DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Respiratory Viruses: 'New Kids on the Block'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Human Respiratory Viruses: ‘new kids on the block’ Ab Osterhaus DVM PhD Director Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ) University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Chair One Health Platform Chair ESWI 10th GVN network meeting Fondation Merieux, les Pensieres November 2018 03.12.2018 1 1980 1990 2000 2010 Past decades: zoonoses at the origin of major human disease outbreaks Reperant LA, Cornaglia G, Osterhaus AD Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.2013 The importance of understanding the human-animal interface: from early hominins to global citizens <100% Identification of viral pathogens based on surveillance activities: ErasmusMC / RIZ TiHo 1995 CDV as the cause of mass mortality in Serengeti lions 1996 -herpesvirus in seals (phocid herpesvirus-2) novel molecular techniques 1997 monk seal morbilliviruses (MSMV-WA/G) 1997 influenza A (H5N1) virus in humans 1998 lentivirus from Talapoin monkeys (SIVtal) 1999 influenza B virus in seals 2000 human metapneumovirus (hMPV) 2002 re-emerging PDV in Europe Funding: 2003 SARS CoV cause of SARS in humans (Koch`s postulates) EU: EMPERIE; ANTIGONE; 2003 influenza A (H7N7) virus in humans PREPARE; COMPARE… 2004 fourth human coronavirus (CoV NL63) NL: VIRGO-FES… 2005 H16 influenza A viruses (new HA!) in black headed gulls 2008 dolphin herpesvirus DFG: N-RENNT; VIPER 2009 deer astrovirus 2010 human astrovirus, human picobirnavirus 2011 ferret coronavirus, ferret HEV, porcine picobirnavirus, stone marten anellovirus. influenza A (H1N1) virus in dogs 2012 human calicivirus, MERS CoV, boa arenaviruses 2013 seal parvovirus, seal anelloviruses, deer papillomavirus, fox hepevirus, fox parvovirus, turtle herpesvirus 2014 canine bocavirus, porcine bocavirus, python nidovirus, camel circovirus, phocid herpes virus-7 2015 influenza A (H10N7) virus seals 2017… morbillivirus fin whale, hepadnavirus Tinamou, rec.canine circovirus, rec.canine bocavirus, herpesvirus sperm whale, Batai virus seal, avian metapneumovirus, novel pestivirus… XXX human respiratory 03.12.2018 4 Parvoviruses: wide spectrum of disease in humans and animals alike Asymptomatic Brain involvement Erythema infectiosum (Human B19) Anemia Immune disorders (Human B19, (Aleutian mink disease, Human B19) non-human primate erythroviruses) Hepatitis, myocarditis Respiratory disease (Canine parvovirus, Goose (Human bocavirus, parvovirus, B19) Canine bocavirus) Fetal hydrops Gastro-enteritis (Human B19, Porcine parvoviruses) (Canine parvovirus, Human bocavirus, Bufavirus) Virus discovery in pigs, dogs and seals with ENCEPHALITIS (comparative virology) Novel (recombinant) canine bocaviruses Novel porcine bocavirus novel seal parvovirus Bodewes et al., PLoS One 2013 / 2014; Vet Microbiol.2014 Piewbang et al., Vet Pathol. 2018 Moesker F. et al., Clin Microbiol Infect 2016 Rinderpest eradication: lessons for measles eradication? de Swart RL, Duprex WP, Osterhaus AD. Curr Opin Virol. 2012 Morbillivirus PDV RPV TuV CDV Henipahvirus MV hPIV3 HeV bPIV3 Respirovirus Paramyxovirinae NiV SeV hPIV1 Pneumovirinae hRSV NDV Avulavirus bRSV LPMV Metapneumovirinae MuV Rubulavirus APV hPIV2 SV5 SV41 HMPV Jo Lei W. et al., Thesis & Curr.Opin.Virol. 2018 Morbilliviruses crossing species barriers a pandemic risk after measles eradication? PDV: European Harbour seals CDV: Baikal seals CDV: Caspian seals Nature 1988 / Science 2002 Nature 1988 EID 2000 DMV: CDV: Serengeti lions Med. monk seals Vaccine 1994 DMV: Nature 1997 CDV: Fin Whale Denmark Should we continue Rhesus macaques JWD 2016 measles vaccination for ever? China, EID 2011 CD150 is the primary morbillivirus MV is predominately lymphotropicentry in vivoreceptor de Vries RD, et al., PLoS Pathog. 2012 spleen 03.12.2018 11 PVRL4 is the morbillivirus receptor infection with rMVonKSEGFP(3): epithelial buccal cells mucosa and tongue de Vries RD, et al., PLoS Pathog. 2012 Inner cheek DAPI/CYK/EGFP Koplik spot EGFP 03.12.2018 12 RESEARCH ◥ We propose that, if loss of acquired immuno- REPORT logical memoryafter measlesexists,theresulting impaired host resistance should be detectable in theepidemiological datacollected during periods VACCINES when measles wascommon and [in contrast to previousinvestigationsthat focuson low-resource settings(5–12)] shouldbeapparent in high-resource Long-term measles-induced settings where mortality from opportunistic in- fections during acute measles immune suppres- sion waslow. Relatively few countries report the immunomodulation increases overall necessar y parallel measl es and mortality timese- ries to test this hypothesis. National-level data childhood infectious diseasemortality from England, Wales, the United States, and Denmark [Fig. 1, A to C; see supplementary F1 M ichael J. M ina,1,2* C. Jessica E. M etcalf,1,3 Rik