DOCSLIB.ORG

Of Each Branch. Slash Pine and Other

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Of Each Branch. Slash Pine and Other THE PALMETTO,Winter 1992, Page9 by Maria Minno homes. Survivors of the timber indus- The fragrance of evergreens during try may have been spared because of the holiday season is just as important the naval stores industry. Tar, pitch, to some of us as the smell of candied rosin and turpentine were obtained yamsand pecan pie. As you gather pine from these resiniferous trees. The scar, called a "catface;' resulted when the boughs for your holiday table center- 0 c piece or you r front door wreath, think c bark was stripped down to the cam- not only of the everlasting life of the ~ bium layer. This caused the flow of the ~ -.: sap, which was funneled into ceramic spirit they represent, but also of the ~ ever-continuing natural heritage of ~ pots via tin channels nailed to the tree. u c Cat-facing made the trees unsuitable Florida's corner of the world. ~ In Florida, winter is a particularly ~ for saw timber, because of the metal, ~ good time to look at our many native ~ which would damage saw blades used evergreens. In particular, our pines :ti in lumbering. cn can give us a sense of the history of A longleaf pine accompanied by .c-§ turkey oak (Quercus laevis) indicates the land they persist on; we can guess [l. what kind of habitat ou r own home was sandhill habitat. Turkeyoak is an acorn- This longleaf pine is just coming out of its built upon if there are a few old pines bearing tree with deeply and wildly grass phase. Katharine Ordway Preserve, around. scalloped leaves. Sandhill habitat was There are seven species of pines Putnam County. a favorite of our early settlers, the called the "grass stage"for several years. native to Florida, each with its own Florida crackers, and of the native storY to tell. Although most species of pines are peoples before them. Natural sandhill resistant to fi res at matu rity, very you ng habitat is one of the most diverse com- Longleaf Pine trees are quite vulnerable. But during munities in the southeastern United the grass stage, the terminal bud, Our most noble and elegant conifer, States,with a plethora of herb species. whose su rvival is crucial to the su rvival the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), was Longleaf pines grow in dry and moist once Florida's most abundant pine, of the entire tree, remains enveloped areas alike, the decisive factor being although now there are not a whole lot within a tuft of needles at the surface fire. In the northern two-thirds of our of them left. The need les (wh ich are the of the soil. Because fires used to be fre- state, flatwoods were dominated by leaves),8 to 18 inches long [the editor's quent in sandhills and flatwoods, fuel longleaf pines (which are absent from father once measured one 24" long], rarely built up enough to produce Florida south and east of Lake Okee- grow in little bunches of three, wrapped much heat. So, historically, most fires chobee). Flatwoods were once the in what looks like brown tissue paper just burned the edges of the leaf tuft, most widespread biological community around their bases. This is called the and the terminal bud was protected in Florida, formerly extending across fascicle sheath, and on longleaf pines within. Once a large taproot has de- perhaps half of the state'suplands. Also it is over a half inch long. veloped, after 5 to 15 years, the terminal called pine savannah, this community The buds, too, can be used to distin- bud shoots straight up on a substantial occupies soils that are covered by guish most longleaf pines from other trunk within a matter of just a few stand i ng water part of the year, and are species. Pinus palustris is unique in months! This keeps the pine's growing subject to frequent fires (perhaps once having siIvery term i nal bud s at the end points up high, again out of the reach everyone to eight years). Longleaf of eachbranch. Slashpine and other of the flames. pines accompanied by shrubs such as Floridapines havebrownish or rusty- Longleaf pines may grow to a height gallberry (flex glabra), saw palmetto of 120 feet. colored buds. The cones of the long- (Serenoa repens), and wax myrtle leaf, which may be ten inches tall, are If you find an old longleaf pine around (Myrica cerifera), or wi regrass(Aristida the largest of any native species east your home, you're lucky, since most stricta), tell you you're in genuine pine of the Mississippi River. were logged 50 to 100 years ago and are flatwoods. Young longleafs remain in what is now in the end u ri ng wood of ou r older Unfortunately, throughout Florida's Page10, THE PAL'.1~TTO,Win/c, 1992 extensive flatwoods, most of the mag- Sand Pine nificent longleaf pines have been The sand pine (Pinus clausa) is a removed for timber and replaced by short-needled pine common in the slash pines, which must be carefully Ocala National Forest. As its name tended by fire-fighters. implies, this tree is found where the SlashPine soil is conspicuously sandy.Sand pines Slash pines (Pinus e//iottii) have don't grow outside of Florida except for