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15On the Symbolism of Numbers Three, Seven and Forty in Azerbajani Folk Stories Sobre El Simbolismo De Los Números Tres, Siete

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15On the Symbolism of Numbers Three, Seven and Forty in Azerbajani Folk Stories Sobre El Simbolismo De Los Números Tres, Siete Presentation date: September, 2020, Date of acceptance: November, 2020, Publication date: January, 2021 ON THE SYMBOLISM OF NUMBERS THREE, SEVEN AND FORTY IN AZERBAJANI FOLK STORIES SOBRE EL SIMBOLISMO DE LOS NÚMEROS TRES, SIETE Y CUARENTA EN LAS HISTORIAS POPULARES AZERBAIYANAS Oruj Aliyev1 E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9660-5175 15 1 Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Azerbaijan. Suggested citation (APA, seventh edition) Aliyev, O. (2021). On the symbolism of numbers three, seven and forty in Azerbaijani folk stories. Revista Conrado, 17(78), 121-126. ABSTRACT RESUMEN Since ancient times, numbers have played an impor- Desde tiempos antiguos los números han jugado un tant role in representing the customs, traditions and importante rol en la representación las costumbres, beliefs of peoples, some reaching the status of sa- tradiciones y creencias de los pueblos, llegando al- cred. For different factors there are common sacred gunos a alcanzar el estatus de sagrados. Por dis- numbers for different peoples, such as the numbers tintos factores existen números sagrados comunes three, five, seven, eight, nine, twelve, forty, three hun- para distintos pueblos, como son los números tres, dred among others. However, in Azerbaijan, special cinco, siete, ocho, nueve, doce, cuarenta, trescien- relevance has been acquired by the numbers three, tos entre otros. Sin embargo, en Azerbaiyán especial seven and forty, so the objective of this research is relevancia ha sido adquirida por los números tres, to analyze its importance in folklore and cultural ex- siete y cuarenta por lo que el objetivo de esta in- pression. For this, various popular tales are analy- vestigación es analizar su importancia en el folclore zed, highlighting the relevance of these numbers, y expresión cultural. Para esto se analizan diversos their functions and possible interpretations. It was cuentos populares destacando la relevancia de es- identified that the number three is associated with tos números, sus funciones y posibles interpretacio- success, number seven with time and forty with the nes. Se identificó que el número tres está asociado concept of many. The study of their possible mea- al éxito, el número siete al tiempo y el cuarenta al nings serves for a better interpretation of ancient concepto de muchos. El estudio de sus posibles texts because, as shown, their interpretation cannot significados sirve para una mejor interpretación de always be literal. textos antiguos pues como se muestra su interpreta- ción no siempre puede ser literal. Keywords: Sacred numbers, natural numbers, mythological Palabras clave: presentation. Números sagrados, números naturales, presenta- ción mitológica. Volume 17 | Number 78 | January - February | 2021 CONRADO | Revista pedagógica de la Universidad de Cienfuegos | ISSN: 1990-8644 INTRODUCTION For example, in the Turkic language numbers one, three, five, seven and nine are considered sacred numbers. Numbers come in many varieties: natural numbers, ratio- Among the ancient Turkic peoples, the number of gifts nal numbers, real numbers, complex numbers, and others. and blessings was usually nine. Therefore, nine is per- Just as Platonists and their opponents cannot settle the ceived as a successful number since people believed question of mathematical reality, philosophers of mathe- that the “levels of heaven”, sacred according to ancient matics also can’t agree on what numbers actually are. A astronomy, were nine. On the other hand, in ancient Yakut number may be conceived as “multitudes of units”, “noth- beliefs and rituals, many representations and events were ing but names” or numerals, a mental entity or projection, associated with certain numbers that carried symbolic and as several other ideas. However, all of these interpre- meaning, particularly the numbers three, nine and eight. tations have their respective advantages and problems The first two numbers were associated with a good start. (Nieder, 2019). Sacred numbers arose from myths and rituals, which are Symbolism of numbers has been one of the basic interests the product of the early stages of the formation of human since philosopher and mathematician Pitagora’s school in consciousness. In the Azerbaijani language, mainly three, Antique Greece. According to Pythagoreans conceptual seven and forty are considered sacred numbers and are system, numbers were the key to the laws of the cosmic often used in the language (particularly in folk literature harmony, this being the reason why they consider num- and speech) and cover a wide area. This also manifests bers to be symbols of a divine cosmic order. In their be- itself in various forms at the present time in the beliefs of liefs numbers weren’t randomly thrown into the world, but the people. For