With Financial Support of the UK AID

NETWORKS FOR PEACE: PREVENTING AND RESOLVING CONFLICTS THROUGH EARLY WARNING MECHANISMS

BASELINE MEASUREMENTS OF CONFLICT INDICATORS WITH A FOCUS ON THE BATUKU MINORITY IN

Community Development Resource Network (CDRN)

Plot No 433 Balintuma Road, , P. O. Box 35542 Kampala. : +256392746117 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT : [email protected] RESOURCE NETWORK (CDRN) W : www.cdrn.or.ug NETWORKS FOR PEACE:

PREVENTING AND RESOLVING CONFLICTS THROUGH EARLY WARNING MECHANISMS.

REPORT BY:

Community Development Resource Network (CDRN) Plot No 433 Balintuma Road, Kampala, P. O. Box 35542 Kampala. Tel: +256392746117 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cdrn.or.ug

In Partnership with With Financial Support of the UK AID

Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Abbreviations/ ACRONMYS

BISO - Border Internal Security Officer

CDO - Community Development Officer

CDRN - Community Development Resource Network

CSO - Civil Society Organisations

DCDO - District Community Development Officer

DISO - District Internal Security Officer

DRC - Democratic Republic of Congo

EWM - Early Warning Mechanism

FGD - Focus Group Discussion

GISO - Gombolola Internal Security Officer

HH - Household

KII - Key Informant Interview

KRC - Kabarole Research and Resource Centre

LC - Local Council

MRGI - Minority Rights Group International

NGO - Non- Government Organisation

RA - Research Assistant

RDC - Resident District Commissioner

RWEPOTA - Rwenzori Empowerment Programmes of Transformation

and Actions

SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Scientists

UPDF - Peoples Defence Forces

UWA - Uganda Wildlife Authority

ii Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. CONTENTS

ACRONMYS ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VII

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Conflict and ethnicity in uganda 1 1.3 Background to the baseline 2 1.4 The batuku, origin and conflict 4 1.5 The networks for peace 5 1.6 Rationale of the baseline measurements 6 1.7 Project objectives 6

2 METHODOLOGY 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.3 Study Approach 7 2.5 Scope of The Study 7 2. 5.1 Study Population 7 2.6 Sample Selection 8 2.6.1 Selection of Respondents 8 2.6.2 Sample Size Determination 8 2.6.3 Selection of Household Respondents 8 2.7 Data Collection And Analysis 9 2.7.1 Data Collection 9 2.7.2 Data Management And Analysis 9 2.8 Quality Control And Management Strategies 10

3 FINDINGS 11 3.1 Demographic Information 11 3.2 Conflicts 14 3.2.1 Types And Number Of Conflicts Experienced By Respondents 14 3.4 Triggers Of Conflict 15 3.5 Losses Suffered Because Of Conflict 18 3.6 Reporting Of Conflicts 19 3.6.1 Indicators / Signs Of Conflict 19 3.7 Early Warning Mechanisms 20 3.8 Key Players In Conflict Management 21 3.8 Subjective Wellbeing / Access To Social Services 23 3.8.1 Occupation 23 3.8.2 Income 24 3.8.3 Satisfaction of Service delivery 24

Networks for Peace: iii Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27 4.1 Conclusions 27 4.2 Recommendations 28

ANNEXES 30 ANNEX I: REFERENCES 30 ANNEX II: NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS 31 ANNEX II: SURVEY TOOLS 31 Household Interview Questionnaire 31 FGD Guide 42 KII Guide 44 ANNEX IV: PHOTO GALLERY 46

List of figures FIGURE 1 Conflict Map of Ntoroko 4 FIGURE 2 Ethnicity of Respondents 12 FIGURE 3 Age of Respondents 13 FIGURE 4 Number of Years of Residency 13 FIGURE 5 Marital Status of Respondents 14 FIGURE 6 Level of Education Attained by Respondent 15 FIGURE 7 Forms of Conflict Experienced in Communities in the Last Five Years 15 FIGURE 8 Frequency Respondents witnessed Conflict in the Past Year 16 FIGURE 9 Causes of Conflict in Ntoroko District 19 FIGURE 10 Methods used for warning the community 21 FIGURE 11 Community reaction to warning of conflict 21 FIGURE 12 Sharing of information on conflict 22 FIGURE 13 Main occupation of the households 23 FIGURE 14 Estimated annual income range of respondents 24 FIGURE 15 Satisfaction with safety and access to public services 24

List of tables TABLE 1 Ethnic Groups and Languages Spoken in Ntoroko District 3 TABLE 2 Livelihood Sources in Ntoroko District 3 TABLE 3 Analysis Of Satisfaction with Safety and Access to Service Delivery 25

iv Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was undertaken as one of the key inception activities of the Networks for Peace in Africa Project. It was made possible with financial support from UKaid through Minority Rights Group International (MRGI).

We are grateful to all those who provided information that informed the study. In particular, we thank leaders of Ntoroko District Local Government, and leaders of Bweramule and Rwebisengo sub counties, and Rwebisengo Town Council who sacrificed their time to provide the necessary information.

We are equally indebted to members of the community in the three lower local governments who participated in the household interviews, focus group discussions and key informants’ interviews. We look forward to furthering our relationship in the next phase of the project.

Networks for Peace: v Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This is a report of the indicator existing early warning and early response measurements for the Networks for Peace mechanisms, but had different ways in in Africa project. The study was undertaken which they responded to conflicts. in the month of February 2020 in the sub counties of Bweramule and Rwebisengo; The most common forms of conflicts were and Rwebisengo Town Council of Ntoroko land related (31%), domestic violence District. The objective of the study was (26%), political/ideological differences to establish baseline indicator values for (18%), cultural differences (13%), and tracking project implementation progress. resource-based related conflict (9%).

Data collection was done through focus b) Proportion of reported conflict group discussions, and household and key triggers that lead to violent informant interviews with different groups conflict of people including women, youth, elders, cultural leaders, and local government The major causes or triggers of conflict in officials at both sub county and district Ntoroko district were land and boundary levels. issues (30.5%), ethnic differences (7%), political differences (12.1%), differences Key findings in social status, differences in economic a) Knowledge on different forms of status, cultural differences and seasonal conflict and early warning changes such as usually at the onset of mechanisms dry season or drought (8.6%).

The majority (70.8%) of respondents Majority (67.6%) have reported and shared were Batuku but living together with conflict related information with the local other tribes that included, Congolese leaders for at least 2-3 times (58%) in the (11%), Bakonzo (5.6%), Bakiga (4.7%), past one year. This is because government and Batooro (3.7%). The remaining has put the systems of governance in ethnic groups comprised of Acholi, Alur, place and it is a requirement that one , Banyarwanda, and Baleega. begins from LCI then can be referred to The majority (55%) had lived in the area higher levels, while criminal cases are for more than 10 years, and middle aged. referred to police.

Communities were knowledgeable about c) The number of conflict – related the existing conflicts, their causes and economic losses in target communities the signs which alert them that some conflict is about to happen. However, the A number of community members had majority (54.2%) had no knowledge of experienced economic related losses

vi Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. because of conflict; however, a lot of these (53%) were dissatisfied with the quality of were recorded. Some had lost land through service and the manner in which services land grabbers or boundary disputes with were delivered was discriminatory. neighbours; others had lost houses, cattle, sheep, goats and a smaller number Recommendations lost vehicles, motorcycles and bicycles. The following recommendations are However, loss of lives was the highest form made with consideration of the views of loss experienced. Community members and opinions of people met during data lost family members, mostly heads of collection for the baseline indicators families and a source of livelihood either a) To increase the number of to wild animals when they enter the game targeted members informed reserve or just disappeared in the game on how often and why use reserve. Overall, findings suggest that the early warning mechanism biggest losses suffered were loss of human and improve capacity to life at 6.6%, land at 5.6%, and livestock at predict and take steps to 7.4%. prevent identity-based conflict d) Levels of subjective wellbeing • Community awareness should be given (SWB) in target communities first priority. Collaboration between CSOs and government should provide A significant proportion of people were community sensitisation especially involved in subsistence farming (45.4%), on the land laws, the laws governing semiskilled work, and petty businesses the sale of property to foreigners, the (13%), and retail trade (12.6%). The laws governing the game reserves, chances that the majority lived from hand to the importance of the national park mouth were very high, hence the possibility or game reserves, appreciation of that the standard of living of the population culture diversity, difference of political was low. ideologies and how different ethnicities can live in harmony in order to minimise The majority (65.1%) in the community identity based conflicts, nepotism and earned not more that UGX 1million per discrimination during service delivery. year, which translates to about US$300 As part of the awareness creation, per year. This means that the majority in laws including the Constitution, the Ntoroko lived below the poverty line. Land Act and related policies should be translated into local languages and

Service delivery is critical in ensuring the popular versions produced so that it is easy to be grasped by people at the wellbeing of people, however, there is a lot grassroots. of dissatisfaction in safety and accessibility • Develop an Early Warning and Early of social services for instance education Response Mechanism, with community (39%), health (58.5%), water (40%), involvement, participation and roads (55%), agriculture (58.2%) and ownership taken into consideration finance sectors (64.9%). More than half

