DOCSLIB.ORG

Supporting Information Appendix

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Supporting Information Appendix Supporting Information Appendix SI Materials and Methods Plant materials. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), diploid ancestral species of T. urartu and A. tauschii and allotetraploid T. turgidum were used in this study. The mutants ms1d.1 and ms1e were obtained from the Wheat Genetics Resource Center at Kansas State University. We screened ms1d.2 and ms1h-q from an EMS-mutagenized population of bread wheat (variety ‘Ningchun 4’). The plants used for map-based cloning were progeny segregated from heterozygous ms1e plants. Triticum turgidum L. accession Langdon (AABB), T. urartu accession G1812 (AA) and Ae. tauschii accession AL8/78 were provided by Professor Hongqing Ling (Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences). All plants were grown in a greenhouse under long-day conditions (16 h of light at 22–25°C/8 h of dark at 15–20°C) at a white light intensity of 250 mmol/m2 s. The preparation of EMS-mutagenized population and isolation of ms1 alelles in ‘Ningchun 4’ variety. The wheat variety ‘Ningchun 4’ was used for preparation of EMS-mutagenized population. In brief, about 200 kilograms of seeds were soaked in 0.5% (v/v) ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) for 12 hours at room temperature (about 25°C), and were planted in a field at Yunnan, China; 990 kilograms of M2 seeds were harvested. One hundred and thirty-five male sterile mutants were screened from a population of 50 kilograms of M2 seeds (about 1 million seeds). After allelism test, 11 of the 135 male sterile mutants were confirmed 1 to be ms1 alleles. RT-PCR, qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Total RNA was isolated using TRI reagent (Takara Bio Inc.); genomic DNA was removed with DNase I (Promega). Two micrograms of RNA per sample were used to synthesize cDNA using a First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Fisher). RT-PCR was performed with LA Taq (Takara Bio Inc.). qRT-PCR was performed on a cycler apparatus (Bio-Rad) using SYBR Premix Ex Taq GC (Takara Bio Inc.) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Amplification was conducted as follows: 95°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 5 s and 60°C for 35 s. ACTIN was used as an internal control. Three biological replicates with three technique repeats per replicate were conducted. The primers used for RT-PCR and qRT-PCR are provided in SI Appendix Table S9. In situ hybridization was performed according to Shitsukawa et al.(1) with minor modifications. Tissues were cut into 10-μm-thick sections and hybridization was performed overnight at 50°C. The probe (a 971-bp Ms1 fragment) was amplified using primers Ms1-ISH-F/R (SI Appendix Table S10) and inserted into pEASY-T1 Simple Cloning Vector (TransGen Biotech) in both forward and reverse orientations. The vectors were linearized by digestion with HindIII and EcoRI and used as a template to generate anti-sense and sense probes with T7 RNA polymerase. Histological analysis. For paraffin sections, tissues were prepared as for RNA in situ hybridization. Transverse sections (10 μm thick) were cut and stained with 0.25% 2 toluidine blue. Each section was observed under an Axio Imager M2 microscope (Zeiss). RNA-seq, resequencing and bioinformatics processing of the sequence data. To map Ms1, we first collected the ms1e allele (from an EMS-mutagenized line of wild-type Chris) for further analysis (2). Male-sterile and wild-type plants produced from heterozygous ms1e plants were collected for MutMap-based cloning. To obtain RNA-seq data, RNA was extracted using plant RNA extraction kits (Qiagen) from microspore-stage anthers of segregated wild-type plants, ms1e plants and their heterozygous progeny. Paired-end libraries were prepared from 10 µg of cDNA reverse-transcribed from the RNA samples (mean insert size: 250 bp). The libraries were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 system to produce 101-bp paired-end DNA reads. Library preparation and sequencing were performed at the sequencing center of Peking University (BIOPIC sequencing platform). We obtained 25.0 Gb of data for wild type, 47.6 Gb of data for ms1e and 12.2 Gb of data for the heterozygous plants (SI Appendix Table S1). The reads were trimmed for quality control and to remove adapter sequences with Trimmomatic (3) and then aligned