example, consider some texts of beliefs: they are organized in a balanced and ordered system “Khidir Zinda, Khidir Ilyas and Khidir Nabi are three broth- (Andreici, 2017). ers. They say that in difficult times call for Khidir Zinda, in On the other hand, according to Kulishenko & Chechel the water for Khidir Ilyas, and on land for Khidir Nabi”. (2017), in the paremiological picture of the world, num- (Aliyev, 1988, p. 11) bers play an important role in the sign system role. They Other examples of this connection are (Aliyev, 1988): are used not only to measure, but also act as one of the means of describing a person and the world of his knowl- • When a child starts to walk late, in order to overcome edge. Everett (2017), states that we filter our experience the situation, putting him in a sieve and collect gifts through the learned and shared beliefs, values, and tools from seven houses (p.11) that we inherit from those around us. That is, we filter our • When a woman can’t get pregnant take flour from a experience through our native culture and nearly every el- bag three times and later return it saying: “the path will ement of our lives is affected, in one way or another, by remain fertile in it”. After that, begin to use the flour this filtering. Following this point of view numbers symbol- from this bag (p.12) ism play an important role in our lives conditioned by our If two women give birth on the same day, then in for- beliefs, traditions and culture. • ty days they should not speak to each other becau- In the poetic texts of Azerbaijani folk tales, it has been se their children would fall under the influence of evil found that some numbers are widespread and associated forces. If this would happen, watering three time and with primary ideas in traditions, customs, faith, religion, wash them (p.12) and everyday issues. Such numbers are rooted not only in • Sacrificial meat is distributed to seven houses and the tales, but also in folklore in general and this is no coinci- sacrifice, in the name of Khazret Bab, is distributed dence. It is known from many ancient sources that differ- only on the way” (p.12) ent ancient clans and tribes had their own numbers and • Until the fortieth day has passed, the person who has such numbers were considered sacred (Chamanzaminli, returned from the commemoration does not meet the 2005). The numbers used in oral folk art can be divided newborn. That person must first enter a courtyard, and into two groups by their poetic nature: sacred and tra- then meet it” (p.13) ditional numbers. In general, among the peoples of the • If someone sneezes sharply when it comes to a dear world, the numbers three, five, seven, eight, nine, twelve, person, he should pull the hem of his clothes three ti- forty, sixty, three hundred, among others were considered mes and says: you are ours, you are ours, you are ours sacred. It is known that some sacred numbers in different (p.15) countries are identical, although in many cases they differ As can be seen from the above examples, according to depending on the worldview, faith, customs and traditions popular believes, certain sacred numbers have magical of peoples. power or influence. Therefore, they bring good, joy, or, 122 | Volumen 17 | Número 78 | Enero - Febrero | 2021 CONRADO | Revista pedagógica de la Universidad de Cienfuegos | ISSN: 1990-8644 conversely, misfortune and loss. From this point of view, • “As soon as morning came, all three heroes, having set it can be stated that numbers play an important role in off, followed the trail of blood to the well”. (Akhundov, folklore since they may save people from “evil spirits” or 1959, p. 157) help them with “magic power”. Considering this, the ob- • “After 3 days and 3 nights I reached the very center of jective of this research is to analyze the relevance of num- the world of darkness”. (Akhundov, 1959, p. 159) bers three, seven and forty in Azerbaijani folklore. In order “As soon as the daughter of the padishah peri fell to do that traditional tales were examined in order to un- • asleep for three days, Melikmamed stole the girl”. derstand how previous generations created this numbers. (Akhundov, 1959, p. 221) DEVELOPMENT In Azerbaijani folk tales, the three images of evil differ from the images of the three helpers. The assistants are depic- Fairy tales, which occupy an important place among the ted as three characters, perform three functions, so each epic genres of Azerbaijani folklore, provide a very rich of them has a certain magical property inherent only in material for the study of archaic ideas, beliefs, customs him. However, in Azerbaijani folk tales, the three forces of and traditions. At the beginning and at the end of the tale evil are perceived as a single symbol of evil. ­­­ numbers play an important role in the narrative process. Yu.V. Chemenzeminli, M.G. Takhmasib, B. Abdullaev and The number three, being associated with faith, rituals, cus- other folklorists, while studying certain issues of folklore, toms and traditions, is used mainly in the meaning of suc- are refered upon the relevance of thre seven and forty.
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