needles five to ten inches long in an area in the very southwestern tip of bundles of twos and threes, with glossy Alabama.A sandpine indicatesScrub habitat, where rain-washed white-sand brown cones two to six inches long. Trees of this species normally lack the barrens appear between patches of grass stage that renders longleaf pine scrub oaks. so resistantto fire. Thus the specieswas Scrub habitat is particularly rich in not particularly fire resistant in a land endemic species, and may be Florida's Cones and foliage of sand pine. Fort Lau- oldest surviving natural community. where most of the vegetation went up derdale Executive Airport scrub in Broward More information on the ever-fasci- in smoke each year from lightning County. nating Scrub can be found in the strikes. Historically, slash pine was restricted to areas protected from fre- Spring 1992 Palmetto. quent fires, such as pond margins, Loblolly Pine small islands, peninsulas, etc. So, Like longleaf pine, but unlike con- Loblolly pines (Pinus taeda) ijre although it's now the forester's favorite, specifics farther north, the South nicknamed "old field pines" because of it wasn't especially common in days of Florida slash pine has a grass stage their habit of popping up after an area old. Slash pines do grow fast, however, which renders it resistant to fires while has been clearedof trees.An old lob- and may indicate either an area long- it is young. lolly pine may indicate a farm or protected from fire (such as on very In northern Florida it is easy to dis- pasture once occupied the land. poorly-drained soil), or a former pine tinguish between slash pines and long- They have puzzle-patchy bark that plantation. leafs. In central Florida, however, the exudes the fragrance of vanilla (or is it I n South Florida, Dade Cou nty pi nes two are hard to tell apart. Only slash root beer?). They tend to branch and (Pinus e//iottii var. densa) once occu- pines can be found at the southern- grow in a characteristically un-pine-like pied flatwoods and limestone rock- most end of the Florida peninsula. manner. Also, unlike most other pines, lands, and can still be found growing in There, however, they are similar to loblolly pines can tolerate a lot of less-disturbed places such as Ever- the Caribbean pine, common in the shade, so are often found in open glades National Park and on the Keys. Bahamas. hammocks. The cones, two to six inches long, are relatively small, and the needles, six to nine inches, grow in bundles of three (occasionally two). Spruce Pine Spruce pi ne (Pinus glabra) and sand pine are both short-leaved small-coned pines. And although these two pines are superficially very similar, and they both require habitats well-protected from fire, their sunlight and moisture requirements seem to be quite differ- .. that future generations may appreciate Florida's heritage. .. ent. Spruce pines grow in moist, shady places such as deep wet woods, while We are specialisffi in commercial wetland restoration [1-100 acres). sand pines grow in scrub, the hottest, We also have the state's largest supply of seed-grown silver saw driest habitat in Florida. palmetto for upland restoration and xeric landscapes. They can also be distinguished by Many other speciesare also available. their cones. Unlike spruce pine, sand pine retains its cones so long that the If you need a quality native plantingor plant supplyplease call. surrounding branches grow around them, and they seem to be imbedded Retail hours: Wed., 10-5; Sat., 9-2. in the wood. In Florida, spruce pines grow only at DAVID DRYLIE, ASLA the northern end of the peninsula and (407) 568-1333 in the Panhandle. FLORIDANATIVE LANDSCAPE PLANTS . WETLAND& AQUATICPLANT SUPPLY Pond Pine . WHOLESALE TREES. SHRUBS & VINES . LINERS. BARERDDT & CONTAINER STOCK Trueto its name,the crooked,gnarly . WILDFLOWER PLANT & SEED SUPPLY . CONTRACT GROWING & DESIGN/BUILD branches of the pond pine (Pinus serotina) may be found spreading over 1333 taylor creek rd. p. o. box 1330. christmas. florida 32709 poorly-drained areas in the northern 20 mi. east of orlando. % mi. south of s.~ 50 half of the state. just south of the Oklawaha River in the Ocala National THE PALMETTO,Winter 1992, Page11 Forest, for example, there is a nice community, slash pines, which pro- References Clewell, Andre F.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sassafras Tea: Using a Traditional Method of Preparation to Reduce the Carcinogenic Compound Safrole Kate Cummings Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2012 Sassafras Tea: Using a Traditional Method of Preparation to Reduce the Carcinogenic Compound Safrole Kate Cummings Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cummings, Kate, "Sassafras Tea: Using a Traditional Method of Preparation to Reduce the Carcinogenic Compound Safrole" (2012). All Theses. 1345. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1345 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SASSAFRAS TEA: USING A TRADITIONAL METHOD OF PREPARATION TO REDUCE THE CARCINOGENIC COMPOUND SAFROLE A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Forest Resources by Kate Cummings May 2012 Accepted by: Patricia Layton, Ph.D., Committee Chair Karen C. Hall, Ph.D Feng Chen, Ph. D. Christina Wells, Ph. D. ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to quantify the carcinogenic compound safrole in the traditional preparation method of making sassafras tea from the root of Sassafras albidum. The traditional method investigated was typical of preparation by members of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and other Appalachian peoples. Sassafras is a tree common to the eastern coast of the United States, especially in the mountainous regions. Historically and continuing until today, roots of the tree are used to prepare fragrant teas and syrups.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinus Glabra Walt. Family: Pinaceae Spruce Pine
    Pinus glabra Walt. Family: Pinaceae Spruce Pine The genus Pinus is composed of about 100 species native to temperate and tropical regions of the world. Wood of pine can be separated microscopically into the white, red and yellow pine groups. The word pinus is the classical Latin name. The word glabra means glabrous or smooth, referring to the bark. Other Common Names: Amerikaanse witte pijn, black pine, bottom white pine, cedar pine, kings-tree, lowland spruce pine, pin blanc americain, pino blanco americano, poor pine, southern white pine, spruce lowland pine, spruce pine, Walter pine, white pine. Distribution: Spruce pine is native to the coastal plain from eastern South Carolina to northern Florida and west to southeastern Louisiana. The Tree: Spruce pine trees reach heights of 100 feet, with diameters of 3 feet. A record tree has been recorded at 123 feet tall, with a diameter of over 4 feet. In stands, spruce pine self prunes to a height of 60 feet. General Wood Characteristics: The sapwood of spruce pine is a yellowish white, while the heartwood is a reddish brown. The sapwood is usually wide in second growth stands. Heartwood begins to form when the tree is about 20 years old. In old, slow-growth trees, sapwood may be only 1 to 2 inches in width. The wood of spruce pine is very heavy and strong, very stiff, hard and moderately high in shock resistance. It also has a straight grain, medium texture and is difficult to work with hand tools. It ranks high in nail holding capacity, but there may be difficulty in gluing.
    [Show full text]
  • Brewing Beer with Native Plants (Seasonality)
    BREWING BEER WITH INDIANA NATIVE PLANTS Proper plant identification is important. Many edible native plants have poisonous look-alikes! Availability/When to Harvest Spring. Summer. Fall Winter . Year-round . (note: some plants have more than one part that is edible, and depending on what is being harvested may determine when that harvesting period is) TREES The wood of many native trees (especially oak) can be used to age beer on, whether it be barrels or cuttings. Woods can also be used to smoke the beers/malts as well. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis): Needles and young twigs can be brewed into a tea or added as ingredients in cooking, similar flavoring to spruce. Tamarack (Larix laricina): Bark and twigs can be brewed into a tea with a green, earthy flavor. Pine species (Pinus strobus, Pinus banksiana, Pinus virginiana): all pine species have needles that can be made into tea, all similar flavor. Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana): mature, dark blue berries and young twigs may be made into tea or cooked with, similar in flavor to most other evergreen species. Pawpaw (Asimina triloba): edible fruit, often described as a mango/banana flavor hybrid. Sassafras (Sassafras albidum): root used to make tea, formerly used to make rootbeer. Similarly flavored, but much more earthy and bitter. Leaves have a spicier, lemony taste and young leaves are sometimes used in salads. Leaves are also dried and included in file powder, common in Cajun and Creole cooking. Northern Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis): Ripe, purple-brown fruits are edible and sweet. Red Mulberry (Morus rubra): mature red-purple-black fruit is sweet and juicy.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Invasive Potential of an Exotic Scale Insect Associated with Annual Christmas Tree Harvest and Distribution in the Southeastern U.S
    Trees, Forests and People 2 (2020) 100013 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Trees, Forests and People journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tfp Evaluating the invasive potential of an exotic scale insect associated with annual Christmas tree harvest and distribution in the southeastern U.S. Adam G. Dale a,∗, Travis Birdsell b, Jill Sidebottom c a University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611 b North Carolina State University, NC Cooperative Extension, Ashe County, NC c North Carolina State University, College of Natural Resources, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC 28759 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Keywords: The movement of invasive species is a global threat to ecosystems and economies. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Forest entomology Coccoidea) are particularly well-suited to avoid detection, invade new habitats, and escape control efforts. In Fiorinia externa countries that celebrate Christmas, the annual movement of Christmas trees has in at least one instance been Elongate hemlock scale associated with the invasion of a scale insect pest and subsequent devastation of indigenous forest species. In the Conifers eastern United States, except for Florida, Fiorinia externa is a well-established exotic scale insect pest of keystone Fraser fir hemlock species and Fraser fir Christmas trees. Annually, several hundred thousand Fraser firs are harvested and shipped into Florida, USA for sale to homeowners and businesses. There is concern that this insect may disperse from Christmas trees and establish on Florida conifers of economic and conservation interest. Here, we investigate the invasive potential of F.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusarium Torreyae (Sp
    HOST RANGE AND BIOLOGY OF FUSARIUM TORREYAE (SP. NOV), CAUSAL AGENT OF CANKER DISEASE OF FLORIDA TORREYA (TORREYA TAXIFOLIA ARN.) By AARON J. TRULOCK A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Aaron J. Trulock 2 To my wife, for her support, patience, and dedication 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my chair, Jason Smith, and committee members, Jenny Cruse-Sanders and Patrick Minogue, for their guidance, encouragement, and boundless knowledge, which has helped me succeed in my graduate career. I would also like to thank the Forest Pathology lab for aiding and encouraging me in both my studies and research. Research is not an individual effort; it’s a team sport. Without wonderful teammates it would never happen. Finally, I would like to that the U.S. Forest Service for their financial backing, as well as, UF/IFAS College of Agriculture and Life Science for their matching funds. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 6 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8
    [Show full text]
  • View Restaurant Menu
    GREAT SAGE IS OPEN FOR CARRY OUT & CURBSIDE PICK UP! MON - SUN FROM 11.30A - 7P ­ Appetizers Entrées ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ Salads ­ - ­ Sides 6rea~age { d e s s e r t s } 8 SAGE'S FAMOUS CARROT CAKE Our perfectly spiced carrot cake topped with cream cheese frosting and chopped walnuts (Wheat free) SIN TRES LECHES Moist vanilla cake soaked in our three milk blend topped with fresh strawberries, coconut whip and strawberry sauce (contains cashews) CHOCOLATE LAVA CAKE Velvety chocolate cake with a molten, hot chocolate truffle center topped with vanilla ice cream and hot fudge LEMON-BERRY TART Pastry shell filled with lemon custard and topped with fresh summer berries ASSORTED COOKIES S'mores, Chocolate Dipped Peanut Butter & Wheat-free Chocolate Chip Ask about our grab & go cupcakes and sweet treats { i c e c r e a m } 4 Vanilla ice cream (soy or coconut) Add our house-made hot fudge $1 . { B r e w i n g G o o d c o f f e e & h o u s e - m a d e c h a i } COFFEE fair trade, organic, bird friendly certified and locally roasted 4 LATTE, HOT CHOCOLATE, CHAI 5 FLAVORED LATTE: Mocha, Vanilla, Hazelnut, White Chocolate or Caramel 6 { l o o s e l e a f t e a s } GREEN, BLACK, HERBAL and YERBA MATE Small Pot 5 { o r g a n i c s p e c i a l t y
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
    Chapter 1 Introduction Chapterl Page 1 1.1 Introduction Chir pine scientifically known as Pinus roxburghii (family Coniferae) is one of the six Pinus species of India and the most widely occurring. It is also known as Himalayan long needle pine, long leaved Indian pine, Indian chir pine, chir or chil. Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), is the dominant species native of the inter-ranges and principal valleys of the Himalaya. It begins from Afghanistan in the west and ends in Bhutan in the east and extends through countries like Pakistan, India and Nepal. In India its natural forests are found in Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh, parts of Sikkim, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. The total area under chir forests is estimated to be 8, 90,000 hectares which occurs between 450 m to 2300 m altitude. It forms pure forests in its habitat but in its upper and lower limits occurs mixed with other conifers and broad leaved species, though rarely, in its upper limits it is found in association with deodar, kail, ban oak, burans (Rhododendron) etc., and in the lower limits with sal, sain, khair, harada, bahera, amla, jamun etc. Besides Chir pine other indigenous pines which are present in Indian subcontinent are P. gerardiana, P. wallichiana, P.kesiya, P.bhutanica, and P.merkusii (Ginwal et.al, 2009), all belong to family Abitaceae or Pinaceae of order coniferals. Classification of Genus Pinus : Kingdom : Plantae Division : Pinophyta Class : Pinopsida Order : Pinales / Coniferals Family : Pinacea/Abitaceae Genus : Pinus The pines have been traced back in the geological history to Jurassic period (150 million years) reaching their climax in the tertiary period (60 million years).
