mees 1994) placed in genus Rallus, but see Olson (1973) for separation of Pardirallus from Rallus; this was followed by Taylor (1996, 1998) and AOU (1998). For further confirmation, see García-R et al. (2014). Pardirallus sanguinolentus and P. nigricans were also sometimes (e.g., Peters 1934, Pinto 1938) placed in separate genus Ortygonax, but see Olson (1973)

8.-Common Gallinule - Gallinula galeata - Polla de Agua Común} Seen ten of them. Formerly known as "Common Moorhen" (e.g., Dickinson 2003). Hilty & Brown (1986), Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990), Haverschmidt & Mees (1994), and Ridgely et al. (2001) continued to use "Common Gallinule." Long known by this name in the New World (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970), the AOU (1983) switched to "Moorhen" to conform to Old World usage. SACC proposal passed to change to "Common Gallinule." SACC proposal to add "Common Moorhen" as an alternative name did not pass.

9.-Slate-colored (Andean) Coot - Fuliaca ardesiaca - Gallareta Andina About four birds seen. Fulica ardesiaca was once considered a color morph (Gill 1964, Blake 1977) or subspecies (e.g., Ripley 1977) of F. americana; for continued treatment of it as a species separate from F. americana, see Fjeldså (1982b, 1983) and García-R et al. (2014), who found that it was the sister species to F. leucoptera. Fjeldså (1983) also noted that two subspecies of ardesiaca differ in many aspects of their biology and mate assortatively where sympatric, yet concluded that they should be considered conspecific.

CHARADRIIFORMES The monophyly of the Charadriiformes is well established (e.g., REFS, Paton et al. 2003, Hackett et al. 2008) except for whether the Old World Pteroclidae should be included (REFS, Ericson et al. 2003, Paton et al. 2003). Within the order, the relationships of the families have been controversial (e.g., Strauch 1978, Mickevich & Parenti 1980, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Christian et al. 1992, Ward 1992, Björklund 1994, Chu 1994, 1995, REFS, Livezey 2010). The most recent genetic data confirm (Ericson et al. 2003, Paton et al. 2003, Fain & Houde 2004, Hackett et al. 2008) the genetic data of Sibley & Ahlquist (1990) in that the order consists of three major groups: (1) the Scolopaci [Scolopacidae, Thinocoridae, Pedionomidae, Rostratulidae, and Jacanidae]; (2) the Charadrii [Charadriidae, Recurvirostridae, Haematopodidae, Burhinidae, and Chionidae]; and (3) the Lari [Laridae, Rynchopidae, Stercorariidae, Alcidae, Dromadidae, and Glareolidae]. SACC proposal passed to recognize three suborders. Four recent studies (Ericson et al. 2003, Paton et al. 2003, Fain and Houde 2007, Hackett et al. 2008) differ from Sibley & Ahlquist in identifying the Charadrii as basal (rather than sister to Lari). Ericson et al. (2003) and Paton et al. (2003)

Also agree (using overlapping genetic data) on identifying the following sister relationships: (1) Burhinidae + Chionidae, (2) Haematopodidae + Recurvirostridae (also identified as sisters by Fain & Houde 2004, 2007, Livezey & Zusi 2007); (3) Rostratulidae + Jacanidae (also identified as sisters by Fain & Houde 2004, 2007, Livezey & Zusi 2007, Livezey 2010); and (4) Rynchopidae + Laridae (including Sterninae) (also identified as sisters by Livezey & Zusi 2007). Fain and Houde (2007), however, recovered Rynchopidae as sister to Sterninae within Laridae. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of families. For an analysis of phenotypic characters that produces a different classification of the Charadriiformes in several ways, see Livezey (2010)

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RECURVIROSTRIDAE Stilts and Avocets / Cigüeñuelas y Avocetas

10.-Black-necked Stilt - Himantopus mexicanus - Cigüeñuela de Cuello Negro Seen three. Himantopus mexicanus was formerly (e.g., Peters 1934, Pinto 1938, Hellmayr & Conover 1948b, Phelps & Phelps 1958a, Vaurie 1965c, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Blake 1977, Haverschmidt & Mees 1994) considered a subspecies of Old World H. himantopus ("Common Stilt") and was so treated by Dickinson (2003). Many authors continue to treat them as conspecific, e.g., Pierce (1996), Christidis & Boles (2008), and Dickinson & Remsen (2013). Some authors have treated southern South American melanurus as a separate species (e.g., Sibley & Monroe 1990, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). The six taxa in the genus Himantopus form a near-globally distributed superspecies (Mayr & Short 1970, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Pierce 1996), and with from one to six species-level taxa recognized by various authors. Virtually no data are available relevant to taxon-ranking of allopatric populations. The contact between mexicanus and melanurus in South America, where at least some hybridization occurs, affords one of the best opportunities for such study; preliminary data indicate substantial hybridization (Harvey et al. 2014). Dickinson & Remsen (2013) and del Hoyo & Collar (2014) treated all New World taxa as subspecies of a broadly distributed species, H. himantopus (as “Black-winged Stilt”). SACC proposal needed.

