With Financial Support of the UK AID NETWORKS FOR PEACE: PREVENTING AND RESOLVING CONFLICTS THROUGH EARLY WARNING MECHANISMS BASELINE MEASUREMENTS OF CONFLICT INDICATORS WITH A FOCUS ON THE BATUKU MINORITY IN NTOROKO DISTRICT Community Development Resource Network (CDRN) Plot No 433 Balintuma Road, Kampala, P. O. Box 35542 Kampala. : +256392746117 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT : [email protected] RESOURCE NETWORK (CDRN) W : www.cdrn.or.ug NETWORKS FOR PEACE: PREVENTING AND RESOLVING CONFLICTS THROUGH EARLY WARNING MECHANISMS. REPORT BY: Community Development Resource Network (CDRN) Plot No 433 Balintuma Road, Kampala, P. O. Box 35542 Kampala. Tel: +256392746117 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cdrn.or.ug In Partnership with With Financial Support of the UK AID Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. Abbreviations/ ACRONMYS BISO - Border Internal Security Officer CDO - Community Development Officer CDRN - Community Development Resource Network CSO - Civil Society Organisations DCDO - District Community Development Officer DISO - District Internal Security Officer DRC - Democratic Republic of Congo EWM - Early Warning Mechanism FGD - Focus Group Discussion GISO - Gombolola Internal Security Officer HH - Household KII - Key Informant Interview KRC - Kabarole Research and Resource Centre LC - Local Council MRGI - Minority Rights Group International NGO - Non- Government Organisation RA - Research Assistant RDC - Resident District Commissioner RWEPOTA - Rwenzori Empowerment Programmes of Transformation and Actions SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Scientists UPDF - Uganda Peoples Defence Forces UWA - Uganda Wildlife Authority ii Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. CONTENTS ACRONMYS ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VII 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Conflict and ethnicity in uganda 1 1.3 Background to the baseline 2 1.4 The batuku, origin and conflict 4 1.5 The networks for peace 5 1.6 Rationale of the baseline measurements 6 1.7 Project objectives 6 2 METHODOLOGY 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.3 Study Approach 7 2.5 Scope of The Study 7 2. 5.1 Study Population 7 2.6 Sample Selection 8 2.6.1 Selection of Respondents 8 2.6.2 Sample Size Determination 8 2.6.3 Selection of Household Respondents 8 2.7 Data Collection And Analysis 9 2.7.1 Data Collection 9 2.7.2 Data Management And Analysis 9 2.8 Quality Control And Management Strategies 10 3 FINDINGS 11 3.1 Demographic Information 11 3.2 Conflicts 14 3.2.1 Types And Number Of Conflicts Experienced By Respondents 14 3.4 Triggers Of Conflict 15 3.5 Losses Suffered Because Of Conflict 18 3.6 Reporting Of Conflicts 19 3.6.1 Indicators / Signs Of Conflict 19 3.7 Early Warning Mechanisms 20 3.8 Key Players In Conflict Management 21 3.8 Subjective Wellbeing / Access To Social Services 23 3.8.1 Occupation 23 3.8.2 Income 24 3.8.3 Satisfaction of Service delivery 24 Networks for Peace: iii Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27 4.1 Conclusions 27 4.2 Recommendations 28 ANNEXES 30 ANNEX I: REFERENCES 30 ANNEX II: NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS 31 ANNEX II: SURVEY TOOLS 31 Household Interview Questionnaire 31 FGD Guide 42 KII Guide 44 ANNEX IV: PHOTO GALLERY 46 List of figures FIGURE 1 Conflict Map of Ntoroko 4 FIGURE 2 Ethnicity of Respondents 12 FIGURE 3 Age of Respondents 13 FIGURE 4 Number of Years of Residency 13 FIGURE 5 Marital Status of Respondents 14 FIGURE 6 Level of Education Attained by Respondent 15 FIGURE 7 Forms of Conflict Experienced in Communities in the Last Five Years 15 FIGURE 8 Frequency Respondents witnessed Conflict in the Past Year 16 FIGURE 9 Causes of Conflict in Ntoroko District 19 FIGURE 10 Methods used for warning the community 21 FIGURE 11 Community reaction to warning of conflict 21 FIGURE 12 Sharing of information on conflict 22 FIGURE 13 Main occupation of the households 23 FIGURE 14 Estimated annual income range of respondents 24 FIGURE 15 Satisfaction with safety and access to public services 24 List of tables TABLE 1 Ethnic Groups and Languages Spoken in Ntoroko District 3 TABLE 2 Livelihood Sources in Ntoroko District 3 TABLE 3 Analysis Of Satisfaction with Safety and Access to Service Delivery 25 iv Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was undertaken as one of the key inception activities of the Networks for Peace in Africa Project. It was made possible with financial support from UKaid through Minority Rights Group International (MRGI). We are grateful to all those who provided information that informed the study. In particular, we thank leaders of Ntoroko District Local Government, and leaders of Bweramule and Rwebisengo sub counties, and Rwebisengo Town Council who sacrificed their time to provide the necessary information. We are equally indebted to members of