L. de Swart,4 materials (SM) 1 for details], spanning the dec- A. D. M. E. Osterhaus,4 Bryan T. Grenfell 1,3 ades surrounding theintroduction of massmea- sl esvaccination campaigns,meet our datacriteria. Immunosuppression after measles is known to predispose people to opportunistic Toassesstheunderlyingimmunological hypo- infections for a period of several weeks to months. Using population-level data, we show thesis (Fig. 1D) using population-level data, we that measles has a more prolonged effect on host resistance, extending over 2 to 3 years. required that first, nonmeasles mortality should We find that nonmeasles infectious disease mortality in high-income countries is tightly be correlated with measles incidence data, espe- coupled to measles incidence at this lag, in both the pre- and post-vaccine eras. We cially because the onset of vaccination reduces conclude that long-term immunologic sequelae of measles drive interannual fluctuations in thelat ter.Second,an immunememorylossmecha- nonmeasles deaths. This is consistent with recent experimental work that attributes the nism should present as a strengthening of this immunosuppressive effects of measles to depletion of B and T lymphocytes. Our data association when measlesincidencedataaretrans- provide an explanation for the long-term benefits of measles vaccination in preventing formed to reflect an accumulation of previous all-cause infectious disease. By preventing measles-associated immune memory loss, measlescases(a measles“shadow”). For example, vaccination protects polymicrobial herd immunity. if immunememory loss(or morebroadly, immu- nomodulation) lasts 3 years, the total number easlesvaccines wereintroduced 50 years Pr oposed mechanisms for a nonspecific bene- of immunomodulated individuals (S)inthe nth agoand werefollowed by strikingreduc- fici al effect of measles vaccination range from quarter can becalculated asthesum of themea- tions in child morbidity and mortal ity suggestionsthat livevaccinesmaydirectlystimu- sles cases (M) over the previous (and current) (1,2). Measlescontrol isnow recognized late cross-reactive T cell responses or that they 12 quar ters: Sn = Mn–11 + Mn–10 + …+ Mn–1+ Mn. as oneof themost successful publichealth may train innate immunity to take on memory- In practice, we weighted the quarters using a Minterventions ever undertaken (3). Despite this, likephenotypes (13,18 –21). Although well described gamma function. Dividing Sby the total popula- in many countries vaccination targets remain by Aaby (11, 12)and others (22) in observational tion of interest thus provides the prevalence of unmet, and measles continues to take hundreds studies, primarily in low-resource settings, these immunomodulation (seeSM 2,fig. S1,and movie of thousands of lives each year (3). Even where effects may not fully explain the long-term ben- S1 for detailed methods). Third, the strength of control has been successful, vaccine hesitancy efitsobserved with measlesvaccination and can- thisassociation should begreatest when themean threatens the gains that have been made (1, 4). not explain the pre-vaccination associ ations of duration over which the cases are accumulated The introduction of mass measles vaccination measles and mortality we describe below. The matches the mean duration required to restore has reduced childhood mortality by 30 to 50% World Health Organization (WHO) recently ad- immunological memoryafter MVinfection.Fourth, in resource-poor countries (5–8) and by up to dressed this issue (22)and concluded that mea- theestimated duration should be consistent both 90%in themost impoverished populations(9,10 ). slesvaccination isassociated with lar gereduct ions with the available evidence of increased risk of Theobserved benefitscannot be explained by the in all-causechildhood mortality but that thereis mortality after MV, compared with uninfected prevention of primary measles virus (MV) infec- no firm evidence to explain an immunological children, and with the time required to build a tionsalone(11,12), and they remain acentral mys- mechanism for the nonspecific vaccine benefits. protectiveimmunerepertoirein earlylife(Fig.1D, tery (13 ). Recent work (17, 23)invoked a different hypo- fig. S2, and SM). MV infection is typified by a profound, but thesisthat alossof immunememorycellsafter MV To explicitly address whether the observed generally assumed to be transient, immunosup- infection resets previously acquired immunity, nonspecific benefits of vaccination can be attri- pression that renders hosts more susceptible to and vaccination preventsthiseffect .deVrieset al. buted to the prevention of MV immunomodula- other pathogens(14 –17). Thus, contemporaneous (17)reproduced transient measles immune sup- tion, evidence for the four hypotheses must be reductions in nonmeasl
Recommended publications
  • Detection of Astrovirus in a Cow with Neurological Signs by Nanopore Technology, Italy

