DOCSLIB.ORG

Echinococcus Granulosus Hydatid Cyst Location Is Modified by Fasciola Hepatica Infection in Cattle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Echinococcus Granulosus Hydatid Cyst Location Is Modified by Fasciola Hepatica Infection in Cattle Stoore et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:542 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3128-6 RESEARCH Open Access Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst location is modified by Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle Caroll Stoore1, Constanza Andrade1, Christian Hidalgo1, Felipe Corrêa1, Mauricio Jiménez1, Marcela Hernandez2,3 and Rodolfo Paredes1* Abstract Background: Natural parasite infection occurs in wild and domestics animals with more than one parasite species at the same time, generating an infection called polyparasitism. Cystic echinococcosis reports are usually based only on infection with Echinoccocus granulosus leaving aside other internal parasitoses that could modulate both the immune response and pathogenesis of the natural infection. Fasciola hepatica is another cosmopolitan parasite in ruminants with a similar distribution to E. granulosus in different parts of the world, but no information of the effect of co-infection with E. granulosus has been described. The aims of this report were to establish E. granulosus prevalence and explore the association of F. hepatica co-infection and natural E. granulosus infections in cattle. Results: From 1725 animals, the prevalence of E. granulosus and F. hepatica was 21.16 and 51.3%, respectively. Considering both infections, older cattle (> 4 years) presented higher prevalence compared to younger animals. In E. granulosus-infected cattle, 5.21% had fertile cysts, 71.78% infertile cysts, and in 23.01% cysts were smaller than 1 cm in diameter. Considering cyst location, 39.72% had lungs cysts, 24.72% had liver cysts and 36.94% had cysts in both organs. Cyst location significantly differed between age groups: 44.68% of younger animals had cysts only in the lungs, while older animals presented hydatid cyst in the lungs and liver simultaneously (44.15%). With E. granulosus infection alone, 30.26% of cysts were found in the lungs, 31.79% in the liver and 37.95% in both organs. Regarding the co-infection of E. granulosus with F. hepatica, the proportion was significantly different (P < 0.05) with most animals having cysts only in the lungs (49.41%) and a lower level of liver infection (15.88%). Analyzing organ cyst distribution and F. hepatica absence/presence ratio within each cyst type, small cysts showed the highest difference in ratio. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that F. hepatica co-infection in cattle could be affecting the instate of hydatid cysts in the liver, displacing toward lung localization, suggesting an antagonistic relationship. Keywords: Echinococcus granulosus, Fasciola hepatica, Polyparasitism, Hydatid cyst localization Background the synergistic or antagonic relationship that different para- Co-infection with different parasite species in the same host site species can have within the same host remains poorly (also known as polyparasitism) is a well-documented fact in studied [2]. Helminth parasites are a very diverse group of medical, veterinary and zoological literature. Most of the animals that are classified in four taxonomic groups: nema- animals that live in the wild and humans of rural areas can todes, trematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalans [3]. In be hosts of many concurrent parasite species [1]. However, cattle, two parasites usually represent a frequent infection: the cestode E. granulosus (sensu lato) and the trematode F. hepatica. Echinococcus granulosus (s.l.)hasanindirect * Correspondence: [email protected] life-cycle, with ruminants as intermediate hosts, dogs and 1Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile other canids as definitive hosts, and humans as dead-end Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Stoore et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:542 Page 2 of 7 hosts [4]. The metacestode stage called hydatid cysts de- In routine slaughtering, animals were individually identi- velops in the viscera (mainly lungs and liver) of the inter- fied, age and sex was recorded, and visceral organs of each mediate hosts [5], causing a disease known as cystic animal, mainly the lungs and liver, were visually examined, echinococcosis. Fasciola hepatica also has an indirect palpated and incised along with official veterinarian in- life-cycle; however, herbivores act as the definitive hosts, spectors for the presence of hydatid cysts and F. hepatica. withtheadultwormslocatedinthebileducts[6]. Fasciola hepatica diagnosis was made either by direct Echinococcus granulosus (s.l.) is composed of E. granulo- visualization of adult parasites in bile ducts, or by F. hepatica sus (sensu stricto) (genotypes G1-3), E. equinus (genotype compatible lesions such as enlarged and thickened bile ducts, G4), E. ortleppi (genotype G5), E. canadensis (genotypes calcification of bile ducts, black parasitic material and black G6-8/G10) and E. felidis (“lion strain”), with E. granulosus lymph nodes in the liver: signs of chronic F. hepatica (s.s.) being the most commonly distributed worldwide [7]. infection. Although