SCOLOPACIDAE: Sandpipers and Allies / Playeros, Becasinas, y Afines

11.- Greater Yellowlegs - Tringa melanoleuca (NB) - Playero Pata Amarilla Mayor Seen one. Tringa melanoleuca and T. flavipes were formerly placed in a separate genus, Neoglottis (e.g., Ridgway 1919) or Totanus (e.g., REFS), but see Vaurie (1965c) and Jehl (1968b). .

Lesser Yellowlegs Photo by Valeri Leon

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12.-Lesser Yellowlegs - Tringa flavipes (NB) – Playero Pata Amarilla Menor Seen one. Tringa melanoleuca and T. flavipes were formerly placed in a separate genus, Neoglottis (e.g., Ridgway 1919) or Totanus (e.g., REFS), but see Vaurie (1965c) and Jehl (1968b). .

LARIDAE: Gulls and Terns / Gaviotas y Gaviotines

13.-Andean Gull - Chroicocephalus serranus - Gaviota Andina Seen two. The genetic data of Crochet et al. (1999) and Pons et al. (2005) indicate that Larus as formerly constituted was polyphyletic, and that resurrection of Chroicocephalus for a group of species that includes L. cirrocephalus, L. serranus, L. ridibundus, and L. maculipennis was necessary to maintain Larus as monophyletic; this would represent a partial return to the classification of Ridgway (1919), which also included Leucophaeus pipixcan and L. atricilla in Chroicocephalus. SACC proposal passed to recognize Chroicocephalus.

SULIFORMES The families in this order are traditionally included in the Pelecaniformes, but genetic data indicate that that traditional group is not monophyletic; see Note 1 under Pelecaniformes. Support is strong, however, for the monophyly of a group that includes Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, and Fregatidae (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Harshman 1994, Cracraft et al. 2004, Fain & Houde 2004, Kennedy & Spencer 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008). Chesser at al. (2010) removed Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, and Fregatidae from the Pelecaniformes and placed them in their own new order, Suliformes. SACC proposal passed to remove these from Pelecaniformes and place in their own order. Cracraft (2013) reduced the Suliformes to a suborder, Suloidea, of the Pelecaniformes. The monophyly of each family has never been seriously questioned and has been supported by or corroborated with genetic data for the Sulidae (Friesen & Anderson 1997), the Phalacrocoracidae (Kennedy et al. 2000), and the Fregatidae (Kennedy & Spencer 2004). The sequence of genera and species within each family follows Dorst and Mougin (1979).

PHALACROCORACIDAE: Cormorants / Cormoranes

14.-Neotropic Cormorant – Phalacrocorax brasilianus - Cormoran Neotropical Seen two of them. Phalacrocorax harrisi was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1948a) placed in the monotypic genus Nannopterum, but recent authors (e.g., Sibley & Monroe 1990, Orta 1992a) have usually followed Dorst and Mougin (1979) in merging this into Phalacrocorax. [note needed on the lump, Causey REFS?]. Genetic data (Kennedy et al. 2009) support a close relationship between P. harrisi and P. brasilianus + North American P. auritus (contra van Tets [1976] and Siegel-Causey [1988]). Murphy (1936) had previously noted the morphological similarities between P. harrisi and P. brasilianus. Kennedy and Spencer (2014) confirmed the close relationship of these three species and resurrected Nannopterum for them.

PELECANIFORMES The order Pelecaniformes traditionally also included the families Phaethontidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Sulidae, Anhingidae, and Fregatidae. Studies using genetic and morphological data have questioned the monophyly of the order (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Hedges & Sibley 1994, Siegel-Causey 1997, van Tuinen et al. 2001, Cracraft et al. 2004, Fain & Houde 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Gibb et al. 2007, Mayr 2007, Hackett et al. 2008, Jarvis et al. 2014, Prum et al. 2015; cf. Livezey & Zusi 2007). To restore the monophyly of the Pelecaniformes, the Phaethontidae has been removed and elevated to the rank of order (see Note 1 under Phaethontiformes), and the Phalacrocoracidae, Sulidae, Anhingidae, and Fregatidae and have been removed and placed in their own order, Suliformes (see Note 1 under that order).