to the wheat genome (4) using TopHat2 (5) (parameter: --b2 -mp 40). After filtering for sequence repeats and reads with multiple mapping regions in the genome, the clean reads were extracted with SAMtools (6) and then further processed using perl scripts. To obtain resequencing data, DNA was extracted using plant DNA extraction kits (Qiagen) from 10-day-seedlings of segregated homozygous progeny of wild-type and 3 ms1e plants. Paired-end libraries were prepared from 1 µg of DNA (mean insert size: 350 bp). The libraries were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 system to produce 150-bp paired-end reads. Library preparation and sequencing were performed by Novogene Co. DNA resequencing generated 524.7 Gb of data for wild type and 522.1 Gb of data for ms1e (SI Appendix Table S3). The reads were trimmed for quality control and to remove adapter sequences with Trimmomatic (3), and then aligned to the available wheat genomes, including IWGSC (4), TGAC (7) and W7984 (8), using Bowtie 2 (9) (parameter: --mp 40). Sequence repeats and reads with multiple mapping locations were filtered. The RNA-seq and resequencing data have been deposited in the NCBI’s SRA database (accession no. SRP113349). All data will be publicly available after the publication of this work. Identification of candidate SNPs between wild type and ms1e from the RNA-seq and resequencing data by MutMap analysis. We applied the MutMap method (10) to our RNA-seq and resequencing data to map Ms1. After filtering SNPs with low read coverage (<6), index values for the SNPs were computed as follows: index = Nmutant/(Nreference + Nmutant), where N represents the number of accumulated reads with corresponding genotypes. The SNPs were mapped to the wheat chromosome (8), and peaks with high indexMU/indexWT ratios were identified as candidate chromosomal regions containing Ms1. To exclude bias due to index values caused by homologous sequences outside the candidate chromosomal region, two steps were performed. First, SNPs from homologous genes in the wheat genome were identified by comparing 4 sequences from the candidate region with the whole genome sequence using BLASTn, and SNPs obtained from the BLAST analysis were filtered during index calculation. Second, haplotypes for 200-bp regions around each candidate SNP were generated using Haploview (11), and SNPs from the different haplotypes were removed so that only the index ratios of the same haplotypes between wild type and ms1e were calculated. When indexWT =0, we define that the indexMU/indexWT ratio is 15 in the RNA-seq analysis and is 30 in the re-sequencing analysis. Thus, the highest indexMU/indexWT ratio is 15 and 30 for the RNA-seq analysis and the re-sequencing analysis, respectively, in our analysis. As the loci with indexMU/indexWT ratios lower than 2 in RNA-seq analysis and lower than 5 in re-sequencing analysis represent the low possibilities for the candidate genes, we only included the loci with indexMU/indexWT ratios higher than 2 in RNA-seq analysis and higher than 5 in re-sequencing analysis in Fig. 1F and G, respectively. Molecular cloning of Ms1 A traditional map-based cloning approach was adopted to clone Ms1 using SNPs between wild-type and ms1e as markers. Using 112 male-sterile plants segregated from ms1e heterozygotes, we initially mapped Ms1 to interval YZ5–YZ2 with the SNP markers derived from our RNA-seq data. High-resolution markers were developed using DNA-seq data; Ms1 was initially mapped between DYZ18 and YZ2, and then to a 198-kb region between DYZ23 and DYZ19. 5 Southern blotting. Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves of T. aestivum L. (Ms1/Ms1 and ms1g/ms1g), T. turgidum L. accession Langdon (AABB), T. urartu accession G1812 (AA) and Ae. tauschii accession AL8/78 (DD) by the cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The concentration of the purified DNA was quantified with a nucleic acid analyzer (NanoDrop 2000; Thermo Scientific). Forty micrograms of each DNA sample was digested overnight at 37°C with HindIII (Takara Bio Inc.), then purified and separated on a 0.8% agarose gel overnight at 4°C and 35 V. The separated genomic DNA was transferred to Amersham Hybond-N+ nylon membranes (GE Healthcare) and immobilized by UV crosslinking. The probe DNA was labeled with digoxigenin according to the manufacturer’s guidelines (DIG Probe Synthesis Kit; Roche); the primers for the probe are listed in SI Appendix Table S10. We used a 469-bp fragments from the first intron of Ms1 as probe to get the result included in the manuscript. The identities between Ms1 and Ms-A1 and Ms-D1 of the 469-bp probe sequence are 71% and 76%, respectively. The membranes were probed and then analyzed using a chemiluminescence kit (RPN2106; GE Healthcare). Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis. Sequences were aligned with Clustal X 2.1 and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) 5.2.1 software by the neighbour-joining method. A bootstrap analysis of 1000 replicates was performed to provide confidence estimates for the tree topologies. SI Appendix, Fig. S5 shows the amino acid sequences used for tree construction. 6 DNA methylation analysis. Genomic DNA was isolated from spikes at meiosis in each sample by the CTAB method. DNA samples (30 μg) were treated with proteinase K (AMRESCO Inc.) at 45°C for 1 h.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Massively Parallel Pyrosequencing Analysi
    How are plant and fungal communities linked to each other in belowground ecosystems? A massively parallel pyrosequencing analysis of the association specificity of root-associated fungi and their host plants Hirokazu Toju1,2, Hirotoshi Sato1,2, Satoshi Yamamoto1,2, Kohmei Kadowaki1,2, Akifumi S. Tanabe1, Shigenobu Yazawa3, Osamu Nishimura3 & Kiyokazu Agata3 1Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan 2Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan 3Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Keywords Abstract Common mycorrhizal network, endophytes, metagenomics, mycorrhizae, network theory, In natural forests, hundreds of fungal species colonize plant roots. The preference plant communities. or specificity for partners in these symbiotic relationships is a key to understand- ing how the community structures of root-associated fungi and their host plants Correspondence influence each other. In an oak-dominated forest in Japan, we investigated the Hirokazu Toju, Graduate School of Human root-associated fungal community based on a pyrosequencing analysis of the and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, roots of 33 plant species. Of the 387 fungal taxa observed, 153 (39.5%) were iden- Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. tified on at least two plant species. Although many mycorrhizal and root-endo- Tel: +81-75-753-6766; Fax: +81-75-753- 6722; E-mail: [email protected] phytic fungi are shared between the plant species, the five most common plant species in the community had specificity in their association with fungal taxa. Funding Information Likewise, fungi displayed remarkable variation in their association specificity for This work was supported by the Funding plants even within the same phylogenetic or ecological groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Herbal Medicine for Chronic Urticaria and Psoriasis Vulgaris: Clinical Evidence and Patient Experience
    Chinese Herbal Medicine for Chronic Urticaria and Psoriasis Vulgaris: Clinical Evidence and Patient Experience A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Jingjie Yu BMed, MMed School of Health & Biomedical Sciences College of Science, Engineering and Health RMIT University August 2017 Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; and, any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged. Jingjie Yu __________________ Date 21 August 2017 i Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents, Mr Mingzhong Yu and Mrs Fengqiong Lv, for your endless love, encouragement and support throughout these years. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisors, Professor Charlie Changli Xue, Professor Chuanjian Lu, Associate Professor Anthony Lin Zhang and Dr Meaghan Coyle. To my joint senior supervisor, Professor Charlie Changli Xue, thank you for providing me the opportunity to undertake a PhD at RMIT University. To my joint senior supervisor, Professor Chuanjian Lu, thank you for teaching me the truth in life and for the guidance you have given me since I stepped into your consultation room in our hospital seven years ago. To my joint associate supervisor Associate Professor Anthony Lin Zhang, I thank you for your continuous guidance and support during my study at RMIT University.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Sourcing : Markets for Certified Chinese
    SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS In collaboration with SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Abstract for trade information services ID=43163 2016 SITC-292.4 SUS International Trade Centre (ITC) Sustainable Sourcing: Markets for Certified Chinese Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Geneva: ITC, 2016. xvi, 141 pages (Technical paper) Doc. No. SC-2016-5.E This study on the market potential of sustainably wild-collected botanical ingredients originating from the People’s Republic of China with fair and organic certifications provides an overview of current export trade in both wild-collected and cultivated botanical, algal and fungal ingredients from China, market segments such as the fair trade and organic sectors, and the market trends for certified ingredients. It also investigates which international standards would be the most appropriate and applicable to the special case of China in consideration of its biodiversity conservation efforts in traditional wild collection communities and regions, and includes bibliographical references (pp. 139–140). Descriptors: Medicinal Plants, Spices, Certification, Organic Products, Fair Trade, China, Market Research English For further information on this technical paper, contact Mr. Alexander Kasterine ([email protected]) The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. ITC, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland (www.intracen.org) Suggested citation: International Trade Centre (2016). Sustainable Sourcing: Markets for Certified Chinese Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, International Trade Centre, Geneva, Switzerland. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Genomic GC Content
    Ecological and evolutionary significance of genomic GC PNAS PLUS content diversity in monocots a,1 a a b c,d e a a Petr Smarda , Petr Bures , Lucie Horová , Ilia J. Leitch , Ladislav Mucina , Ettore Pacini , Lubomír Tichý , Vít Grulich , and Olga Rotreklováa aDepartment of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic; bJodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW93DS, United Kingdom; cSchool of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; dCentre for Geographic Analysis, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; and eDepartment of Life Sciences, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy Edited by T. Ryan Gregory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada, and accepted by the Editorial Board August 5, 2014 (received for review November 11, 2013) Genomic DNA base composition (GC content) is predicted to signifi- arises from the stronger stacking interaction between GC bases cantly affect genome functioning and species ecology. Although and the presence of a triple compared with a double hydrogen several hypotheses have been put forward to address the biological bond between the paired bases (19). In turn, these interactions impact of GC content variation in microbial and vertebrate organ- seem to be important in conferring stability to higher order isms, the biological significance of GC content diversity in plants structures of DNA and RNA transcripts (11, 20). In bacteria, for remains unclear because of a lack of sufficiently robust genomic example, an increase in GC content correlates with a higher data. Using flow cytometry, we report genomic GC contents for temperature optimum and a broader tolerance range for a spe- 239 species representing 70 of 78 monocot families and compare cies (21, 22).
    [Show full text]
  • Kan Herbals Formula Guide
    FORMULA GUIDE Chinese Herbal Products You Can Trust Kan Herbals – Formulas by Ted Kaptchuk, O.M.D. Written and researched by Ted J. Kaptchuk, O.M.D.; Z’ev Rosenberg, L.Ac. Copyright © 1992 by Sanders Enterprises with revisions of text and formatting by Kan Herb Company. Copyright © 1996 by Andrew Miller with revisions of text and formatting by Kan Herb Company. Copyright © 2008 by Lise Groleau with revisions of text and formatting by Kan Herb Company. All rights reserved. No part of this written material may be reproduced or stored in any retrieval system, by any means – photocopy, electronic, mechanical or otherwise – for use other than “fair use,” without written consent from the publisher. Published by Golden Mirror Press, California. Printed in the United States of America. First Edition, June 1986 Revised Edition, October 1988 Revised Edition, May 1992 Revised Edition, November 1994 Revised Edition, April 1996 Revised Edition, January 1997 Revised Edition, April 1997 Revised Edition, July 1998 Revised Edition, June 1999 Revised Edition, June 2002 Revised Edition, July 2008 Revised Edition, February 2014 Revised Edition, January 2016 FORMULA GUIDE 25 Classical Chinese Herbal Formulas Adapted by Ted Kaptchuk, OMD, LAc Contents Product Information.....................................................................................................................................1 Certificate of Analysis Sample .................................................................................................................6 High Performance