Networks for Peace: vii Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. in order to have sustainability of the the fishermen; the family members system after the project comes to an (Children) versus guardians and end. parents and neighbours over land • Hold radio talk shows and barrazas boundaries. CSOs’ and NGOs’ need to to encourage the people to freely air be supported materially and financially their views and grievances and to as they impart these skills to the key enable the communities find solutions players in conflict management in the that are acceptable and owned by communities. the community. Track II and Track III meetings should be organised to bring c) To reduce the number of the leaders and stakeholders together conflict related economic and work on community problems in losses in target communities harmony. • Advocate for the building of a barrier b) To decrease the proportion of between the game reserve and the reported conflict triggers that human communities in order to curb lead to violent conflict the conflicts and losses between UWA and the human communities. Electric • Counselling and sensitization of the fencing is encouraged since trenches masses should be carried out on human were not effective. rights & responsibilities, accountability • Collaboration with UWA should be & transparency in all operations and all promoted and should work together levels of leadership, opinion leaders, in community sensitisation and elders and key players. Sensitization support tree growing for firewood and and training in family values in order poles for fencing off their kraals and to change the mind-sets and general skilling in water harvesting and valley attitudes towards education, health, dam construction for watering their spirituality, the value of game reserves animals during the dry season, so that and parks and how to live in harmony, the animals do not crossover to the because cultural diversity is here to reserve. stay and in the long run to lead to a • The 20% royalty contribution by UWA decrease in reported conflict triggers. to the district should be distributed • Carry out capacity building in directly to the community members conflict mediation, resolution and as compensation for the losses of their negotiation skills for leaders, elders, animals and crops destroyed by the and the key stakeholders who handle game animals. cases among the community and • Pro bono services should be sourced between different factions. This skills and linked to the community to handle development in the community would the many land court cases to enable enable the community handle their the marginalized minority poor access own conflicts, for example between justice and minimise the losses to UWA and community; the rich versus their general livelihoods. the poor, the cattle keepers versus

viii Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. d) To increase levels of existing jobs, hence reducing youth subjective wellbeing (SWB) in redundancy, discrimination and lack of target communities: qualifications. • The secret ballot method of voting • Government through Ntoroko District should be maintained while electing Local Government should ensure people in positions of leadership. It equal distribution of social services was evident that lining up behind and follow-up on the accountability candidates was a major source of and transparency of service delivery conflict and hostility. Therefore, in in the district especially in Education, order to reduce conflicts and increase Health, Water and Agriculture sectors. levels of subjective wellbeing this • Health centres and schools should method should be adapted. have all the necessary facilities and • Government should intervene and equipment in order to reduce on the mediate between the different distance moved to access quality factions and cultural institutions to services. The communities should be further give guidance and resolve the encouraged to educate their children cultural conflicts. They argued that in the government schools nearest since government restored cultural to their homes in order to raise the institutions and put in place the rules level of literacy of the region and and regulations governing them, reduce the school dropout rates. They then it should take responsibility for argued that through education and restoring harmony within and between skills acquisition, minorities groups the institutions. will be able to compete favourable with the dominant tribes for the

Networks for Peace: ix Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND&

1.1 Introduction distinct from those of the majority population. These characteristics often Uganda is a country of very great ethnic, single them out as marginalised groups, linguistic and religious diversity, whose frequently living in remote geographical roots lie in a complex early history of locations, in small communities, poorer overlapping migrations and interactions. than the average population, with limited Out of the 65 officially recognised political representation and lacking access indigenous communities in Uganda, 21 to basic social services. are small ethnic groups, with fewer than 25,000 people. They include Tepeth, The 2006 State of the World’s Minorities , Batuku, Paluo (Chope), Babukusu, report by Minority Rights Group Banyabindi, Lendu, Basongora, Ik, Batwa, International (MRG) observes that “… Bahehe, Dodoth, Ethur, Mening, , Mvuba, every country around the globe exhibits Nyangia, Napore and Venoma, among some ethnic, religious or cultural diversity. others. They collectively represent about Although there have been some efforts one per cent of the national population, by NGOs and government to promote or not more than 200,000 fellow citizens. their welfare and to recognise their social There are nine other minority groups with and economic rights in Uganda, ethnic up to only 100,000 people each. minorities generally suffer from unequal distribution of national resources. Many The Third Schedule of the Uganda have lost land and other means to survive Constitution lists several other minority due to civil strife or to government policies groups, including the Bamba, Babwisi, on forests and wildlife conservation, , Bagungu, Bakenyi, Kebu, Nubi while very limited alternatives have been and the Ngikutio. Some groups are yet provided. to be included in the schedule, including the Basese, Bagangaizi, and the Benet. 1.2 Conflict and Ethnicity in Uganda Due to their small numbers, history, marginalisation, prejudice and stereotypes Uganda has a long history of conflict. on the part of the more numerous Ugandan Each of these conflicts have had ethnic communities, ethnic minorities rarely dimension to it. Gross abuses of human occupy the national centre stage to make rights have taken place in the post-colonial their voice heard. Uganda, starting with the 1966 crisis and until recently when the numerous Ethnic minorities share a number of rebellions across the country got subdued, common characteristics: being a non- either forcefully or through negotiations dominant group (often dominated by or both. Although more recent years have majority attitudes and practices), with seen a degree of comparative stability, common ethnic, religious, socio-economic the legacy of these conflicts remains a or linguistic characteristics, which are powerful mobilizing factor in Ugandan

Networks for Peace: 1 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. politics. Driving forces behind the conflicts Parliament and became operational on have been complex and multi-faceted; 1st July 2010. Before that, the district economic, religious, ideological and was part of the . The regional aspects have all been significant. District is one of the two Ugandan districts In addition to the unstable and overlapping west of the Rwenzori Mountains, the other nature of ethnic categories, conflicts have being Bundibugyo District. The District is themselves featured a variety of complex bordered by the Democratic Republic of alliances, and in one way or the other, the Congo to the west and north, Hoima minorities have been involved and/or District to the north-east, Kibaale District effected by these conflicts. to the east, Kabarole District to the south, and Bundibugyo District to the south- Recent developments involving west. The District comprises of six (6) decentralisation and the reinstatement of sub counties and four (4) town councils, kingdoms in Uganda have brought with namely: Butungama, Bweramule, Kanara, them some degree of ethnic consciousness Karugutu, Nombe and Rwebisengo sub to the extent that the consciousness has counties, and Kanara, Karugutu, Kibuku pitted one ethnic group against the other. and Rwebisengo town councils. Nowhere else in Uganda has this ethnic consciousness translated to conflict/ The district also neighbours the Semuliki hostilities than in the Rwenzori sub region game reserve which is a protected area of Western Uganda, home to several ethnic under the Uganda Wildlife Authority communities including those with origins (UWA). This unique location makes conflict from the Democratic Republic of the Congo issues affecting the communities more (DRC), but also home to several minority multidimensional, thus requiring careful ethnic communities such as the Basongora study to understand the conflict dynamics and Banyabindi in Kasese District, the involved so as to be able to design Batuku in Ntoroko District and the Babwisi appropriate interventions for conflict early and Bamba in Bundibugyo District. warning, conflict prevention and promotion of peaceful coexistence. Until recently when Ntoroko became a district, like their minority counterparts The national census in 2002 estimated the the Babwisi, Bamba, Basongora and population at 51,100. In 2014, the national Banyabindi, the Batuku being a minority census and household survey enumerated not only in Uganda but also in Bundibugyo the district population at 67,005. Although District suffered a lot of injustices, the District is predominantly inhabited by which included marginalisation in terms the Batuku, a minority group in Uganda of employment, service delivery, and whose population is estimated at 35000 education among others. Although they people, being a District that is surrounded are now statistically a “majority” in by other districts and also sharing an Ntoroko district, several years of conflict international boundary makes Ntoroko and marginalisation has left its legacy and District a melting pot. The district is today the Batuku still suffer intra-ethnic inhabited by very many ethnic groups that conflict in their own district. makes nearly half of the district population. The table below shows the different ethnic 1.3 Background to the baseline groups inhabiting Ntoroko District and the Ntoroko District was created by the dominant local languages spoken in each Ugandan Sub County/Town Council

2 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Table 1 Ethnic groups and languages spoken in Ntoroko District

Sub county Tribe Language

Karugutu SC Bakonzo, Batooro, Banyarwanda, Rukonzo, Rutooro, Bamba, Babwisi Rubwisi,and Kinyarwanda Karugutu TC Bakonzo, Batooro, Banyarwanda, Rukonzo, Rutooro, Bamba, Babwisi Rubwisiand Kinyarwanda Nombe SC Bakonzo, Batooro, Banyarwanda, Rukonzo, Rutooro, Bamba, Babwisi ubwisi,and Kinyarwanda Bwaramule SC Batuuku, Babiira,Bakonzo, Rutuuku /Rutooro and Rukonzo Rwebisengo SC Batuuku Rutuuku / Rutooro Rwebisengo TC Batuuku, Rutuuku /Rutooro, Butungama SC Batuuku Rutuuku /Rutooro, Kibuuku TC Batuuku, Bakonzo, Babwisi, Rutuuku /Rutooro, Babiira, Bamba Rukonzo,Rubwisi Kanara SC Batuuku, Bamba, Babwisi, Rutooro /Rutuuku, Kiswahili, Batooro,Bakonzo Rubwisi, Rukonzo Kanara TC Batuuku, Baganda, Balegha, Kiswahili Rutooro / Rutuuku / Bagungu, Banyoro, Batooro Runyoro, Ruganda, Lulegha, Bangite, Babwisi, Bakonzo and Rugungu, Rukonzo Bamba and Rubwisi

Source: Ntoroko District Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Profile 2016

Ntoroko District is divided into three livelihoods of the community in the agro ecological zones which determine District as shown in the table below:

Table 2 Livelihood sources in Ntoroko District Agro- Ecological zone Livelihood Sub-county

Crop farming Cassava, coffee, banana, Nombe SC, Karugutu SC, and mountain legume, maize, cocoa, Irish and Karugutu TC zone sweet, potatoes, garlic, fruits, rice, barley, onion, poultry and goat farming Commercial and agribusiness Karugutu SC, Karugutu TC Charcoal burning/deforestation Karugutu SC Stone quarrying, sand mining Karugutu TC, Karugutu SC and brick making and Nombe SC Apiculture/bee keeping Karugutu SC Pastoral/animal Cattle grazing, poultry and goat Rwebisengo SC, Rwebisengo farming zone rearing TC, Kibuuku TC, Butungama SC, Bwaramule SC, Kanara SC, Nombe SC Cassava and pineapple growing Bwaramule SC, Kanara SC Commercial agribusiness Rwebisengo TC, Butungama SC, Kanara SC Capture Fishing on lake Albert and duck Kanara SC, Kanara TC fisheries zone farming Commercial and agribusiness Kanara SC, Kanara TC Source: Ntoroko District Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Profile 2016 Networks for Peace: 3 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 1.4 The Batuku, Origin and Conflict The figure below presents the internal The Batuku derived their name from the conflict risk status of Ntoroko District. nature of the land before they settled According to the Ntoroko District Hazard, there. Oral accounts indicate that before Risk and Vulnerability Profile 2016. The settling in the current Ntoroko District, most chronic internal conflict is the the Batuku lived in Mwenge, currently inter-clan dispute over a land parcel in Kamwenge District, but being cattle Butungama parish in Butungama Sub- keepers, they moved to Ntoroko in search county, which had by then claimed three of pasture. Before they settled there, there lives.