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Two Afrotropical families, Balaenicipitidae and Scopidae, are the most likely sister taxa to the Pelecanidae (Hedges & Sibley 1994, Siegel-Causey 1997, van Tuinen et al. 2001, Fain and Houde 2004, Cracraft et al. 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008, Prum et al. 2015; cf. Mayr 2003, Mayr and Clarke 2003). Two other families, the Ardeidae and Threskiornithidae, are traditionally placed in the Ciconiiformes, but genetic data (Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008, Jarvis et al. 2014, Prum et al. 2015) indicate that that group is not monophyletic and that the Ardeidae and Threskiornithidae form a monophyletic group with the Pelecanidae. Chesser at al. (2010) Removed Ardeidae and Threskiornithidae from the Ciconiiformes and placed them in the Pelecaniformes. SACC proposal passed to remove Ardeidae and Threskiornithidae from Ciconiiformes and to place them in the Pelecaniformes.

ARDEIDAE: Herons and Bitterns / Garzas y Mirasoles 15.-Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis - Garcita Bueyera One seen.

16.-Great Egret - Ardea alba - Garza Grande Seen two of them. Bubulcus is included in the genus Ardeola in some classifications (e.g., Bock 1956, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990), but Wetmore (1965) and Payne & Risley (1976) listed many characters of Bubulcus that differ from other species in Ardeola. Payne & Risley (1976) and Payne (1979) merged Bubulcus into Egretta based mainly on morphometric data, and this was followed by Haverschmidt & Mees (1994). Genetic data, however, do not support a close relationship between Bubulcus and Egretta, but suggest a close relationship to Ardea (Sheldon 1987, Sheldon et al. 1995, 2000, McCracken & Sheldon 1998).

17.-Snowy Egret - Egretta thula - Garcita Blanca One seen. Egretta gularis and E. garzetta were considered conspecific in Martínez-Vilata and Motis (1992); Payne & Risley (1976) and Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered E. gularis, E. garzetta, and E. thula to form a superspecies.

18.- Little Blue Heron - Egretta caerulea - Garcita Azul One seen. Egretta caerulea was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1938, Hellmayr & Conover 1948a, Phelps & Phelps 1958a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in monotypic genus Florida, but see Bock (1956), Dickerman & Parkes (1968), Payne & Risley (1976), and McCracken & Sheldon (1998).

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Snowy Egret Photo by Nay Ruth

Little Blue Heron Photo by Nay Ruth

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THRESKIORNITHIDAE: Ibises and Spoonbills / Ibises y Espátulas

19.-Puna Ibis - Plegadis ridgwayi - Ibis de la Puna Seen fiveteen, very common. Plegadis ridgwayi was considered part of the P. falcinellus superspecies by REF, but see Short (1975).

FALCONIFORMES SACC proposal passed to separate Accipitriformes from Falconiformes. See Note 1 under Accipitriformes. Ericson et al. (2006) and Hackett et al. (2008) found that the Falconiformes are actually more closely related to the Psittaciformes and Passeriformes than to any other orders. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of orders.

FALCONIDAE: Falcons and Caracaras / Halcones y Caracaras Harriers are long-winged, long-tailed hawks of open country. Typically show a narrow white band on the upper tail coverts. Harrier flight is distinctive, a mixture of frequent flapping interspersed with short glides and sudden tilting motions; wings often are held noticeably above the plane of the body. Harriers forage by flying low over the ground, often passing back and forth over an area, then dropping down suddenly on prey. Cinereous is the only expected harrier in Peru. Merlin and American Kestrel are the two smallest species of falcon found in Peru.

20.-American Kestrel - Falco sparverius - Cernícalo Americano Seen two. Falco sparverius was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1938) placed in the monotypic genus Cerchneis.

PASSERIFORMES Virtually all morphological and genetic data support the monophyly of the order Passeriformes. Within the Passeriformes, genetic data (e.g., Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Edwards et al. 1991, Mindell et al. 1997, García-Moreno & Mindell 2000, Lovette & Bermingham 2000, Irestedt et al. 2001, Prychitko & Moore 2003, Hackett et al. 2008) support the traditional division of the order based on morphology (see Ames 1971, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) into suboscines (here Dendrocolaptidae through Sapayoidae) and oscines (the rest of the families), with the exception that the Acanthisittidae of New Zealand are basal to both groups (REF, Hackett et al. 2008).

FURNARIIDAE: Ovenbirds / Horneros

21.-Brown-billed Scythebill - Campylorhamphus pusillus - Pico-Guadaña de Pico Pardo Seen one bird. The borealis subspecies group of Central America was considered a separate species from Campylorhamphus pusillus by Ridgway (1911).

