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Orientación GNU/Linux, Una Guía Para Encontar Su Distro Una guía para encontrar su distro... OrientaciónOrientación GNU/LinuxGNU/Linux Una guía para encontrar su distro Conozca la experiencia de algunos usuarios de este maravilloso sistema operativo y forme parte de esta comunidad. Autor: Joaquín E. Naiviat Contacto: [email protected] COPYRIGHT (C) 2012 JOAQUIN EMANUEL NAIVIAT <[email protected]> Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". Una guía para encontrar su distro... Agradecimientos A todos aquellos que hicieron posible la realización de este documento. En especial a quienes completaron la encuesta. ÍNDICE Introducción.................................................................................................2 Definiciones................................................................................................... ¿Qué es Linux?..........................................................................................4 ¿Qué es GNU?...........................................................................................4 ¿Qué es el Software Libre?........................................................................5 ¿Qué es el código fuente?..........................................................................5 ¿Qué es una distribución?.........................................................................6 Características de GNU/Linux.......................................................................6 Distribuciones libres y no libres.................................................................11 La encuesta.................................................................................................14 Información acerca de la PC de los encuestados....................................16 ¿Cómo conoció GNU/Linux?....................................................................17 ¿Cómo fue su primera experiencia en el mundo GNU/Linux?.................17 ¿Le costó adaptarse? ¿Estuvo a punto de arrepentirse?.........................18 Ejemplos de distribuciones y sus derivados...........................................19 ¿Cuáles distribuciones conoce y/o probó? ¿Cuál utiliza actualmente?...20 ¿Qué impresiones y expectativas tiene con su SO?...............................21 ¿Se siente cómodo utilizándolo?............................................................22 ¿Qué aplicaciones utiliza con frecuencia?..............................................23 ¿Tuvo problemas? ¿Cuáles?...................................................................25 ¿Se solucionaron? ¿Encontró la solución?..............................................26 ¿En qué aspectos considera que debe mejorar?....................................26 ¿Conoce otro/s Sistema/s Operativo/s? ¿Cuál/es?..................................27 ¿qué puntuación asignaría a cada SO en los siguientes aspectos?........28 ¿Conoce el significado del Software Libre?.............................................30 ¿Recomendaría a otras personas usar software libre y GNU/Linux?.......33 Una historia para compartir.......................................................................34 Conclusión..................................................................................................40 Recursos........................................................................................................ Bibliografía..............................................................................................41 Imágenes................................................................................................42 Herramientas..........................................................................................43 Más Información............................................................................................ Distribuciones GNU/Linux.......................................................................44 Aplicaciones............................................................................................45 Licencias.................................................................................................45 Gestores de ventanas y entornos de escritorio.......................................46 Kernel Linux............................................................................................46 GNU Free Documentation License............................................................47 1 Una guía para encontrar su distro... INTRODUCCIÓN Este trabajo tiene como objetivo acercar a noveles a GNU/Linux. Comenzaremos con algunos conceptos claves para entender de qué estamos hablando cuando decimos «GNU», «Linux», «Software Libre», «GNU/Linux» y «distribuciones». Veremos