Name: KEY Unit III: The Lithosphere – Section 3: Sedimentary Processes Earth & Environmental Systems Science Review Guide Sedimentary Review Guide 1. Define the following terms and label the picture below with the correct step:

Weathering Erosion Deposition Weathering – breaking down rock in sediment Erosion – transporting sediment to another location Deposition – putting the sediment in place

Weathering 2. True or False: During physical weathering, minerals remain chemically unchanged. 3. What is the difference between chemical and physical weathering? Physical weathering on changes simple properties of the rock like shape and size. Chemical weathering changes the actual type of material and is generally irreversible. 4. The of weathering by wind-blown sediments is called abrasion. 5. Describe the process of weathering by abrasion: Wind generally blows sediment and creates a sand blasting effect, but abrasion can also occur when two pieces of sediment bump into each other like in a stream. 6. True or False: Frost wedging is an example of erosion. 7. What type of weathering causes the composition to change? chemical weathering

8. Water, carbon dioxide, and acids are significant agents of chemical weathering.

9. The rate of chemical weathering can be increased (increased/decreased) when rain combines with pollutants in the air to produce acid rain.

10. Analyze the chart to the right and determine two ways that weathering can slowed down and made faster: Slowed- - Temperature decrease Faster - Amount of precipitation – the more water, the greater the chance of weathering to occur

11. Draw sediment that has just broken apart and draw sediment that has been weathered for a long time. Just Broken Weathered Longer

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Name: KEY Unit III: The Lithosphere – Section 3: Sedimentary Processes Earth & Environmental Systems Science Review Guide Erosion and Groundwater 12. True or False: The porosity of sandstone allows it to hold and retain oil, gas, and water. 13. If water easily flows through an aquifer, is it more likely to have a high porosity or high permeability? 14. When sediment or rock contains large open spaces through which water can move is it likely to have a high porosity or high permeability? 15. During heaver precipitation, runoff will be greatest in areas of _____ (high or low) permeability. Explain Low permeability means that water cannot flow through and infiltrate the sediment below 16. What is an aquifer? Rock or sediment that holds water and can be drilled and drawn from as a fresh water supply 17. True or False: Both water velocity and volume increase during times of heavy precipitation. 18. True or False: Aquifers allow groundwater to flow. 19. A hole dug into the ground to reach an aquifer is called a well 20. True or False: Water tables rise when precipitation increases. 21. What is the water table? Water table is the top line of the groundwater where the saturation zone meets the unsaturated zone.

Deposition and Landforms 22. Label the stream table to the right to show where sediment of different sizes would be deposited with a L for large and S for small, also show where deposition is most likely to occur with a D and erosion with an E.

E D D L S E

23. Look at the picture of the stream channel and rank the letters in order of fastest to slowest flow rate. Label where deposition and erosion: Fastest: C - B - A : Slowest

Erosion: C Deposition: A

24. What is the gradient of the river measure? Gradient is the slope of the river channel. The steeper slopes are at the headwaters of the river and the fast flows form braided river channels with larger sediment in the river channels. The shallow/flat slopes are the main section of the river and slow flows for meanders and oxbow lakes with muddy river channels with clay and silt (tend to be muddy) 25. How does the rate of river flow change as the gradient increases? The rate of flow increases as the gradient (slope) is increased 26. How does an ox bow lake form? A meandering stream gets blocked off from sediment deposition on the inside curve forming a new river channel.

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Name: KEY Unit III: The Lithosphere – Section 3: Sedimentary Processes Earth & Environmental Systems Science Review Guide 27. Label A, B, C, and D in the following River System: A-headwaters, B- Ox Bow Lake, C- Meandering Stream, D- Delta/Mouth

28. Contrast a braided channel from a meandering stream in terms of river system location, gradient, speed, shape, and sediment.

Braided Channel Meandering Stream

- Headwaters -Mouth -Steep -Flat

-Fast -Slow

-Straight -Bends

-Large/Clear -Silt and Clay/mud

29. Barrier Islands and Spits are formed when tides are calm, sea level is steady, and sediment is carried down the coast. 30. Describe a region that contains karst topography. The main bedrock is limestone that is easily chemical weathered and the land/soil can be marked with large sinkholes and caves. River Geomorphology and Hjustrum’s Diagram 31. True or False: Because of its large mass, coarse-grained clastics such as gravel tend to be transported by fast flows of water. 32. What are two ways you could increase the amount of sediment carried by a stream? Increase the amount of water in the stream by increasing the precipitation. Increase the gradient (slope) to increase the velocity. 33. Use Hjustrum’s diagram in your notes to describe if the sediment is weathered, eroded or deposited at the following speeds: Streamflow Speed Silt Particles Gravel Particles Boulders 5 cm/sec Particles Eroded Particles Deposited Particles Deposited 100 cm/sec Particles Weathered Particles Weathered Particles Deposited

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Name: KEY Unit III: The Lithosphere – Section 3: Sedimentary Processes Earth & Environmental Systems Science Review Guide The Rock Cycle The rock cycle illustrates the ways rocks change from one form to another. Rocks are constantly undergoing weathering, melting and being altered to form new rocks. The diagram below is a great way to illustrate the connections between these processes. Rocks: Word Bank for Numbered Spaces 1. Igneous 5. Magma 4. Metamorphic 2. Sediments 3. Sedimentary

Processes: Word Bank for Lettered Spaces B. Compaction C. Heat and A. Weathering E. Crystallization D. Melting and Cementation Pressure and Erosion

34. How is molten rock formed, and what type of rock does it create when it hardens? Molten rock is formed by the melting of rocks. When it cools and hardens it forms and igneous rock.

35. Describe how sediments form and then are made into a solid rock. Sediment form from the weathering of rocks and go through lithification by compacting and cementing.

36. What forces change sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock? Heat and pressure in the Earth’s crust.

37. Must a sedimentary rock become a metamorphic rock before it becomes an igneous rock? Explain. No, a sedimentary rock can be changed right into magma then cooled.

38. Provide an example of each of the three rock types. Igneous – granite Sedimentary – sandstone/limestone Metamorphic - marble

39. Explain why the rock cycle is referred to as a “cycle”. The rock cycle is continuous and ever changing. Even though rocks take 10 of thousands of years the process is occurring daily and will be continuous.

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