E. granulosus (s.l.) is able to infect a wide Suspected cystic samples were removed from the in- range of mammalian hosts, the metacestode stage has a fected organ, placed in separate polythene bags and different capacity to produce protoscoleces, the stage in- transported in an isothermal container within 3 h to fective to the definitive host. For unknown reasons, the Universidad Andres Bello Veterinary School for further parasite can, in some animals, produce protoscoleces in- examination. For hydatid cysts confirmation and fertility side the cyst, generating a fertile hydatid cyst, but other determination, cysts were microscopically examined as animals with cystic echonococcosis possess cysts without previously described [25]. Echinococcus granulosus (s.l.) protoscoleces called infertile hydatid cysts [8, 9]. Since genotyping in hydatid cyst samples was determined as cyst fertility is associated with the size of the hydatid previously reported [26]. Briefly, DNA was extracted cyst [4], there is a subset of hydatid cysts that are too from fertile, infertile and small hydatid cysts from both small to be classified as either fertile or infertile. The cel- livers and lungs. The cox1 mtDNA was amplified and se- lular and molecular mechanisms involved in the process quenced, and a 345-nucleotide consensus sequence was of cyst fertility remain unknown [10]. In cattle, hydatid used for comparison analysis. cyst fertility status ranges from 0 to 96% in different parts of the world [11–22] and infection with F. hepatica Study groups is common in many parts of the world. However, there Animals were classified according to their age, hydatid are no studies on relationships between E. granulosus cyst type and location. By age range, individuals were di- (s.l.)andF. hepatica in co-infections. vided into two groups: 4 years-old or younger (≤ 4 years) Although belonging to different higher-level flatworm and over 4 years of age (> 4 years). Cysts were classified taxa, both parasites exhibit common traits regarding their into 3 types: small cysts (< 1 cm in diameter); fertile interaction with the mammalian host; as such, serum of an- cysts (with protoscoleces); and infertile cysts (> 1 cm in imals infected experimentally with E. granulosus (s.l.) can diameter and without protoscoleces). Animals were also recognize F. gigantica antigens in immunoassays [23]but separated into 3 groups according to the location of the there are no specific data on cross-reaction with F. hepat- hydatid cysts: in lungs only; in liver only; and in both or- ica. However, both parasites have the ability to uptake host gans simultaneously. All groups were also separated by glycolipids [6] which could explain the latter. Reports of their F. hepatica co-infection status. polyparasitism involving E. granulosus (s.l.) are scarce. There is only one report that includes the interaction with Data analysis Schistosoma mansoni (a trematode), where in murine Data were recorded in an Excel 2010 datasheet and ana- models simultaneous concomitant infection lead to higher lyzed with RStudio IDE version 1.0.136 and R version IFN-γ profiles, displaying a TH1 response; however, adding 3.3.3 for statistical associations among variables using a E. granulosus infection seven weeks after S. mansoni infec- Chi-square test. Logistic regressions were performed tion led to significant lower IL-10 production, changing the using STATA v.12 software (StataCorp, College Station, immune profile to a TH2response[24]. Here, we provide TX, USA). Statistical significance was considered when the first report that in bovines infected with E. granulosus P-values were below the 0.05 threshold. (s.l.), the presence of co-infection with F. hepatica is associ- ated with changes in the hydatid cysts localization. Results Prevalence of E. granulosus and F. hepatica Methods Of the animals examined, 1217 were
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern
    World Health Organization World Organisation for Animal Health WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern Edited by J. Eckert, M.A. Gemmell, F.-X. Meslin and Z.S. Pawłowski • Aetiology • Geographic distribution • Echinococcosis in humans • Surveillance • Echinococcosis in animals • Epidemiology • Diagnosis • Control • Treatment • Prevention • Ethical aspects • Methods Cover image: Echinococcus granulosus Courtesy of the Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich © World Organisation for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties) and World Health Organization, 2001 Reprinted: January 2002 World Organisation for Animal Health 12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France http://www.oie.int ISBN 92-9044-522-X All rights are reserved by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and World Health Organization (WHO). This document is not a formal publication of the WHO. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, provided reference is made to the source and a cutting of reprinted material is sent to the OIE, but cannot be sold or used for commercial purposes. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this work, including tables, maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE and WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. The mention of specific companies or specific products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the OIE or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • First Meeting “Cystic Echinococcosis in Chile, Update in Alternatives for Control and Diagnostics in Animals and Humans” Cristian A