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetic Improvement of Carribbean Pine (Pinus Caribbaea
    THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF CARIBBEAN PINE (PINUS CARIBAEA MORELET) - BUILDING ON A FIRM FOUNDATION M.J. Dieters¹ and D.G. Nikles² Abstract:— Pinus caribaea Morelet comprises three geographic varieties or subspecies — var. bahamensis, var. caribaea and var. hondurensis. Variety hondurensis incorporates substantial variation between provenances and individuals within provenance; however for the other two varieties, variation is primarily among individuals. As well, var. caribaea and var. hondurensis especially, have substantial complementarity of characteristics important in commercial plantation forestry. Furthermore, var. hondurensis is the fastest growing of the three varieties, and it has been hybridised successfully with the other two varieties, P. elliottii, P. tecunumanii, and P. oocarpa. Thus genetic improvement of P. caribaea can use and is using the wealth of genetic resources contained in some species of the slash—Caribbean—Central American pines complex. P. caribaea is an important species for commercial plantation forestry throughout the tropics and subtropics, with over 1 million hectares established world-wide. The future of this species (and some of its hybrids) in commercial plantations seems assured. Nevertheless the future of the broad range of genetic resources of P. caribaea that has been assembled through a series of exploration and seed collection efforts, and established in many ex situ plantings, is not assured. The genetic resources of the species has been dispersed across a number of geographic regions and organisations. There is a need to develop a coordinated and collaborative approach to the future conservation and use of the genetic resources that have been collected and developed in ex situ plantings. Keywords: Pinus caribaea, provenance variation, breeding strategy, gene conservation Pinus caribaea Morelet is a very important plantation species.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Evidence for Plant Introductions in a Polynesian Tropical Island Ecosystem, Kingdom of Tonga 253
    Pollen evidence for plant introductions in a Polynesian tropical island ecosystem, Kingdom of Tonga 253 14 Pollen evidence for plant introductions in a Polynesian tropical island ecosystem, Kingdom of Tonga Patricia L. Fall School of Geographical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States [email protected] Introduction The dynamic nature of tropical Pacific ecosystems results from chance migrations and the evolution of founder species, as well as from physical factors such as changes in sea level, ocean currents, tectonic processes and climate (Hope 2001). In addition, this region’s vegetation is constantly adjusting through succession to local perturbations like landslides and tropical cyclones. These ecological and physical processes are compounded by continued immigration of new species, competition, extinctions and extirpation of species. For many island ecosystems the most dramatic impact on species composition results from the arrival of humans and their ‘co-voyaging’ plants and animals (Hope 2001). The degree to which climatic or other natural variations, versus human impacts, have caused recent environmental fluctuations in island ecosystems is an ongoing debate (cf. Nunn 1994; Burney 1997). In this paper, I examine palynological evidence for plants introduced to several islands in the three main island groups of Tongatapu, Ha’apai and Vava’u in the Kingdom of Tonga. My purpose is to briefly document the history of the tropical rainforests of Tonga as they can be reconstructed from pollen cores, to understand the role that humans played in the development of the Tongan flora, and to discuss plant introductions to the islands by both Polynesian and later European settlers. Losses or increases in plant species on remote islands are controlled by many factors, including habitat change, natural factors, and loss of dispersers or pollinators.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinus Caribaea