    Detection of Astrovirus in a Cow with Neurological Signs by Nanopore Technology, Italy

    viruses Article Detection of Astrovirus in a Cow with Neurological Signs by Nanopore Technology, Italy Guendalina Zaccaria 1, Alessio Lorusso 1,*, Melanie M. Hierweger 2,3, Daniela Malatesta 1, Sabrina VP Defourny 1, Franco Ruggeri 4, Cesare Cammà 1 , Pasquale Ricci 4, Marco Di Domenico 1 , Antonio Rinaldi 1, Nicola Decaro 5 , Nicola D’Alterio 1, Antonio Petrini 1 , Torsten Seuberlich 3 and Maurilia Marcacci 1,5 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (S.V.D.); [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (M.D.D.); [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (N.D.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (M.M.) 2 NeuroCenter, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; [email protected] 3 Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; [email protected] 4 Unità Operativa Complessa Servizio di Sanità Animale, ASL Pescara, 65100 Pescara, Italy; [email protected] (F.R.); [email protected] (P.R.) 5 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0861-332440 Received: 23 April 2020; Accepted: 9 May 2020; Published: 11 May 2020 Abstract: In this study, starting from nucleic acids purified from the brain tissue, Nanopore technology was used to identify the etiological agent of severe neurological signs observed in a cow which was immediately slaughtered.
  • Our New Erasmus MC Future-Proof Buildings Ernst Kuipers Chairman of Erasmus University Medical Center’S Executive Board

    Our New Erasmus MC Future-Proof Buildings Ernst Kuipers Chairman of Erasmus University Medical Center’S Executive Board

