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The Baltic Republics
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1994 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Antti Numminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 6 THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1992 ISBN 951-25-0709-9 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1994: National Defence College All rights reserved Painatuskeskus Oy Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1994 Preface Until the end of the First World War, the Baltic region was understood as a geographical area comprising the coastal strip of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Danzig to the Gulf of Finland. In the years between the two World Wars the concept became more political in nature: after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania obtained their independence in 1918 the region gradually became understood as the geographical entity made up of these three republics. Although the Baltic region is geographically fairly homogeneous, each of the newly restored republics possesses unique geographical and strategic features. -
Estonian Academy of Sciences Yearbook 2014 XX
Facta non solum verba ESTONIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES YEAR BOOK ANNALES ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM ESTONICAE XX (47) 2014 TALLINN 2015 ESTONIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The Year Book was compiled by: Margus Lopp (editor-in-chief) Galina Varlamova Ülle Rebo, Ants Pihlak (translators) ISSN 1406-1503 © EESTI TEADUSTE AKADEEMIA CONTENTS Foreword . 5 Chronicle . 7 Membership of the Academy . 13 General Assembly, Board, Divisions, Councils, Committees . 17 Academy Events . 42 Popularisation of Science . 48 Academy Medals, Awards . 53 Publications of the Academy . 57 International Scientific Relations . 58 National Awards to Members of the Academy . 63 Anniversaries . 65 Members of the Academy . 94 Estonian Academy Publishers . 107 Under and Tuglas Literature Centre of the Estonian Academy of Sciences . 111 Institute for Advanced Study at the Estonian Academy of Sciences . 120 Financial Activities . 122 Associated Institutions . 123 Associated Organisations . 153 In memoriam . 200 Appendix 1 Estonian Contact Points for International Science Organisations . 202 Appendix 2 Cooperation Agreements with Partner Organisations . 205 Directory . 206 3 FOREWORD The Estonian science and the Academy of Sciences have experienced hard times and bearable times. During about the quarter of the century that has elapsed after regaining independence, our scientific landscape has changed radically. The lion’s share of research work is integrated with providing university education. The targets for the following seven years were defined at the very start of the year, in the document adopted by Riigikogu (Parliament) on January 22, 2014 and entitled “Estonian research and development and innovation strategy 2014- 2020. Knowledge-based Estonia”. It starts with the acknowledgement familiar to all of us that the number and complexity of challenges faced by the society is ever increasing. -
The Boats of Swallows and Amazons
The Boats of Swallows and Amazons Amazon on Coniston Contents Introduction The Swallow Rowing the Swallow Rigging the Swallow A letter from Roger Fothergill, an owner of the original Swallow Unknown Details The Amazon Sailing Performance Assesements Design Recommendations for new Swallows The Nancy Blackett and the Goblin The Best Boat? Design Recommendations for new Swallows Introduction What exactly were the Swallow and the Amazon like, those famous sailboats of Arthur Ransome's books Swallows and Amazons and Swallowdale? Many readers would love to recreate the adventures of the Walker and Blackett children for themselves, or for their own children, and they want to learn more about the boats. The boats of these special stories were real boats, just as many of the locations in the stories are real places. This essay describes what we know of the Swallow and the Amazon. In the summer of 1928, Ernest Altounyan, a friend of Arthur Ransome, came to Coniston Water with his family and soon thereafter bought two boats for his children. The children were Taqui (age eleven), Susan (age nine), Titty (age eight), Roger (age six), and Bridgit (nearly three). The children became the models for characters in Arthur Ransome's books, and the boats became the Swallow and Amazon. Susan and Roger crewed the Swallow, while Taqui and Titty crewed the Mavis, which was the model for the Amazon. The Mavis (Amazon), may be seen today, in good order, at the Windermere Steamboat Museum near Lake Windermere. When the Altounyans later moved to Syria, they gave the Swallow to Arthur Ransome, who lived at Low Ludderburn near Lake Windermere. -
UAL-110 the Estonian Straits