cuáles son algunas de las características de este sistema operativo y qué podemos hacer con él. Para ello contamos con vivencias de usuarios del mismo, plasmadas en los resultados de una encuesta realizada en Junio de 2012. Finalmente usted podrá inclinarse por aquellas versiones de GNU/Linux que le simpaticen y posiblemente se anime a usar una como su sistema operativo favorito. Muchas personas desconocen la existencia de otros sistemas operativos aparte de Microsoft Windows o Mac OS, debido a que la mayoría de las PCs de Escritorio, NetbooKs y NotebooKs que se encuentran en el mercado, ya vienen con alguno de estos sistemas pre-instalados. Además, quienes tuvimos nuestros primeros pasos en informática, hace ya varios años, aprendimos manejando Windows y en aquellos momentos no estaba tan difundido el Software Libre ni GNU/Linux. Para colmo, las grandes empresas productoras de hardware, dispositivos externos, periféricos y software especial -tales como tarjetas de video, discos rígidos externos, impresoras y programas de diseño, retoque fotográfico profesional o principalmente videojuegos- brindan poco o ningún tipo de soporte para Linux, haciendo que la gente pierda el interés, pensando en que es un mal producto. Sin embargo y más ahora con el auge de Internet, muchos desarrolladores colaboran en distintos proyectos de software, haciendo que GNU/Linux crezca en compatibilidad con el hardware de la PC y sea más fácil de usar para el usuario que no posee conocimientos avanzados en computación. También se pretende con este trabajo, quitar de la mente de algunas personas aquello de que «Linux es difícil» o «es sólo para hackers». Todos en algún momento hemos temido probar GNU/Linux, tal vez por ignorancia o comodidad con otro sistema. Una vez que logre manejarlo, tras un breve tiempo de adaptación, verá cómo se agilizan sus tareas y quizá piense como yo «¡Cómo no supe de esto antes!». Lo invito a conocer las experiencias de usuarios que en su vida cotidiana usan GNU/Linux, ya sea para su trabajo, estudio o en su tiempo libre. Luego tal vez se anime a utilizar este sistema operativo. No dude en consultar a un amigo que lo use o buscar más información en la red si lo desea. Hay muchas personas buenas de este lado que podrán ayudarlo. Para elegir entre todas las distribuciones, vea lo ejemplos que aquí se presentan. Asimismo puede hacer un pequeño test de una página en Internet (http://www.zegeniestudios.net/ldc/index.php?lang=es) que las clasifica según los conocimientos informáticos que usted tenga y las características de su PC. Hay que tener en cuenta que no están 2 contempladas todas las versiones de GNU/Linux ni tampoco el test o esta guía tienen la última palabra. Usted, como usuario final, es el único que sabe o intuye cuál es la que mejor se adaptará a sus necesidades. Si tiene ganas de probar una versión, pero no sabe si lo va a satisfacer, le comento que algunas distribuciones ofrecen lo que se conoce como live CD. El SO1 se ejecuta desde un CD, DVD o pendrive; sin necesidad de ser instalado en la computadora, pudiendo realizar las mismas tareas que haría con el sistema base recién instalado (Por ejemplo: ver sus archivos del disco, navegar por internet, escribir documentos, editar imágenes, escuchar música o ver películas, cambiar la apariencia del escritorio y ventanas, y más...). Otra opción es instalarlo en una máquina virtual, para que funcione dentro de su SO actual, como si fuera otro programa. Además, si se anima a hacer la instalación usted solo, ésta es una buena forma de practicar. No voy a dar un tutorial acerca de ello. Existen muchos en la red y muy buenos, especializados en cada distribución. Al principio seguramente tendrá problemas para adaptarse, dependiendo de la distro que elija, máxime si está acostumbrado a otro sistema. Si nunca usó una computadora, será más fácil. Todo depende de la dedicación y esfuerzo por aprender. Recuerde que todo conocimiento requiere una curva de aprendizaje. Una vez que se sienta cómodo utilizando GNU/Linux, verá cómo puede aprovechar al máximo su tiempo, y sacarle todo el jugo a su PC. ¡Así que no tema!, si fracasa al primer intento, dése otra oportunidad. 1 SO: sistema operativo. 3 Una guía para encontrar su distro... DEFINICIONES Para entender qué es GNU/Linux y el Software Libre, se explican brevemente algunos conceptos. ¿QUÉ ES LINUX? Linux es el núcleo o kernel del sistema operativo GNU/Linux. Es el software encargado de comunicarse con los distintos dispositivos de hardware2 de la PC y de conectar a éstos con los programas que los necesiten. 3 ¿QUÉ ES GNU? GNU es un sistema operativo similar a Unix que es
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