Figure 1 Conflict Map of Ntoroko

Source: Ntoroko District Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Profile 2016 would be wild fires during the dry season Land use contention is another source of and the land would all look red (Rutuku) conflict. For example, when crop farmers as the fire consumed the bushes. When in search of water for crop production eventually they settled there, they were cultivate near the water points, the same named Batuku because they settled in the water where the pastoralists water their land commonly referred to as Rutuku. The animals; they fence the gardens off to Batuku comprise of two social groups with avoid damage of crops by the livestock different livelihoods, namely: the Bahuma and end up depriving pastoralists access (cattle keepers) and the Banyeibuga to water points and limiting grazing area (fishermen).

4 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. around the water point. This often results The project is built around the creation into conflicts over access to and use of and strengthening of a systematically ‘communal lands’. well designed early warning system, with the explicit intention of identifying According to the map, the communities and responding to conflicts as early of Butungama Sub County are prone to as possible. Development of an early high risk of internal conflicts; those of warning system is not a one off activity Bweramule are prone to moderate risk, but entails continuous engagement. Early while those of Rwebisengo TC are prone to warning and early response systems are low risk of internal conflicts. Apparently all critical elements that serve as the basis the other sub counties and town councils for peace building. Response systems are are not prone to any risk of internal needed at all levels of society, from small conflicts communities to national level.

Unlike conflicts in Kasese that has pitted the The project focuses around designing Bakonzo (majority) against the Basongora and implementing an Early Warning (minority), in the case of the Batuku in Mechanism (EWM) in the Rwenzori sub- Ntoroko District, the conflicts are largely region and developing well formulated intra-ethnic save for a few, and the obvious community driven intervention pathways Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), which is to use in the process of predicting and common to all communities neighbouring resolving community conflicts. Through the national parks and other protected the project, peace ambassadors shall areas. The most pronounced conflicts are be selected and will be responsible from within the Bahuma cattle keepers. This creating awareness and sensitising makes it more complex to address such community on how to handle conflicts, conflict which are presumably among input and extract data from the EWM and brothers. It makes it difficult to obtain how to respond to the different conflict authentic information from them and also triggers that are sighted in the community. makes designing interventions that are The peace ambassadors shall therefore meant to bring peaceful coexistence and link the community to the project, the harmony amongst them difficult. duty-bearers, institutional actors and the community leadership. It is the project’s 1.5 The Networks for Peace goal to strengthen civil society and MIP organisations’ capacity to mobilise and The “Networks for Peace for Preventing and lead on conflict prevention, and improving Resolving Conflicts through Early Warning networks between civil society and duty- Mechanisms” project is dealing with bearers/ institutional actors. The project Identity based conflict using early warning supports gender mainstreaming and and early response mechanisms in Africa encourages minority women involvement in three countries, Uganda, Kenya and and participation in all processes related Cameroun. In Uganda, the project targets to conflict resolution and decision making. two minority groups, namely: the Batuku This will enable overcome the barriers to in Ntoroko District and the Basongora in women in attainment of their rights and Kasese District. prevent negative impact of these conflicts.

Networks for Peace: 5 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 1.6 Rationale of the Baseline Measurements

Baseline measurement was earmarked as owned mechanism. Through the baseline, the first major activity to be implemented the project would be able to identify by this project. The study was carried out the key players in conflict management in order to find out the subjective wellbeing and prominent persons with whom to of the Batuku, their accessibility to social implement this project. The findings of services, the major conflicts experienced, the baseline shall be used for comparison the conflict indicators or triggers and the purposes during the project cycle in order existing early warning mechanism on which to evaluate the impact of the project. to build and develop a new communally

6 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction survey design as a study that entails the collection of data on more than one case The section describes the methodology in a single point in time in order to collect used for conducting the baseline a body of quantifiable data in connection measurement. It presents what was done with two or more variables (usually many during the preparatory stages; the design more than two), which are then examined used for the baseline; data collection and to detect patterns of association”. In analysis strategies, and reporting. It also terms of time, Cohen, Manion, & Morrison covers the limitations faced during the (2007) assert that a cross-sectional study baseline study. is one that produces a “snapshot” of a population at a particular time, in support 2.3 Study approach of Bryman.

In order to achieve the objectives of the The study used a ‘mixed methods baseline study, we ensured that the study research’ strategy - research that crosses was conducted in a highly participatory, the two strategies (combines both interactive, and consultative manner quantitative and qualitative approaches). so that all the stakeholders at various Both quantitative and qualitative data levels effectively participated. The first were handled using this approach. steps towards the baseline study was According to Bryman, mixed methods identification and assembling of human research is preferred because it involves a resource and logistics necessary for mixing of research methods involved and smooth conduct of the study. Secondly, not just using them in tandem. To that we identified all key informants and effect, the baseline ensured that there established their contacts which we used was complementarity between the two for scheduling the appointments. Thirdly approaches. we mobilised local leaders within the communities and with them developed a 2.5 Scope of the Study programme for focus group discussions and key informants’ interviews where The study was carried out in order to find necessary. out the subjective wellbeing of the Batuku, their accessibility to social services, the 2.4 Study Design major conflicts experienced, the conflict indicators or triggers and the existing A cross-sectional study design was used early warning mechanism on which to in this baseline study. The choice of this build and develop a new communally design was influenced by Bryman (2008, owned mechanism. Geographically, p44). Bryman refers to cross-sectional the study was carried out in three sub

Networks for Peace: 7 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. counties of Bweramule, Rwebisengo, and of about 67005 individuals. The formula Rwebisengo Town Council. used to arrive at the desired sample of 301 was: 2. 5.1 Study Population S = X2 NP(1-P)/d2(N-1)+X2P(1-P) Where S = required sample size The study population comprised of X2 = the table value of chi-square residents in three sub counties of for 1 degree of freedom at Bweramule, Rwebisingo and Rwebisengo the desired confidence level is Town Council. The three sub counties 3.841 were selected because they have more N = The population size concentration of the Batuku ethnic P = The population proportion community than any other sub county in (assumed to be 0.50 since this provides Ntoroko District. the maximum sample size) D = The degree of accuracy as a proportion 2.6 Sample Selection (0.05) 2.6.1 Selection of Respondents Considering the factors earlier mentioned Respondents were selected randomly and and taking into account that the client purposively. Respondents who participated wants data collection concluded within a in household interviews and focus group period of five days, the consultant will to discussions were randomly selected, use a sample that has a margin of error while respondents who participated in key of +5 or -5 informant’s interviews were purposively S = X2NP(1-P)/d2(N-1)+ X2P(1-P) selected. Key informants were selected = 3.841 x 1021 x 0.50 x ((1- because of their social position in the 0.50)/0.052)x(1021- district and sub county and these 1)+3.841x0.50(1-0.50) included district and sub county political =301 and administrative leaders, and Local S = 301 Council and opinion leaders at community level. Others were selected because of 2.6.3 Selection of Household their expert knowledge of conflict or Respondents because they were leaders of civil society organisations involved in peace and The total number attained after sample conflict management. size determination was distributed between the three sub counties. Ideally, 2.6.2 Sample Size Determination from each sub county, 100 households were supposed to be selected. However, We interviewed up to 301 individuals due to logistical constraints, we were (household heads). This sample size was unable to sample equally. From the above, arrived at, using a formula that has a certain considerations were made. These margin of error of +-5 for a population included age, sex, and duration one had

8 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. of the tools and whether they needed any spent in their respective locations. This clarifications. Clarifications were made was necessary because we intended to and the household questionnaires were make the samples representative of all cleared to be administered to the different categories of people. respondents.

