Los Castrati

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Los Castrati LOS CASTRATI HISTORIA La castración se conoce desde tiempos inmemoriales y fue frecuentemente utilizada en ciertas culturas, como en Europa, el Medio Oriente, India, África y China, por razones religiosas o sociales. Después de las batallas, los ganadores castraban a los prisioneros o a los muertos, para simbolizar su victoria y "medir" su poder. Algunas religiones, como el judaísmo, se oponían totalmente a esta práctica. Los vendedores de esclavos africanos comúnmente los castraban para incrementar su valor comercial. Después de negarle cualquier líquido a la víctima en un día o dos, le extraían los testículos, y después usaban un hierro caliente para cicatrizar la herida. Después obligaban al esclavo a tomar grandes cantidades de agua para que se le abrieran los canales de la orina. Se estima que el 90% de los esclavos morían en esta práctica, sin embargo, los esclavos castrados eran muy bien pagados inclusive entre cristianos y judíos, que oficialmente estaban en contra de esta práctica, pero informalmente no era mal visto comprar esclavos castrados. En Europa, cuando no se permitía cantar en público a las mujeres, los niños eran castrados para evitar que perdieran la calidad de sus voces en la pubertad y para desarrollar un tono de voz especial. Se les llamaba castrati y eran muy usados en los coros de las capillas. La castración en humanos ha sido propuesta, y a veces usada, como un método de control de natalidad en las regiones del planeta más pobres. En el Derecho se ha utilizado como pena, generalmente argumentando una prevención especial positiva exacerbada para los casos de violadores o pederastas, e incluso para multitud de actos violentos, que también se han relacionado con la virilidad. Durante el período nazi, se realizaron castraciones en algunos campos de concentración, principalmente a varones judíos y prisioneros rusos. Muy famosos son en las culturas china y árabe los llamados eunucos (también aparecen en la Biblia). Los eunucos eran hombres al servicio del emperador o emperatriz, quienes pasaban por esta especie de prueba de fidelidad. Los eunucos tenían diversas funciones dentro del palacio entre las que se encontraba la de ser guardianes de las zonas de los palacios dedicadas a las esposas de los grandes señores. En algunas culturas, sus gónadas una vez amputadas eran depositadas en un cofre y cuando fallecían se les enterraba con este cofre y su contenido para simbolizar que morían enteros. Los eunucos también existieron en Egipto antiguo y Grecia, entre otras naciones. 1 LA CASTRACIÓN EN LA HISTORIA Sima Qian, el famoso historiador chino, fue castrado por orden del Emperador de China por rebelde. Dedicó su vida a completar la obra Shǐjì , que había comenzado su padre, Sima Tan. Al igual que su padre, trabajó como escriba principal en la corte Han. Con 20 años de edad comenzó un viaje por China para recabar información y confirmar datos sobre la historia del país. A la vuelta de su viaje, Sima Qian volvió a trabajar en la corte junto a su padre al servicio del emperador Han Wudi. A partir del año 109 a. C., Sima Qian continuó la obra de su padre. En el año 99 a. C., Sima Qian defendió públicamente al militar Li Ling, al que habían culpado de una derrota en la guerra contra los xiongnu, pueblo nómada del norte. Li Ling había sido responsabilizado por Han Wudi y los principales miembros de la corte de la derrota en la batalla. La defensa que hizo Sima Qian del general le valió la ira del emperador, que ordenó que lo castraran como castigo. La condena a castración era en la práctica una condena a muerte, ya que el suicidio estaba considerada la única opción digna después de la mutilación. Sin embargo, Sima Qian no se suicidó. Prefirió vulnerar las costumbres religiosas de la época para poder completar su obra. Tras pasar tres años en la cárcel fue puesto en libertad y continuó dedicado en cuerpo y alma a la escritura de los Shǐjì, que completó en el año 91 a. C., poco antes de morir. Otra famosa víctima de castración fue el monje medieval Pierre Abélard, castrado por orden del tío de su mujer, que era opuesto a su matrimonio. Pedro Abelardo es reconocido por la crítica moderna como uno de los grandes genios de la historia de la Lógica. Famoso por su enorme ingenio para la diatriba dialéctica y un dominio silogístico profundo, Abelardo es también recordado, siglos después, en pleno Romanticismo, por la prohibida relación amorosa mantenida con Eloísa. A la vez que autor de numerosos poemas, dedicó gran parte de su vida a la enseñanza y a la discusión, cautivando a los jóvenes por una novísima elocuencia, aplicando para ello una desconcertante crítica, envuelta con irrebatibles respuestas y nuevos giros de planteamientos que hacían enfurecer a todos con quienes competía sin haber recibido invitación alguna. Es conocida -además de "romántica"- la relación amorosa