    Our New Erasmus MC Future-proof buildings Ernst Kuipers chairman of Erasmus University Medical Center’s Executive Board This is once in a lifetime for us all. The old hospital dates back to 1961, with nurses’ “ stations at the center of the wards and physicians rooms at the far ends of the wards. We have now been given the chance to build an ultramodern building; a chance that comes along only once every sixty years. ” 2 Welcome Erasmus MC is building a new hospital right in the heart of a city Employees, patients, and students are aware of a new perspective. full of architectural icons. The design is sleek, functional and well- The healing environment of the academic hospital of the 21st century considered. The contemporary building elements seamlessly fit in can already be experienced at the Rehabilitation Medicine Rijndam with Sophia Children’s Hospital, the innovative Education Center, and outpatient clinic and in the Passage. Plenty of natural light, greenery, the imposing research tower of the Medical School. and warm and comfortable furnishings, aimed at reducing the stress associated with hospital visits. The shell has now largely been completed but you can still feel the dynamics of the construction site, with its construction hoists and The guiding principle of the new buildings is that they should be a helmeted workers. The energy of Rotterdam is captured here: actions place where you are warmly welcomed, treated expertly and with speak louder than words, together we can do it. Close by there is respect, and have a pleasant stay. In addition, it will be a place that activity of another kind; we are in the largest university medical radiates ambitions: this is where we provide complex, high-quality care, center of the Netherlands.
  • Cloning of Human Picobirnavirus Genomic Segments and Development of an RT-PCR Detection Assay

    Cloning of Human Picobirnavirus Genomic Segments and Development of an RT-PCR Detection Assay

    Virology 277, 316–329 (2000) doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0594, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Cloning of Human Picobirnavirus Genomic Segments and Development of an RT-PCR Detection Assay Blair I. Rosen,*,†,1 Zhao-Yin Fang,‡ Roger I. Glass,* and Stephan S. Monroe*,2 *Viral Gastroenteritis Section, Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; †Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia 30033; and ‡Enteric Virus Branch, Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China 100052 Received May 1, 2000; returned to author for revision June 15, 2000; accepted August 4, 2000 Nearly full-length genomic segments 2 and a partial-length genomic segment 1 of human picobirnavirus were cloned and sequenced. The clones were derived from viruses obtained from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Atlanta, Georgia (strains 3-GA-91 and 4-GA-91) and a nonHIV-infected person from China (strain 1-CHN-97). The picobirna- virus genomic segments lacked sequence similarities with other viral sequences in GenBank and EMBL. Comparison of genomic segment 1 from a human and a rabbit picobirnavirus identified a region of 127 nucleotides with 54.7% identity. The genomic segments 2 of the 4-GA-91 and 1-CHN-97 strains had 41.4% nucleic acid identity and 30.0% amino acid similarity and contained amino acid motifs typical of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes. Reverse transcription-PCR detection assays were developed with primers targeted to the genomic segments 2 of strains 4-GA-91 or 1-CHN-97.
  • Questions & Answers on Influenza

    Questions & Answers on Influenza

    101 Questions & Answers on Influenza101 101 Questions & Answers Prof. Dr. A.D.M.E. (Ab) Osterhaus is David De Pooter is working at Link Inc on professor of virology at Erasmus Medical since 2003, the Antwerp (Belgium) based Centre Rotterdam, and professor of communication consultancy agency, Environmental Virology at the Utrecht specialised in strategic communication University. Fascinated by the ingenious and social marketing. Link Inc is working ways viruses circumvent the immune with the European Scientific working Influenza system of their hosts to multiply and Group on Influenza (ESWI) since 1998 and spread, Osterhaus started his quest at the is taking care of the positioning of the interface of virology and immunology. He group, the strategy and the implementa­ Ab Osterhaus quickly translated new insights in this tion of the strategy by developing complex field to applications in animal and targeted communication tools. In this human vaccinology. In addition, he started capacity, David De Pooter is a professional David De Pooter his work on virus discovery, not only writer on medical topics and a communi­ focussing on the identification of a series cation manager of ESWI. As such he has of animal viruses, but also of new human established a fruitful and long standing viruses. collaboration with Prof Ab Osterhaus. (www.linkinc.be) 101 Questions & Answers on Influenza 101 101 Questions & Answers on Influenza Ab Osterhaus David De Pooter Elsevier, Maarssen © Elsevier, Maarssen 2009 Design: Studio Bassa, Culemborg Elsevier is an imprint of Reed Business bv, PO Box 1110, 3600 BC Maarssen, The Netherlands. To order: Elsevier Gezondheidszorg, Marketing dept., Antwoordnummer 2594 (freepost), 3600 VB Maarssen, The Netherlands.
  • "Pandemieën Bij Mens En Dier: Zijn We Er Op Voorbereid?" Prof. Ab Osterhaus DVM

