DOCSLIB.ORG

Characteristic and Paleoenvironment Significance of Microbially Induced

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characteristic and Paleoenvironment Significance of Microbially Induced Open Geosciences 2021; 13: 917–931 Research Article Wei Zheng, Xin Xu, Yongan Qi, Zhifeng Xing*, Yunlong Liu, Xiaoyan Li, and Baibing Chen Characteristic and paleoenvironment significance of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in terrestrial facies across P-T boundary in Western Henan Province, North China https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0285 layers, and calcareous concretions in the western Henan received January 25, 2021; accepted July 22, 2021 Province, show a specific, post-extinction continental eco- fl Abstract: We report varied microbially induced sedimen- system that was characterized by micro ora dominance, tary structures (MISS), and other sedimentary surface tex- monotonous and rare fossils, extreme hot climate, soil tures, from the Induan (Early Triassic) Sunjiagou Formation ecosystem devastation, and poor vegetation. and Liujiagou Formation in the Xingyang, Dengfeng, Jiyuan Keywords: MISS, continental ecosystem, the end-Permian and Yiyang areas, western Henan Province, North China. mass extinction, controlling factors Microanalysis shows that these MISS are characterized by a U-shaped structure, thin clayey laminae, and discontinuous mica sheet that are arranged parallel to the bedding plane, as well as directionally oriented quartz grains floating in 1 Introduction lamina, which are indicative of a biogenic origin. The - MISS of the studied area were probably affected by four According to studies of modern microbial mats, cyano main factors, including the end-Permian mass extinction, bacteria and its extracellular polymeric substances form - - the megamonsoon, the adapted sedimentary environment, sheet like sedimentary bodies, the microbial mat, by trap [ – ] - and the sediment supply, and they possess significant stra- ping, binding, and biostabilization 1 4 .Thestrength ffl tigraphic correlation. Abundant microbial-related sedimen- toughness properties, cohesiveness, and ba ing of the ’ - tary structures from the study area indicate that continental microbial mat enhance the sedimentary surface sresis ecosystems were severely devastated in the aftermath of tance to corrosion, smooth its texture, and stabilize it. ff the Permian-Triassic biocrisis. These sedimentary structure Additionally, the microbial mat a ects surface sediment assemblages, including MISS, red beds, conglomerate and environmental properties due to biological activity and biochemistry [2,4]. The microbial community interacts with the sedimentary environment by growing, destroying, decaying, and metabolizing in order to form biomat-related * Corresponding author: Zhifeng Xing, Institute of Resources and sedimentary structures, which are known as microbially Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; induced sedimentary structures (MISS)[1,4–7].MISSare Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces and Sedimentary Minerals of primary sedimentary structures that arise syndepositionally Henan Province, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, from the interaction of biofilms or microbial mats with the China, e-mail: [email protected] - Wei Zheng: Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan physical sediment dynamics of siliciclastic aquatic environ Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; Key Laboratory of ments [8].Biofilms are highly complex assemblages of single Biogenic Traces and Sedimentary Minerals of Henan Province, celled organisms. In favorable environments, biofilms form Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China around individual sand grains, and these initial biofilms of Xin Xu, Yunlong Liu, Xiaoyan Li, Baibing Chen: Institute of adjacent grains grow until they form a laterally continuous, Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, [ ] Jiaozuo 454003, China organiclayer.Thislayerisamicrobialmat 8 .Therefore, Yongan Qi: Institute of Resources and Environment, MISS are products from the interaction between life and Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China the environment. MISS are usually preserved on the upper Open Access. © 2021 Wei Zheng et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 918 Wei Zheng et al. surfaces of fine sandstone beds in siliciclastic settings, and 2 Geologic setting, stratigraphic the original mat is rarely preserved [8]. They are also sequence, and lithofacies common sedimentary features in Proterozoic-Cambrian strata extending back to the Early Archean [2,9–11].How- features ever, after the introduction and influence of bioturbation following the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, The western Henan Province, North China, is an indepen- MISS usually only occur in special periods during the Pha- dent block located in the southern part of the North China nerozoic, such as the Late Permian [7,12–16], the Late Block. During the middle-late Permian, the North China Triassic [17], and modern special sedimentary environ- Block was uplifted and became continental due to the amal- ments [18]. Davies et al. recently demonstrated that the gamation of the Qaidam, Tarim, and Siberia-Mongolia presence of MISS occurs due to metazoan activity and paleoplates [33]. As a consequence, fluvial and