UAL-110 The Estonian Straits Exceptions to the Strait Regime ofInnocent or Transit Passage By Alexander Lott BRILL NIJHOFF LEIDEN I BOSTON UAL-110 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lott, Alexander, author. Title: The Estonian Straits: Exceptions to the Strait Regime of Innocent or Transit Passage / by Alexander Lott. Description: Leiden; Boston : Koninklijke Brill NV, 2018. I Series: International Straits of the World; Volwne 17 I Based on author's thesis ( doctoral - Tartu Olikool, 2017) issued under title: The Estonian Straits: Exceptions to the Strait Regime of Innocent or Transit Passage. I Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018001850 (print) I LCCN 201800201s (ebook) I ISBN 9789004365049 (e-book) I ISBN 9789004363861 (hardback: alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Straits-Baltic Sea, I Straits--Finland, Gulf of. I Straits--Riga, Gulf of (Latvia and Estonia), I Straits- Estonia, I Straits, I Innocent passage (Law of the sea) I Finland, Gulf of--Intemational status. I Riga, Gulf of (Latvia and Estonia)--Intemational status. Classification: LCC KZ3810 (ehook) I LCC KZ38IO .L68 2018 (print) I DOC 34I.4/48--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018001850 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: "Brill". See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0924-4867 ISBN 978-90-04-36386-l (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-36504-9 ( e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. -
Gulf of Riga (Latvia)
EUROSION Case Study GULF OF RIGA (LATVIA) Contact: Ramunas POVILANSKAS 31 EUCC Baltic Office Tel: +37 (0)6 312739 or +37 (0)6 398834 e-mail: [email protected] 1 EUROSION Case Study 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA The length of the Latvian coastline along the Baltic proper and the Gulf of Riga is 496 km. Circa 123 km of the coastline is affected by erosion. The case area ‘Gulf of Riga’ focuses on coastal development within the Riga metropolitan area, which includes the coastal zone of two urban municipalities (pilsetas) – Riga and Jurmala (Figure 1). Riga is the capital city of Latvia. It is located along the lower stream and the mouth of the Daugava river. Its several districts (Bulli, Daugavgriva, Bolderaja, Vecdaugava, Mangali and Vecaki) lie in the deltas of Daugava and Lielupe rivers and on the Gulf of Riga coast. Jurmala municipality is adjacent to Riga from the west. It stretches ca. 30 km along the Gulf of Riga. It is the largest Latvian and Eastern Baltic seaside resort. 1.1 Physical process level 1.1.1 Classification According to the coastal typology adopted for the EUROSION project, the case study area can be described as: 3b. Wave-dominated sediment. Plains. Microtidal river delta. Within this major coastal type several coastal formations and habitats occur, including the river delta and sandy beaches with bare and vegetated sand dunes. Fig. 1: Location of the case study area. 1.1.2 Geology Recent geological history of the case area since the end of the latest Ice Age (ca. -
Baltic Sea): a Comparative Study with Different Modelling Scenarios
ICES CM 2009/G:02 Not to be cited without prior reference to the author Developments in the shallow coastal ecosystem of the Väike Strait (Baltic Sea): a comparative study with different modelling scenarios Ülo Suursaar, Robert Aps, Tiit Kullas, Georg Martin, and Mikk Otsmann Abstract The Väike Strait in the West Estonian Archipelago has been closed by a 3 km-long road dam since 1896, forming two separate bays. Conditions in the northern part are mainly governed by the more saline Baltic Proper; in the S-part relatively nutrient-rich Gulf of Riga waters prevail. In recent decades, ecological conditions have been deteriorating in the area and acceleration of accumulation and eutrophication has been observed. Reproduction areas of whitefish and herring have been disturbed. According to widespread opinion, as no water exchange occurs through the strait, the existence of the dam is the reason for those adverse changes. Therefore, a question of constructing some bridged openings has risen several times in the past. The aims of the study are to analyse the ongoing changes in the area, and to decide whether re-opening of the strait may help to restore the past situation. The study is based on monitoring and special measurements data in the area. The possible influence of openings were analysed using high-resolution 2D hydrodynamic modelling. Changes in renewal times of water masses were calculated and matter fluxes were studied. The results suggested that most of the past changes have probably occurred due to natural and of larger scale causes, such as isostatic land uplift, regional increase in water temperature, sedimentation and overall eutrophication of the sea. -
1 Reply to Referee #1 We Thank the Referee for Careful Reading The