    [Show full text]
  • The Tribe Centotheceae(Poaceae) in Thailand Tribe Centotheceae
    THAI FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 36: 52–60. 2008. The tribe Centotheceae (Poaceae) in Thailand MONTHON NORSAENGSRI* & PRANOM CHANTARANOTHAI* ABSTRACT. Two genera and three species are recognized for the tribe Centotheceae in Thailand. Keys to the genera and species, together with descriptions and illustrations, are provided. Tribe Centotheceae consists of 11 genera and 33 species, all exhibiting a tropical distribution. The tribe was established by Ridley (1907) in subfamily Pooideae of the Poaceae. The tribe consists of two genera, Centotheca and Lophatherum, which are restricted to Southeast Asia. Ridley’s work has been accepted by many botanists such as Bor (1960), Gilliland et al. (1971) and Koyama (1987). Clayton & Renvoize (1986) placed the tribe in subfamily Centothecoideae and considered it to be most close to Chloridoideae. Watson & Dallwitz (1992) placed the tribe under the supertribe Orysoidae in Bambusoideae. Common characters are cross-nerves in the leaves and pseudopetioles; 1-many flowered spikelets that are bisexual with the upper florets reduced, laterally compressed and disarticulating below the glumes; glumes subequal or unequal, chartaceous, shorter than the spikelet; fertile lemma usually 5–9-nerved, chartaceous, glabrous with bulbose-based bristles near the margins, awnless or with a retrosely scabrid awn from the tip; palea hyaline, 2-keeled; lodicules 2, cuneate; stamens 2 or 3; and stigmas 2, shortly connate at base. Two genera and three species are recognized in Thailand. KEY TO THE GENERA 1. Florets 1–3, bisexual, upper lemmas awnless with sub-marginal bulbous-based bristles Centotheca 1. Florets more than 3, only the lowest bisexual, the upper reduced and sterile; all lemmas awned and forming a brush-like tuft of awns from apex of spikelet, bristles absent Lophatherum CENTOTHECA Desv.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalog of the Hispines of the World: Tribe Hispini Chapuis 1875
    Tribe Hispini Gyllenhal 1813 Hispoideae Gyllenhal 1813:448. Bouchard et al. 2011:515 (nomenclature). Hispites Fairmaire 1868:259. Chapuis 1875:263 (tribal classification); Handlirsch 1925:666 (classification); Gressitt 1950:94 (China species). Hispinae Chapuis. Gestro 1905b:519 (faunal list); Yang & Sun 1991:59 (types). Hispini Chapuis. Würmli 1975a:57 (genera); Staines 2004a:315 (host plants). Monochirites Chapuis 1875:263. Handlirsch 1925:666 (classification); Gressitt 1950:94 (China species); Bouchard et al. 2011:515 (nomenclature). Monochirinae Chapuis. Gestro 1905b:538 (faunal list). Monochirini Weise 1905f:317. Gestro 1905b:556 (catalog); Handlirsch 1925:666 (classification); Gressitt 1950:94 (China species); Bouchard et al. 2011:515 (nomenclature). Trichispites Chapuis 1875:263. Gressitt 1950:94 (China species); Bouchard et al. 2011:515 (nomenclature). Hispini Weise 1905f:317. Gestro 1905b:548 (catalog); 1909b:255 (Madagascar species), 1914: 280 (faunal list), 1920:396 (faunal list); Weise 1911a:59 (catalog), 1911b:89 (description); Maulik 1915:373 (museum list); Schaufuss 1916:1010 (faunal list); Dudich 1920:151 (stridulation); Handlirsch 1925:666 (classification); Hansen 1927:261 (faunal list); Hendriksen 1927:367 (faunal list); Winkler 1929:1353 (catalog); Uhmann 1931g:79 (museum list), 1931i:850 (museum list), 1940g:121 (claws), 1943d:202 (sculpture), 1949a:5 (key), 1949b:669 (noted), 1945-1948:177 (noted), 1953b:20 (faunal list), 1954a:189 (faunal list), 1954f:26 (faunal list), 1954g:94 (West Africa species), 1954h:184 (faunal
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Sourcing: Markets for Certified Chinese Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
    SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS In collaboration with 5 - Markets for sustainably certified Chinese plan.pdf 1 2/10/2016 5:37:53 PM 5 - Markets for sustainably certified Chinese plan.pdf 2 2/10/2016 5:38:09 PM SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 5 - Markets for sustainably certified Chinese plan.pdf 3 2/10/2016 5:38:09 PM SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Abstract for trade information services ID=43163 2016 SITC-292.4 SUS International Trade Centre (ITC) Sustainable Sourcing: Markets for Certified Chinese Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Geneva: ITC, 2016. xvi, 141 pages (Technical paper) Doc. No. SC-2016-5.E This study on the market potential of sustainably wild-collected botanical ingredients originating from the People’s Republic of China with fair and organic certifications provides an overview of current export trade in both wild-collected and cultivated botanical, algal and fungal ingredients from China, market segments such as the fair trade and organic sectors, and the market trends for certified ingredients. It also investigates which international standards would be the most appropriate and applicable to the special case of China in consideration of its biodiversity conservation efforts in traditional wild collection communities and regions, and includes bibliographical references (pp. 141–142). Descriptors: Medicinal Plants, Spices, Certification, Organic Products, Fair Trade, China, Market Research English For further information on this technical paper, contact Mr. Alexander Kasterine ([email protected]) The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gramineae of Monsoonal and Equatorial Asia. II. Western Monsoon Asia
    The Gramineae of Monsoonal and Equatorial Asia. II. Western Monsoon Asia Received 5 May 1978 ROBERT ORR WHYTE HE STUDY OF THE archaeology (origin, antiquity, and evolution) of a plant family calls for an analysis of the historical evolution of the types of vegeta­ T tion in which the genera and species of the family could have arisen, and those in which they now are to be found. Itwould have been necessaryfor environ­ ments to have provided, duringperiods ofgeobotanical and palaeoclimaticprehistory and the early stages of man, appropriate conditions for the growth of types of vegetation, or rather biological ecosystems also incorporating resident fauna, which could have contained primitive forms of the family being studied. The family Gramineae (other than the Bambuseae) has been chosen for study because of its (now) widespread distribution, and because of its great economic significance in providing both the progenitors of the cultivated cereals, and the major source, in a wild or a cultivated form, of grazing and cut fodder for domestic livestock. Specialists in the Bambuseae or in herbaceous plant families may consider whether and to what extent the conclusions reached apply to their material. The region chosen for this overall study ofthe grasses is monsoonal and equatorial Asia, which has, with its multiplicity of diverse ecoclimates, been divided into western monsoon Asia, Southeast Asia, comprising monsoonal and equatorial, and eastern monsoon Asia, grading into temperate and continental ecoclimates. The conclusions reached in a study of Southeast Asia (Whyte 1972) indicated the significance to the Asian region as a whole of the evolution of the Gramineae of western monsoon Asia in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Dietary Plants of the Yi in Mile, Yunnan, China
    Sun et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:48 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00400-5 RESEARCH Open Access Medicinal dietary plants of the Yi in Mile, Yunnan, China Jingxian Sun1,2†, Yong Xiong2,3†, Yanhong Li2, Qingsong Yang2, Yijian Chen2, Mengyuan Jiang2, Yukui Li2, Hongrui Li2, Zizhen Bi2, Xiangzhong Huang2* and Shugang Lu1* Abstract Background: The Yi is the largest ethnic group in Yunnan Province (China), with a population of five million. The Yi people tend to live in mountainous areas, and their culture includes a unique dietary system for treating and protecting people against illnesses. Medicinal plants occupy an essential place in the Yi diet because they play a key role in health and the prevention and treatment of diseases. However, few studies have addressed these medicinal dietary plants and their importance in the Yi’s daily lives. The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the medicinal dietary