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The Passivhaus Standard in European Warm Climates: Design Guidelines for Comfortable Low Energy Homes

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The Passivhaus Standard in European Warm Climates: Design Guidelines for Comfortable Low Energy Homes T HE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD I N EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES: D ESIGN GUIDELINES FOR C OMFORTABLE LOW ENERGY HOMES P art 2. National proposals in detail: Passivhaus UK THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR COMFORTABLE LOW ENERGY HOMES Part 2. National proposals in detail: Passivhaus UK Edited and compiled by: Brian Ford, Rosa Schiano-Phan and Duan Zhongcheng, School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham T he work described in this report was carried out under contract as part of the EC funded project Passive-on (‘Marketable Passive Homes for Winter and Summer Comfort’ EIE/04/091/S07.38644, 2004-‘07). T he views expressed in this report are those of the contractors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES PARTNERS MAIN SUBCONTRACTOR Passivhaus Institut Politecnico di Milano, Italy Rheinstraße 44/46 Dipartimento di Energetica (e-ERG) D-64283 Darmstadt Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Juergen Schnieders 20133 Milano Andrew Pindar (Co-ordinator) Lorenzo Pagliano ACKNOWLEDGMENTS University of Nottingham, UK School of the Built Environment This document is derived from the work of all the partners and the main University Park subcontractor of the Passive-on project. In addition we would like to thank Nottingham NG7 2RD the industrial partners for their invaluable contribution to this project: Nicola Brian Ford Agnoli, Rockwool Italia; Daniela Origgi, BASF; Massimo Gattolin, Provincia Rosa Schiano-Phan di Venezia. AICIA, Spain Special thanks go to the peer reviewers who kindly offered their comments Asociación de Investigación y Cooperación Industrial de Andalucía on the earlier drafts of this report: Simos Yannas, Architectural Association; Escuela Superior de Ingenieros. Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n Mark Brinkley, Journalist; Gavin Hodgson, BRE; Julian Marsh, Architect; E-41092, Sevilla Derek Trowell, Architect. Servando Alvarez Jose’ Manuel Salmeron Lissen ICE, France International Conseil Energie 6 rue de Verdun 93450 Ile-Saint-Denis Sophie Attali & Dominique Maigrot Natural Works, Portugal Projectos de Engenharia Calcada Marques de Abrantes N48 2D 1200-719 Lisboa Maria Malato Lerer Guilherme Carrilho da Graca INETI, Portugal THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES: National Institute of Engineering Technology and Innovation I.P. DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR COMFORTABLE LOW ENERGY HOMES Estrada do Paço do Lumiar Part 2. National Proposals in detail: Passivhaus UK 1648-038 Lisboa Helder Gonçalves Luisa Brotas July 2007 THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 THE UK PASSIVHAUS..............................................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 BUILDING GEOMETRY .............................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 WEATHER ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 1.3 CONSTRUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 1.4 HEATING ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 1.4.1 Strategy...............................................................................................................................................................................................................5 1.4.2 Systems ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................6 1.4.3 Performance........................................................................................................................................................................................................7 1.5 COOLING .................................................................................................................................................................................................................10 1.5.1 Strategy.............................................................................................................................................................................................................10 1.5.2 Performance...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.6 THERMAL COMFORT .............................................................................................................................................................................................13 1.6.1 Comfort analysis ...............................................................................................................................................................................................13 1.7 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................................................................................................14 THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES 1 THE UK PASSIVHAUS 1.1 BUILDING GEOMETRY The UK Passivhaus example is built on a typical three bedroom end of terrace house complying with Building Regs 2006 but with the addition of glazed buffer zones on the south and north ground floor elevations. The basic building type and specifications follow the ones of commercial UK building contractors. However, improvements to the building envelope and materials are made to enhance energy performance and occupant’s comfort. A brief description of the proposed Passivhaus follows in the diagrams below. Fig. 1. 2 – Ground floor, plan (left) and First floor, plan (right) Fig. 1. 1 – 3D of proposed Passivhaus UK Fig. 1. 3 – Section A-A’ (left) and Section B-B’ (right) 1 THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES 1.2 WEATHER Annual Ambient Temperatures and RH for Birmingham The weather file used to represent the UK Passivhaus climate was sourced from the New Generation TAS Database (by EDSL). The location is 120 Birmingham, UK (52°26’ N, 1°55’ W). 100 80 Solar radiation is plotted in Fig. 1.6.Wind speed and directions for % / Birmingham are plotted in the 3D wind rose in Fig.1.4. 60 C g e 40 d 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -20 Months Wind Rose UK_Birmingham_EWY ENTIRE YEAR Fig. 1. 5 – Annual Ambient Temperatures and RH 400 350 300 Global Solar Radiation for Birmingham 1000 250 900 Total No. Hours 200 800 700 150 600 2 m / 500 100 W 400 13 50 300 10 200 7 Wind Speed (m/s) 0 100 24 48 72 4 96 120 144 168 0 192 216 240 264 1 288 312 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Wind Bearing (degrees) 336 360 Months 0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 Fig. 1. 4 – Wind Rose Fig. 1. 6 – Global Solar Radiation 2 THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES 1.3 CONSTRUCTION Table 1. 4 – Configuration for external wall Table 1. 1 – Configuration for roof Layer Thickness Layer Thickness Brickwork 103 mm Tiles 5 mm Insulation 300 mm Underlay rafters 2 mm Blockwork 115mm Joists 100 mm Plasterboard 9.5 mm Rockwool insulation 300 mm Plasterboard 25 mm U-value: 0.15 W/m2K, 2 U-value: 0.2 W/m K, Table 1. 2 – Configuration for ground floor Table 1. 5 – Configuration for party wall Layer Thickness Layer Thickness Concrete slab 190 mm Plasterboard 25 mm EPS insulation 150 mm Blockwork 100 mm DPM Air cavity 75mm Sand 50 mm Blockwork 100 mm Hardcore 600 mm Plasterboard 25 mm U-value: 0.2 W/m2K, Table 1. 3 – Configuration for ground floor Table 1. 6 – Configuration for internal wall Layer Thickness Layer Thickness Timber decking 22 mm Plasterboard 25 mm Joists 250 mm Air 50 mm Plaster board 15 mm Plasterboard 25 mm 3 THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES Table 1. 7 – Low-e Double Glazing Description Thickness U-value Solar factor (out-in) [m] [W/m2K] [-] Clear glass 0.006 1.8 0.5 Air Gap-Argon 0.012 Low-e glass 0.006 Table 1. 8 – Single Glass Description Thickness U-value Solar factor (out-in) [m] [W/m2K] [-] Clear glass 0.006 5.7 0.78 Table 1. 9 – Frame Description Thickness Conductivity Solar Abs (out-in) (m) (W/mK) (-) Pine 0.025 0.138 0.6 4 THE PASSIVHAUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN WARM CLIMATES 1.4 HEATING 1.4.1 Strategy The heating strategy entails a combination of passive and active heating. Passive heating (Fig. 1.7 - 1.9) is achieved by adopting a three part strategy: • Minimise fabric and infiltration losses; • Promote solar gains coupled to the mass of the house; • Promote pre-heating of ventilation air. Incorporating glazed buffer zones at ground level addresses all the three parts of this strategy. In fact, the North buffer zone acts as a lobby and prevents additional heat losses. The south buffer promotes direct solar gains as well as preheating the outdoor air before entering the house. Fig. 1. 5 –
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