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Distribution and Natural History Notes of Mammals (Orders: Chiroptera and Rodentia) from Nebraska and South Dakota

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Distribution and Natural History Notes of Mammals (Orders: Chiroptera and Rodentia) from Nebraska and South Dakota Occasional Papers Museum of Texas Tech University Number 376 22 April 2021 Distribution and Natural History Notes of Mammals (Orders: Chiroptera and Rodentia) from Nebraska and South Dakota Keith Geluso and Michael L. Rohde Abstract Noteworthy distributional and natural history notes are reported for mammals from Ne- braska and South Dakota. Such observations are important in understanding distributions of mammals, some of which currently are shifting, as well as understanding their behaviors and ecological relationships between species. Herein, observations are reported for 15 species from two orders of mammals, Chiroptera and Rodentia, including 16 county records and a number of natural history notes. Natural history notes, in part, include a Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) predated by a Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus), semi-aquatic Com- mon Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) climbing trees, diurnal observations of Plains Harvest Mice (Reithrodontomys montanus), and a Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius) climbing tall grasses to reach seed heads. Distributional records fill in gaps in occurrences of species across two states, whereas natural history observations continue to demonstrate how diverse interac- tions and behaviors are for mammals in the Great Plains. Key words: bats, distribution, Lasionycteris noctivagans, mammals, natural history, Ne- braska, Ondatra zibethicus, Peromyscus leucopus, range expansion, Reithrodontomys montanus, rodents, South Dakota, Zapus hudsonius Introduction Much information remains to be amassed con- requires time in the field or technological advances in cerning the distribution and natural history of mammals order to study them in their natural habitats (Geluso in the Great Plains. Distributions for many species are et al. 2018). Both distributional and natural history shifting because of anthropogenic changes to the region information is used to better understand the ecology of (Benedict et al. 2000; Forrester et al. 2019; Roehrs et species. Accumulation of such data is used for various al. 2021), whereas other distributional records reflect purposes, such as compiling details of their biology limited trapping in the past (Benedict 2004; Johnson for regional or synoptic books (Schmidly and Bradley and Geluso 2017). Many mammals are small and noc- 2016; Best and Hunt 2020), review papers (Nyffeler and turnal, which make them difficult to observe and study. Knörnschild 2013), and to protect and manage species Documenting the natural history of species generally (USFWS 2015). 2 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University Herein, distributional and natural history data In accounts below, the focus was to present are reported for a number of mammals in Nebraska descriptive data for observations rather than a longer and South Dakota. These observations help to further treatise. If relevant, data are presented on methods in clarify their distributions and natural history in the accounts, but the intent was to convey new descriptive Great Plains. Many of these data likely would be information. If voucher specimens were secured, indi- difficult to publish individually, thus observations are viduals were deposited in the natural history collections combined herein to facilitate dissemination of such at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History (FHSM), facts. Unfortunately, there is no specific outlet for Hays, Kansas; the University of Nebraska State Mu- short natural history notes and single county records for seum, Lincoln, Nebraska (UNSM); or the Museum mammals, like what is available for herpetologists, for of Southwestern Biology (MSB), University of New example, in the journal Herpetological Review. Many Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. For many of the data were collected opportunistically while conducting more recent specimens, tissues samples were collected research on other projects. Some data were reported to and deposited at the FHSM. Common and scientific us by others when they observed something that seemed names of mammals follow Bradley et al. (2014), unless unusual or of interest. otherwise noted, whereas common and scientific names of plants follow USDA (2021). Results ORDER CHIROPTERA Examination of prey items from the nest box revealed Family Vespertilionidae one L. noctivagans (FHSM #43493, partial skull), nine Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte, 1831) North American Deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus), Silver-haired Bat six Prairie Voles (Microtus ochrogaster), eight Microtus spp., and four harvest mice (Reithrodontomys spp.). Silver-haired Bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) The nest box contained four owlets on 10 May and occur across Nebraska, with most captures from west- the last chick fledged on 29 May. The bat likely was ern parts of the state (Benedict 2004; Johnson and Ge- captured during spring migration in April or May, as luso 2017). For bats, limited