plants used by the Yi in Mile City, (2) document the traditional knowledge held about these plants, (3) identify species with important cultural significance to the Yi in Mile City, and (4) analyze the special preparation methods and consumption habits of these plants. Methods: Field investigations were performed in six villages in Mile City, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, from July 2017 to May 2018. Information was collected using direct observation, semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, individual discussions, and focus group discussions. The use value (UV) and frequency of utilization index (FUI) of these plants were analyzed. Plant samples and voucher specimens were collected for taxonomic identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbs and Health" Pamphlet
    Atv\ERICAN BoTfoNICAL COUNCIL MEDICINAL PLANTS OF FIELD GUIDE TO EASTERN/ r------, FIELD GUIDE TO VENOMOUS WEST AFRICA J'r:l ERSO:\ F!ELO Gl !Df); CENTRAL MEDICINAL ANIMALS & POISONOUS by Edward Ayensu. 1978. 187 PLANTS, species of reported medicinal by Steven Foster ond James Duke. i;~iLJ PLANTSby Steven Foster ond Roger Caras. plants and their uses, 127 1990. Pocket size guide to i 1994. Pocket size guide to safety in illustro~ons, that occur in West medicinal plant use, iden~fying 500 the field. Features 90 venomous Africa, local names and the medicinal plants, their uses, animals and over 250 poisonous standard scientific binomials. remedies, line drawings, over 200 plants and fungi. 340 line drawings Bibliography, glossary of medical color photos. From the Peterson and 160 color photos. From the terms, medical and botanical Field Guide Series®. Hardcover, Peterson Field Guide Series®. indexes. Hardcover, 330 pp. 366 pp. $24.95 #B096 Hardcover, 244 pp. $24.95 #B097 $39.95 #B094 NEEM, A TREE FOR SOLVING ETHNOBOTANY AND THE OUTLINE GUIDE TO CHINESE GLOBAL PROBLEMS I:J:"fl:fi~~...:. .....w.n SEARCH FOR NEW DRUGS, HERBAL PATENT MEDICINES BOSTID, Notional Academy Press. IJSIIA!II~IIL.li1~\t.l.l!!'l Cibo Foundation Symposium 185. IN PILL FORM 1992. This book contains the 1994. This book examines how by Margaret Neoser.1991. 2nd medicinal uses, chemical ethnomedicol reports perform when edition. Over 17 5 potent medicines cons~tuents, growing and judged by scientific standards and ore explained. Organized with propogo~on, habitats, insec~cidol ways to develop the discipline of Chinese characters and English use, cultural use, safety tests, ethnobotony for o more quontito~ve tronslo~on and Pinyin spelling, reforesto~on, industrial products, and approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Utilization of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Discomforts by Patients with a Medical History of Tuberculosis in Taiwan
    Yang et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2018) 18:313 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2377-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Utilization of Chinese medicine for respiratory discomforts by patients with a medical history of tuberculosis in Taiwan Su-Tso Yang1,2*†, Yi-Rong Lin1, Mei-Yao Wu3, Jen-Huai Chiang4, Pei-Shan Yang3, Te-Chun Hsia5,6 and Hung-Rong Yen1,3,7,8,9,10*† Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s major communicable infectious diseases, and it still imposes a great health burden in developing countries. The development of drug-resistant TB during the treatment increases the treatment complexity, and the long-term pulmonary complications after completing treatment raise the epidemic health burden. This study intended to investigate the utilization of Chinese medicine (CM) for respiratory symptoms by patients with a medical history of TB in Taiwan. Methods: We analyzed a cohort of one million individuals who were randomly selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The inclusion criteria of patients (n = 7905) with history of TB (ICD-9-CM codes 010–018 and A02) were: (1) TB diagnosed between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2010 (2) 18 years old or over (3) Clinical records for at least 2 months with complete demographic information (4) Record of treatment with first-line TB medication prescriptions. CM users for conditions other than respiratory discomforts (n = 3980) were excluded. Finally, a total of 3925 TB patients were categorized as: CM users for respiratory discomforts (n = 2051) and non-CM users (n = 1874).
    [Show full text]