Reply to Referee #1 We thank the referee for careful reading the manuscript, critical assessment of the analysis and useful and professional comments which helped to improve the paper. Please find below the detailed replies to all the questions. 1) Please clarify the study area. In L. 83-85 it is said that the study focusses on Gulf of Riga. A bit later (line 97) it said that “The study area – the shores of Latvia with a total length of about 500 km...” I think that neither is fully correct: Besides Gulf of Riga, also Latvian coasts in the Baltic Proper are considered. Secondly, large part of the discussed Gulf of Riga actually belongs to Estonia, including one station where the data come from (Pärnu). Also the paper title says that the study area is “Latvian waters”. I understand that it is difficult to conveniently introduce such details in the title. But the fact about Pärnu and Estonia should be stated possibly earlier in the paper. Currently it is hidden to far quarters of the manuscript. - Thank you for this observation. The study area involves all Latvian waters, but we also use data from one Estonian tide gauge. We state now this fact earlier in the paper. 2) L.110 “...may increase the average sea level in the entire Baltic Sea by almost 1 m for several months (Soomere and Pindsoo, 2016)”. I believe this 1 m is exaggerated for the entire Baltic. Soomere and Pindsoo (2016) said “...raise the average sea level by almost 1 m for a few weeks”. -
FCE 39 Ebook
Folia Cryptog. Estonica, Fasc. 39: 1–2 (2002) Revisions of some lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Antarctica Vagn Alstrup Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen, Gothersgade 130, DK-1123 Copenhagen K, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Arthonia subantarctica Øvstedal, Heterocarpon follmannii Dodge, Thelidiola eklundii Dodge and Thelidium minutum Dodge were found to be based on discordant elements of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi and are lectotypified on the lichenicolous fungi. The new combination Polycoccum follmannii (Dodge) Alstrup is made. Thelidiola Dodge is a synonym of Muellerella Hepp ex Müll. Arg., Catillaria cremea, Thelidiola eklundii and Thelidium minutum becomes synonyms of Carbonea vorticosa, Muellerella pygmaea and Muellerella lichenicola respectively. Kokkuvõte: Parandusi mõnede Antarktika samblike ja lihhenikoolsete seente taksonoomias. Arthonia subantarctica Øvstedal, Heterocarpon follmannii Dodge, Thelidiola eklundii Dodge ja Thelidium minutum Dodge leiti baseeruvat lihheniseerunud ja lihhenikoolsete seente ühtesobimatutel elementidel ja on lektotüpiseeritud lihhenikoolsete seentena. Esitatakse uus kombinatsioon Polycoccum follmannii (Dodge) Alstrup. Thelidiola Dodge on Muellerella Hepp ex Müll. Arg. sünonüüm; Catillaria cremea, Thelidiola eklundii ja Thelidium minutum sobivad vastavalt Carbonea vorticosa, Muellerella pygmaea ja Muellerella lichenicola sünonüümideks. INTRODUCTION The Antarctic lichens and lichenicolous fungi antarctica Øvstedal should accordingly be used have mostly been treated -
Winter Holiday, 1968, Arthur Ransome, 0140303413, 9780140303414, Penguin Books, 1968
Winter Holiday, 1968, Arthur Ransome, 0140303413, 9780140303414, Penguin Books, 1968 DOWNLOAD http://bit.ly/1Uj4Hzx http://www.alibris.co.uk/booksearch?browse=0&keyword=Winter+Holiday&mtype=B&hs.x=19&hs.y=26&hs=Submit During the winter holidays the Swallows and Amazons abandon their ships and take to the iced- over lake on skates to form an expedition to their own North Pole. DOWNLOAD http://is.gd/UwiQl8 http://avaxsearch.com/?q=Winter+Holiday http://bit.ly/W9oMj5 Gratefully Yours , Jane Buchanan, 1999, Juvenile Fiction, 117 pages. In 1923, nine-year-old Hattie rides the Orphan Train from New York to Nebraska where she must adjust to a strange new life with a farmer and his wife, who is despondent over. Never Cry "Arp!" and Other Great Adventures , Patrick F. McManus, May 15, 1996, Juvenile Fiction, 134 pages. A zany collection of misadventures follows young Pat and his experiences with Crazy Eddie, the friend kids love and mothers dread; Rancid Crabtree, a malodorous woodsman; Pat's. Wealth of Nations , Adam Smith, 2001, Economics, 524 pages. We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea , Arthur Ransome, Feb 1, 1994, Juvenile Fiction, 344 pages. While on vacation in East Anglia, four children, whose previous sailing experience is limited to dinghies, accidentally drift out to the North Sea after the rising tide causes. The ends of the Earth: an anthology of the finest writing on the, Volume 1 an anthology of the finest writing on the Arctic and the Antarctic, Elizabeth Kolbert, Sep 3, 2007, Nature, 275 pages. Coot Club , Arthur Ransome, Jan 1, 1990, Juvenile Fiction, 350 pages. -
Arthur Ransome Bibliography, Books About Ransome