    "Pandemieën Bij Mens En Dier: Zijn We Er Op Voorbereid?" Prof. Ab Osterhaus DVM

    "Pandemieën bij mens en dier: zijn we er op voorbereid?" Prof. Ab Osterhaus DVM PhD Director Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ) University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany MSD Webinar, januari 22 2021 Rinderpest 1745: The Netherlands 2003: Last case in Mauretania 2011: Eradicated 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Past decades: zoonoses at the origin of major human disease outbreaks pandemics Adapted from: Reperant LA, Cornaglia G, Osterhaus AD Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.2013 The importance of understanding the human-animal interface: from early hominins to global citizens Most recent outbreaks of avian influenza as reported to the OIE in the last 6 months. African swine fever African swine fever Crucial elements for pandemic preparedness to be established in ‘peacetime’ • Early warning systems • Pathogen discovery and characterization platforms • Diagnostic platforms • Mathematical models • Animal models in BSL3 facilities • Clinical trial platforms • Non-pharmaceutical intervention and treatment strategies • Pharmaceutical intervention strategies •antiviral platforms •vaccine platforms •BRM platforms • Communication 8 25.01.2021 Last four influenza pandemics Credit: US National Museum of Health and Medicine 1918 1957 1968 2009 “Spanish Flu” “Asian Flu” “Hong Kong Flu” “Mexican flu” >40 million deaths 1-4 million deaths 1-4million deaths 0.2-0.6 million deaths A(H1N1) A(H2N2) A(H3N2) A(H1N1) Within a few weeks, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic spread around the world affecting all countries April 2009 May 2009 START June 2009 March 2009 July 6 2009 Cumulative cases 1–10 11–50 51–500 500–5000 Air traffic from Mexico >5000 De Jong et al., Nature 1997 Claas & Osterhaus, Nat.Med 1998 Fouchier et al., J Virol., 2005 Munster et al., EID., 2005 Aquatic wild birds Olsen et al., Science., 2006 Influenza A virus reservoir BF Koel et al, Science.
  • Clinical Validation of Whole Genome Sequencing for Routine Cancer Diagnostics

    Clinical Validation of Whole Genome Sequencing for Routine Cancer Diagnostics

    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.29.20222091; this version posted November 3, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license . Clinical validation of Whole Genome Sequencing for routine cancer diagnostics Paul Roepman1*, Ewart de Bruijn1, Stef van Lieshout1, Lieke Schoenmaker1, Mirjam C Boelens2, Hendrikus J Dubbink3, Willemina RR Geurts-Giele3, Floris H Groenendijk3, Manon MH Huibers4#, Mariëtte EG Kranendonk4$, Margaretha GM Roemer5 Marloes Steehouwer6, Wendy WJ de Leng4, Alexander Hoischen6,7, Bauke Ylstra5, Kim Monkhorst2, Jacobus JM van der Hoeven1 and Edwin Cuppen1,8 1. Hartwig Medical Foundation, Science Park 408, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3. Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands 4. Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands 5. Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands 6. Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands 7. Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands 8. Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.
  • Viruses in Transplantation - Not Always Enemies