2.7 Data Collection and Analysis 2.7.2 Data Management and 2.7.1 Data Collection Analysis

Both quantitative and qualitative data (a) Analysis of Quantitative Data were collected. Quantitative data was In this study, the final unit of analysis was collected using semi-structured household households and as such, responses from questionnaires. The questionnaires were individual respondents were quantified. administered by research assistants that As a start, filled-in questionnaires were were locally recruited. Local recruitment checked on a daily basis at the end of day for was preferred because we wanted people their completeness. Completeness checks who were familiar with the language and were conducted to establish whether both culture of the people, but also as a way of the structured and unstructured sections building capacity of the local people. of the questionnaire had been properly filled. It also helped to establish whether Qualitative data was collected using key there were any missing data since it informant interview guides and focus needed to be taken into account during group discussion guides. Key informants data analysis. interview guides and focus group discussion guides were administered by the Once all the quantitative data were CDRN team to ensure that qualitative data collected and brought back to the office, was captured to triangulate information and entry screen was developed. The generated from both documents’ review platform for data analysis was SPSS. Data and household interviews. from the questionnaires were manually

entered onto the SPSS platform and It is important to note that prior to data cleaned to ensure that correct entries collection, research assistants were were done and made ready for analysis. trained. After the training, the tools were pretested to ensure that they were not Frequency distribution was performed. only user friendly but also reliable. Tools Frequency distribution technique was were pretested in an area that was not used with a focus on how frequently the among those sampled. After the pre- specific values were observed and what test, the team returned to the training their percentages were to the same centre and went over each questionnaire, variables. Thereafter, descriptive statistics firstly to ensure that questionnaires including frequencies and percentages were complete but also correctly filled. were produced and have been presented Research assistants were asked to in this report in form of graphs and tables. comment on how easy they found the use

Networks for Peace: 9 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. (b) Analysis of Qualitative Data as a structure for organizing the analysis. Information collected from focus groups Responses of all the focus groups and and key informants was qualitatively key informants to each question were analysed. Concerning focus group assessed to find whether a consensus, a discussions, the groups were the unit of majority view or different views emerged analysis, while in relation to key informant and a conclusion was drawn per question interviews, key informants were the unit or topic. Responses in the matrices were of analysis. The first step in qualitative examined to determine trends and patterns analysis was to describe respondents in the responses that emerge. The range (participants of FGDs and key informants). and diversity of perceptions expressed by participants were considered. Quotations Immediately after every FGD and KII, raw of statements by participants were used field notes were transformed from raw notes to illustrate the point being made. Coded to a well-organized set of notes. The notes responses were analysed and compared to were cleaned by removing information indicators to validate quantitative results. that we considered not relevant to the baseline objectives. To make the analysis 2.8 Quality control and easy, data was reduced into small chunks management strategies by use of research questions or discussion topics. We created a codebook for coding To ensure that the data we collected was the transcript and put data in order. The not compromised in terms of quality, codes were labelled in “words” which can as noted earlier, we ensured that we be easily remembered. Separate codes recruited experienced research assistants were developed for focus groups and that were eloquent in the major languages key informants’ data. Codes were made spoken in Ntoroko. The one-day training according to the topics of the FGD and mentioned above was also included role- KII guides. The intention of coding was plays on completion of interview questions to reduce data into manageable chunks and interpretation of the questions in the in order to facilitate interpretation of local languages for easy attainment of results. Coded data were transferred into information from respondents. We also a matrix to be able to interpret data. ensured that mock interviews were carried Matrices helped in keeping an overview of out by the research assistants to ensure data collected, guiding data analysis and that they did not only understand the generating explanatory insights. Content objectives of the study and to harmonise analysis was used to analyse transcripts their understanding of the research and by systematically transforming its content research process, but also to ensure in terms of themes. that they followed research protocol and observed research ethics. In addition, the Included in the matrix were responses to pre-test was to ensure that they did the the baseline questions on the column and right thing. focus groups and key informants on the We also reviewed data collected every row. The topics in the guides were used

10 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. evening after the data collectors had the data entry software. For consistency returned to establish the quality of data of the data, all data was double entered collected and to address some of the by different data entrants. The data entry challenges that they faced during data process was closely supervised by the collection. data manager of the team. For the FGDs and key informants, a team of three At data entry and analysis level, extreme people, namely the moderator, note taker care was taken to protect the integrity and the interpreter ensured minimal loss of the collected data. In order to ensure of data besides use of digital recorders to consistency and validity of every filled capture verbatim discussions. questionnaire, checks were embedded in

Networks for Peace: 11 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 3 FINDINGS

This chapter presents findings of the District. Up to 301 households were indicator baseline measurements. It is covered. organized under eight sections. Section 3.1 looks at the demographic information, From the sample, the majority (70.8%) section 3.2 presents the conflicts were Batuku, Congolese (11%), Bakonzo identified, section 3.3 looks at the causes (5.6%), Bakiga (4.7%), and Batooro of the conflicts, section 3.4 presents the (3.7%). The remaining ethnic groups conflict indicators or signs, section 3.5 comprised of Acholi, Alur, Baganda,

Figure 2 Ethnicity of Respondents

summarizes the known Early Warning Banyarwanda, and Baleega, none of which Mechanisms, section 3.6 presents the key was more than 1% of the total population players in conflict management, section sampled. Based on the findings, it 3.7 summarizes the subjective wellbeing may be concluded that the Batuku are or the access to social services in Ntoroko the dominant ethnic group in terms of district. population strength in Ntoroko District.

3.1 Demographic Information

The study was carried out in 45 villages from 18 parishes in three (3) sub counties, namely: Rwebisengo, Bweramule and Rwebisengo Town Council of Ntoroko

12 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Figure 3; Age of respondents represented by 21%, while the elderly constituted only 4%.

The majority (55%) of respondents had lived in the area for 10 years and above, most of whom are Batuku, as shown in figure 4 above. They are not only the dominant ethnic group in these three sub- counties but also the indigenous people in Ntoroko district. A small percentage of 10% indicated that they have lived in the area for one to three years indicating

that these are some of the Congolese, Of the 301 respondents, the majority the Baleega and Lendu from DRC who (57%) were male and 43% were female. have crossed over because of war in their Of the 301, the majority (54%) were aged country, others are Bakiga and Bakonzo between 30 – 49 years of age, which is the who have migrated due to government middle and working class. The youth and resettlement programmes. those between 50 – 69 years were each

Figure 4 Number of years of Residency

10+ years 55%

7-9 years 19%

4-6 years 16%

1-3 years 10%

Civil status

Widowed 3.7 Divorced 4.3 Separated 7.6 Cohabiting 9.3 Married 56.5 Single, never married 18.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percentage

Networks for Peace: 13 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Findings from the study have shown that 3.2.1 Types and number of conflicts the majority of 56.5% of the respondents experienced by respondents were married, while 18.6 % were single

Figure 5 Level of education attained by respondent

35 29.2 30

25

20 17.3 15.6 13.3 15 11.6 10 5.3 4 5 2 1.7 0 No formal Incomplete Complete Incomplete Complete O Incomplete Complete A Vocational University education primary primary O level level A level level Education Level

and never married at all. As shown in figure Conflict is defined by oxford advanced 5 above, the divorced and separated were dictionary as, ‘a situation in which people, 4.3% and 7.6% respectively. groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument, a Findings show that the majority (62.1%) conflict between cultures’ or as ‘a situation had not gone beyond primary school level, in which there are opposing ideas, and 28.9% had not gone beyond ordinary opinions, feelings or wishes, a situation in level education. Only 5.3% had attained which it is difficult to choose’. university education. From the findings above, one may conclude that there is low Respondents were asked about the types/ literacy level in the district. form of conflicts they experienced in the past five years. Among the conflicts they 3.2 Conflicts reported to have experienced were land conflicts, political, social status, cultural, This section explored knowledge of the human versus animal conflict, domestic community on different forms of conflict, violence, cross border conflicts, theft, their response to the signs/indicators of family or hereditary conflicts. However, conflicts with focus on to conflict early the most common forms of conflicts were warning mechanisms and conflict triggers land, domestic, political, cultural, and that could potentially lead to violent resource-based related. conflicts and the impact that conflicts have had on them.

14 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Figure 6 Forms of conflict experienced in communities in the last five years

Types of Conflict Others 3% Cultural conflict 13%

Land conflicts 31%

Political conflict 18%

Resource based conflict Domestic conflicts 9% 26%

As can be seen in figure 6 above, the Findings indicate that the majority 67.6% most common forms of conflict were land had experienced conflict 2-3s time in the conflicts (31%), domestic conflict (26%), past one year. 15.7% had experienced 4-5 political related conflict (18%), cultural times, 2.7% had experienced 6-7 times related conflicts (13%), and resource- and up to 14% indicated that they had based conflicts (9%). experienced conflict more than six times in the past one year. The study wanted to determine the number of times respondents had experienced conflict in the past one year.

Figure 7; Frequency respondents witnessed conflict in the past year

Experince

15.7 14 67.6 80 2.7 More than Six Times 60 6-7 Times 40 4-5 Times 20 2-3 Times 0 Frequency

Networks for Peace: 15 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 3.4 Triggers of Conflict differences in social status, differences in economic status, unclear land boundaries, The Survey found out that the major cultural differences, and need for pasture causes of conflict in Ntoroko district were especially during the dry season. ethnic differences, political differences,

Figure 8 Causes of Conflict in Ntoroko District

Causes of conflict

Others 10.2 Economic status 4.3 Cultural differences 7 Ethnic differences 7 Need for pasture 8.6 Alcoholism 9 Unclear land ownership 9.4 Struggle over resources 11.3 Politics 12.1 Unclear boundaries 21.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 Percentage

As can be seen the Figure 8 above, 21.1% nature of livelihoods (agro-pastoral) of indicated that the major causes of conflict the people (Table 2). However, the study in Ntoroko was unclear land boundaries, also established that some residents 12.1% reported political had started laying claims of individual differences and 11.3% reported struggle ownership on chunks of land and have over resources. Nine point four percent started fencing off, and some even fenced (9.4%) reported that it was unclear land off footpaths which the community uses ownership that was the major cause to access resources such as pasture, of conflict, 9% said it was alcoholism, water for animals and firewood and this need for pasture (8.6%), 7% said it was has in part contributed to the conflicts ethnic and cultural differences causing being experienced in Ntoroko. conflict and only 4.3% said differences in economic status was the major cause Findings also indicate that land grabbing of conflict in Ntoroko district. In the was on the increase, partly because of subsequent discussions held with focus the unclear land boundaries between group participants and key informants, neighbours. This was reported to have led the study established the following: to loss of people’s livelihoods. Anecdotal information suggested that many land Land ownership and land boundaries grabbers were using influence of their The study established that land related offices and socio-economic and political conflicts ranked high because the status to take over other people’s land. majority of land in Ntoroko district was Focus groups reported that rich and communally owned and there are unclear politically connected people were the boundaries, and this is in line with the major perpetrators of land grabbing and