lacustrine sedimentary environment [19]. Therefore, biomat-related facies deposits have been developed in the upper Permian sedimentary structures and their geological processes and Lower Triassic successions of the North China Block, supply important clues for the rate and mechanisms of eco- which were formed in the northern part of the Paleo-Tethys system recovery after Phanerozoic catastrophic events and Ocean (Figure 1)[34]. The tectonic evolution of the Henan the coevolution between Earth’s environment, microbes, Province was collectively controlled during the Triassic by and metazoans. the Paleo-Asiatic tectonic domain and the Paleo-Tethys The largest mass extinction in geological history occurred tectonic domain [35].Aseriesofdifferent-sized inland near the Permian–Triassic boundary, which killed approxi- lake basins were formed during this time in the Henan mately 95% of all marine species and 70% of all conti- area. In the Early Triassic, western Henan province comple- nental species on Earth [20,21]. This catastrophic event tely got rid of the influence of sea water and evolved from not only caused a mass extinction, but also formed pecu- continental margin offshore deposits to inland fluvio-lacus- liar biological genus structures and ecological patterns. trine deposits, and western Henan was located in the south- Microbialites and MISS have been reported from marine west corner of the large depression basin of North China strata in the regions surrounding the Paleo-Tethys Ocean [36–39].Inaddition,fluvial and lacustrine facies deposits, and the eastern coasts of the Panthalassic Ocean [12,22–30]. including the Lower Triassic Sunjiagou Formation, Liu- Some geologists systematically study these microbialites jiagou Formation and Heshanggou Formation, the Middle and MISS and have summarized four spikes and space dis- Triassic Ermaying and Youfangzhuang Formation, and the tributions following the end-Permian mass extinction event Upper Triassic Chunshuyao and Tanzhuang Formation, [28,29]. However, less is known about the specific changes were formed in the north Pingdingshan-Ruyang area [40]. in continental microbial ecosystems during the end-Per- The continuous continental Permian-Triassic succes- mian mass extinction and its aftermath. So far, continental sion is well-exposed in Xingyang, Dengfeng, and Yiyang MISS from the Early Triassic have only been reported in counties, Jiyuan city, Henan Province, North China (Figure 2). northern Germany, western Morocco, and Liulin, Yiyang, Therein, the late Permian comprises the lower and middle and Xingyang in North China [7,13,14,16,31,32].Thesestu- Sunjiagou Formation, while the Early Triassic consists of the dies have only discussed the type and significance of MISS upper Sunjiagou, Liujiagou, and Heshanggou Formation [16]. in sedimentology; the relationship between the end-Per- The stratotype section of the Henan Sunjiagou Formation mian mass extinction and the Early Triassic flourishing of lies in the Nantianmen section, Yiyang county. The lower MISS has not been revealed. Continental Permian-Triassic Sunjiagou Formation, overlying the Shangshihezi Formation, successions are well-exposed and widely distributed in the is composed of a thick, greenish-gray sandstone inter- western Henan Province, such as the Xingyang, Dengfeng, bedded with greenish, dark mudstones, followed by a red- Jiyuan, and Yiyang areas in North China, and are character- dish mudstone interbedded with thick medium-coarse ized by inland fluvial and lacustrine siliciclastic red beds. sandstones in the middle. The upper Sunjiagou Formation, These sections provide many new biostratigraphical, sedi- overlying the Liujiagou Formation, is dominated by red mentological, and lithological data and contain important mudstone with numerous calcareous-nodular paleosols clues for better understanding of continental ecosystems. and thin- to medium-bedded yellow freshwater limestones. Here, we analyze sedimentology distribution and contri- The Sunjiagou Formation of four sections that are almost buting factors of biomat-related sedimentary structures identical, but also have distinctive features. The Sunjiagou and probe the interaction between microbes and the envir- Formation of the Cuimiao section (34°40′21.92″N, 113°21′ onment in continental ecosystems on the basis of previous 16.81″E),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019 International Religious Freedom Report
    CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution, which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, states that citizens have freedom of religious belief but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” and does not define “normal.” Despite Chairman Xi Jinping’s decree that all members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must be “unyielding Marxist atheists,” the government continued to exercise control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions – Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to the five state- sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices. There were several reports of individuals committing suicide in detention, or, according to sources, as a result of being threatened and surveilled. In December Pastor Wang Yi was tried in secret and sentenced to nine years in prison by a court in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, in connection to his peaceful advocacy for religious freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Dengfeng Observatory, China