22.-Wren-like Rushbird - Phleocryptes melanops – Junquero Seen one bird. Vaurie (1980) and Sibley & Monroe (1990) merged Limnoctites into Limnornis; this was followed by Dickinson (2003), but see Ridgely & Tudor (1994) and Remsen (2003). Olson et al. (2005) have shown that Limnornis and Limnoctites are not particularly closely related, with Limnoctites embedded within Cranioleuca, and with Limnornis closely related to Phleocryptes (see also Irestedt et al. 2006, Moyle et al. 2009). However, taxon-sampling still so incomplete within the genus that although C. sulphurifera and Limnoctites are almost certainly sisters, their inclusion together in Cranioleuca is uncertain. SACC proposal to merge Limnoctites into Cranioleuca did not pass. Broader taxon- sampling (Derryberry et al. 2011) confirmed the sister relationship between Limnoctites and C. sulphurifera, and that this pair is sister to all other Cranioleuca except C. gutturata. SACC proposal passed to transfer sulphurifera to Limnoctites (thus requiring a change in the variable ending to sulphuriferus) and to change English name of Limnoctites sulphuriferus to “Sulphur-bearded Reedhaunter

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Wren-like Rushbird Photo by Nay Ruth

TYRANNIDAE: Tyrant Flycatchers / Tiranos

23.-Many-colored Rush Tyrant – Tachuris rubrigastra - Siete Colores de la Totora Seen two. The intrafamilial relationships of the distinctive genus Tachuris are uncertain; proposed that it was most closely related to Pseudocolopteryx. Genetic data (Tello et al. 2009) indicate that it is a member of a group consisting mainly of the flatbills, but that it has no close relatives. SACC proposal needed.

TURDIDAE: Thrushes / Zorzales

24.-Chiguanco Thrush - Turdus chiguanco - Zorzal Chiguanco About seen five birds. Turdus fuscater and T. chiguanco may intergrade in central Bolivia although they behave as biological species elsewhere (Fjeldså & Krabbe 1989, 1990). Voelker et al. (2007) indicated that they are not sister species, with T. serranus and T. chiguanco sisters, but Batista et al. (2020) showed that this is because fuscater itself is not monophyletic. SACC proposal on species limits in T. fuscater did not pass.

FRINGILLIDAE: Finches / Jilgueros y Euphonias

25.-Hooded Siskin - Spinus magellanicus - Jilguero Encapuchado Seen fiveteen birds. The subspecies santaecrucis was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr 1938, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) a separate species, but recent classifications (e.g., Ridgely & Tudor 1989) have followed Howell et al. (1968) in treating it as a subspecies of Sporagra magellanica, as suggested by Meyer de Schauensee (1966); see Short (1975) for rationale. Beckman & Witt (2015) found that the subspecies S. m. alleni was sister to S. xanthogastra.

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PASSERELLIDAE: New World Sparrows and Allies / Gorriones del Nuevo Mundo y Afines

Genetic data (Bledsoe 1988, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Lougheed et al. 2000, Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007, Sedano & Burns 2010 -- check Groth-Barrowclough etc.) indicate that the family Emberizidae as traditionally constituted is polyphyletic, with most genera occurring in South America belonging to the tanager lineage; some morphological data (Clark 1986) also support this. The only genera in South America traditionally placed in the Emberizidae for which genetic data indicate that they are true Emberizidae (now Passerellidae) are: Zonotrichia, Ammodramus, Aimophila (DaCosta et al. 2009), Arremon, and Atlapetes; the majority have been found to be members of the Thraupidae; see Note 1 under that family. Barker et al. (2013) and Klicka et al.

(2014) found that even a more narrowly defined Emberizidae was not a monophyletic group and that recognition of a new family, Passerellidae, was required for all New World members of Emberizidae. This was adopted by Chesser et al. (2017). SACC proposal passed to recognize Rhodinocichlidae. Klicka et al. (2014) also found that the phylogenetic relationships among genera and species in this family are not reflected in traditional linear sequences. SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence.

26.-Rufous-collared Sparrow - Zonotrichia capensis - Gorrión de Collar Rufo About seen two birds. Common and widespread on coast and Andes, from sea level up to 4500 m; also locally found down to 350 m on east slope in Mayo and central Huallaga valleys. Found in gardens, agricultural fields, and other open habitats. In Andes, much more common on west slope and in intermontane valleys than on east-facing slopes. Largely granivorous; forages on ground, usually near shrubby cover. May form large flocks when not breeding, often flocking with other species. Juvenile streakier overall but has rufous collar and same shape as adult.