    Alvarez Rojas et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:502 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1792-y MEETINGREPORT Open Access First meeting “Cystic echinococcosis in Chile, update in alternatives for control and diagnostics in animals and humans” Cristian A. Alvarez Rojas1*, Fernando Fredes2, Marisa Torres3, Gerardo Acosta-Jamett4, Juan Francisco Alvarez5, Carlos Pavletic6, Rodolfo Paredes7* and Sandra Cortés3,8 Abstract This report summarizes the outcomes of a meeting on cystic echinococcosis (CE) in animals and humans in Chile held in Santiago, Chile, between the 21st and 22nd of January 2016. The meeting participants included representatives of the Departamento de Zoonosis, Ministerio de Salud (Zoonotic Diseases Department, Ministry of Health), representatives of the Secretarias Regionales del Ministerio de Salud (Regional Department of Health, Ministry of Health), Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Agropecuario (National Institute for the Development of Agriculture and Livestock, INDAP), Instituto de Salud Pública (National Institute for Public Health, ISP) and the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (Animal Health Department, SAG), academics from various universities, veterinarians and physicians. Current and future CE control activities were discussed. It was noted that the EG95 vaccine was being implemented for the first time in pilot control programmes, with the vaccine scheduled during 2016 in two different regions in the South of Chile. In relation to use of the vaccine, the need was highlighted for acquiring good quality data, based on CE findings at slaughterhouse, previous to initiation of vaccination so as to enable correct assessment of the efficacy of the vaccine in the following years. The current world’s-best-practice concerning the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for the screening population in highly endemic remote and poor areas was also discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Imaging Parasitic Diseases
    Insights Imaging (2017) 8:101–125 DOI 10.1007/s13244-016-0525-2 REVIEW Unexpected hosts: imaging parasitic diseases Pablo Rodríguez Carnero1 & Paula Hernández Mateo2 & Susana Martín-Garre2 & Ángela García Pérez3 & Lourdes del Campo1 Received: 8 June 2016 /Revised: 8 September 2016 /Accepted: 28 September 2016 /Published online: 23 November 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Radiologists seldom encounter parasitic dis- • Some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain regions eases in their daily practice in most of Europe, although in Europe. the incidence of these diseases is increasing due to mi- • Parasitic diseases can have complex life cycles often involv- gration and tourism from/to endemic areas. Moreover, ing different hosts. some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain • Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential for patient man- European regions, and immunocompromised individuals agement in parasitic diseases. also pose a higher risk of developing these conditions. • Radiologists should be able to recognise and suspect the This article reviews and summarises the imaging find- most relevant parasitic diseases. ings of some of the most important and frequent human parasitic diseases, including information about the para- Keywords Parasitic diseases . Radiology . Ultrasound . site’s life cycle, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diag- Multidetector computed tomography . Magnetic resonance nosis, and treatment. We include malaria, amoebiasis, imaging toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, echino- coccosis, cysticercosis, clonorchiasis, schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, ascariasis, anisakiasis, dracunculiasis, and Introduction strongyloidiasis. The aim of this review is to help radi- ologists when dealing with these diseases or in cases Parasites are organisms that live in another organism at the where they are suspected.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasites in Foods
    Parasites in food 7 An invisible threat FOOD SAFETY TECHNICAL TOOLKIT FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Parasites in food – An invisible threat Parasites in food 7 An invisible threat FOOD SAFETY TECHNICAL TOOLKIT FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Bangkok, 2021 FAO. 2021. Parasites in food: An invisible threat. Food safety technical toolkit for Asia and the Pacific No. 7. Bangkok. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. © FAO, 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this license, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non- commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Protected Areas on the Incidence of Infectious Diseases