16 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. that this led to some of the conflicts in the to search for pasture and many times district. This way, respondents indicated they cross over to Semiliki game reserve that many Batuku of low economic and which is managed by the Uganda Wild political status had been dispossessed of Life Authority (UWA). They reported that the land they thought they owned. It was often times these animals are confiscated pointed out that this was a major cause and would only be released after court of conflict. The study was informed that sessions and payment of penalties. They some registered land had multiple land also noted that similarly, animals from titles issued to different people particularly the reserve also have seasons when in Karugutu and Bweramule sub-counties. they cross over to the communities and attack peoples’ animals and gardens. Competition of pasture They reported that wild animals such as Study findings also show that inadequate buffalos and elephants often destroy the resources were a cause of conflict. gardens of crops. In either case, there is Communities reported that conflict in the conflict between the community and the neighbouring DRC was forcing Congolese UWA. to cross into Uganda with their animals and this often resulted into a scramble Ethnic and cultural differences over pasture with Ugandan residents The study also established that Ntoroko in Ntoroko who also find themselves was once part of the Tooro Kingdom having little pasture to feed their animals. (greater Kabarole district), which covered Residents reported that the Congolese the present day Bundibugyo, Kabarole, do not only settle on people’s land and Kyenjojo and Ntoroko districts and the sharing the scarce resources, but also Batuku were considered subjects of Tooro come along with livestock diseases that Kingdom like any other ethnic groups infect resident’s livestock and lead to within the kingdom. However, as a result death and this was noted as a major of decentralisation and the proliferation source of conflict in Ntoroko district. of districts, Bundibugyo was curved out of Kabarole and Ntoroko curved out of Seasonal variation and need for Bundibugyo in 2011. However, Tooro pasture kingdom harboured the feeling that the Findings also revealed that another cause Batuku were still subjects of the kingdom. of conflict was the seasonal variation and the need for pasture and water. While outwardly the general belief in Communities informed the study that Ntoroko is that the inhabitants no longer most parts of Ntoroko, dry up during paid allegiance to Tooro kingdom and the that dry season and this poses a danger majority of key informants met during to the livestock keepers. Because of the the study objected to belonging to any drought that usually occurs in the months cultural institution, the study revealed of December, January, February, March that there are Batuku who subscribe to and April, people move with their animals the Tooro cultural institution and those in search of good pasture and water, and who are opposed to the institution and sometimes animals are left on their own anything to do with it. Those who oppose

Networks for Peace: 17 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. the idea of belonging to the Tooro cultural Political differences institution perceive the proponents of Political differences were identified as the idea as traitors who are selling their one of the major causes of conflict in the identity and denying the Batuku their community especially break up of families cultural right to belong to themselves and due to the difference in ideologies, celebrate their own cultural identity. On political interests and influence of the the other hand, the proponents argue that different politicians that get in touch and from the beginning, the Batuku were part confuse the communities, dividing them of the kingdom of Toro, so they should not up and taking advantage of the poor, for object to it today. The friction around this their own benefit. loyalty was reported to be part of causes of conflict in Ntoroko District. Socio-economic challenges Focus groups participants and key Intra-ethnic differences informants revealed that socio-economic Cultural leaders and elders revealed that challenges were also responsible for another cause of conflict was the rivalry conflicts causing conflicts, especially between three (3) major clans, namely: domestic conflict. They noted that most the Beihayo, Bahinda and Babito of of the domestic violence/conflict arose Batuku, which dominate the political and from the power struggle over control civic leadership of Ntoroko district. It of domestic resources. They reported was reported that they occupied majority that one of the most common causes of of the elective positions, influence the domestic violence is when a husband sells recruitment processes and this had pitted produce and refuses to share proceeds them against the presumably smaller with the wife on top of not using it to clans of the Basita, Barungu, Bacwezi, provide for the family needs. Bacaki, Bacwamba, and Bayaga among Other causes include high prevalence others. The study established that of alcoholism (9%) in the community, grudging does not only stop at having poverty, and in some cases terminal the big three against the others but they illnesses like HIV/AIDs, which they have also made efforts to win over some considered was resulting into domestic of the smaller clans by creating sorts of violence as spouses accuse each other as alliances whereby some of the big clans being the one who brought the disease form cliques with smaller ones that work into the family. together not only during elections but also in land grabbing and other activities 3.5 Losses suffered because of which have increased polarization of the conflict Batuku community in Ntoroko district. These alliances have made it difficult Out of 296 respondents who r esponded for the individual smaller clans to unite to the question of loss because of conflict, and create a majority force against the when asked whether they had ever powerful yet fewer clans and as such was experienced loss because of conflict, only a source of conflict. 28% (83) said they had suffered some loss. Of these only 5.6% reported to have lost land, 2.3% said they lost houses,

18 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 4.7% reported losing cattle, and 2.7% acknowledge that they settled on the land reported to have lost sheep/goats. Only illegally, opening of access to watering 0.7% said they lost vehicles, similarly points where land is fenced illegally or 0.7% said they lost bicycles. Only 0.3% without consulting stakeholders, and lost motorcycles and another 0.3% said demarcation of boundaries where it is not they lost crops. However, 6.6% (20) of clear. They also said that acquisition of title respondents indicated that they lost a deed was one way of resolving ownership family member. Overall, findings above issues. Where a farm is destroyed, the suggest that the biggest losses suffered offender is made to restore the farm. In were loss of human life at 6.6%, land at the case of infidelity either, it is resolved 5.6%, and livestock at 7.4%. through dialogue with the view to restore When asked how they addressed conflicts the relationship or allowing divorce to despite the losses suffered, the majority happen. indicated that they resolved conflict Overall, there were so many ways in which through meetings. They noted that in conflicts were being resolved among the most cases the meetings were diagnostic community and the resolution mechanism through listening to the parties involved depended on the nature of conflict. and helped the parties to resolve the cases amicably. They reported that 3.6 Reporting of Conflicts religious leaders, cultural leaders, local council leaders, and even the police could Respondents were asked if they reported chair meetings. For instance, they noted any signs/indicators of conflict, only that conflicts related to fencing off land 68.4% reported that they did. When asked could be resolved through compensation about the number of times they reported if the owner is willing to be compensated, signs/indicators of conflict in the past one transfer of the affected person when they year and got the following feedback:

Figure 9 Reporting of Conflicts

The majority Reporting of conflicts (76.2%) reported that they reported conflicts 2-3 times, 14.1% said 3.4 More than 6 times they reported 6.3 between 4 to 5 6 times 14.1 times, 6.3% said 4-5 Times they reported six 76.2 2-3 Times (6) times and only 3.4% said they Percentage 0 20 40 60 80 reported more

than six (6) times.

Networks for Peace: 19 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 3.6.1 Indicators / Signs of Conflict if one starts to insult the other, use of abusive language then it is an indicator Respondents were asked to state some that there are misunderstandings between of the common things they considered the different groups or individuals. When as indicators of conflict. The following members start to raise their voices or indicators were identified: shouting at each other, it shows that a conflict is brewing among the community Onset of dry season members. Focus groups participants and key informants indicated that when drought Election period or the dry season begins, pastoralist take As election period approaches, it is an their animals for water and grazing in the indicator that conflicts are eminent. This game reserve. And because the reserve is because people subscribe to different is a restricted area managed by the UWA, political parties and when ideological when the UWA find the animals, they differences set in, the once peaceful confiscate them and arrest the herdsmen community gets torn apart. and this results into conflict. They cited incidences where some herdsmen have Refusal to attend village meetings been killed and this brought a lot of and markets tension between the community and the The study established that when people UWA. Similarly, when wild animals start who regularly attend village meetings and crossing over into the community then markets stop coming to the meetings and conflict arises between the community markets, it is an indicator that conflict is and wild life, and consequently between about to happen. This comes about when UWA and the community especially when one community is planning to revenge community kills stray wild animals. on another for an act that is seen as an indicator of conflict. Fencing off the land Whenever neighbours begin to fence off 3.7 Early Warning Mechanisms their farm and taking into account that most land is communally owned and the Early Warning Mechanism is the collection, fact that land boundaries are not clear, analysis and communication of relevant conflicts are likely to ensue, particularly information and conclusions, which enable when boundaries are set without policy makers to make strategic choices. consultation with neighbours. The study aimed at finding out the early warning mechanisms that are currently Raising of voices and use of abusive in use in the communities. Respondents language during encounters were asked if they had knowledge of any Among community members if the mode existing early warning mechanism, the of communication changes, for instance majority (54.2%) said they did not know.