    Viruses in Transplantation - Not Always Enemies

    Viruses in transplantation - not always enemies Virome and transplantation ECCMID 2018 - Madrid Prof. Laurent Kaiser Head Division of Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Virology Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases University Hospital of Geneva ESCMID eLibrary © by author Conflict of interest None ESCMID eLibrary © by author The human virome: definition? Repertoire of viruses found on the surface of/inside any body fluid/tissue • Eukaryotic DNA and RNA viruses • Prokaryotic DNA and RNA viruses (phages) 25 • The “main” viral community (up to 10 bacteriophages in humans) Haynes M. 2011, Metagenomic of the human body • Endogenous viral elements integrated into host chromosomes (8% of the human genome) • NGS is shaping the definition Rascovan N et al. Annu Rev Microbiol 2016;70:125-41 Popgeorgiev N et al. Intervirology 2013;56:395-412 Norman JM et al. Cell 2015;160:447-60 ESCMID eLibraryFoxman EF et al. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011;9:254-64 © by author Viruses routinely known to cause diseases (non exhaustive) Upper resp./oropharyngeal HSV 1 Influenza CNS Mumps virus Rhinovirus JC virus RSV Eye Herpes viruses Parainfluenza HSV Measles Coronavirus Adenovirus LCM virus Cytomegalovirus Flaviviruses Rabies HHV6 Poliovirus Heart Lower respiratory HTLV-1 Coxsackie B virus Rhinoviruses Parainfluenza virus HIV Coronaviruses Respiratory syncytial virus Parainfluenza virus Adenovirus Respiratory syncytial virus Coronaviruses Gastro-intestinal Influenza virus type A and B Human Bocavirus 1 Adenovirus Hepatitis virus type A, B, C, D, E Those that cause
  • Taking Organs-On-A-Chip to the Next Level

    Taking Organs-On-A-Chip to the Next Level

    #1 Volume 11 October 2020 Medicines is the news magazine of Figon Regenerative pharmacology Taking organs-on-a-chip to the next level In this issue Clémence Ross-van Dorp Towards humans-on-a-chip The FIGON Dutch Medicines Days This former Dutch State Secretary, and Regenerative pharmacology allows an (DMD) are held online this year, throughout keynote speaker at the DMD, was entirely new perspective on human the fall of 2020. Check out the webinars at appointed Ambassador for the Dutch life physiology, health and disease. ‘These figondmd.nl. Keynote speakers are sciences and health sector. She is new methods are more closely related to presenting their topics in this issue. strengthening national networks. the intact human body.’ XXPage 10-27 XXPage 10 XXPage 20 Register via single-use.nu/ event/register Single-Use Event 2020 CORPUS | Leiden | November 10 On November 10th at location CORPUS in Leiden suppliers and users will meet at the ultimate networking event in the world of bioprocessing, biotechnology and (bio)pharmaceutical manufacturing. You are welcome to view and test new products, network with key suppliers in the single-use industry, and attend presentations about the latest developments in single-use. Editorial It takes an entire team he battle against COVID-19 is like the Olympics: a gargantuan international ef- fort with high personal, economic and emotional stakes. In fact, since the Olym- Tpics were cancelled this year, COVID-19 seems to have taken their place. It keeps us addicted to our news sour- ces. It is the talk of the day. And it brings together science, policy, business and societal organisations.
  • White Matter and Hippocampus Alterations in School-Age Neonatal ECMO Survivors Rais

    White Matter and Hippocampus Alterations in School-Age Neonatal ECMO Survivors Rais