the community in the three lower local governments who participated in the household interviews, focus group discussions and key informants’ interviews. We look forward to furthering our relationship in the next phase of the project. Networks for Peace: v Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is a report of the indicator existing early warning and early response measurements for the Networks for Peace mechanisms, but had different ways in in Africa project. The study was undertaken which they responded to conflicts. in the month of February 2020 in the sub counties of Bweramule and Rwebisengo; The most common forms of conflicts were and Rwebisengo Town Council of Ntoroko land related (31%), domestic violence District. The objective of the study was (26%), political/ideological differences to establish baseline indicator values for (18%), cultural differences (13%), and tracking project implementation progress. resource-based related conflict (9%). Data collection was done through focus b) Proportion of reported conflict group discussions, and household and key triggers that lead to violent informant interviews with different groups conflict of people including women, youth, elders, cultural leaders, and local government The major causes or triggers of conflict in officials at both sub county and district Ntoroko district were land and boundary levels. issues (30.5%), ethnic differences (7%), political differences (12.1%), differences Key findings in social status, differences in economic a) Knowledge on different forms of status, cultural differences and seasonal conflict and early warning changes such as usually at the onset of mechanisms dry season or drought (8.6%). The majority (70.8%) of respondents Majority (67.6%) have reported and shared were Batuku but living together with conflict related information with the local other tribes that included, Congolese leaders for at least 2-3 times (58%) in the (11%), Bakonzo (5.6%), Bakiga (4.7%), past one year. This is because government and Batooro (3.7%). The remaining has put the systems of governance in ethnic groups comprised of Acholi, Alur, place and it is a requirement that one Baganda, Banyarwanda, and Baleega. begins from LCI then can be referred to The majority (55%) had lived in the area higher levels, while criminal cases are for more than 10 years, and middle aged. referred to police. Communities were knowledgeable about c) The number of conflict – related the existing conflicts, their causes and economic losses in target communities the signs which alert them that some conflict is about to happen. However, the A number of community members had majority (54.2%) had no knowledge of experienced economic related losses vi Networks for Peace: Preventing and resolving conflicts through early warning mechanisms among the Batuku in Ntoroko District. because of conflict; however, a lot of these (53%) were dissatisfied with the quality of were recorded. Some had lost land through service and the manner in which services land grabbers or boundary disputes with were delivered was discriminatory. neighbours; others had lost houses, cattle, sheep, goats and a smaller number Recommendations lost vehicles, motorcycles and bicycles. The following recommendations are However, loss of lives was the highest form made with consideration of the views of loss experienced. Community members and opinions of people met during data lost family members, mostly heads of collection for the baseline indicators families and a source of livelihood either a) To increase the number of to wild animals when they enter the game targeted members informed reserve or just disappeared in the game on how often and why use reserve. Overall, findings suggest that the early warning mechanism biggest losses suffered were loss of human and improve capacity to life at 6.6%, land at 5.6%, and livestock at predict and take steps to 7.4%. prevent identity-based conflict d) Levels of subjective wellbeing • Community awareness should be given (SWB) in target communities first priority. Collaboration between CSOs and government should provide A significant proportion of people were community sensitisation especially involved in subsistence farming (45.4%), on the land laws, the laws governing semiskilled work, and petty businesses the sale of property to foreigners, the (13%), and retail trade (12.6%). The laws governing the game reserves, chances that the majority lived from hand to the importance of the national park mouth were very high, hence the possibility or game reserves, appreciation of that the standard of living of the population culture diversity, difference of political was low. ideologies and how different ethnicities can live in harmony in order to minimise The majority (65.1%) in the community identity based conflicts, nepotism and earned not more that UGX 1million per discrimination during service delivery.