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WMA12: Mzimvubu to Keiskamma Water Management Area

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WMA12: Mzimvubu to Keiskamma Water Management Area DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY DIRECTORATE OF OPTIONS ANALYSIS LUKANJI REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY FEASIBILITY STUDY MAIN REPORT SUBMITTED BY Ninham Shand (Pty) Ltd P O Box 1347 Cape Town 8000 Tel : 021 - 481 2400 Fax : 021 - 424 5588 e-mail : [email protected] FINAL January 2006 Title : Main Report Authors : R Blackhurst (main author) and K Riemann (Chapter 3) Project Name : Lukanji Regional Water Supply Feasibility Study DWAF Report No. : P WMA 12/S00/2908 Ninham Shand Report No. : 10676/3840 Status of Report : Final First Issue : January 2006 Final Issue : January 2006 Approved for the Study Team : …………………………………… M J SHAND Ninham Shand (Pty) Ltd DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY Directorate : Options Analysis Approved for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry by : A D BROWN Chief Engineer : Options Analysis (South) (Project Manager) …………………………………… L S MABUDA Director MAIN REPORT i LUKANJI REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY FEASIBILITY STUDY MAIN REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION The Lukanji Regional Water Feasibility Supply Study, commissioned by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), commenced in March 2003. The main aim of the study is to review the findings of earlier studies and, taking cognisance of new developments and priorities that have been identified in the study area, to make a firm recommendation on the next augmentation scheme to be developed for the supply of water to the urban complexes of Queenstown and Sada-Whittlesea following the implementation of a suitable water demand management programme. In addition, proposed operating rules will be identified for the existing water supply schemes and the augmentation scheme to provide for the ecological component of the Reserve and the equitable distribution of water between rural domestic and urban water supplies and irrigators. In a previous study, the Queenstown Regional Water Supply Feasibility Study (QRWSFS) (DWAF, 1997), several alternative phased schemes were identified to meet the predicted water requirements of Queenstown and Sada-Whittlesea to the year 2045. The future water requirements were projected to 2045 from recorded water use to 1995, and the schemes were compared on the basis of their calculated Net Present Values (NPVs). The scheme with the lowest NPV was found to be one for which the proposed first phase was the construction of a pipeline from Xonxa Dam to Queenstown. The actual growth in water requirements since 1995 has been significantly lower than predicted and, in addition, the unutilised Oxkraal Dam has become available to augment the supply to existing users. In view of this, it was not certain that a scheme that would entail the construction of the Xonxa Pipeline as its first phase would still be the most advantageous. Consequently, a number of alternative schemes were again investigated with the results presented in this report. The current study includes the determination of environmental flow requirements, and updating predictions of irrigation and urban water requirements. The results of these investigations have been used to update the previous estimates of the quantities of water available from surface water resources for the supply to Queenstown and to determine operating rules for the Lukanji Water Resources System. Since the QRWSFS was completed, new information on groundwater potential in the area has shown that large volumes of groundwater could be abstracted on a sustainable basis. C:\Documents and Settings\HöllC\My Documents\MAIN REPORT.doc January 2006 MAIN REPORT ii Consequently, the augmentation of the existing surface water supplies by means of groundwater abstraction is also considered in this report. 2. THE LUKANJI SURFACE WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM The existing Lukanji Water Resources System consists of the Black Kei River and its major tributaries, the Klaas Smits River and the Klipplaat River, and several dams that are situated on tributaries of the Black Kei River. Run-of-river flow is abstracted from all of the rivers for irrigation. In addition, Xonxa Dam on the White Kei River, although not currently part of the system, may well become part of it in the future if it is selected as the source of water for the next augmentation scheme. Therefore, in this study, Xonxa Dam and the main stem of the White Kei River are considered to be part of the System. The Lukanji System is part of the larger Upper Kei System which includes the Doring River Dam and the Lubisi Dam, both on the Indwe River, a major tributary of the White Kei River. The System supplies water to the urban areas of Queenstown and Sada-Whittlesea, as well as to several