    The Impact of Protected Areas on the Incidence of Infectious Diseases Maria Jose Pizarro Ministry of Agriculture: Ministerio de Agricultura Rodrigo Antonio Arriagada ( [email protected] ) Ponticia Universidad Catolica de Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6933-7053 Adrian Villaseñor York University Subhrendu Pattanayak Duke University Rocio Pozo Ponticia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso: Ponticia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso Research Keywords: ecosystem services, protected areas, impact evaluation, matching, livelihoods, infectious diseases, human health Posted Date: November 18th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-105927/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/19 Abstract Background: The natural environment provides multiple ecosystem services, and thus welfare benets. In particular, it is known that different ecosystems, such as forests, contribute to human health through different ecological interactions, and that degradation of these natural ecosystems have been linked to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. However, there is little evidence on how ecosystem conservation policies affect human health. In Chile, about 20% of national land is under protection by its national network of public protected areas. Methods: We use a database of mandatory reporting of diseases between 1999 and 2014, and considering socio- economic, demographic, climate and land-use factors to test for a causal relationship between protected areas and incidence of infectious diseases using negative binomial random effects models. Results: We nd statistically signicant effects of protected areas on a lower incidence of Paratyphoid and Typhoid Fever, Echinococcosis, Trichinosis and Anthrax. Conclusions: These results open the discussion about both causal mechanisms that link ecosystem protection with the ecology of these diseases and impacts of protected areas on further human health indicators.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Echinococcus?
    For Pet Owners What is Echinococcus? • Echinococcus is a group (genus) of tapeworms. Tapeworms are parasites that live in the small intestines of many different species of animals, including humans. • Echinococcus spp. are quite small compared to other tapeworms. For example, Echinococcus multilocularis is less than 1 cm long, whereas an adult Taenia saginata may be up to 10 metres long! • Except for the head, a tapeworm’s body is made up entirely of small segments, called proglottids, which regularly break off from the end of the worm’s tail as it grows and contain the parasite’s eggs. Both intact proglottids and eggs may be passed in the feces. • Of all the tapeworms in pets, Echinococcus spp. pose the greatest disease risk to people. More information about other kinds of tapeworms can be found on the general Tapeworms information sheet on the Worms & Germs Resources – Pets page. Different Tapeworms, Different Risks There are three main groups of tapeworms, each containing one or more species, that are a concern for most domestic animals and humans. Each group poses a different level of risk to people, and may be spread between animals and people in a different way: Dipylidium caninum This is the most common type of tapeworm found in dogs and cats in North America, and can be found in pets worldwide. It is transmitted via fleas, and although infection is common, it rarely makes pets sick. Infection in people (usually children) is rare. Taenia spp. Human infections with certain tapeworms in this group are a significant problem in some areas, but most of these come from livestock.
    [Show full text]
  • Echinococcosis: a Review
    International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2009) 13, 125—133 http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/ijid REVIEW Echinococcosis: a review Pedro Moro a,*, Peter M. Schantz b a Immunization Safety Office, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS D26, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA b Division of Parasitic Diseases, Coordinating Center For Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Received 30 December 2007; received in revised form 29 February 2008; accepted 3 March 2008 Corresponding Editor: Craig Lee, Ottawa, Canada KEYWORDS Summary Echinococcosis in humans occurs as a result of infection by the larval stages of taeniid Cystic echinococcosis; cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. In this review we discuss aspects of the biology, life cycle, Alveolar echinococcosis; etiology, distribution, and transmission of the Echinococcus organisms, and the epidemiology, Polycystic echinococcosis; clinical features, treatment, and effect of improved diagnosis of the diseases they cause. New Epidemiology; sensitive and specific diagnostic methods and effective therapeutic approaches against echino- Prevention; coccosis have been developed in the last 10 years. Despite some progress in the control of Zoonoses echinococcosis, this zoonosis continues to be a major public health problem in several countries, and in several others it constitutes an emerging and re-emerging disease. # 2008 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction In this review we discuss aspects of the biology, life cycle, etiology, distribution, and transmission of the Echinococcus Echinococcosis in humans occurs as a result of infection by organisms, and the epidemiology, clinical features, treat- the larval stages of taeniid cestodes of the genus Echinococ- ment, and effect of improved diagnosis of the diseases they cus.