Arthur Ransome Bibliography, Books About Ransome Summary details of books about Arthur Ransome’s life and works: Arthur Ransome, Hugh Shelley, A Bodley Head Monograph (1960). This is the only book published about Arthur Ransome during his lifetime. The Life of Arthur Ransome, Hugh Brogan, Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-02010-2 (1984) Hardback. A full biography of Arthur Ransome. Arthur Ransome and Captain Flint’s Trunk, Christina Hardyment, Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-02590-2 (1984) Paperback. A search in the Lake District, East Anglia and farther afield for the people, places and events that helped to inspire Ransome’s Swallows and Amazons novels. Arthur Ransome’s East Anglia, Roger Wardale, Dalesman Publishing, ISBN 0- 946148-34-1 (1988) Paperback. A study of the links between Ransome’s novels Peter Duck, Coot Club, The Big Six, We Didn’t Mean to go to Sea and Secret Water, and their settings on the Norfolk Broads and East Coast. Nancy Blackett: Under Sail with Arthur Ransome, Roger Wardale, Jonathan Cape, 1991, ISBN (1991) Paperback. A study of Arthur Ransome’s life, focussing on his sailing career and the yachts and dinghies he owned and sailed. Re-issued in 2010 (see below). Where it all Began, Pauline Marshall (1991) Paperback. A memoir of life in the area around Bank Ground Farm, Coniston, in the early 1930s, at the time of Swallows and Amazons. Distilled Enthusiasms, Rodney Dingle, The Arthur Ransome Society (1991) Paperback. A booklet analysing readers’ views on the style, content and characters of Ransome’s 12 Swallows and Amazons books. -
A Synopsis of Estonian Myriapod Fauna
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 793: 63–96 (2018) A synopsis of Estonian myriapod fauna... 63 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.793.28050 CHECKLIST http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A synopsis of Estonian myriapod fauna (Myriapoda: Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla and Pauropoda) Kaarel Sammet1, Mari Ivask2, Olavi Kurina1 1 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi st 5D, 51006 Tartu, Estonia 2 Tallinn University of Technology, Tartu College, Puiestee 78, 51008 Tartu, Estonia Corresponding author: Kaarel Sammet ([email protected]) Academic editor: Nesrine Akkari | Received 28 June 2018 | Accepted 17 September 2018 | Published 29 October 2018 http://zoobank.org/0D7B2412-5585-4AEA-81D4-1854A4415128 Citation: Sammet K, Ivask M, Kurina O (2018) A synopsis of Estonian myriapod fauna (Myriapoda: Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla and Pauropoda). ZooKeys 793: 63–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.793.28050 Abstract The data on Estonian Myriapoda are scattered in various publications and there has been no overview of the fauna up to the present. A critical summary of the previous information on Estonian Myriapoda is given, supplemented by new records and distribution maps. Altogether, 5784 specimens from 276 col- lecting sites were studied. To the hitherto recorded 14 centipede species are added Lithobius melanops, L. microps, Geophilus carpophagus, G. flavus, Strigamia transsilvanica and Stenotaenia linearis, a probably introduced species. Of the 27 published Estonian millipede species, the data on two species proved er- roneous, and two new species were recorded (Craspedosoma raulinsii and Cylindroiulus britannicus). Two previously recorded millipede species – Brachyiulus pusillus and Mastigophorophyllon saxonicum – were not found in the recent samples, the latter may have become more rare or extinct. -
Coastal Meadow Management
coastal meadow management Best Practice Guidelines The experiences of LIFE-Nature project “Boreal Baltic Coastal Meadow Preservation in Estonia” LIFE00NAT/EE/7083 coastal meadow management Best Practice Guidelines MATSALU ESTONIAN MINISTRY DANCEE NATIONAL PARK OF ENVIRONMENT The experiences of LIFE-Nature project “Boreal Baltic Coastal Meadow Preservation in Estonia” LIFE00NAT/EE/7083 Compiled by Riinu Rannap, Lars Briggs, Kaja Lotman, Ilona Lepik, Voldemar Rannap Translated by Pirkko Põdra Photos Arne Ader, Lars Briggs, Fred Jüssi, Tiit Kaljuste, Mati Kose, Ilona Lepik, Kaja Lotman, Riinu Rannap, Voldemar Rannap, Merike Tamm, Ülle Tamm Drawings Elen Apsalon Layout Eerik Keerend This book has been printed on CyclusPrint recycled paper Ministry of the Environment of the Republic of Estonia Tallinn 2004 ISBN 9985-881-26-5 LIFE-Nature Project By way of introduction. Riinu Rannap, Voldemar Rannap 4 content Management Coastal meadow as a habitat. Kaja Lotman, Ilona Lepik 8 Amphibians • birds • plants Boreal Baltic coastal meadow management for Bufo calamita. Riinu Rannap 26 Restoration of breeding sites for threatened toads on coastal meadows. Lars Briggs 34 Suitable habitat management for Danish bird populations. Ole Thorup 44 Changes of bird communities in relation to management of coastal meadows in Estonia. Andres Kuresoo, Eve Mägi 52 Coastal meadow management from a botanist’s point of view. Tiit Kaljuste 62 Monitoring the Wild gladiolus (Gladiolus imbricatus) population under different meadow management regimes. Marika Kose, Mari Moora 70 Experiences The socio-economic aspect of coastal meadow management: the Matsalu example. Kaja Lotman 72 Managing meadows or managing people? Coastal meadow restoration and management in the Häädemeeste region.