data are known regarding L. noctivagans is not known from the pine forests of predators due to their nocturnal behaviors (Sparks et al. the Wildcat Hills in summer (Geluso et al. 2013) and 2000). A number of vertebrates are known to predate owls generally do not reside in nest boxes after young L. noctivagans in the United States and Canada (Sparks have fledged (W. Mollhoff, personal communication). et al. 2000). This is the first confirmed occurrence of a North- In a study of Northern Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius ern Saw-whet Owl predating a Silver-haired Bat in acadicus) across Nebraska, Mollhoff (2018) reported on North America. Previously, a small owl, either a North- prey items discovered in nest boxes, including a L. noc- ern Saw-whet Owl or Eastern Screech Owl (Megascops tivagans. Limited data were presented for that specific asio) was observed to prey upon a L. noctivagans in observation by Mollhoff (2018), thus additional data are the Black Hills of South Dakota (Mattson 1995). Great included here. On 7 October 2014, contents of a nest Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) also are known to box were removed and examined for vertebrate remains predate L. noctivagans (Bond 1940). from the Wildcat Hills State Wildlife Management Area, Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska (4.1 km S, 20.7 Aeorestes cinereus (Beauvois, 1796) km W McGrew Post Office; 41.7094°N, 103.6655°W, Hoary Bat elev. 1422 m, WGS 84). The nest box was on a Pon- derosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) in a clump of mature The Hoary Bat (Aeorestes cinereus, formerly pines on the side of a steep gully in rocky escarpment Lasiurus cinereus; Baird et al. 2015) is a migratory of the Wildcat Hills. In the area, habitat consisted of species that occurs throughout Nebraska (Czaplewski scattered Ponderosa Pines in a mixed-grass prairie. et al. 1979; Benedict 2004). To date, few observa- Geluso and Rohde—Notes on Mammals from Nebraska and South Dakota 3 tions are known from the Sandhill Region of the state 1979), a small wooded grove of trees by a wildlife ref- (Czaplewski et al. 1979; Benedict 2004; Johnson and uge headquarters in Garden County (Bogan et al. 2004), Geluso 2017). and riparian areas along the Middle Loup River and planted stands of coniferous trees in Thomas County On 25 December 2018, a dead Hoary Bat was (Geluso 2006). observed beneath trees at the headquarters of Fawn Lake Ranch in western Cherry County, Nebraska (46.8 The record from Fawn Lake Ranch and the ob- km S, 16.3 km W Merriman, 42.4989°N, 101.9028°W, servation from Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge WGS 84; Fig. 1). It is unknown when the individual (Bogan et al. 2004) represent the only records of this died. A number of large Plains Cottonwoods (Populus species using the vast open areas of the Sandhill Region deltoides), other deciduous trees, and coniferous trees that lack many trees. It is unknown how many individu- were present at the headquarters. The ranch consists als migrate through this region, but farther to the west almost exclusively of upland grasslands and low-lying in wooded habitats of Wildcat Hills and Pine Bluffs wet meadows, with similar habitats surrounding the areas of Nebraska, migratory waves of individuals ranch. Only a limited number of trees occur on the frequently have been documented (Geluso et al. 2013; ranch, with no corridors of forested habitats. Riparian Geluso and Geluso 2016). Documenting Hoary Bats habitats along the Niobrara River are about 24 km to the across the Sandhill Region with mist nets likely will northwest and 29 km to the north. A number of Hoary prove difficult, but acoustic monitoring could facilitate Bats have been captured along the river throughout the obtaining such data. Notably, Nebraska is ranked as the northern tier of the state (Benedict 2004). Only a few fourth windiest state in the United States, thus there is records of Hoary Bats are known away from the Niobr- an opportunity to generate much electricity from wind ara River in the Sandhills (Bogan et al. 2004; Johnson in the future (see Geluso and Geluso 2016). There is and Geluso 2017). Those records are associated with a need for a better understanding of the migratory pat- towns and rivers in Custer County (Czaplewski et al. terns for this species in the Great Plains, as research- Figure 1. A deceased Hoary Bat (Aeorestes cinereus) discovered on 25 December 2018 beneath trees at the headquarters of Fawn Lake Ranch in western Cherry County, Nebraska (42.4989°N, 101.9028°W). Photograph by John Halstead. 4 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University ers recently demonstrated that Hoary Bats might face the county (43.00284°N, 100.35408°W, WGS 84). All large-scale declines, up to 90%, in the next 50 years three surrounding counties in South Dakota (Bennett, due to fatalities associated with turbines at wind-energy Mellette, and Tripp) have published records (Higgins facilities (Frick et al. 2017). et al. 2002). Myotis ciliolabrum (Merriam, 1886) Neotoma floridana (Ord, 1818) Western Small-footed Myotis Eastern Woodrat The Western Small-footed Myotis (Myotis Three subspecies of Eastern Woodrats (Neo- ciliolabrum) is known from western parts of Nebraska toma floridana) occur in Nebraska. The northernmost (Benedict 2004).
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