apuntada con Eloísa, considerada como uno de los primeros ejemplos documentados de confesión amorosa en clave, es decir, confesada por un escritor usando sus obras como medio. Otra víctima de la castración fue Bishop Wimund, un aventurero inglés del siglo XII e invasor de las costas de Escocia. Bagoas, fue castrado de muy joven, para ser un eunuco al servicio sexual de personajes poderosos. Fue un eunuco persa del siglo IV a. C. perteneciente a la corte del rey Darío III y posteriormente adoptado por la de Alejandro Magno, tras la conquista del imperio persa por parte de éste. Mantuvo relaciones sentimentales y posiblemente sexuales con ambos reyes, alcanzando de esta forma una posición personal muy cercana a ellos, a pesar de haber carecido en ambas ocasiones de cualquier tipo de poder. Esporo, joven travesti romano, castrado a petición de Nerón. Fue un joven homosexual de gran belleza. Llamó poderosamente la atención del emperador Nerón, porque poseía el físico muy similar al de Popea Sabina. Era el que más se aproximaba a ella, pues así lo creía Nerón a tal punto que ordenó que lo castraran (con el permiso del joven), para quedar totalmente convertido en mujer. Se vestía como tal, se hacía pasear en litera y recibía del emperador, muestras gratas de su cariño. El pueblo 2 romano llegó a decir cierta vez, que hubieran corrido mejor suerte si la esposa de Domicio Ahenobarbo (padre de Nerón), hubiese sido así. Luego de la muerte de Nerón, Esporo fue favorito de Otón y de Faenio Rufo. Otón (que también había estado casado con Popea Sabia antes de divorciarse) también tomó a Esporo como consorte con el nombre de Popea. Su sucesor, Vitelio, ordenó que Esporo actuara en el escenario del teatro en el papel de una mujer que estaba siendo violada, una humillación final que llevó a Esporo al suicidio. Alan Turing, fue un matemático, informático teórico, criptógrafo y filósofo inglés. Es considerado uno de los padres de la Ciencia de la computación siendo el precursor de la informática moderna. Proporcionó una influyente formalización de los conceptos de algoritmo y computación: la máquina de Turing. Formuló su propia versión de la hoy ampliamente aceptada Tesis de Church-Turing, la cual postula que cualquier modelo computacional existente tiene las mismas capacidades algorítmicas, o un subconjunto, de las que tiene una máquina de Turing. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, trabajó en romper los códigos nazis, particularmente los de la máquina Enigma; durante un tiempo fue el director de la sección Naval Enigma del Bletchley Park. Tras la guerra diseñó uno de los primeros computadores electrónicos programables digitales en el Laboratorio Nacional de Física del Reino Unido y poco tiempo después construyó otra de las primeras máquinas en la Universidad de Mánchester. Entre otras muchas cosas, también contribuyó de forma particular e incluso provocativa al enigma de si las máquinas pueden pensar, es decir a la Inteligencia Artificial. La carrera de Turing terminó súbitamente cuando fue procesado por su homosexualidad. No se defendió de los cargos y se le dio a escoger entre la castración química o ir a la cárcel. Eligió lo primero y sufrió importantes consecuencias físicas, entre ellas la impotencia. Dos años después del juicio, en 1954, se suicidó. EN QUE CONSISTE LA CASTRACIÓN La castración humana fue algo muy generalizado, especialmente en prisioneros y esclavos. Lo fue también en ciertos sacerdocios específicos, en las capillas de música (León XIII, muerto el tercer año del siglo XX, dispuso que no hubiera individuos castrados en la capilla de música papal), en el teatro (las grandes figuras del bel canto en el siglo XVII y XVIII son castrados). Los egipcios, los persas, los indios, los chinos y muchos otros pueblos castigaban a los violadores y a los adúlteros con la castración. La castración, es evidente, ha ido disminuyendo. La castración consistía en la destrucción del tejido testicular sin que, por lo general, se llegara a cortar el pene. Mediante esta intervención traumática, se conseguía que los niños que ya habían demostrado tener especiales dotes para el canto mantuvieran, de adultos, una tesitura aguda capaz de interpretar voces características de papeles femeninos. 3 LOS CASTRATIS Es la denominación que se utiliza para referirse al cantante sometido de niño a una castración para conservar su voz aguda. El termino tradicional español referidos a estos cantantes era capón. En el siglo XVI se inicio la costumbre, en el sur de Europa, de castrar a los niños que poseían dotes para la música y particularmente voces finas, para evitar la posterior transformación de sus voces. La iglesia Italiana comenzó a utilizar estas voces de Castrati y en los siglos XVII y XVIII. Los Castrati fueron miembros del coro de la Capilla Sixtina hasta el año 1903 y gozaron de gran prominencia hasta el siglo XVIII.
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