    90 ICOMOS–IAU Thematic Study on Astronomical Heritage Archaeological/historical/heritage research: The Taosi site was first discovered in the 1950s. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, archaeologists excavated nine chiefly tombs with rich grave goods, together with large numbers of common burials and dwelling foundations. Archaeologists first discovered the walled towns of the Early and Middle Periods in 1999. The remains of the observatory were first discovered in 2003 and totally uncovered in 2004. Archaeoastronomical surveys were undertaken in 2005. This work has been published in a variety of Chinese journals. Chinese archaeoastronomers and archaeologists are currently conducting further collaborative research at Taosi Observatory, sponsored jointly by the Committee of Natural Science of China and the Academy of Science of China. The project, which is due to finish in 2011, has purchased the right to occupy the main field of the observatory site for two years. Main threats or potential threats to the sites: The most critical potential threat to the observatory site itself is from the burials of native villagers, which are placed randomly. The skyline formed by Taer Hill, which is a crucial part of the visual landscape since it contains the sunrise points, is potentially threatened by mining, which could cause the collapse of parts of the top of the hill. The government of Xiangfen County is currently trying to shut down some of the mines, but it is unclear whether a ban on mining could be policed effectively in the longer term. Management, interpretation and outreach: The county government is trying to purchase the land from the local farmers in order to carry out a conservation project as soon as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    CONFORMED COPY LOAN NUMBER 7909-CN Public Disclosure Authorized Project Agreement Public Disclosure Authorized (Henan Ecological Livestock Project) between INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized and HENAN PROVINCE Dated July 26, 2010 Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT AGREEMENT AGREEMENT dated July 26, 2010, entered into between INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (the “Bank”) and HENAN PROVINCE (“Henan” or the “Project Implementing Entity”) (“Project Agreement”) in connection with the Loan Agreement of same date between PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (“Borrower”) and the Bank (“Loan Agreement”) for the Henan Ecological Livestock Project (the “Project”). The Bank and Henan hereby agree as follows: ARTICLE I – GENERAL CONDITIONS; DEFINITIONS 1.01. The General Conditions as defined in the Appendix to the Loan Agreement constitute an integral part of this Agreement. 1.02. Unless the context requires otherwise, the capitalized terms used in the Project Agreement have the meanings ascribed to them in the Loan Agreement or the General Conditions. ARTICLE II – PROJECT 2.01. Henan declares its commitment to the objective of the Project. To this end, Henan shall: (a) carry out the Project in accordance with the provisions of Article V of the General Conditions; and (b) provide promptly as needed, the funds, facilities, services and other resources required for the Project. 2.02. Without limitation upon the provisions of Section 2.01 of this Agreement, and except as the Bank and Henan shall otherwise agree, Henan shall carry out the Project in accordance with the provisions of the Schedule to this Agreement. ARTICLE III – REPRESENTATIVE; ADDRESSES 3.01.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Chinese Bronze
    READ ONLY/NO DOWNLOAD Ar chaeolo gy of the Archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age is a synthesis of recent Chinese archaeological work on the second millennium BCE—the period Ch associated with China’s first dynasties and East Asia’s first “states.” With a inese focus on early China’s great metropolitan centers in the Central Plains Archaeology and their hinterlands, this work attempts to contextualize them within Br their wider zones of interaction from the Yangtze to the edge of the onze of the Chinese Bronze Age Mongolian steppe, and from the Yellow Sea to the Tibetan plateau and the Gansu corridor. Analyzing the complexity of early Chinese culture Ag From Erlitou to Anyang history, and the variety and development of its urban formations, e Roderick Campbell explores East Asia’s divergent developmental paths and re-examines its deep past to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of China’s Early Bronze Age. Campbell On the front cover: Zun in the shape of a water buffalo, Huadong Tomb 54 ( image courtesy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute for Archaeology). MONOGRAPH 79 COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY PRESS Roderick B. Campbell READ ONLY/NO DOWNLOAD Archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age From Erlitou to Anyang Roderick B. Campbell READ ONLY/NO DOWNLOAD Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press Monographs Contributions in Field Research and Current Issues in Archaeological Method and Theory Monograph 78 Monograph 77 Monograph 76 Visions of Tiwanaku Advances in Titicaca Basin The Dead Tell Tales Alexei Vranich and Charles Archaeology–2 María Cecilia Lozada and Stanish (eds.) Alexei Vranich and Abigail R.