20 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. The study established that there were different ways in which people were warned about impending conflict. Figure 10 Methods used for warning the community

Early warning

14.3 3.8 42.1 2.2 31.6 3

60 Radio messages Whistling 40 3 Drumming Informing police 20 Informing community leaders Holding community meetings Making loud noise 0 Methods

As can be seen in figure 10 above, the announce, and only 1.7% said they would majority (42.1%) reported that their use a village crier to alert people. Based warnings come through meetings, 31.6% on figures 11 and 12, it would appear that said they get their warning through village criers, making loud noise, alarms community leaders, and 14.3% reported and whistling are increasingly not being

Figure 11 Community reaction to warning of conflict

Community reaction

Percentage, 4.7 Percentage, 1.7 Percentage, 56.8 Other Percentage, 6 Use a village crier Go to radio Percentage, 11 Percentage, 49.5 Call meetings Make alarm / whistle 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Make phone calls Percentage

getting warning from the police. Other used because of the widespread use of methods including making loud noises, telephone, social media and the increasing drumming, whistling, village criers and number of radio stations, as well as sending radio messages. reporting to police because of the move by government to station police in every The study established that when members rural centre to curb crime that comes with of the community have sensed conflict development. they react differently. Up to 56.8% said that they called meetings, 49.5% said Key informants reported that at public that they would make phone calls, 11% gatherings, people communicate by word said they would make alarm or whistle, of mouth, rumours and observation, for 6% said they would go to the radio to instance at weddings, burial ceremonies

Networks for Peace: 21 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. and at local council meetings. Boda-boda was about to happen. Only 29% shared with riders are a medium of transmission as the police, 9% shared with the Community they move from place to place and are Development officers, and only 2% shared able to convey messages to the people with cultural institutions and the media. they come in contact with. In churches This means that local leaders are trusted and other places of worship, important with conflict information more than say messages are passed on to the community the police is, probably because they are after the word of faith has been preached more accessible by the population. On the for example government programs or other hand, very few (2%) people shared other important messages or through information with cultural institutions and barazas’ (Kimeeza) brought by KRC where media. community members are free to discuss issues that affect them. It is also important to note that local council authorities are the first level of Figure 12 Sharing of information on conflict contact in case of any problem, Information sharing conflict and any Cultural Institutions 2% Media community 2% Police concern. Local Community 29% Development Officers councils are 9% Police in place from Local Leaders village (LCI), Community Development Officers LCII, LCIII, and Cultural Institutions LCV. Therefore, Media community members turn Local Leaders to local leaders 58% first in case of problems. Seek advice and direction 3.8 Key Players in Conflict for conflict resolution. The systems Management of governance are put in place by the government and in many instances; one The study also wanted to establish key has to follow certain levels to seek redress. players in conflict management and It is a requirement that one begins from whether members of the community who LCI and if they (LC I) cannot handle the detect conflict shared it with anybody. case, they are referred to higher levels. In Therefore respondents were asked to criminal cases where LCI cannot handle, name one person they would share case referrals are made to police. information with, when they detected conflict. As shown in Figure 13 above, the police came second after local leaders. Under the Findings show that the majority (58%) Justice, Law and Order Sector (JLOS), a lot shared conflict related information with has been achieved in terms of community local leaders once they detected conflict policing. The study learnt that every sub

22 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. county in the district and indeed the whole and bureaucratic tendencies by the police country has a police station and every and other formal institutions, conflict of rural growth centre has a police outpost. interest and nepotism by cultural and local The abundance of police outposts in the leaders. Others cited incompetence on the community could be having a bearing on part of the leaders. the finding that police was second most frequented institution where members of 3.8 Subjective wellbeing / the community report in situations where Access to Social Services they detect conflict or where they conflict. 3.8.1 Occupation

Findings also indicate that community To determine subjective wellbeing of reported conflict cases to Community respondents, several parameters were Development Officers. The study revealed examined and these included main that CDOs were actually being used by occupation of respondents, annual the community to mediate in situations of incomes and access to services. The study conflict particularly in domestic conflicts. assumed that wellbeing of a community is CDOs exist at sub county level as part among others, determined by the type of of the government extension service to occupation. the community. However, there are also Area Land Committees (ALC) that are Findings show that up to 45.4% of the mandated by the law to handle land related respondents were peasant farmers cases and they exist at sub county level (engaged in subsistence production). with membership drawn from within the Thirteen percent (13%) were involved community. These members are usually in petty trade, 12.6% retail/commercial called upon in cases of conflict related to trade, 11.3% involved semi-skilled work, land. and only 6.1% were involved in formal In terms of whether the community found salaried work. With a significant proportion it easy to work with the institutions in of people involved in subsistence farming, cases of conflict, only 32.5% indicated semiskilled work, and petty and retail that they did not find it easy to work with trade, the chances that the majority lived the institutions. Some of the reasons they from hand to mouth were high, hence advanced for finding it difficult to work the possibility that the wellbeing of the with the institutions include corruption population was low.

Figure 13: Main occupation of the households

Other 5.4 Formal salaried work 6.1 Retail/commercial trade 12.6 Occupation Semi-skilled work 11.3 Petty trade 13 Peasant farmer 45.4 Student 6.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Percentage

Networks for Peace: 23 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 3.8.2 Income 1million per year, which translates to about US$300 per year meaning that the The second parameter considered was majority in Ntoroko live below the poverty income levels. The study assumed that line. About 2.7% earned from between higher incomes lead to better welfare UGX3.5m to UGX5m, which translates to and improves ones’ chances of accessing between US$1000-1500, and only 1% better services. earned more than UGX5m. Based on the level of incomes, the study believes that Findings indicate that the majority (65.1%) the majority of the population in Ntoroko of respondents earned not more that UGX have very low status of wellbeing.

Figure 14: Estimated annual income range of respondents

Income levels of respondents

38

27.1

19.3

6.4 5.4 1.7 1 1 <500,000 500,000- 1 M 1M - 1.5 M 1.5M - 2 M 2.5M - 3 M 3.5M - 4 M 4.5M - 5 M >5M Income

Figure 15: Satisfaction with safety and access to public services

Levels of satisfaction 70 60 50 40 30 20 Unsatisfied 10 Satisfied 0 Neutral

Services

24 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 3.8.3 Satisfaction of Service delivery argued that they were dissatisfied with financial services because they did not Service delivery is critical in ensuring that have service providers and had no access the wellbeing of people is or not okay. to credit facilities because of the demand Respondents were asked if they were for collateral security. They noted that the satisfied with safety and access service banks were rigid and they did not have the delivery in general. More than half (53%) financial literacy to handle bank related

Table 4 Analysis of satisfaction with afety and access to service delivery

Levels of satisfaction 70

60 50 40 30 20 Unsatisfied Percentage 10 Satisfied 0 Neutral

Services

said that they were not satisfied with the issues. quality of service being provided by the More than half of respondents were not local government. only dissatisfied with access and safely of financial services, they were equally The study also wanted to measure dissatisfied with agriculture (59.4%), satisfaction with and safety of access health (58.5%), and roads (55%). They to specific services, namely; water, noted that they were dissatisfied with education, health, road, agriculture and agricultural services because extension finance. services were lacking, they lacked inputs, they experienced floods, and high incidence Overall, the majority (64.9%) of of foot and mouth disease. In the case of respondents were dissatisfied with safety health, they noted that there was health and access to financial services. They worker absenteeism, lack of drugs in the

Type of service Level of Satisfaction

Very unsatisfied Unsatisfied Neutral Satisfied Very satisfied

Water 21.7% 19.0% 25.3% 14.7% 19.3%

Education 14.8% 24.2% 34.6% 12.6% 13.8%

Health 30.3% 28.2% 22.1% 7.1% 12.2%

Roads 29.5% 25.5% 30.5% 8.1% 6.4%

Agriculture 36.2% 23.2% 13.4% 8.7% 18.5%

Financial services 50.0% 14.9% 8.8% 3.4% 23.0%

Networks for Peace: 25 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. health units, health facilities are far away, was discriminatory. Discrimination exists and poor health infrastructure among in employment with certain clans and others. They also reported that they were tribes dominating formal employment dissatisfied with the road service because and that way they use their positions to the roads were in very poor state making discriminate against the less privileged accessibility to services such as markets, clans and tribes. Likewise, the LCs’ are schools and health facilities challenging also biased towards fellow ethnic people especially during the rainy seasons. when hearing cases reported to them.

On the other hand, water had the highest Interestingly when asked whether they number (34%) of people reporting to were free to air their dissatisfaction to the be satisfied, and so were agriculture higher authorities, 79% said they were free (27.2%), finance (26.4%), and education and that they shared their dissatisfaction (26.4%). However, roads (30.5%), water with the police (18.9%), local leaders (25.3%), and health (22.1%) had the (69.4%), community development officers highest percentage of people who were (6.3%), and 0.3% said they shared with neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. the media. On the other hand, those who said they were not free to share claimed Focus group and key informants’ that after electing the leaders, they never interviews revealed challenges associated come back on ground and that some with ethnic differences in service delivery. were not concerned about their voters Although there are just a few ethnic after assuming positions of leadership. groups employed in the local government, Others claimed they lacked the exposure that is the main public service provider in to petition their leaders while others said the district, the study was informed that the leaders were corrupt. the manner in which services are delivered

26 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. CONCLUSIONS 4 RECOMMENDATIONS &

In this chapter, discussed are the b) Proportion of reported conflict conclusions of the baseline study and triggers that lead to violent recommendations on how best conflicts conflict can be predicted and resolved in the communities. These have been discussed The major causes or triggers of conflict in in accordance to the baseline indicators as Ntoroko district were land and boundary shown below: issues, ethnic differences, political differences, differences in social status, 4.1 Conclusions differences in economic status, cultural differences and seasonal changes (onset a) Knowledge on different of dry season or drought). forms of conflict and early warning mechanisms Majority have reported and shared conflict related information with the local leaders The communities have knowledge on the 2-3 times in the past one year. The systems existing conflicts, their causes and the of governance are put in place by the signs which alert them that some conflict government and in many instances; one is about to happen. The majority had no has to follow certain levels to seek redress. knowledge on the existing early warning It is a requirement that one begins from and early response mechanism but have LCI then referred to higher levels, while different ways in which they respond criminal cases are referred to police. to conflicts. The most common forms of conflicts were land, domestic, political, c) The number of conflict – cultural, and resource-based related. related economic losses in target communities Community participation and involvement has generated the necessary information A number of community members have for the proper development and experienced economic related losses strengthening of one Early Warning and because of conflict; however, a lot of these Early Response Mechanism and Conflict are not recorded. Some have lost land Mapping for Conflict Prevention and through land grabbers or boundary disputes Resolution for the Rwenzori Sub-Region in with neighbours, others have lost houses, Uganda.