    Pinus caribaea Salazar, Rodolfo; Jøker, Dorthe Published in: Seed Leaflet Publication date: 2000 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Salazar, R., & Jøker, D. (2000). Pinus caribaea. Seed Leaflet, (40). Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 SEED LEAFLET No. 40 September 2000 Pinus caribaea Morelet Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family: Pinaceae Used for fuel, pulpwood, timber, resin and land recla- Varieties: Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis (Griseb.) mation. W.H.G. Barrett & Golfari, P. caribaea var. caribaea, P. caribaea var. hondurensis (Sénéclauze) W.H.G. Botanical description Barrett & Golfari. Tree up to 45 m tall and 1 m in diameter, with conical Synonyms: Pinus taeda var. heterophylla Elliott, P. and irregular crown. Bark is grey on young trees, later recurvata Rowlee. dark and with fissures. Needles in fascicles of 3-5 at Vernacular/common names: Caribbean pine, pitch the ends of twigs, mostly 15-25 cm long, up to 1.5 pine (Eng.); pino de la costa, ocote blanco, pino mm broad, slightly toothed, with whitish lines. The caribe, pino caribeño de Honduras (Sp.); pin jaune, needles remain attached for 2 years. pin mate (Fr.); karibische kiefer (Germ.); Honduran Strobili appear before the new leaves; male strobili yellow pine (trade name). in clusters, mostly in the lower part of crown; female strobili 2-5 together, mostly in the upper part of the Distribution and habitat crown. Native to Central America and the Caribbean, widely planted throughout the American, Asian and African Fruit and seed description tropics and subtropics. P. caribaea var. caribaea is Seed about twice as long as broad, triangular and confined to Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud, P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Worm Turns: Earthworm Cast Reduction on Golf Courses
    research research thrive under the conditions required to maintain mid-1990s were applied for grub control but were healthythrive under turfgrass the conditionsand are so required adaptable to maintainthat cul- alsomid-1990s acutely were toxic applied to earthworms for grub (14).control Most but of were the turalhealthy manipulations turfgrass and alone are soare adaptableunlikely tothat resolve cul- olderalso acutely worm-toxic toxic topesticides earthworms can no (14). longer Most be of used the castingtural manipulations problems. Physical alone are removal unlikely of tocasts resolve by onolder turf, worm-toxic and presently pesticides no pesticides can no longerare labeled be used for brushing,casting problems. switching Physical or dragging removal is laborious of casts and by earthwormon turf, and control presently in theno pesticidesUnited States. are labeled for Theofbrushing, only temporary switching worm benefit or dragging (8). is laborious turns: and earthworm control in the United States. of only temporary benefit (8). Peter Lees’ invention Chemical control PeterAn approach Lees’ inventionwidely used used for earthworm earthwormChemicalDuring control the past 20 years the problem of exces-castandAn cast approach suppression reduction widely from used the used early for 20th earthworm century siveDuring earthworm the past castings 20 years interfering the problem with of play exces- on untiland cast about suppression 1960 involved from the the early use 20thof chemical century ongolfsive earthwormcourses, golf sport castings
    [Show full text]
  • Aroma Chemicals Derived from Effluent from the Paper and Pulp Industry
    STUDY INTO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AROMA AND FRAGRANCE FINE CHEMICALS VALUE CHAIN IN SOUTH AFRICA (TENDER NUMBER T79/07/03) FINAL REPORT (Submission date: 15 September 2004) Part Two/Four Report: Aroma Chemicals Derived from Effluent from the Paper and Pulp Industry STUDY CONDUCTED BY: Triumph Venture Capital (Pty) Limited In conjunction with Dr Lorraine Thiel and Mr Fadl Hendricks (“the Consultant”) PART 2 – AROMA CHEMICALS DERIVED FROM EFFLUENT FROM THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY This Report has been divided into four separate Parts. Each Part is self-contained and self- explanatory. Part One- Executive Summary Part Two- Report: Aroma Chemicals Derived from Effluent from the Paper and Pulp Industry Part Three- Report: Aroma Chemicals Derived from Petrochemical Feedstocks Part Four - Report: Aroma Chemicals Derived from Essential Oils NOTE: This Study was conducted for and on behalf of FRIDGE. FRIDGE holds the copyright in this report. Whilst care and due diligence has been observed to ensure the accuracy of all information contained herein and the correctness of all conclusions drawn, neither FRIDGE nor the Consultants shall be liable for any harm suffered by any person who relies upon the contents of this report. PART 2 – AROMA CHEMICALS DERIVED FROM EFFLUENT FROM THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY INDEX 1. OVERVIEW OF THE AROMA CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ..................................... 1 1.1 The South African Chemical Industry........................................................... 1 1.2 Overview of the International Flavour and Fragrance Industry....................
    [Show full text]