    [Show full text]
  • Altered Fluvial Patterns in North China Indicate Rapid Climate Change
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Altered fuvial patterns in North China indicate rapid climate change linked to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction Zhicai Zhu1, Yongqing Liu1*, Hongwei Kuang 1*, Michael J. Benton 2, Andrew J. Newell3, Huan Xu4, Wei An5, Shu’an Ji1, Shichao Xu6, Nan Peng1 & Qingguo Zhai1 The causes of the severest crisis in the history of life around the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) remain controversial. Here we report that the latest Permian alluvial plains in Shanxi, North China, went through a rapid transition from meandering rivers to braided rivers and aeolian systems. Soil carbonate carbon isotope (δ13C), oxygen isotope (δ18O), and geochemical signatures of weathering intensity reveal a consistent pattern of deteriorating environments (cool, arid, and anoxic conditions) and climate fuctuations across the PTB. The synchronous ecological collapse is confrmed by a dramatic reduction or disappearance of dominant plants, tetrapods and invertebrates and a bloom of microbially- induced sedimentary structures. A similar rapid switch in fuvial style is seen worldwide (e.g. Karoo Basin, Russia, Australia) in terrestrial boundary sequences, all of which may be considered against a background of global marine regression. The synchronous global expansion of alluvial fans and high- energy braided streams is a response to abrupt climate change associated with aridity, hypoxia, acid rain, and mass wasting. Where neighbouring uplands were not uplifting or basins subsiding, alluvial fans are absent, but in these areas the climate change is evidenced by the disruption of pedogenesis. Te severest ecological crisis in Earth history, the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME), occurred 252 Ma and killed over 90% of marine species and about 70% of continental vertebrate families1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Pareiasaurs
    Benton, M. J. (2016). The Chinese pareiasaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 177(4), 813-853. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12389 Peer reviewed version License (if available): Unspecified Link to published version (if available): 10.1111/zoj.12389 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the author accepted manuscript (AAM). The final published version (version of record) is available online via Wiley at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zoj.12389/abstract. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Page 1 of 85 Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1 1 2 3 1 [Abstract] 4 5 2 6 3 Pareiasaurs were important medium- to large-sized herbivores in the Middle and Late 7 8 4 Permian, some 268-252 million years (Myr) ago. They are best known from abundant remains 9 10 5 of several taxa each in South Africa and Russia, with isolated finds from other parts of the 11 6 world. Six genera and species of pareiasaurs have been described from China, and yet they 12 13 7 have not been reviewed. Of these six, Tsiyuania may be a synonym of Honania, but this taxon 14 15 8 is not further considered here. The other four, which were named for separate finds from the 16 9 Sunjiagou Formation (Changhsingian, 254-252 Myr) show considerable similarities.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptual Planning of Urban–Rural Green Space from a Multidimensional Perspective: a Case Study of Zhengzhou, China
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Michigan Tech Publications 4-3-2020 Conceptual planning of urban–rural green space from a multidimensional perspective: A case study of Zhengzhou, China Bo Mu Henan Agricultural University Chang Liu Henan Agricultural University Guohang Tian Henan Agricultural University Yaqiong Xu Henan University of Science and Technology Yali Zhang Henan Agricultural University See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mu, B., Liu, C., Tian, G., Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., Mayer, A. L., & et al. (2020). Conceptual planning of urban–rural green space from a multidimensional perspective: A case study of Zhengzhou, China. Sustainability, 12(7). http://doi.org/10.3390/su12072863 Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/1816 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Authors Bo Mu, Chang Liu, Guohang Tian, Yaqiong Xu, Yali Zhang, Audrey L. Mayer, and et al. This article is available at Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/1816 sustainability Article Conceptual Planning of Urban–Rural Green Space from a Multidimensional Perspective: A Case Study of Zhengzhou, China Bo Mu 1,*, Chang Liu 2, Guohang Tian 2,*, Yaqiong Xu 3, Yali Zhang 1, Audrey L. Mayer 4 , Rui Lv 5, Ruizhen He 2 and Gunwoo Kim 6 1 College of Resources and Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • Lopingian, Permian) of North China