Networks for Peace: 27 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. cattle, sheep, goats and a smaller number can be resolved in their communities. lost vehicles, motor cycles and bicycles. Below are CDRN recommendations with However, loss of lives was the highest loss consideration of the views and opinions of experienced. Community members lost the people met in relation to the baseline family members, mostly heads of families indicators: and a source of livelihood either to game animals (crocodiles) or disappearance a) To increase the number of in the game reserve. Overall, findings targeted members informed on suggest that the biggest losses suffered how often and why use early were loss of human life at 6.6%, land at warning mechanism 5.6%, and livestock at 7.4%. and improve capacity to predict and take steps to prevent d) Levels of subjective identity-based conflict wellbeing (SWB) in target communities • CDRN suggests that Community awareness should be given first A significant proportion of people priority. Collaboration between CSOs were involved in subsistence farming, and government should provide semiskilled work, and petty and retail community sensitisation especially trade, the chances that the majority lived on the land laws, the laws governing from hand to mouth were high, hence the the sale of property to foreigners, the possibility that the standard of living of laws governing the game reserves, the population was low. the importance of the national park The majority in the community earned not or game reserves, appreciation of more that UGX 1million per year, which culture diversity, difference of political translates to about US$300 per year ideologies and how different ethnicities meaning that the majority in Ntoroko lived can live in harmony in order to minimise below the poverty line. identity based conflicts, nepotism and discrimination during service delivery. Service delivery is critical in ensuring As part of the awareness creation, the wellbeing of people, however there laws including the Constitution, the is a lot of dissatisfaction in safety and Land Act and related policies should accessibility of social services for instance be translated into local languages and education, health, water, agriculture and popular versions produced so that it is finance sectors. More than half (53%) easy to be grasped by people at the were dissatisfied with the quality of service grassroots. and the manner in which services were delivered was discriminatory. • CDRN should develop an Early Warning and Early Response Mechanism, with 4.2 Recommendations community involvement, participation and ownership taken into consideration During the Baseline study, community in order to have sustainability of the members suggested how best conflicts system after the project comes to an end.

28 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. • CDRN should hold radio talk shows members (Children) versus guardians and barrazas to encourage the people and parents and neighbours over land to freely air their views and grievances boundaries. CSOs’ and NGOs’ need to and to enable the communities find be supported materially and financially solutions that are acceptable and as they impart these skills to the key owned by the community. Track II and players in conflict management in the Track III meetings should be organised communities. to bring the leaders and stakeholders together and work on community c) To reduce the number of problems in harmony. conflict related economic losses in target communities b) To decrease the proportion of reported conflict triggers that • CDRN should advocate for the building lead to violent conflict of a barrier between the game reserve and the human communities in order to • CDRN recommends that counselling curb the conflicts and losses between and sensitization of the masses UWA and the human communities. should be carried out on human rights Electric fencing is encouraged since & responsibilities, accountability & trenches were not effective. transparency in all operations and all • CDRN recommends that collaboration levels of leadership, opinion leaders, with UWA should be promoted and elders and key players. Sensitization should work together in community and training in family values in order sensitisation and support tree growing to change the mind-sets and general for firewood and poles for fencing attitudes towards education, health, off their kraals and skilling in water spirituality, the value of game reserves harvesting and valley dam construction and parks and how to live in harmony, for watering their animals during the because cultural diversity is here to dry season, so that the animals do not stay and in the long run to lead to a crossover to the reserve. decrease in reported conflict triggers. • CDRN suggests that the 20% contribution by UWA to the district • CDRN suggests to carry out capacity should be distributed directly to the building in conflict mediation, resolution community members as compensation and negotiation skills for leaders, for the losses of their animals and elders, and the key stakeholders who crops destroyed by the game animals. handle cases among the community • CDRN suggests that Pro bono services and between different factions. This should be sourced and linked to the skills development in the community community to handle the many land would enable the community handle court cases to enable the marginalized their own conflicts, for example minority poor access justice and between UWA and community; the minimise the losses to their general rich versus the poor, the cattle keepers livelihoods. versus the fishermen; the family d) To increase levels of

Networks for Peace: 29 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. subjective wellbeing (SWB) in dominant tribes for the existing jobs, target communities: hence reducing youth redundancy, discrimination and lack of qualifications. • CDRN recommends that the Government through Ntoroko District • CDRN suggested that the secret ballot Local Government should ensure equal method of voting should be maintained distribution of social services and while electing people in positions of follow-up on the accountability and leadership. It was evident that lining up transparency of service delivery in the behind candidates was a major source district especially in Education, Health, of conflict and hostility. Therefore, in Water and Agriculture sectors. order to reduce conflicts and increase levels of subjective wellbeing this • CDRN recommends that the Health method should be adapted. centres and schools should have all the necessary facilities and equipment • CDRN recommended that Government in order to reduce on the distance should intervene and mediate between moved to access quality services. The the different factions and cultural communities should be encouraged institutions to further give guidance to educate their children in the and resolve the cultural conflicts. They government schools nearest to their argued that since government restored homes in order to raise the level of cultural institutions and put in place the literacy of the region and reduce the rules and regulations governing them, school dropout rates. They argued then it should take responsibility for that through education and skills restoring harmony within and between acquisition, minorities groups will be the institutions. able to compete favourable with the

30 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. ANNEXES

Annex I: References:

The Constitution of Uganda, 1995 Minority Rights Group International (MRGI) (2006) - The State of the World’s Minority Report UBOS – UNFPA, (2002) - National Population and Housing Census UBOS – UNFPA, (2014) - National Population and Housing Census Office of the Prime Minister, (2016) -Ntoroko District Hazard, Risk and vulnerability Profile Bryman, A (2008) Social Research Methods 3rd edition Cohen, Manion & Morrison (2007) Research Methods in Education Coalition for Indigenous and Minority Groups – Foundation Document (2017)

Networks for Peace: 31 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Annex II : Number of Respondents

S/N Respondent category Number interviewed 1 Household respondents 301 2 FGDs – 6 66 3 Key informants i. CAO Ntoroko 1 ii. DISO Karugutu 1 iii. BISO Rwebisengo 1 iv. Religious Leaders 3 v. Police – OC Rwebisengo 3 vi. Land Committee Members 2 vii. UWA Officials 4 viii. Policy Markers – Town Clerk , Councillors 4 ix. NGO’s / CSOs 1 x. Sub-county CDO Bweramule 1 xi. Sub-county CDO Rwebisengo 1 xii. RDC (Karugutu) 1 xiii. LC III Chairperson 1 Total 391

32 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Annex III: Survey tools Household Interview Questionnaire

HOUSEHOLD INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION A: INTRODUCTION

Greetings. My name is ______

I am part of the team from Community Development Resource Network (CDRN) which is an implementing partner for Minority Rights Group International (MRGI) in a 3year project in Ntoroko district. The project focuses on formation of Networks for Peace with the aim of Preventing and Resolving Conflicts using Early Warning Mechanism. Early Warning and Early Response (EWER) systems are critical elements that serve as a basis for Peace building. These are important tools for conflict prevention. Conflict prevention is possible, however stakeholders and policy makers have to be sensitive and responsive to early conflict indicators.

We have come in the district to conduct a baseline study for and the findings of the baseline will form a basis for direction of the project and comparison purposes as the project progresses. This information will help us to understand and ascertain the current situation in which the Batuku, as a minority group live in Ntoroko district with the other ethnic groups in the district.

The answers you give will be known to us only and kept strictly confidential with your names not being taken. Results will be reported in general terms. The interview will take about 10-15 minutes to complete.

Participation in this study is voluntary and you may withdraw at any time during the interview. We would highly appreciate your being a part of this study given that your views are very important.

May I begin the interview now?

For Official Use only: Village Parish Reviewed by: ______Sub-county Date: ...... /………/…………… Ethnic Group Data entry done by: ______Date: ...... /………/……………

Networks for Peace: 33 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. SECTION B: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION This section of the questionnaire refers to background or biographical information. Although we are aware of the sensitivity of the questions in this section, the information will allow us to compare groups of respondents. Once again, we assure you that your response will remain anonymous. Your cooperation is appreciated. Q101 Sex of the respondent 1=Male [____] 2=Female Q102 How old are you (Age in complete years)? 1. 18-29 Years [____] 2. 30-49 Years 3. 50-69 Years 4. 70+ Years Q103 How long have you lived here? [____] 1. 1-3 Years 2. 4-6 Years 3. 7-9 Years 4. 10+ Years Q104 What is the highest level of education you 1. No formal education have attained? [____] 2. Incomplete Primary 3. Complete Primary 4. Incomplete O’ Level 5. Complete O’ Level 6. Incomplete A’ Level 7. Complete A’ Level 8. Vocational education 9. University 10. Other (Specify): ______Q105 What is your current marital status? 1. Single, never married [____] 2. Married 3. Cohabiting 4. Separated 5. Divorced 6. Widowed Q106 What is your MAIN occupation? 1. Student [____] 2. Peasant farming 3. Petty trade 4. Semi-skilled work 5. Retail/ Commercial trade 6. Artisan/Mason/Mechanic 7. Formal salaried work 8. Other(Specify): ______Q107 What is your estimated annual Income range [______]

Q108 What is the total number of people living in [____] 1 Live alone your household? 2 2-3 People 3 4-5 People 4 6 People 5 More than Six People

SECTION C: EARLY WARNING MECHANISMS This section of the questionnaire explores your knowledge of the different forms of conflict, your response to the signs/indicators of conflicts with focus on to Early Warning Mechanisms and Conflict Triggers that could potentially lead to violent conflicts and the impact that conflicts have had on you.