    [Show full text]
  • Bayesian Analysis of Three Methods for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep
    pathogens Article Bayesian Analysis of Three Methods for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep Piero Bonelli 1,* , Federica Loi 2 , Maria Giovanna Cancedda 3, Angela Peruzzu 1, Elisabetta Antuofermo 4,5, Elisabetta Pintore 4, Toni Piseddu 1, Giovanni Garippa 4 and Giovanna Masala 1 1 OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (T.P.); [email protected] (G.M.) 2 OEVR-Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, IZS della Sardegna, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; [email protected] 3 Anatomical Pathology, Histopathology, Animal Genetics Laboratory, IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [email protected] (E.A.); [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (G.G.) 5 Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-079-2892335 Received: 29 July 2020; Accepted: 24 September 2020; Published: 27 September 2020 Abstract: Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in sheep is essentially based on necropsy findings. Clinical symptoms can be easily overlooked, while the use of immunological tests is still not recommended for an intra vitam diagnosis. This study assessed the performances of three post-mortem laboratory methods in the diagnosis of ovine CE. In the absence of a single and accurate test as a gold standard, the results of multiple analytical tests can be combined to estimate diagnostic performance based on a Bayesian statistical approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Seroepidemiological Studies in Oriental Mindoro (Philippines) Prevalence of Parasitic Zoonoses
    ©Österr. Ges. f. Tropenmedizin u. Parasitologie, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Mitt. Österr. Ges. Department of Medical Parasitology (Head: Univ. Prof. Dr. H. Aspöck), Clinical Institute of Hygiene Tropenmed. Parasitol. 17 (1995) (Director: Prof. Dr. M. Rotter) of the University of Vienna, Austria (1) 153 - 158 Institute of Virology (Director: Prof. Dr. C. Kunz) of the University of Vienna, Austria (2) Provincial Hospital, Calapan, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines (3) Seroepidemiological Studies in Oriental Mindoro (Philippines) Prevalence of Parasitic Zoonoses H. Auer1, A. C. Radda2, Teresa G. Escalona3, H. Aspöck1 Introduction Mindoro is one of the largest islands (area: 10,245 km2; 803,243 inhabitants) of the Philippine archipelago and is situated about 130 km far from Manila. In contrast to the western part (Occidental Mindoro) of the 150 km long and 45 km broad island, only few data on the preva¬ lence of parasitic diseases (i. e. malaria [9], filariosis [2, 4], bilharziosis [4]) are available from Oriental Mindoro. In order to get an overview on the recent epidemiological situation of infectious diseases in general and on parasitoses in particular in Oriental Mindoro we collected sera from patients of the Provincial Hospital in Calapan, the capital city of Oriental Mindoro, between 1991 and 1992. These serum specimens were subsequently examined for the presence of spe¬ cific antibodies against two viral and several parasitic antigens. The results of our study con¬ cerning mosquito-borne viral (Dengue fever, Japanese Encephalitis) and parasitic (malaria, lymphatic filariosis) diseases have already been published (6) or are in press (7). The present paper summarizes the few published epidemiological data on one hand and reports the first results of a serological survey for toxoplasmosis, bilharziosis, fasciolosis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, trichinosis and toxocarosis in Oriental Mindoro on the other hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Anaphylaxis Caused by Helminths: Review of the Literature
    European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2012; 16: 1513-1518 Anaphylaxis caused by helminths: review of the literature P.L. MINCIULLO1, A. CASCIO2, A. DAVID3, L.M. PERNICE2, G. CALAPAI4, S. GANGEMI1,5 1School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy 2Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Italy 3Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatric and Anesthesiological Sciences, University of Messina, Italy 4Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy 5Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy Abstract. – BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is a Introduction severe, life-threatening, generalized or systemic hypersensitivity reaction. In many individuals Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening, gen- with anaphylaxis a pivotal role is played by IgE and the high-affinity IgE receptor on mast cells eralized or systemic hypersensitivity reaction. or basophils. Less commonly, it is triggered The reaction usually develops gradually, most of- through other immunologic mechanisms, or ten starting with itching of the gums/throat, the through nonimmunologic mechanisms. The hu- palms, or the soles, and local urticaria; develop- man immune response to helminth infections ing to a multiple organ reaction often dominated is associated with elevated levels of IgE, tis- by severe asthma; and culminating in hypoten- sue eosinophilia and mastocytosis, and the 1 presence of CD4+ T cells that preferentially sion and shock . produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Individuals ex- In many individuals with anaphylaxis a pivotal posed to helminth infections may have allergic role is played by IgE and the high-affinity IgE re- inflammatory responses to parasites and para- ceptor on mast cells or basophils.