    Foss. Rec., 23, 205–213, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-205-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The youngest occurrence of embolomeres (Tetrapoda: Anthracosauria) from the Sunjiagou Formation (Lopingian, Permian) of North China Jianye Chen1 and Jun Liu1,2,3 1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China 2Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China 3College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Correspondence: Jianye Chen ([email protected]) Received: 7 August 2020 – Revised: 2 November 2020 – Accepted: 16 November 2020 – Published: 1 December 2020 Abstract. Embolomeri were semiaquatic predators preva- 1 Introduction lent in the Carboniferous, with only two species from the early Permian (Cisuralian). A new embolomere, Seroher- Embolomeri are a monophyletic group of large crocodile- peton yangquanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Zoobank Registration like, semiaquatic predators, prevalent in the Carboniferous number: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:790BEB94-C2CC-4EA4- and early Permian (Cisuralian) (Panchen, 1970; Smithson, BE96-2A1BC4AED748, registration: 23 November 2020), is 2000; Carroll, 2009; Clack, 2012). The clade is generally named based on a partial right upper jaw and palate from the considered to be a stem member of the Reptiliomorpha, taxa Sunjiagou Formation of Yangquan, Shanxi, China, and is late that are more closely related to amniotes than to lissamphib- Wuchiapingian (late Permian) in age. It is the youngest em- ians (Ruta et al., 2003; Vallin and Laurin, 2004; Ruta and bolomere known to date and the only embolomere reported Coates, 2007; Clack and Klembara, 2009; Klembara et al., from North China Block.
    [Show full text]
  • Announcement of Interim Results for the Six Months Ended 30 June 2020
    Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this announcement. (Stock Code: 0832) ANNOUNCEMENT OF INTERIM RESULTS FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED 30 JUNE 2020 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS • Revenue for the six months ended 30 June 2020 amounted to RMB13,019 million, an increase of 43.6% compared with the corresponding period in 2019. • Gross profit margin for the period was 23.7%, a decrease of 3.6 percentage points compared with 27.3% for the corresponding period in 2019. • Profit attributable to equity shareholders of the Company for the period amounted to RMB727 million, an increase of 10.5% compared with the corresponding period in 2019. • Net profit margin for the period was 6.0%, a decrease of 2.5 percentage points compared with 8.5% for the corresponding period in 2019. • Basic earnings per share for the period was RMB26.43 cents, an increase of 9.8% compared with the corresponding period in 2019. • An interim dividend of HK11.0 cents per share for the six months ended 30 June 2020. 1 INTERIM RESULTS The board (the “Board”) of directors (the “Directors” and each a “Director”) of Central China Real Estate Limited (the “Company”) hereby announces the unaudited consolidated results of the Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”) for
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Forming Conditions and Enrichment Rules of Coal Bed Methane in West Henan
    2016 International Conference on Power Engineering & Energy, Environment (PEEE 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-376-2 Research on Forming Conditions and Enrichment Rules of Coal Bed Methane in West Henan Junmin Zhang1, Yaming Yao2, Jianjun Chen3, Juanjuan Zhao2, Fei Zhao2 1Department of Mining Engineering Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Wulumuqi 830023 China 2School of Resources & Environment North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011 China 3School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065 China [email protected] , [email protected] Key words: West Henan, coal bed methane, forming condition, resource evaluation, favorable area choosing Abstract. Based on the analysis of coalfield geological characteristics, forming conditions and distribution law in such coal aggregation areas as Jiaozuo, Pingdingshan and Yima in West Henan, this paper studies macroscopic lithotypes of coal, microcal rock components and features of thermal evolution focusing on air content and influential factors, especially features of thermal evolution and influence of fault development on coal bed methane content. Main physical and chemical properties for coal bed methane, including gas saturation, desorption rate, crustal stress and critical pressure received special attention, including a contrast with main coal bed methane aggregation area in North China. After calculation, coal bed methane content in main blocks exceeds 12000×108m3, and thus Pingdingshan and Jiaozuo are ideal mining areas for coal bed