Q201 Do you have any knowledge on the 1. Yes existence of an Early Warning Mechanism [____] 2. No [Skip to Q 203] in your community? Q202 What early warning Mechanism do you use or know in your community? [______] Q203 Have you reported a sign or indicator of 1. Yes conflict in the last one year? [____] 2. No [Skip to Q205] Q204 How many times have you reported a sign 1. 2-3 Times or indicator of conflict in the last one year? 2. 4-5 Times [____] 3. 6-7 Times 4. More than Six Times Q205 What forms of conflict have you 1. Land conflicts experienced in your community in the last 2. Resource based conflict five years? (multiple response) 3. Domestic conflicts [____] 4. Political conflict 5. Cultural conflict 6. Others (specify)______Q206 In each case, what factors triggered the conflict? 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______

34 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 5. ______Q207 How often have you experienced this 1. 2-3 Times conflict? [____] 2. 4-5 Times 3. 6-7 Times 4. More than Six Times Q208 Have you experienced any losses as a 1. Yes result of those conflicts? [____] 2. No (skip to Q210)

Q209 If yes, what kind of losses and what Major assets Did you How Estimated Value of each factors were responsible for such losses? lose many asset one of were the they? assets? Land a) Yes b) No Houses a) Yes b) No Cattle a) Yes b) No Goats / sheep a) Yes b) No Pigs a) Yes b) No Vehicles a) Yes b) No Moto cycles a) Yes b) No Bicycles a) Yes b) No Crops a) Yes

b) No Q210 Did you lose any members of your 1. Yes immediate family in the last 5 years as a [____] 2. No (if no, skip to 2012) result of the mentioned conflicts? Q211 If yes, how many did you lose? Category of persons REFERENCE PERIOD – last 5 years

Adult Males

Adult Females

Children (under 18 years)

Total

Q212 How were the conflicts mentioned above 1. ______addressed? 2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______Q213 Are there any other ways you think this 1. Yes conflict could have been addressed? [____] 2. No (Skip to Q301) Q214 If yes, list the ways you think the conflict can be addressed? 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______

Networks for Peace: 35 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District.

SECTION D: CONFLICT INDICATORS IN THE COMMUNITY

Q301 In your community, how do you tell that a conflict is about to happen? 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______Q302 Are there different indicators for different conflicts? 1. Yes [___] 2. No (Skip to Q304)

Q303 If yes, what are the different indicators for conflict 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______Q304 In your community, what do you do when you see 1. Make Phone calls such signs/indicators? 2. Make Alarm /whistle 3. Call meetings 4. Go to radio 5. Use a village crier 6. Other (Specify)______

Q305 Who do you share information about the different 1. Police conflict indicators? 2. Local leaders 3. Community associations / response groups 4. Cultural institutions 5. Media 6. Other (specify) ______

Q306 In which ways such mechanisms could be improved or strengthened? 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______

SECTION E: EARLY RESPONSE MECHANISMS Q401 In which ways do you address conflict in your community? Ways currently used: 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______When do you apply it (before, during or after the conflict) 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______Q402 Who do you work with in addressing conflict in the ______ways you have mentioned above? [___]

Q403 Have you experienced or do you anticipate any 1. Yes challenges working with them? [___] 2. No (Skip to Q501)

Q404 If yes, what kind of challenges? 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______Q405 In which ways do you think such challenges can 1. ______be overcome? 2. ______3. ______4. ______

36 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. SECTION F: GENERAL WELLBEING/ACCESS TO SERVICES Q501 How would you rate your level of satisfaction and Services Level of satisfaction (1-5) Level of safety (1-5) safety in accessing the followings services in your location? 1=very unsatisfied 5= 1=very unsafe 5= Very satisfied very safe

Water

Education

Health

Agricultural services

Media

Roads

Financial services

Q502 Do you experience challenges accessing services 1. Yes as Batuku? [___] 2. No (Skip to Q504)

Q503 If yes which services and which challenges? Services Challenges

Water

Education

Health

Agricultural services

Media

Roads

Financial services

Q504 Are you free to express the above challenges with 1. Yes [ Skip to Q507] relevant authorities? [___] 2. No

Q505 If No, why? 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______

Q506 Which stakeholders have you shared your challenges with? 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______

Q507 How best could your access to services be 1. ______improved? 2. ______3. ______4. ______

Q508 How do you rate the relationship with your (1 – 5) as equivalent to (bad – excellent) neighbors [___] 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5 Q509 For each of your grading above (Q508), explain 1. ______what makes the relationship so? 2. ______3. ______4. ______

Thank you

Networks for Peace: 37 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. FGD Guide

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION GUIDE We have come in the district to conduct a baseline study for and the findings of the SECTION A: INTRODUCTION baseline will form a basis for direction of the project and comparison purposes as Greetings. My name is the project progresses. This information ______will help us to understand and ascertain the current situation in which the Batuku, I am part of the team from Community as a minority group live in Ntoroko district Development Resource Network (CDRN) with the other ethnic groups in the district. which is an implementing partner for Minority Rights Group International The answers you give will be known to us (MRGI) in a 3year project in Ntoroko only and kept strictly confidential with your district. The project focuses on formation names not being taken. Results will be of Networks for Peace with the aim of reported in general terms. The interview Preventing and Resolving Conflicts using will take about 10-15 minutes to complete. Early Warning Mechanism. Early Warning and Early Response (EWER) systems are Participation in this study is voluntary and critical elements that serve as a basis for you may withdraw at any time during the Peace building. These are important tools interview. We would highly appreciate your for conflict prevention. Conflict prevention being a part of this study given that your is possible, however stakeholders and views are very important. policy makers have to be sensitive and responsive to early conflict indicators. May I begin the interview now?

For Official Use only: Village Parish Reviewed by: ______Sub-county Date: ...... /………/…………… Ethnic Group Data entry done by: ______Position Held Date: ...... /………/……………

1. What are the major conflicts in this area? 2. Which ones are the most common conflicts? 3. What are the major causes of these conflicts? 4. How do these conflicts affect you? 5. What are the indicators that show that a conflict is about to happen? (Probe, how do you tell that a conflict is about to happen?) 6. Do you have any challenges that are associated to ethnic difference? (Probe, access to social services?) 7. What are the conflict early warning mechanisms in this area that you know of? 8. Who are the key players in conflict management in this area/ district? What roles does each play in managing the conflicts? 9. How successful have these key players been in managing conflicts? 10. How best do you think the conflicts in this area can be addressed? (Recommendations)

38 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. KII Guide

KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW GUIDE We have come in the district to conduct a baseline study for and the findings of the SECTION A: INTRODUCTION baseline will form a basis for direction of the project and comparison purposes as Greetings. My name is the project progresses. This information ______will help us to understand and ascertain the current situation in which the Batuku, I am part of the team from Community as a minority group live in Ntoroko district Development Resource Network (CDRN) with the other ethnic groups in the district. which is an implementing partner for Minority Rights Group International The answers you give will be known to (MRGI) in a 3year project in Ntoroko us only and kept strictly confidential with district. The project focuses on formation your names not being taken. Results of Networks for Peace with the aim of will be reported in general terms. The Preventing and Resolving Conflicts using interview will take about 10-15 minutes Early Warning Mechanism. Early Warning to complete. and Early Response (EWER) systems are critical elements that serve as a basis for Participation in this study is voluntary and Peace building. These are important tools you may withdraw at any time during the for conflict prevention. Conflict prevention interview. We would highly appreciate is possible, however stakeholders and your being a part of this study given that policy makers have to be sensitive and your views are very important. responsive to early conflict indicators. May I begin the interview now?

For Official Use only: Village Parish Reviewed by: ______Sub-county Date: ...... /………/…………… Ethnic Group Data entry done by: ______Position Held Date: ...... /………/……………

1. What are the major conflicts in this area? 2. Which ones are the most common conflicts? 3. What are the major causes of these conflicts? 4. What are the indicators that show that a conflict is about to happen? (Probe, how do you tell that a conflict is about to happen?) 5. What are the conflict early warning mechanisms in this area that you know of? 6. Who are the key players in conflict management in this area/ district? What roles does each play in managing the conflicts? 7. How successful have these key players been in managing conflicts? 8. How best do you think the conflicts in this area can be addressed? (Recommendations) Thank you

Networks for Peace: 39 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Annex IV: PHOTO GALLERY

Training of research assistants at rwebisengo town council hall

Photo 3: fGD 1 in Bweramule sub-county in Rwamabale village

Photo 4: FGD 2 in Rukoora village, rukoora parish in bweramule sub-county

40 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. FGD 3 in Makondo village, Makondo parish in Rwebisengo sub-county

Photo 6: FGD 4 in Rwebisengo Town Council, North Cell

Networks for Peace: 41 Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Photo 7: FGD 5 in Rwebisengo Town Council, central cell

Photo 8 : FGD 6 in Rwebisengo town council, Kakonga cell

42 Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. With Financial Support of the UK AID

NETWORKS FOR PEACE: PREVENTING AND RESOLVING CONFLICTS THROUGH EARLY WARNING MECHANISMS

BASELINE MEASUREMENTS OF CONFLICT INDICATORS WITH A FOCUS ON THE BATUKU MINORITY IN NTOROKO DISTRICT

Community Development Resource Network (CDRN)

Plot No 433 Balintuma Road, Kampala, P. O. Box 35542 Kampala. : +256392746117 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT : [email protected] RESOURCE NETWORK (CDRN) W : www.cdrn.or.ug