irrigation schemes. The urban supply is abstracted from Waterdown and Bonkolo Dams. Waterdown Dam also supplies water for irrigation. As a result of steady growth in the urban water requirements, the capacities of the pipelines that convey water from Waterdown Dam to the water treatment works will soon be inadequate. In addition, the assurance at which the water can be provided has decreased to a level that may not be appropriate for urban supplies. Consequently, a supplementary source of raw water needs to be provided, or the proportions in which the water from Waterdown Dam is allocated between urban supplies and irrigation need to be amended. In addition, a second pipeline to convey water to Queenstown is needed. The other dams that are components of the System were constructed to supply water to irrigation schemes. In some instances, even though the dams were constructed, the irrigation schemes were never developed. In other instances, the irrigation schemes were only partially developed or, if fully developed, have subsequently fallen into disrepair, with a consequent decrease in water use. As a result of this situation, the yields of several of the dams are not fully allocated or utilised at present. 3. GROUNDWATER The QRWSFS concluded that, although conditions are relatively favourable for the development of supplies from groundwater, it is not feasible to develop a borehole field to meet even 10% of Queenstown's demand. Umvoto Africa was appointed by Ninham Shand as specialist consultant for the groundwater component of the study to review the original findings and to determine the potential for augmenting the water supply to Queenstown from groundwater. The investigation was undertaken at a pre-feasibility desktop level with a minor field reconnaissance component. Recently published reports and maps on groundwater potential in the C:\Documents and Settings\HöllC\My Documents\MAIN REPORT.doc January 2006 MAIN REPORT iii Queenstown area and the relevance and application of research and additional data that has been undertaken and/or acquired since 1995 were considered. The focus was on identifying potential targets for groundwater exploration close to Queenstown, Sada-Whittlesea and or the existing or proposed infrastructure (i.e. pipeline from Waterdown Dam and proposed pipeline from Xonxa Dam). The review of different investigations revealed that the figures of groundwater potential and yield, given in previous water resource assessments for the Queenstown area are too low and unrealistic. There is generally a good to high potential to develop sustainable groundwater schemes for both rural and urban water supply. The two crucial keys to sustainable groundwater development in the Lukanji region are (1) the ultimate storage capacity (both unconfined and confined) of the deeper Katberg fractured-rock aquifer, especially along the Katberg-dolerite contact hydrotects, and (2) its system recharge- discharge response characteristics in relation to the Katberg-Amatola range summit, where highest precipitation in the region occurs. The target generation identified eight potential target areas for groundwater development, associated with dolerite dykes, most of which are situated within ring structures or are associated with dolerite sheets or sills, and that comply with the following criteria: • Katberg sandstone as host rock • Close to existing or planned water supply infrastructure • Within the boundary of the Lukanji local municipality • Within the S32 catchment, to avoid unnecessary pumping costs However, three additional target areas associated with dolerite ring structures were identified in the proximity of Queenstown. Based on estimated costs, location and hydrogeological prospect, five target areas in the vicinity of Sada-Whittlesea were selected for further investigation if a groundwater supply were to be selected for the next augmentation scheme. Each of the target areas is expected to sustainably deliver 0.5 to 1 Mm3 of water per annum. The unit reference values for the different options vary from R0.79/m3 to R2.78/m3, depending on the distance of the target area to the existing infrastructure and the assumed yield. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that a more detailed hydrogeological investigation and exploration program in the priority target areas would be justified if groundwater sources were found to be competitive with surface water sources for the augmentation scheme. C:\Documents and Settings\HöllC\My Documents\MAIN REPORT.doc January 2006 MAIN REPORT iv 4. EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES The Lukanji Surface Water Resources System supplies raw water to the urban areas of Queenstown and Sada-Whittlesea, the rural villages of Yonda and Mbekweni, and a number of irrigation schemes. The town of Ilinge is currently supplied from boreholes, as are many of the rural villages in the area. Supplies to rural villages do not fall
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