    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Erasmus University Digital Repository Neonatal critical illness and development: white matter and hippocampus alterations in school-age neonatal ECMO survivors Raisa M. Schiller 1,2, Gerbrich E. van den Bosch1, Ryan L. Muetzel2, Marion Smits3, Jeroen Dudink3,4, Dick Tibboel1, Hanneke IJsselstijn MD1, Tonya White2 1Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 3Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 4Department of Pediatrics, subdivision Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Corresponding author: T. White Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital 3000 CB, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Email: [email protected] Telephone: +31 10 703 7072 Word count: 2997 1 ABSTRACT Aim Examine the neurobiology of long-term neuropsychological deficits following neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Method This cross-sectional study assessed white matter integrity and hippocampal volume of ECMO survivors (8-15yrs) and healthy controls (8-17yrs) using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and structural MRI, respectively. Neuropsychological outcome was evaluated in patients. Included clinical predictors of white matter integrity: age start ECMO, ECMO duration, highest oxygenation index before ECMO, highest mean airway pressure and mechanical ventilation duration. Results Patients (n=23) had lower global fractional anisotropy than controls (n=54)(patients=.368; controls=.381; p=.02), but similar global mean diffusivity (p=.41). Patients had lower fractional anisotropy in the left cingulum bundle (patients=.345; controls=.399; p<.001) and higher mean diffusivity in a region of the left parahippocampal cingulum (patients=.916; controls=.871; p<.001).
  • A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates

    A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates

    veterinary sciences Review A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates Hendrik Swanepoel 1,2, Jan Crafford 1 and Melvyn Quan 1,* 1 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142 Abstract: (1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention.
  • Origins and Evolution of the Global RNA Virome

    Origins and Evolution of the Global RNA Virome

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/451740; this version posted October 24, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Origins and Evolution of the Global RNA Virome 2 Yuri I. Wolfa, Darius Kazlauskasb,c, Jaime Iranzoa, Adriana Lucía-Sanza,d, Jens H. 3 Kuhne, Mart Krupovicc, Valerian V. Doljaf,#, Eugene V. Koonina 4 aNational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 5 b Vilniaus universitetas biotechnologijos institutas, Vilnius, Lithuania 6 c Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 7 dCentro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain 8 eIntegrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 9 Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA 10 fDepartment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA 11 12 #Address correspondence to Valerian V. Dolja, [email protected] 13 14 Running title: Global RNA Virome 15 16 KEYWORDS 17 virus evolution, RNA virome, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, phylogenomics, horizontal 18 virus transfer, virus classification, virus taxonomy 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/451740; this version posted October 24, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 19 ABSTRACT 20 Viruses with RNA genomes dominate the eukaryotic virome, reaching enormous diversity in 21 animals and plants. The recent advances of metaviromics prompted us to perform a detailed 22 phylogenomic reconstruction of the evolution of the dramatically expanded global RNA virome.
  • Mini Review Picobirnavirus: a Putative Emerging Threat to Humans And

    Mini Review Picobirnavirus: a Putative Emerging Threat to Humans And

    Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences Mini Review Picobirnavirus: A Putative Emerging Threat to Humans and Animals JOBIN JOSE KATTOOR, SHUBHANKAR SIRCAR, SHARAD SAURAB, SHANMUGANATHAN SUBRAMANIYAN, KULDEEP DHAMA, YASHPAL SINGH MALIK* ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. Abstract | Diarrheal diseases remain fatal threat to human and animal population with the emergence of new types of pathogens. Among them, viral gastroenteritis plays a lion share with a number ranging over 100 different types including emerging and re-emerging types of viruses. Recent viral metagenomics studies confirm the co-existence of viruses in gastrointestinal tract of several different host species. A Picobirnavirus, consisting of 2 segments, has recently attained attention due to its wide host range and genetic variability. Until 2011, these small viruses were not consid- ered as a separate virus family, when a new family (Picobirnaviridae) was approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Currently two distinct genogroups (GG-I and GG-II) and one predicted genogroup (GG-III) are included in the Picobirnaviridae family. Recently, picobirnavirus infections have been reported from al- most all species including wild animals where persistent infection of the virus is also reported. Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are also reported as opportunistic pathogens in immuno compromised hosts including HIV infected patients. Presence of atypical picobirnaviruses with shorter genomic segments along with genetic closeness of animal and human PBVs and its ability to infect immuno-compromised hosts pose a heavy threat for all human and animal. Currently RNA dependent RNA polymerase based RT-PCR detection is considered as a rapid and sensitive method for detection of PBV.