    [Show full text]
  • Zhengzhou, China 2014 Will Be Held in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China Form 15-17 November 2014
    International Mayor’s Forum on Tourism - Zhengzhou, China 2014 Zhengzhou·Henan·China November 15-17, 2014 GENERAL INFORMATION NOTE 1.VENUE International Mayor’s Forum on Tourism - Zhengzhou, China 2014 will be held in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China form 15-17 November 2014. The forum will take place at: Zhengzhou International Convention and Exhibition Centre No. 1 CBD, Shangwu Neihuan Road, Zheng Dong New District Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China Tel: (86) 371-68089800 Fax: (86) 371-68089838 Website: http://www.zzicec.com/ The City of Zhengzhou Zhengzhou is the first city of China with city walls and planning. As early as over 3,600 years ago, Tang of Shang established the capital here, which is the earliest capital that has already been researched in China. The attractions worth visiting include Henan Museum, Shaolin Temple, Home Village of Yellow Emperor, Magnificent Manor of Kang Family and Mausoleums of the Northern Song Dynasty. 2. TRANSFER ARRANGEMENT AND AIRPORT MEETING SERVICE Transportation will be provided to all delegates upon arrival and departure between Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport and respective hotels and also between each hotel and the forum venue, Zhengzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center. In order to organize the transfer, delegates are kindly requested to provide the organizers with their arrival, departure and accommodation details at the latest by the 31 October, 2014. The contact details of the organizers are provided below. 3. AIRPORT TAX Foreigners are not required to pay any airport tax at Zhengzhou Airport. 4. VISA REQUIREMENTS All participants must be holders of a valid passport or any other officially recognized travel document.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Triassic Wrinkle Structures on Land
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Early Triassic wrinkle structures on land: stressed environments and oases for life Received: 03 October 2014 1 1 1 2 3 Accepted: 30 March 2015 Daoliang Chu , Jinnan Tong , Haijun Song , Michael J. Benton , David J. Bottjer , 1 1 Published: 09 June 2015 Huyue Song & Li Tian Wrinkle structures in rocks younger than the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) extinction have been reported repeatedly in marine strata, but rarely mentioned in rocks recording land. Here, three newly studied terrestrial P-Tr boundary rock succession in North China have yielded diverse wrinkle structures. All of these wrinkles are preserved in barely bioturbated shore-shallow lacustrine siliciclastic deposits of the Liujiagou Formation. Conversely, both the lacustrine siliciclastic deposits of the underlying Sunjiagou Formation and the overlying Heshanggou Formation show rich bioturbation, but no wrinkle structures or other microbial-related structures. The occurrence of terrestrial wrinkle structures in the studied sections reflects abnormal hydrochemical and physical environments, presumably associated with the extinction of terrestrial organisms. Only very rare trace fossils occurred in the aftermath of the P-Tr extinction, but most of them were preserved together with the microbial mats. This suggests that microbial mats acted as potential oases for the surviving aquatic animals, as a source of food and oxygen. The new finds suggests that extreme environmental stresses were prevalent both in the sea and on land through most of the Early Triassic. In ancient siliciclastic and carbonate depositional systems, the interaction between microbial activities and physical sedimentary processes can produce microbially related sedimentary structures. These were widespread during the Proterozoic, and even extend back to the Early Archean1–4, but became restricted to highly stressed environments after the Cambrian4,5 because they were generally destroyed by burrow- ing organisms.
    [Show full text]