    [Show full text]
  • Cestode Zoonoses: Echinococcosis and Cysticercosis: an Emergent and Global Problem Immunology of Infectious Diseases
    BOOK REVIEWS Cestode Zoonoses: being strengthened in western Europe, the word, presenting its contents in a given that E. multilocularis infection clear, structured manner. Instead of Echinococcosis and rates in foxes have increased in recent encylopedic coverage of every infec- Cysticercosis: An years. The book contains other valu- tious disease agent known, a set of Emergent and able updates on diagnostics, immunol- paradigmatic infections were selected ogy and vaccines, imaging and clinical on the basis of the depth of available Global Problem management, geographic information knowledge. The book is divided into systems and ecology, veterinary medi- eight sections, each of which Philip Craig and cine, and community-based control addresses a particular aspect of the Zbigniew Pawlowski, editors programs. Readers with an interest in host-infectious agent interaction, helminthology will find this book describing it in separate chapters for Vol. 341 NATO Science Series, most useful. bacteria, fungi, parasitic eukaryotes, IOS Press, Amsterdam and viruses. So instead of discussing 410 pages, hardcover Frank O. Richards, Jr. all aspects of viral diseases, the reader ISBN: 1-58603-220-8 The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA learns about the innate immune Price: US $100 response to the various pathogens, chapter by chapter, in the respective This book is a collection of short Address for correspondence: Frank O. Richards, section. Emphasis is thereby placed on articles written by the participants of a Jr., The Carter Center, 453 Freedom Parkway, the immune system’s “point of view” research workshop held in Poznan, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA; fax: 770-420-5100; e-mail: [email protected] about an infectious process, rather Poland, in September 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoonotic Parasites
    Zoonotic Parasites For Veterinary Practices Disclaimer The following material has been prepared for the information of members of the Ontario Veterinary Medical Association as aguideline only relating to various safety issues encountered at a veterinary practice. In all cases, it is the responsibility of individual veterinarians to ensure that their practices and standards comply with all applicable federal, provincial, and municipal by-laws, regulations, and legislation. Nothing contained in this guide suggests or implies complete or proper training or certification of veterinarians or their staff as might be required by legislation. © Ontario Veterinary Medical Association 2019 1 Zoonotic Parasites By Dr. Katie Clow (DVM, Ph.D), Postdoctoral Fellow, Ontario Veterinary College Open any veterinary parasitology book and you will find a very long list of zoonoses. When considering the risk of occupational exposure, we can conduct a basic risk assessment by determining both the likelihood that transmission of a parasite will occur, and the magnitude of the result. For likelihood of transmission, knowledge of local prevalence and distribution of parasites can be applied. That being said, it is still important to have a familiarity with exotic zoonotic parasites given the extensive travel of some companion animals. This is especially true if you see patients from international dog rescues. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides extensive coverage and may be a helpful resource in this context [1]. If likelihood of transmission exists, it can be decreased by employing straight-forward protective measures. The magnitude of the result of infection varies greatly based on both the parasite and the immune status of the exposed individual.
    [Show full text]