ICTERIDAE: New World Blackbirds / Oropéndolas y Tordos

27.-Yellow-winged Blackbird - Agelasticus thilius - Tordo de Ala Amarilla Seen one bird. North American and South American Agelaius are not closely related to each other (Lanyon 1994, Johnson & Lanyon 1999). Therefore, Chrysomus Swainson, 1837, has been resurrected for the South American species. However, Chrysomus itself is paraphyletic with respect to Pseudoleistes and Xanthopsar (Johnson & Lanyon 1999): genetic data (REFS, Johnson & Lanyon 1999) indicate that (a) C. icterocephalus and C. ruficapillus are sister species, and that they form a sister group to Xanthopsar + Pseudoleistes; and (b) C. cyanopus and C. xanthophthalmus are sister species, that C. thilius is the sister of this pair of species, and that together these three form a sister-group to a group of taxa that consists of Agelaioides, the other two South American Chrysomus (icterocephalus and ruficapillus), Xanthopsar, and Pseudoleistes. Lowther et al. (2004) proposed the resurrection of Agelasticus for C. cyanopus, C. xanthophthalmus, and C. thilius to keep Chrysomus monophyletic. SACC proposal passed to recognize Agelasticus for cyanopus, xanthophthalmus, and thilius. Powell et al. (2014) confirmed these relationships.

THRAUPIDAE: Tanagers / Tangaras

28.-Peruvian Sierra Finch - Phrygilus punensis - Fringilo Peruano

Sen one bird. Phrygilus atriceps is treated as a separate species from P. gayi because of sympatric breeding reported in Chile (see Johnson 1967), although they may rarely hybridize (Marin et al. 1989). Paynter (1970a) considered the taxon punensis to be a subspecies of P. atriceps, whereas Meyer de Schauensee (1970) treated it as a subspecies of P. gayi. Recent classifications usually follow Ridgely & Tudor (1989), who elevated punensis to species rank based largely on unpublished data. SACC proposal to consider punensis and atriceps conspecific did not pass

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Rufous-collared Sparrow Photo by Ana Amable

Peruvian Sierra Finch (female) Photo by Ana Amable Page 17

THANKS TO THE PROUD SUPPORTER AND SPONSORS FOR THE BIRDERS WOMEN PROGRAM – 2020 -2021

1.- Thanks to Shamus Terry and Vortex Optics for sponsoring with birding gear for the education and training purpose, to help leaders in birding and birdwatching in Perú.

2.- Thanks to volunteers (Cusco) for this program and for the enthusiasm and companionship in the world of birds.

− Estudiante de Turismo Fiorella Ucañani Leon − Estudiante de Turismo Valeri Leon − Tec. Turismo Nay Ruth Leon − Lic. Ana Amable

FIELD GEAR USED

• Binocular: Vortex Diamondback HD 8X42mm (1) • Binocular: Vortex Diamondback HD 10X42mm (1) • Binocular: Vortex Diamondback HD 8X32mm (2) • Spotting Scope Razor 22-48X65mm HD (1) • Tripod Vortex Pro-GT (1) • Green Laser Pointer (1) • Bauker speaker (1) • Digital Camera: CANON 90D Calidad cine 4k for video • Lent CANON 24-105mm (1) • Nikon Coolpix Digital Camera P900 • Bird of Peru, Aves de Peru (Field Book)

MORE INFORMATIONS AND THE NICE VIDEO CAN BE FOUND AT

1. The fun Page https://www.facebook.com/JacamarClub/ 2. Also at our website https://jacamarclub.com/ 3. Ebird Bio @jacamarclub 4. Instagram Bio @Jacamarclub

REFERENCES AND TITERATURES

PLENGE, M. A. Versión [enero 2021] List of the birds of Peru / Lista de las aves del Perú. Unión de Ornitólogos del Perú:

SCHULEMBERG, T. S.; D .F.STOTZ; D. F. LANE; J. P. O’NEILL & T. A. PARKER III. 2007. Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton University Press. 304 pp.

SAAC (The South American Classification Committee).Classification of the Bird Species of South America

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PICTURES OF THE DAY

Participants near to Lucre Huacarpay - Photo by Ana Amable

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Biosafety protection - Photo by Nay Ruth

Birdin in action - Photo by Ana Amable

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Walking around the Lucre-Huacarpay Photo by Ana Amable

BirdWatching in Lucre-Huacarpay Photo by Ana Amable

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Birding in action Photo by Ana Amable

Spotting Scope Razor 22-48X65mm HD - Photo by Ana Amable

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